DOCSLIB.ORG

Canadian Arctic Cabled Ocean Observatory Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canadian Arctic Cabled Ocean Observatory Study Canadian Arctic Cabled Marine Observatory Feasibility Study Document Number: ONC-DN-2011-02 Revision 4P: [2011-03-30] Prepared for: Danielle Labonté Director General, Northern Strategic Policy Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Terrasses de la Chaudière 10 Wellington, North Tower Gatineau, Quebec Postal Address: Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H4 Voice: +1 819 997 9449 Prepared by: Ocean Networks Canada University of Victoria Technology Enterprise Facility Rm130 2300 McKenzie Ave Victoria, BC Canada V8P 5C2 Voice: +1 250 853 3961 Fax: +1 250 472 4760 Email: [email protected] Copyright © 2011 by Ocean Networks Canada This document contains information proprietary to Ocean Networks Canada or to a third party to which Ocean Networks Canada may have legal obligation to protect such information from unauthorised disclosure, use or duplication. Any disclosure, use or duplication of this document, in whole or in part, or of any of the information contained herein for any purpose other than the specific purpose for which it was disclosed is expressly prohibited, except as Ocean Networks Canada may otherwise agree to in writing. Canadian Arctic Cabled Marine Observatory Feasibility Study Document Number: ONC-DN-2011-02 Revision 4P: [2011-03-30] THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK OCEAN NETWORKS CANADA Canadian Arctic Cabled Marine Observatory Feasibility Study Document Number: ONC-DN-2011-02 Revision 4P: [2011-03-30] Title: Canadian Arctic Cabled Marine Observatory Feasibility Study Revision: Revision 4P: [2011-03-30] Document Number: ONC-DN-2011-02 Prepared For: Danielle Labonté Assistant Deputy Minister (acting) Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Terrasses de la Chaudière 10 Wellington, North Tower Gatineau, Quebec Contract Number: CFA 1011-01-000899 Prepared By: Scott McLean Ocean Networks Canada Technology Enterprise Facility Rm130 2300 McKenzie Ave Victoria, BC Canada V8P 5C2 Approved By: _____________________________ Scott McLean, Director, Ocean Networks Canada Centre for Enterprise and Engagement ACCEPTANCE OF THIS REPORT BY THE DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS AND NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OBLIGATION ON BEHALF OF THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT FOR FUTURE FUNDING OF THIS PROJECT. OCEAN NETWORKS CANADA Canadian Arctic Cabled Marine Observatory Feasibility Study Document Number: ONC-DN-2011-02 Revision 4P: [2011-03-30] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Our understanding of physical and biogeochemical processes in the Arctic, especially related to marine ecosystems, is rudimentary yet it is precisely here where we are witnessing the most rapid and profound impacts of global environmental change … with far-reaching implications for the rest of the globe. Many national and international organizations have stressed for many years the need for long-term monitoring of Arctic ecosystems to understand better how they function and how they will respond to global climate and oceanographic change. Canada will be expected to heed the call from other Arctic nations to advance our knowledge of the many inter-related processes of environmental change in the region in order to best craft remedial and adaptive measures. The report summarizes many of the recommendations of international scientific organizations about the need for Arctic marine monitoring and devotes considerable attention to the suggestions in the Canadian Council of Academies’ “Vision for the Canadian Arctic Research Initiative; Assessing the Opportunities” (2008) Dramatic changes in sea ice characteristics, duration and distribution are also leading to more frequent use of Canadian arctic waters for both destination and transit shipping, the latter through the Northwest Passage (NWP). The NWP offers a very attractive shorter route between Asia and Europe but more open Arctic waterways also bring the possibility of environmental disasters, such as oil spills, and potential routes for illegal immigrants or terrorists to enter Canada and North America. These changes in the Arctic System will require increased surveillance, from the standpoints of the environment, security and sovereignty. With global commodity and energy demand increasing at an ever more rapid pace, the Arctic will see the exploitation of Arctic base metal and petroleum resources, which are becoming increasingly more competitive, further increasing shipping and infrastructure development in the North. All of these activities will have significant effects on the lives of Northerners and their traditional activities on the land and ice. Cabled observatories with real-time capability provide several advantages over other means of collecting oceanographic information in Arctic waters, such moored autonomous instruments. A cabled observatory provides the power necessary to operate many and diverse instrument suites, and to sample the environment at a higher rate than conventional moored arrays. Instrument function can be readily monitored in a real-time, cabled system and, in