PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 CHAPTER LEARNINGOBJECTIVES CHAPTER OVERVIEW 500–1500 Commerce andCulture II. SilkRoads:ExchangeacrossEurasia I. OpeningVignette CHAPTER OUTLINE A. The GrowthoftheSilkRoads D. The networkoflong-distancecommerceisanotable featureofthethird-wave C. Whywastradesignificant? B. The rootsofeconomicglobalizationliedeepinthepast. A. Modernhighwaysarebeingbuiltacross Africa and Asia. • • • • 1. Eurasiaisoftendivided intoinnerandouterzoneswithdifferent ecologies civilizations. 8. religiousideas,technologicalinnovations, plantsandanimals,disease 7. sometimesthewealthfromtrademotivated statecreation 6. providedprestigegoodsforelites 5. sometimeswasameansofsocialmobility 4. tradersoftenbecameadistinctsocialgroup 3. diminishedeconomicself-sufficiencyoflocalsocieties 2. encouragedspecialization 1. alteredconsumption 3. long-distancetradebecamemoreimportantthaneverin500–1500C.E. 2. attimes,somesocietieshavemonopolizeddesirableproducts(likesilk) 1. exchangeofgoodsbetweenpeopledifferentecologicalzonesisamajor 2. butalsoevokeolderpatternsofglobalcommerce 1. partofmodernprocessglobalization and thatoftheWestern Hemisphereandthereasonsbehindthosedifferences To explorethedifferencesbetweencommerceofEasternHemisphere culture, disease) To examinethefullrangeofwhatwascarriedalongtraderoutes(goods, third-wave civilizations To exploretheinterconnectionscreatedbylong-distancetradeinperiodof To considerthesignificanceoftradeinhumanhistory c. steppeproducts wereexchanged foragriculturalproducts and b. innerEurasia:harsher, drierclimate,muchofitpastoral (easternRussia, a. outerEurasia:relatively warm,well-watered(China,India,Middle East, also spreadalongtraderoutes b. creationofanetworkcommunicationandexchangeacrossthe a. mosttradewasindirect feature ofhumanhistory Central Asia) Mediterranean) Eurasian world;aseparatewebinpartsofthe Americas Afro- PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 D. Diseasein Transit C. Culturesin Transit B. Goodsin Transit 3. tradingnetworksdidbestwhenlargestatesprovidedsecurityfortrade 2. creationofclassicalcivilizationsandimperialstatesin500–0B.C.E.included 3. theBlackDeathspread thankstotheMongolEmpire’s unificationof muchof 2. long-distancetrademeantexposuretounfamiliar diseases 1. themajorpopulationcentersof Afro-Eurasian worlddeveloped 2. thecaseofBuddhism 1. culturaltransmissionwasmoreimportantthanexchangeofgoods 3. volumeoftradewassmall,buteconomicandsocialimportance 2. silksymbolizedtheEurasianexchangesystem 1. avastarrayofgoodstraveledalongtheSilkRoads,oftenbycamel efforts tocontrolpastoralpeoples c. similardeath tollinChinaandparts oftheIslamicworld b. killedone-third ofEuropeanpopulation between1346 and1350 a. couldhavebeenbubonic plague,anthrax,orcollectionofepidemic Eurasia (thirteenth–fourteenth centuries) c. in534–750C.E.,bubonicplaguefromIndia ravagedMediterraneanworld b. duringtheRomanandHanempires,smallpox andmeaslesdevastated a. earlycase:greatepidemicin Athens in430–429B.C.E. characteristic diseasepatternsandwaysto deal withthem h. Buddhismwastransformedduringitsspread g. inChina,wasthereligionofforeignmerchantsorrulersforcenturies f. spreadmuchmoreslowlyamongCentral Asian pastoralists e. manyoftheCentral Asian citiesbecamecentersoflearningand d. conversionwasvoluntary c. conversionwasheavyintheoasiscitiesofCentral Asia b. hadalwaysappealedtomerchants a. spreadalongSilkRoadsthroughCentralandEast Asia b. well-placedindividualscouldmakeenormousprofits a. peasantsinthe Yangzi RiverdeltaofsouthernChinaproducedmarket e. silkindustryonlydevelopedinWestern Europeintwelfthcentury d. silkwasasymbolofhighstatus c. silkwasusedascurrencyinCentral Asia b. bythesixthcenturyC.E.,otherpeoplesproducedsilk