5 of the Collège De France
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The Letter 5 of the Collège de France N°5 Academic year 2009–2010 Teaching research in the making The Collège de France was created in 1530 by François I The Collège’s motto is “Docet omnia”: the vocation to teach everything The lectures are open to anyone, there are no registration fees, no diplomas are awarded The program is changed each year Dissemination of knowledge - Lectures, seminars, guest lecturers from abroad, international and multidisciplinary conferences: attended by 120,000 people annually - Publications: abstracts of work under way (Yearbook), Inaugural lectures, reopening symposiums and guest professors' lectures, DVDs Website in French and English (www.college-de-france.fr) (4,500 visits/day), Podcasts (3,350,000 downloads/month), audio and video retransmissions - Lectures broadcast by France-Culture (800,000 listeners/month) 57 chairs - 52 Chairs + 5 Chairs renewed annually (Artistic Creation, Information Technology and Digital Sciences, Knowledge against Poverty, Sustainable Development–Environment, Energy and Society, Technological Innovation Liliane Bettencourt) - Promoting the emergence of new disciplines - Multidisciplinary approach to cutting-edge research - Creation of a new Chair in the scientific domain of every nominated professor (Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, Philosophy, Sociology, Economics, Archaeology, History, Study of the great civilizations, Linguistics and Literature) International relations - Lectures ans conferences delivered abroad - The professors may deliver some of their lectures abroad (Agreements with: Germany, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, USA, Israel, Lebanon, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, Czech Republic) - Foreign professors invited - Program of reception of post-doctoral researchers from abroad Research at the Collège de France and training through research - 4 institutes (Institute of Biology, Institute of the Contemporary World, Institute of Oriental Studies, Institute of Literary Studies) - Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology–C.I.R.B. - more than 300 researchers - 148 PhD students and post-doctoral students - 315 engineers, technicians and administrative staff - 7 research teams hosted - Affiliated organizations: Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Universities, EPHE, EHESS, Pasteur Institute The Collège de France libraries A heritage of rare books and some of the best specialized libraries in Europe Open to a public of outside specialists - General library: 120,000 books - Social anthropology library: 28,000 books - Libraries of the Oriental Studies Institute: Egyptology, Ancient Near East, Byzantium, Arab, Turkish and Islamic Studies, Far East (India, Tibet, China, Korea, Japan): 500,000 books Budget - Operating budget: 14.8 M€ State grant: 6.7 M€ Own income: 1.7 M€ Institutional contracts : 6.4 M€ - Total payroll: 15.1 M€ Sponsorship - Collège de France Foundation - Collège de France Hugot Foundation Relations with the business world - Contracts with industry - Budé Committee, corporate managers club “What the Collège de France is expected to bring to its audiences is not established knowledge, but the idea of free research.” (Ce que le Collège de France, depuis sa fondation, est chargé de donner à ses auditeurs, ce ne sont pas des vérités acquises, c’est l’idée d’une recherche libre.) Maurice Merleau-Ponty Editorial by Pierre Corvol Administrator of the Collège de France Professor, chair of Experimental Medicine A new audience for the Collège de France Whether our elders like it or not, the Collège de past and is hardly more of one today. Rightly so, and France’s motto, Docet Omnia, is incomplete. Docet there is nothing about that that should offend those Omnes Omnia would be more accurate: it teaches audiences. As the Collège de France emphasizes, its everything to everyone. No registration, no lectures are above all the fruit of personal work: the constraint: whoever wishes to attend a lecture, demanding, concentrated and intellectual result of symposium or seminar at the Collège de France can each Professor’s own research. That is what sets it do so unconditionally, freely and at no charge. This apart: it is anything but a media exercise. The custom is so rare that both in France and abroad it audiences present in its lecture halls witness the tends to surprise even our fellow academics. The elaboration of an intellectual product, the Collège is neither limited to an academic syllabus, nor development of arguments structuring a theory, the delivers qualifications, nor requires its audiences to disclosure of new discoveries and their interpretation. undergo any test of the knowledge acquired through Very often the lectures lead to the publication of its teaching. This has been so since 1530, at least in scientific articles or books. The audiences are thus principle, since we are not entirely sure of where and both necessary and