some instances, malfunctions can be corrected remotely. Real-time monitoring of a broad array of sensors allows event detection and response to “triggers” such as storms, algal blooms, or onset of open water conditions; response can include changing the sampling frequency or mode of operation of particular instruments to characterize better the oceanographic phenomena. Other sub-sea communications approaches, such as acoustic modems, are severely limited in bandwidth and are not a practical alternative to meet the needs of a diverse suite of instruments for real-time data transmission at high rates. Some operational requirements (e.g., vessel traffic monitoring, ice forecasting models) would benefit greatly from a real-time system. This study sought input from a wide range of stakeholders, including scientists, federal and territorial government representatives and Northerners, on the use of cabled ocean observatories in complementing existing marine research activities and contributing to a better understanding of the oceanic environment by making measurements throughout the entire year. There was general agreement from both government and university researchers that systems such as this would contribute to understanding the Canadian Arctic Marine System. Particularly strong synergies were envisaged with research programs such as ArcticNet and with federal government research, especially that being OCEAN NETWORKS CANADA Canadian Arctic Cabled Marine Observatory Feasibility Study Document Number: ONC-DN-2011-02 Revision 4P: [2011-03-30] conducted by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Stakeholders identified a wide range of candidate sites and programs for ocean monitoring systems. Federal government departments and agencies with operational mandates in the Arctic, such as National Defence, Canadian Coast Guard and Transport Canada saw potential benefits of real-time ocean observatories from an environmental and security surveillance standpoint. Northerners saw the potential for such facilities to improve the knowledge of the resources upon which they rely and to aid in the protection of fragile Arctic marine ecosystems. Cabled observatories in environments such as the Arctic offer the possibility of monitoring environmental processes throughout the year, even when areas are inaccessible due to the presence of ice, harsh weather or darkness. Such observations complement the brief sampling and measurement opportunities provided by research vessels during the open water season or measurements obtained by logistically challenging field programs from the ice. For surveillance activities, the continuous presence is essential for monitoring vessel activities, both surface and submerged, and being able to react quickly if necessary, and for assessing environmental impacts related to Arctic shipping. Three generic types of observatory are considered in the report: • at an existing community with pre-existing infrastructure (e.g., power, air strip, port) • at a remote site with no pre-existing infrastructure but where continuous, real-time monitoring would be required • at an independent site which is extremely remote (e.g., > 100 km from land) where there is no infrastructure available and which would probably operate with no cable connection to shore. Of these, only the first is discussed in detail in this feasibility study, with a focus on Dease Strait/Queen Maud Gulf near the planned Canadian High Arctic Research Station (CHARS) as an initial demonstration site for Arctic cabled ocean technology. Cabled ocean observatories are not “stand alone” facilities but must be integrated within an overall scientific program framework. While a “straw man” observatory, as a demonstration site, is sketched out in this report, the authors recognize that full consideration of cabled Arctic observatories must take place within the overall Arctic research planning context. In contemplating the development of facilities such as these, there is a strong recognized need to involve Northerners in their planning, construction and operation, and an imperative to use observatory capabilities to enhance the lives of local residents through training, employment and provision of relevant information about the resources used by them (e.g., fish, marine mammals) and the environment in general (e.g., local sea ice conditions). Unlike similar ocean observatories elsewhere, there is a need in the Arctic to be sensitive regarding the immediate and broad dissemination of some information about resources, such as fish and marine mammals, which could impact traditional hunting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • North America Other Continents