a. atfirst,Chinahadamonopolyonsilktechnology b. highcostoftransportdidnotallowmovementstaplegoods a. mostlyluxurygoodsfortheelite c. inthirteenthandfourteenthcenturies,MongolEmpirecontrolledalmost b. inseventhandeighthcenturies,theByzantineEmpire, Abbasid dynasty, a. whenRomanandChineseempiresanchoredcommerce i. e.g.,BuddhisttextsandcavetemplesofDunhuang manufactured goods diseases both populations commerce goods (silk,paper, porcelain,etc.)insteadofcrops the entiretyofSilkRoads and Tang dynastycreatedabeltofstrongstates PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 III. SeaRoads:ExchangeacrosstheIndianOcean E. SeaRoads asaCatalystforChange: East Africa and Swahili Civilization D. SeaRoadsasaCatalystforChange:Southeast Asia andSrivijaya C. Weaving theWeb ofanIndianOceanWorld B. The IndianOceannetworkwastheworld’s mostimportantuntilafter1500. A. The MediterraneanSeawasanavenueforcommercefromthetimeof 4. diseaseexchangegaveEuropeansanadvantagewhentheyreachedthe 6. Islampenetrated later 5. Burma,theKhmerstate of Angkor, etc.alsoshowIndian culture 4. Sailendraskingdom (centralJava)wasalsoinfluencedbyIndia 3. MalaykingdomofSrivijayaemergedfrom competition,dominatedtradefrom 2. Southeast Asia: locationbetweenChinaandIndiamadeitimportant 1. oceancommercetransformedSoutheast Asia andEast Africa 4. twogreatencouragersfortheIndianOceanexchange: 3. fulcrumoftradewasIndia 2. tempoofcommerceincreasedinearlycenturiesC.E.withgreater 1. IndianOceantradestartedintheageofFirstCivilizations 5. commercewasbetweentowns,notstates 4. commercewaspossiblethankstomonsoons(alternatingwindcurrents) 3. madetransportationofbulkgoodspossible(textiles,pepper, timber, rice, 2. transportationwascheaperbyseathanland 1. tradegrewfromenvironmentalandculturaldiversity 3. linkedEuropetothemuchgreatertradenetworkofIndianOcean 2. controlledtradeofimportsfrom Asia 1. Venice wasacenterofcommerceby1000C.E. Phoenicians. Western Hemisphereafter1500 d. Central Asian steppeswerebadlyaffected(underminedMongolpower) b. showsBuddhistcultural groundinginJavanesecustom a. massivebuildingof Hindu andBuddhistcenters(eighth–tenthcenturies) c. alsousedIndianpoliticalideasandBuddhism b. localbelief:chiefspossessedmagicalpowers a. gold,accesstospices,andtaxesonships providedresourcestocreatea 670 to1025C.E. b. ledmanysmallportstocompeteattract traders a. Malaysailorsopenedanall-searoutebetween IndiaandChinathrough b. introductionofforeignreligiousideas a. tradestimulatedpoliticalchange b. riseofIslaminseventhcenturyC.E. a. economicandpoliticalrevivalofChina b. growingtradeineasternIndianOceanandSouthChinaSea a. merchantsfromRomanEmpiresettledinsouthernIndiaandEast understanding ofmonsoons c. MalaysailorsreachedMadagascarinthefirstmillenniumB.C.E. b. ancientEgyptiansandPhoenicianstradeddowntheRedSea a. IndusValley writingmayhavebeen stimulatedbycuneiform sugar, wheat) state the StraitsofMalaccaca.350C.E. coast African PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 IV. SandRoads:ExchangeacrosstheSahara B. Gold,Salt,andSlaves: Trade andEmpireinWest Africa A. CommercialBeginningsinWest Africa 1. SwahilicivilizationofEast Africa developedfromblendofBantuwith 6. slaverywas presentinWest Africa 5. tradeencouragednewandlargerpolitical structures 4. theSaharabecameamajorinternational trade route 3. merchantsespeciallywantedgoldfromWest Africa (alongwithivory, kola 2. regulartrans-Saharancommerceby300–400 C.E. 1. introductionofthecamelinearlycenturiesC.E.wasaturningpoint 2. earliesttradeintheregionwasamongagriculturalpeoplesSudan 1. trans-Africantradewasalsobasedonenvironmentalvariation 5. IslamandSwahiliculturedidn’treachmuchbeyondcoastuntilthe 4. deepparticipationintheIndianOceanworld 3. mostoftradewasin Arab ships;Swahilicrafttraveledcoastalwaterways 