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Ancient Rome from the Earliest Times Down to 476 A.D

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Ancient Rome from the Earliest Times Down to 476 A.D ANCIENT ROME FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES DOWN TO 476 A.D. BY ROBERT F. PENNELL REVISED EDITION WITH PLANS AND COLORED MAP Edited by Candida Martinelli This free e-book was created and is distributed not-for-profit by Candida Martinelli of Candida Martinelli’s Italophile Site This e-book contains all the images from the original publication, plus various images to complement the text. The cover image is of a painting of the Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium) by Caspar Van Wittel from the early 18th century. 2 CHAPTER XI DIVISIONS OF THE ROMAN PREFACE ........................................................................ 7 TERRITORY—NOTED MEN OF THE PERIOD....40 CHAPTER I GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY .................... 8 ROADS ........................................................................41 NOTED MEN ..............................................................41 CHAPTER II THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF ITALY............................................................................. 11 CHAPTER XII FOREIGN CONQUEST ..................44 CHAPTER III THE ROMANS AND THEIR EARLY CHAPTER XIII ROME AND CARTHAGE GOVERNMENT............................................................ 13 BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS (241-218) ............................................................49 CHAPTER IV THE EARLY GROWTH AND INTERNAL HISTORY OF ROME ............................ 15 CHAPTER XIV THE SECOND PUNIC WAR— FROM THE PASSAGE OF THE PYRENEES TO THE ARMY ................................................................ 16 THE BATTLE OF CANNAE (218-216)......................52 CHAPTER V THE DYNASTY OF THE TARQUINS CHAPTER XV THE SECOND PUNIC WAR-FROM ......................................................................................... 19 CANNAE TO THE BATTLE OF ZAMA (216-202)..58 CHAPTER VI THE CONSULS AND TRIBUNES .. 21 AFFAIRS IN SICILY..................................................59 CHAPTER VII THE COMITIA TRIBUTA AND THE CAMPAIGNS IN SPAIN ...................................60 THE AGRARIAN LAWS............................................. 24 OPERATIONS IN ITALY ..........................................61 CHAPTER VIII THE CONTEST OF THE INVASION OF AFRICA ............................................62 PLEBEIANS FOR CIVIL RIGHTS............................ 26 CHAPTER XVI ROME IN THE EAST ....................64 CHAPTER IX EXTERNAL HISTORY.................... 31 CHAPTER XVII THE SYRIAN WAR ......................67 THE FIRST SAMNITE WAR (343-341)................... 33 CHAPTER XVIII CONQUEST OF MACEDONIA THE LATIN WAR (340-338)..................................... 33 AND GREECE (I71-146) ..............................................70 THE SECOND AND THIRD SAMNITE WARS (326- CHAPTER XIX THE THIRD PUNIC WAR, AND 290).............................................................................. 34 FALL OF CARTHAGE ................................................73 CHAPTER X WARS WITH PYRRHUS (281-272) . 37 CHAPTER XX ROME AND SPAIN-THE 3 NUMANTINE AND SERVILE WARS (206-132) ..... 76 GAUL ............................................................................114 THE NUMANTINE WAR (143-133) ........................ 77 THE WAR WITH THE BELGAE ............................115 THE SERVILE WAR (134-132) ................................ 78 THE VENETI—INVASION OF GERMANY .........116 CHAPTER XXI INTERNAL HISTORY—THE INVASION OF BRITAIN.........................................117 GRACCHI...................................................................... 79 FINAL STRUGGLES OF THE GAULS..................117 CHAPTER XXII EXTERNAL HISTORY— CHAPTER XXXI CLODIUS AND MILO—DEATH PERGAMUM—JUGURTHINE WAR (118-104)...... 84 OF CRASSUS...............................................................120 THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA ................................. 84 CHAPTER XXXII CAESAR'S STRUGGLE WITH POMPEY—BATTLE OF PHARSALIA ..................123 CHAPTER XXIII THE CIMBRI AND TEUTONES—POLITICAL QUARRELS ................. 87 CHAPTER XXXIII CAESAR'S OPERATIONS IN EGYPT, ASIA, AFRICA, AND SPAIN.....................131 CHAPTER XXIV INTERNAL HISTORY-THE SOCIAL WAR (90-88).................................................. 90 CATO-METELLUS SCIPIO ....................................135 CHAPTER XXV MARIUS AND SULLA-CINNA... 93 CHAPTER XXXIV MURDER OF CAESAR .........136 THE REFORMS OF SULLA ..................................... 96 CHAPTER XXXV THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE—PHILIPPI AND ACTIUM.........138 CHAPTER XXVI SERTORIUS—SPARTACUS— LUCULLUS—POMPEY AND CRASSUS................. 98 PHILIPPI AND ACTIUM.........................................138 MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO.................................141 POMPEY AND CRASSUS ...................................... 