    Arctic Ocean Europe North Asia America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Africa Pacific Ocean South Indian America Ocean Oceania Southern Ocean Antarctica LAND & WATER • The surface of the Earth is covered by approximately 71% water and 29% land. • It contains 7 continents and 5 oceans. Land Water EARTH’S HEMISPHERES • The planet Earth can be divided into four different sections or hemispheres. The Equator is an imaginary horizontal line (latitude) that divides the earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres, while the Prime Meridian is the imaginary vertical line (longitude) that divides the earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. • North America, Earth’s 3rd largest continent, includes 23 countries. It contains Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, the United States of America, all Caribbean and Central America countries, as well as Greenland, which is the world’s largest island. North West East LOCATION South • The continent of North America is located in both the Northern and Western hemispheres. It is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean in the north, by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. • It measures 24,256,000 sq. km and takes up a little more than 16% of the land on Earth. North America 16% Other Continents 84% • North America has an approximate population of almost 529 million people, which is about 8% of the World’s total population. 92% 8% North America Other Continents • The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of Earth’s Oceans. It covers about 15% of the Earth’s total surface area and approximately 21% of its water surface area.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography Notes.Pdf
    THE GLOBE What is a globe? a small model of the Earth Parts of a globe: equator - the line on the globe halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole poles - the northern-most and southern-most points on the Earth 1. North Pole 2. South Pole hemispheres - half of the earth, divided by the equator (North & South) and the prime meridian (East and West) 1. Northern Hemisphere 2. Southern Hemisphere 3. Eastern Hemisphere 4. Western Hemisphere continents - the largest land areas on Earth 1. North America 2. South America 3. Europe 4. Asia 5. Africa 6. Australia 7. Antarctica oceans - the largest water areas on Earth 1. Atlantic Ocean 2. Pacific Ocean 3. Indian Ocean 4. Arctic Ocean 5. Antarctic Ocean WORLD MAP ** NOTE: Our textbooks call the “Southern Ocean” the “Antarctic Ocean” ** North America The three major countries of North America are: 1. Canada 2. United States 3. Mexico Where Do We Live? We live in the Western & Northern Hemispheres. We live on the continent of North America. The other 2 large countries on this continent are Canada and Mexico. The name of our country is the United States. There are 50 states in it, but when it first became a country, there were only 13 states. The name of our state is New York. Its capital city is Albany. GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE You will need to know: VOCABULARY: equator globe hemisphere continent ocean compass WORLD MAP - be able to label 7 continents and 5 oceans 3 Large Countries of North America 1. United States 2. Canada 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Statutory Report on Wildlife to the Nunavut Legislative Assembly Section 176 of the Wildlife Act
    Statutory Report on Wildlife to the Nunavut Legislative Assembly Section 176 of the Wildlife Act 1.0 Review of Wildlife and Habitat Management Programs for Terrestrial Species in Nunavut…………………………………………………………….1 1.1 Wildlife Act and Wildlife Regulations………………………………………………..2 1.2 Qikiqtaaluk Region……………………………………………………………………2 1.2.1 Qikiqtaaluk Research Initiatives…………………………………………………….2 a. Peary caribou………………………………………………………………………….2 b. High Arctic muskox…………………………………………………………………...3 c. North Baffin caribou…………………………………………………………………..4 1.2.2 Qikiqtaaluk Management Initiatives………………………………………………...5 a. Peary Caribou Management Plan……………………………………………………...5 b. High Arctic Muskox…………………………………………………………………..5 c. South Baffin Management Plan……………………………………………………….6 1.3 Kitikmeot Region……………………………………………………………………...8 1.3.1 Kitikmeot Research Initiatives………………………………………………………9 a. Wolverine and Grizzly bear Hair Snagging………………………………………….. 9 b. Mainland Caribou Projects……………………………………………………………9 c. Boothia Caribou Project……………………………………………………………...10 d. Dolphin and Union Caribou Project……………………............................................10 e. Mainland and Boothia Peninsula Muskoxen………………………………………...11 f. Harvest and Ecological Research Operational System (HEROS)…………………...12 g. Vegetation Mapping……………………………………………………………….....12 1.3.2 Kitikmeot Management Initiatives…………………………………………………12 a. Grizzly Bear Management…………………………………………………………...12 b. Bluenose East Management Plan…………………………………………………….12 c. DU Caribou Management Plan………………………………………………………13 d. Muskox Status
    [Show full text]
  • (Late Tertiary) As Seen from Prince Patrick Island, Arctic Canada’ JOHN G