2. SwahilicivilizationflourishedonEast Africancoastbetween1000and1500 a. growingdemandforEast African products(gold,ivory, quartz,leopard commercial lifeoftheIndianOcean(especiallyIslamic) c. allhada reputationforgreatriches b. allweremonarchies withelaboratecourtlifeandatleastsome a. creationofaseriesstatesinwesternand centralSudanbetween500 b. caravanstraveledthedesertforover1,000 years a. hugecaravans(asmanyas5,000camels) nuts, slaves) b. madeitpossibletocrosstheSahara a. camelscango10dayswithoutwater b. mostfamouswasJenne-jeno(NigerValley civilization) a. emergenceofurbanclustersintheearlycenturiesC.E. c. agriculturalpeoplesfurthersouthgrewcrops,minedgold b. Saharahadcopperandsaltdeposits,dates a. North Africa manufacturedgoods b. tradewithinteriorforgoldledtoemergenceofGreatZimbabwe a. butSwahiliregiontradedwiththeinterior, hadanimpact nineteenth century d. widespreadconversiontoIslam c. Swahiliwaswrittenin Arabic script,with Arabic loanwords b. manyrulingfamiliesclaimed Arab orPersianorigins a. regularvisitsby Arab andIndian(perhapsPersian)merchants;some d. sharpclassdistinctions c. accumulatedgoodsfromtheinteriorandtradedfor Asian goods b. eachcitywaspoliticallyindependent,ruledbyaking a. veryurban,withcitiesof15,000–18,000people C.E. b. African merchantclassdeveloped,withtownsandkingships skins, someslaves,iron,woodproducts) administration andmilitary forces states and 1600C.E.,including Ghana,Mali,Songhay, Kanem,andHausacity- (flourished in1250–1350C.E.) settled PERIOD 3: REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS, c. 600 C.E. TO c.1450 V. An American Network: CommerceandConnectionintheWestern Hemisphere VI. Reflections:EconomicGlobalization—AncientandModern C. The worldofthird-wavecivilizationswasmorebalanced andmulticenteredthan B. Butpremodernnetworkshadimportantdifferences: A. The interconnectionsofthemodernerahavetheirrootsinmuchearlier E. There wasamajortradenetworkinthe Andes. D. There wasamajortradenetworkinMesoamerica. C. Buttherewasa“looselyinteractiveweb”fromtheGreatLakesto B. American tradenetworkswerenotasdense Afro-Eurasian ones. A. There wasnosustainedinteractionbetweentheWestern andEastern 2. perhapsthetwenty-first centuryisreturningtothatpattern 1. relationshipsamong majorcivilizationsweremuchmoreequal that ofthemodernera. 6. hadnosinglecenter;unitsweremuchmore equivalent 5. circuitsofcommerceweremorelimited 4. tradewasinluxurygoods 3. farfewerwageworkers 2. amuchsmallerrangeofgoodswasexchanged 1. mostpeoplestillproducedfortheirownconsumption patterns. 3. Aztecs offifteenthcenturyhadprofessionalmerchants(pochteca) 2. Mayatradedbyseaonbothcoasts(withdugoutcanoes) 1. Mayaand Teotihuacán tradedbyland 7. ChinchapeopletradedalongPacificcoastofSouth America 6. Caribbeanpeoplesconductedinterislandtrade 5. Amazon andOrinocoriverexchangenetworks 4. ChacocanyonculturealsointeractedwithMesoamerica 3. Cahokiawasatcenterofawidespreadtradingnetwork 2. evidenceofatleastindirectcontact 1. culturalelementsspreadgradually 3. culturaltraditionsdidnotspreadaswidelyinEasternHemisphere 2. localandregionalcommerceflourished,butnotlong-distancetrade 1. importantlimitations: hemispheres beforethevoyagesofColumbus. 7. substantialurban/commercialcenters(suchasKoumbi-Saleh,Jenne, c. mostslavescamefromsocietiesraidedfarthersouth b. withdevelopmentofcivilization,maleslaveswereusedasofficials, a. atfirst,mostslaveswerewomen b. geographical or environmental obstacles, including north/south orientation a. lackofdomesticatedlargemammals,wheeledvehicles,oceangoing b. Islamwasestablishedintowns a. somebecamemanufacturingcenters Timbuktu) d. some5,500slavesayearcamefromacrosstheSaharabetween1 porters, craftsmen,miners,agriculturallaborers ships and 1400 Andes. 100