100 CHAPTER XXXVI AUGUSTUS (30 B.C.-14 A.D.) CHAPTER XXVII CAESAR—CICERO—VERRES ........................................................................................142 ....................................................................................... 103 CHAPTER XXXVII THE AUGUSTAN AGE ........146 CHAPTER XXVIII TROUBLES AT ROME— CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE................................. 107 CHAPTER XXXVIII THE JULIAN AND CLAUDIAN EMPERORS ..........................................149 CHAPTER XXIX THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE .. 111 TIBERIUS (14-37 A.D.)............................................149 CHAPTER XXX CAESAR'S CAMPAIGNS IN CALIGULA (37-41)..................................................151 4 THE CLAUDIAN EMPERORS ............................... 151 CHAPTER XLII INVASIONS AND DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER XXXIX THE FLAVIAN EMPERORS 155 OF THE BARBARIANS.............................................168 VESPASIAN (69-79)................................................ 155 CHAPTER XLIII ROMAN LITERATURE ...........174 TITUS (79-81)........................................................... 156 PLAUTUS (254-184) ................................................174 DOMITIAN (81-96).................................................. 156 TERENCE (195-159) ................................................174 CHAPTER XL THE FIVE GOOD EMPERORS... 157 ENNIUS (139-69)......................................................174 CICERO (106-43)......................................................174 NERVA (96-98). ....................................................... 157 CAESAR (100-44).....................................................175 TRAJAN (98-117)..................................................... 157 NEPOS (94-24)..........................................................175 HADRIAN (117-138)................................................ 158 LUCRETIUS (98-55) ................................................175 TITUS AURELIUS ANTONÍNUS PIUS (138-161)159 CATULLUS (87-47) .................................................175 MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONÍNUS (161-180).... 159 VIRGIL (70-19).........................................................176 THE CHRISTIANS................................................... 160 HORACE (65-8)........................................................176 CHAPTER XLI PERIOD OF MILITARY TIBULLUS (54-29) ...................................................176 DESPOTISM—DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE........ 161 PROPERTIUS (49-15) ..............................................176 COMMODUS (180-192) .......................................... 161 OVID (43 B.C.—18 A.D.).........................................176 PERTINAX (192-193) .............................................. 161 LIVY (59 B.C.—17 A.D.).........................................176 JULIANUS (193).—SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS (193- PHAEDRUS ..............................................................176 211)............................................................................ 161 SENECA (8 B.C.—65 A.D.).....................................177 CARACALLA, MACRINUS, AND CURTIUS ..................................................................177 HELIOGABALUS .................................................... 162 PERSIUS (34-62) ......................................................177 FROM ALEXANDER SEVERUS TO THE AGE OF LUCAN (39-65).........................................................177 THE THIRTY TYRANTS (222-268)....................... 162 PLINY THE ELDER (23-79)....................................177 FIVE GOOD EMPERORS (268-283) ...................... 163 STATIUS, MARTIAL, QUINTILIAN, JUVENAL.177 DIOCLETIAN (284-305).......................................... 163 TACITUS (54-119)....................................................177 DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE ................................... 165 PLINY THE YOUNGER (62-113) ...........................178 VALENTINIAN AND VALENS (364-375).............. 165 CHAPTER XLIV ROMAN ROADS—PROVINCES 5 ....................................................................................... 179 EDUCATION ............................................................196 PROVINCES............................................................. 180 BOOKS—LETTER WRITING ................................196 CHAPTER XLV ROMAN OFFICERS, ETC......... 182 CHAPTER XLVII PUBLIC BUILDINGS, SQUARES, ETC. .........................................................198 THE CONSULS ........................................................ 183 PRAETORS............................................................... 183 CHAPTER XLVIII COLONIES—THE AEDILES .................................................................. 183 CALENDAR—RELIGION ........................................201 QUAESTORS............................................................ 184 THE CALENDAR.....................................................201
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