    ARCTIC WL. 43, NO. 4 (DECEMBER 1990) P. 393-403 Beaufort Formation (Late Tertiary) as Seen from Prince Patrick Island, Arctic Canada’ JOHN G. FYLES’ (Received 20 March 1990; accepted in revked form 14 June 1990) ABSTRACT. The Beaufort Formation, in its typearea on Prince Patrick Island, is a single lithostratigraphicunit, a few tens of metres thick, consisting of unlithified sandy deposits of braided rivers. Organicbeds in the sand have yielded more than 200 species of plants and insects and probably originated during the Pliocene, when the area supported coniferous forest. ThisBeaufort unit forms the thin eastern edge of a northwest-thickeningwedge of sand and gravel beneath the western part of the island. These largely unexposed beds,up to several hundred metres thick, include the Beaufort unit and perhaps other older or younger deposits.On the islands northeast and southwest of PrincePatrick Island (MeighenIsland to Banks Island),the name BeaufortFormation has been appliedto similar deposits of late Rrtiary age. Most recorded Beaufort beds on these islands are stratigraphically and paleontologically equivalentto the “type” Beaufort, but a few sites that have been called Beaufort (suchas Duck Hawk Bluffsand the lower unit at Ballast Brook,on Banks Island) differ stratigraphicallyand paleontologically from the “type” Beaufort. This paper recommends that these deposits (probably middle Miocene) and others like them be assigned new stratigraphic names and not be included in the Beaufort Formation as now defined. Informal names Mary Sachs gravel (Duck HawkBluffs) and Ballast Brookbeds are proposed as an initial step. Formal use of the name Beaufort Formation shouldrestricted be to the western Arctic Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical and Legal Study of Sovereignty in the Canadian North : Terrestrial Sovereignty, 1870–1939
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2014 A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939 Smith, Gordon W. University of Calgary Press "A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939", Gordon W. Smith; edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2014 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/50251 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL STUDY OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CANADIAN NORTH: TERRESTRIAL SOVEREIGNTY, 1870–1939 By Gordon W. Smith, Edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer ISBN 978-1-55238-774-0 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at ucpress@ ucalgary.ca Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specificwork without breaching the artist’s copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • PALEOLIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY of COMBUSTION PARTICLES from LAKES and PONDS in the EASTERN ARCTIC, NUNAVUT, CANADA an Exploratory Clas
    A PALEOLIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF COMBUSTION PARTICLES FROM LAKES AND PONDS IN THE EASTERN ARCTIC, NUNAVUT, CANADA An Exploratory Classification, Inventory and Interpretation at Selected Sites NANCY COLLEEN DOUBLEDAY A thesis submitted to the Department of Biology in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada December 1999 Copyright@ Nancy C. Doubleday, 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibf iographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your lYe Vorre réfhœ Our file Notre refdretua The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pemettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, Ioan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othemise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son pemission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Recently international attention has been directed to investigation of anthropogenic contaminants in various biotic and abiotic components of arctic ecosystems. Combustion of coai, biomass (charcoal), petroleum and waste play an important role in industrial emissions, and are associated with most hurnan activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report: October 1, 2014 Assessing the Impact of Small, Canadian Arctic River Flows to the Freshwater Budget of the Canadian Archipelago Matthew B
    Annual Report: October 1, 2014 Assessing the impact of small, Canadian Arctic River flows to the freshwater budget of the Canadian Archipelago Matthew B. Alkire, University of Washington Assessing the impact of small, Canadian Arctic river flows to the freshwater budget of the Canadian Archipelago (or SCARFs) is a scientific research project funded by the National Science Foundation (USA). The purpose of this project is to collect water samples from seven different rivers and their adjoining estuaries throughout the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (see Fig. 1) in order to determine whether or not their chemical signatures differ from larger North American rivers such as the Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers. Five of the rivers are located within Nunavut, Canada: the Coppermine River (near Kugluktuk), Ellice River (~140 km southeast of Cambridge Bay), Back River (~180 km southeast of Gjoa Haven), Cunningham River (~77 km southeast of Resolute Bay on Somerset Island), and Kangiqtugaapik River (near Clyde River, Baffin Island). Two of the rivers are located within the Northwest Territories, Canada: the Kujjuua River (located approximately 67 km northeast of Ulukhaktok on Victoria Island) and Thomsen River (specifically near the mouth of the river where it empties into Castel Bay, on Banks Island). Figure 1. Map of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The red stars indicate the mouths of the rivers sampled during this study: (1) Coppermine R., (2) Ellice R., (3) Back R., (4) Kuujuua R. (Victoria Island), (5) Thomsen R. (Banks Island), (6) Cunningham R. (Somerset Island), and (7) Clyde R. (Baffin Island). The Coppermine, Ellice, and Back Rivers are located on the mainland of Nunavut.