contingent: on the one hand they under what conditions the first royal lectors taught. It are the indispensable and privileged witnesses of a seems that the earliest audiences were students, thought process taking shape and being expressed in scholars from the Latin Quarter and the Montagne vivo before them; on the other, the nature and Sainte Geneviève, a campus before the term existed. composition of the audience is of no relevance to the At the Collège they sought knowledge not dispensed lecture itself. by the universities. One has to bear in mind, however, that this Often, when I am presenting the Collège de France and knowledge is ultimately intended for the public, and its teaching missions, people ask me what types of that the public shows a strong demand for knowledge audiences attend the lectures. Who comes to the Collège’s in all scientific disciplines. To teach everyone, the lectures, what is their level of education, their regularity, Collège and its lecture halls would be hopelessly their assiduity? What is their motivation? What do they insufficient, but the Internet has broadened them to derive from the lectures? Until now there were as many the scale of our planet. And the audiences have answers to these questions as chairs at the Collège, for followed suit. Statistics on visits to the Collège’s each of the professors had some idea of his or her website and its multimedia platforms (Daily Motion, audiences. However, no overall answer could be given iTunes U) have revealed the existence of virtual because no study had been carried out on the subject. audiences outnumbering the ones on campus. Some of the more highly specialized lectures were faithfully attended by small numbers of the initiated. In To find out who these audiences are and what they contrast, well-to-do crowds thronged to Bergson’s hope to get out of the Collège’s lectures, we ran a lectures, for example, and photos of the time show survey on the attendees of Collège de France lectures people clinging to the windows, avidly listening to the in early 2010. In parallel, a survey was also run on master’s words. Today, video recordings of the most well- the Collège’s online audiences, in 2009 and in 2010. attended lectures are broadcast live in several lecture The results are presented in detail by Henri Leridon in halls. the present issue (p. 57). To sum up those of the survey carried out at the Collège, a profile of the We can assume that the question of their audiences average attendee can be drawn: man or woman, aged was of little concern to the Collège professors in the over 55, living in or around Paris (Ile de France), with a high cultural level, usually unemployed or retired, and currently putting online the texts of certain lectures, as who say they attend the lectures for their personal well as other types of content: inaugural lectures, the interest. Over half of them say they attend at least two Collège de France yearly report, the Letter of the lecture series. The picture is however not quite as clear- Collège de France, and other text documents (notably cut when it comes to the hard sciences: mathematics, on the site revues.org). physics and the natural sciences. This public is younger and includes far more students and researchers. 5. The survey revealed that 14% of the Internet users do not live in France. This is a strong encouragement to The profile of the average respondent to the Web make the Collège known beyond our borders, both in questionnaire differs considerably from the one above. French-speaking countries and beyond. The next step Most are men, they live in Ile de France (51%), would therefore be to have certain lectures and elsewhere in France (35%) or abroad (14%), and the seminars translated into English so that they can be majority are in the 25–34 age-group and are students, disseminated throughout the world. In this way the teachers or researchers. They follow the lectures for Collège will actively contribute to promoting French their own interest (63%), for their studies or for science and culture internationally. professional reasons (37%). Fewer of them have or had positions at a senior managerial level (46%) than in the 6. The surveys on the Collège’s different audiences audiences who attend lectures at the Collège (70%). enabled us obtain the first overview on the subject in 2010. It would be useful to carry out such surveys These surveys, which were short and therefore partial regularly so that we can see how these audiences evolve and imperfect, nevertheless had the merit of producing over time, and evaluate the services that we deliver. an outline of the Collège de France’s virtual audiences for the first time, and of enabling us to compare them The digital dissemination of knowledge has multiplied to its traditional audiences who attend lectures on the Collège de France’s audiences by a factor of 10 to campus. This calls for several comments: 100. The public concerned corresponds precisely to the target that the Collège wanted to attain: those listeners 1.