    [Show full text]
  • Taima'na Uqamaqattangitlutit, the Polar Bears Can Hear
    Taima’na Uqamaqattangitlutit, The Polar Bears Can Hear Consequences of words and actions in the Central Arctic • JERRY: [First in Inuktitut] My name is Jerry Arqviq and I am from Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. My father was a polar bear hunter. I am a polar bear hunter, and I now I am teaching my son. I started hunting when I was 6 years old and I caught my first polar bear when I was 14 years old. • DARREN: My name is Darren Keith and I am the Senior Researcher for the Kitikmeot Heritage Society which is based in Cambridge Bay. Jerry and I would like to thank some people who made it possible for us to be here in Paris: Canadian North Airlines who sponsored a portion of Jerry’s travel, World Wildlife Fund Canada, the organizing committee of the 15th Inuit Studies Conference, and a special thanks to Professor Beatrice Collignon. DARREN: The area we will be discussing is the Nattilik area of the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut. For the Inuit of the central Arctic, who live in the communities of Gjoa Haven, Taloyoak and Kugaaruk, Nunavut polar bears have always been an essential part of an Inuit or Inuktitut way of life based on hunting animals. Our paper will discuss some aspects of the relationship between Inuit and polar bears, and the sensitivity of polar bears to the statements and actions of human beings. JERRY: [talks about his community and the continued importance of country food to the people including polar bears – explains picture of young people fishing at the weir at Iqalungmiut last year, as they do every year.] • DARREN: This paper draws mainly on interviews with Elders conducted during a project for the Gjoa Haven Hunters and Trappers Organization of Gjoa Haven Nunavut.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycology in the Canadian Arctic
    MYCOLOGY INTHE CANADIAN ARCTIC* D. B. 0. Savile Introduction and history TUDENTS of arctic fungi have traditionally relied largely on the practice S of gleaning inconspicuous saprophytes from the old stems and leaves of vascular plant specimens brought back by botanists or others. Except for a few conspicuous fleshy fungi, which were often unidentifiable because of inappropriate handling, most of these specimens have been collected unin- tentionally. This was the way in which Canadian arctic mycology started. First Rostrup (1906) scrutinized Simmons’s collections from Ellesmere Island made during the second voyage of the Fram. Later Lind (1910) published an account of fungi gleaned from the plantsof the GjZa expedition, collected at King Point on the Yukon coast and King William Island; and Dearness (1923) similarly treated the fungi taken on the Canadian Arctic Expedition at various points along the arctic coast. Lind (1934) added a numberof further Canadian records, arctic and sub- arctic, in his discussion of circumpolar microfungi. Linder (1947) made the next substantial contribution to our knowledgeof Canadian arctic fungi, but his treatment, although part of Polunin’s “Flora of the Canadian Eastern Arctic’’ was actually limited to those fungi collected by Polunin and did not bring together the available records. A conspicuous feature of almost all the early records from the Canadian Arctic is the extreme paucityof parasitic fungi. Dearness was impressed by the lack of such fungi and wrote “the smuts, like the rusts, seem to be rare in the Canadian arctic regions”. He recorded only one smut and three rusts from the collectioqsof the Canadian Arctic Expedition.
    [Show full text]
  • Seventh Grade Social Studies, Eastern Hemisphere Course Essential Questions (From Phase I Report)
    Davison Community Schools ADVISORY CURRICULUM COUNCIL Phase II, April 2012 Seventh Grade Social Studies, Eastern Hemisphere Course Essential Questions (from Phase I report): 1. How does the past link to the present and determine the future? 2. How does the United States fit into the global world and how is the United States impacted by other nations? 3. What is the relationship between people and the Earth? 4. How can information be used to make informed decisions about understanding the world around us? Phase II Curriculum Unit: Geography Essential Questions: Essential Understanding: How do we use maps and other geographic tools Physical features impact where and how people to acquire information about the world? live What methods of inquiry and analysis do we use Geography impacts population patterns to answer geographic questions? Latitude and elevations impact climate zones How do we use themes, connections and spatial Geographers use 5 themes of geography to patterns to describe and study the Earth? describe regions or places on earth How do we compare and describe natural regions? Human and physical characteristics are used to How do we use human characteristics to study study the earth places on the Earth? Map skills are necessary for understanding information for a variety of maps Recognize distortion in a variety of map scale/projections Economic indicators (GDP, Literacy rate …..) are used to evaluate a country Globalization has created a global interdependence among people There are different purposes of world organizations Curriculum Standards G1.1.1 Explain and use a variety of maps, globes, and web based geography technology to study the world, including global, interregional, regional, and local scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Discovered the Northwest Passage? Janice Cavell1
    ARCTIC VOL. 71, NO.3 (SEPTEMBER 2018) P.292 – 308 https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4733 Who Discovered the Northwest Passage? Janice Cavell1 (Received 31 January 2018; accepted in revised form 1 May 2018) ABSTRACT. In 1855 a parliamentary committee concluded that Robert McClure deserved to be rewarded as the discoverer of a Northwest Passage. Since then, various writers have put forward rival claims on behalf of Sir John Franklin, John Rae, and Roald Amundsen. This article examines the process of 19th-century European exploration in the Arctic Archipelago, the definition of discovering a passage that prevailed at the time, and the arguments for and against the various contenders. It concludes that while no one explorer was “the” discoverer, McClure’s achievement deserves reconsideration. Key words: Northwest Passage; John Franklin; Robert McClure; John Rae; Roald Amundsen RÉSUMÉ. En 1855, un comité parlementaire a conclu que Robert McClure méritait de recevoir le titre de découvreur d’un passage du Nord-Ouest. Depuis lors, diverses personnes ont avancé des prétentions rivales à l’endroit de Sir John Franklin, de John Rae et de Roald Amundsen. Cet article se penche sur l’exploration européenne de l’archipel Arctique au XIXe siècle, sur la définition de la découverte d’un passage en vigueur à l’époque, de même que sur les arguments pour et contre les divers prétendants au titre. Nous concluons en affirmant que même si aucun des explorateurs n’a été « le » découvreur, les réalisations de Robert McClure méritent d’être considérées de nouveau. Mots clés : passage du Nord-Ouest; John Franklin; Robert McClure; John Rae; Roald Amundsen Traduit pour la revue Arctic par Nicole Giguère.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Developments in Utkuhiksalik Phonology; 5/16/04 Page 1 of 36
    Carrie J. Dyck Department of Linguistics Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s NL A1B 3X9 Jean L. Briggs Department of Anthropology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s NL A1B 3X9 Historical developments in Utkuhiksalik phonology; 5/16/04 page 1 of 36 1 Introduction* Utkuhiksalik has been analysed as a subdialect of Natsilik within the Western Canadian Inuktun (WCI) dialect continuum (Dorais, 1990:17; 41). 1 While Utkuhiksalik has much in com- mon with the other Natsilik subdialects, the Utkuhiksalingmiut and the Natsilingmiut were his- torically distinct groups (see §1.1). Today there are still lexical (see §1.2) and phonological dif- ferences between Utkuhiksalik and Natsilik. The goal of this paper is to highlight the main phonological differences by describing the Utkuhiksalik reflexes of Proto-Eskimoan (PE) *c, *y, and *D. 1.1 Overview of dialect relations2 The traditional territory of the Utkuhiksalingmiut (the people of the place where there is soapstone) lay between Chantrey Inlet and Franklin Lake. Utkuhiksalik speakers also lived in the * Research for this paper was supported by SSHRC grant #410-2000-0415, awarded to Jean Briggs. The authors would also like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of the Utkuhiksalingmiut who presently live in Gjoa Haven, especially Briggs’s adoptive mother and aunts. Tape recordings of these consultants, collected by Briggs from the 1960’s to the present, constitute the data for this paper. Briggs is currently compiling a dictionary of Utkuhiksalik. 1 We use the term Natsilik, rather than Netsilik, to denote a dialect cluster that includes Natsilik, Utkuhik- salik, and Arviligjuaq.
    [Show full text]