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Fichas Tecnicas Plagas De Los Vegetales En Los Paises SG/CEPS.022.2002 22 de junio de 2002 3.22.48 FICHAS TECNICAS PLAGAS DE LOS VEGETALES EN LOS PAISES MIEMBROS DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA PREPARADO POR JOSE GALARZA BAZAN Lima-Perú, 2002 LAS OPINIONES CONTENIDAS EN ESTE DOCUMENTO SON DE RESPONSABILIDAD DEL(OS) AUTOR(ES) Y NO REFLEJAN POSICIONES INSTITUCIONALES DE LA SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA.. 1 ARCHIVOS EN ACCESS ELABORADOS A LA FECHA HONGOS (60) 1. Alternaria gaisen NAGANO 2. Aphanomyces euteiches DRECHSLER 3. Apiosporina morbosa (SCHWEIN.) ARX. 4. Balansia oryzae-sativae (= Ephelis oryzae) HASHIOKA 5. Botryotinia porri (H.J.F. BEYMA) WHETZEL 6. Cladosporium cucumerinum ELLIS & ARTHUR 7. Claviceps gigantea (Telemorfo) SF FUENTES, ISLA, ULLSTRUPS & AE RODR 8. Colletotrichum fragariae A.N.BROOKS 9. Colletotrichum kahawae (= C. coffeanum var. virulans F. Noack) J.M.WALLER 10. Colletotrichum orbiculare (= C. lagenarium) (BERK. & MONT.) ARX. 11. Cronartium coleosporioides ARTHUR 12. Cronartium comandrae PECK 13. Cronartium comptoniae ARTHUR 14. Cronartium ribicola J.C. FISCH 15. Cryphonectria cubensis (BRUNER) HODGES 16. Cryphonectria parasitica (MURRIL) 17. Diaporthe phaseolorum (COOKE & ELLIS) SACC. 18. Diaporthe vaccinii (= Phomopsis vaccinii) SHEAR 19. Endocronartium harknessii (MOORE) Y. HIRATSUKA 20. Elsinoe australis BITANC.& A.E.JENKINS 21. Elsinoe batatas VIEGAS & JENKINS 22. Eutypa lata (PERS.) TUL.& C. TUL (= E. armeniacae Hansf & M.V. Carter) 23. Exobasidium vexans MASSEE 24. Ganoderma phiippii BRES. & HENN. ex SACC.) BRESAD. 25. Gremmeniella abietina (LAGERB.) M. MORELET 26. Guignardia bidwellii (ELLIS) VIALA & RAVAZ, 1892 27. Guignardia citricarpa KIELY 28. Gymnosporangium clavipes (COOKE & PECK) COOKE & PECK, 1873 29. Hemileia coffeicola MAUBLANC & ROGER 30. Heterobasidion (Fomes) annosum (FR.) BREF. 31. Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (FUCKEL) SACC. 32. Leptosphaeria maculans (DESM.)CES.&DE NOT., 1863 33. Marasmiellus cocophilus PEGLER 34. Microdochium (= Marssonina) panattonianum (BERL.) B. SUTTON 35. Nectria galligena BRES. 36. Nematospora coryli PEGLION 37. Oncobasidium theobromae P.H.B. TALBOT & KEANE, 1980 38. Periconia circinata (L.MANGIN) SACC. 39. Peronosclerospora (= Sclerospora) sacchari (T. MIYAKE) C. G. SHAW, 1927 40. Peronosclerospora (Sclerospora) spontanea (W. WESTON) 41. Phialophora gregata (ALLINGTON & D. V. CHAMBERLAIN) W. GAMS 42. Phoma (Deuterophoma) tracheiphila (PETRI) L.A. KANTSCH & GIKASCHVILI 43. Phyllosticta solitaria (Gloeodes pomigena) ELLIS & EVERH. 44. Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Phymatotrichum omnivorum) (DUGGAR) 2 45. Phytophthora cryptogea PETHYBR. & LAFF. 46. Phytophthora fragariae (var. rubi) HICKMAN 47. Phytophthora porri FOISTER 48. Phytophthora sojae KAUFM. & GERD (= P. megasperma Drechs var. sojae) 49. Plasmopara halstedii (FARL) BERL & DE TONI 50. Polyscytalum pustulans (M.N.OWEN & WAKEF) M.B. ELLIS 51. Pseudocercosporella (= Cercosporella) herpotrichoides (FRON) DEIGHTON 52. Puccinia allii CASTAGNE (= Puccinia porri) 53. Sphaceloma arachidis BITANC. & JENKINS 54. Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa (MC ALPINE & TRYON) A.E. JENKINS 55. Sporisorium (Sphacelotheca) cruenta (J.G. KÜHN) VÁNKY 56. Stenocarpella macrospora (EARLE) B. SUTTON 57. Tilletia controversa J.G. KÜHN 58. Tilletia indica MITRA (= Neovossia indica) 59. Urocystis agropyri (PREUSS) SCHRÖT. 60. Uromyces transversalis (THÜMEN) WINTER NEMATODOS (8) 1. Anguina agrostis (STEINBUCH, 1799) FILIPJEV 2. Anguina tritici (STEINBUCH, 1799) CHITWOOD 3. Aphelenchoides besseyi CHRISTIE 4. Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS, 1981) CHRISTIE, 1932 5. Belonolaimus longicaudatus RAU 6. Ditylenchus destructor THORNE, 1945 7. Hoplolaimus pararobustus (SCH. STEK. & TEUN., 1938) SHER IN COOMANS 8. Meloidogyne chitwoodi GOLDEN, O´BANNON, SANTO y FINLEY, 1980 BACTERIAS (1) 1. Xanthonomonas axonopodis pv. citri (HASSE 1915) VAUTERIN 3 Nacional A1 Cryphonectria cubensis PERFIL PARA LA CARACTERIZACION DE PLAGAS 1. Organismo Causal. 1.1. Nombre de la plaga. - Nombre científico Cryphonectria cubensis (BRUNER) HODGES 1980 - Sinonímia y otros nombres Endothia eugeniae [teleomorfo] (NUTMAN & F.M. ROBERTS) J. REI 1969 Diaporthe cubensis [teleomorfo] BRUNER 1917 Cryptosporella eugeniae [teleomorfo] NUTMAN & F.M. ROBERTS - Nombres comunes Ingles eucalyptus canker. sudden dieback (of cloves). 1.2 Nomenclatura taxonómica Reyno: Fungi Phyllum: Ascomycota Clase: Ascomycetes Orden: Diaporthales Familia: Valsaceae Género: Cryphonectria Especie: cubensis CODIGO BAYER: ENDOEU Notas adicionales ¡Endothia! y ¡Cryphonectria! están estrechamente relacionadas y son distinguibles solo por las características de sus ascosporas; el género tipo tiene ascosporas allantoides (en forma de salchicha, con bordes redondeados) aseptadas mientras que en ¡Cryphonectria!, éstas son elipsoidales y septadas (CABI, 2002; KIRK et al.; 2001). 2 Biología, ecología y enemigos naturales - Biología y ecología El hongo es principalmente transmitido por la dispersión de conidias con la salpicadura de agua; sin embargo, las ascosporas también la dispersan. La infección parece casi siempre estar asociada con heridas, causadas tanto por la cosecha, poda, daño natural o accidental. Las raíces y tallos lesionados pueden infectarse. Las colonias se desarrollan en la corteza, algunas veces demarcadas por los tejidos saludables mediante líneas pobremente definidas. Las conidiomatas son formadas dentro o sobre las capas superficiales de la colonia, tanto forzando las capas externas de la corteza, provocando grietas naturales o secciones dañadas (CABI, 2002). Los propágulos de infección más comunes son las ascosporas y conidias en Sudamérica, mientrás que las conidias predominan en Sudáfrica. El patógeno ataca el cambium y el tejido recien formado por este, causando una depresión en la corteza. Cuando la infección aumenta, los tejidos corticales recien formados se tornan marrones y comienzan a aparecer grietas longitudinales en la corteza. Generalmente se observa "gomosis" debido a las lesiones en el cambium. La infección y los cancros resultantes pueden matar árboles jóvenes durante los primeros 2 años de crecimiento o pueden provocar cancros que se extenderán desde la base hacia la parte más alta del tronco. Múltiples cancros son encontrados ocasionalmente sobre troncos. Los árboles con cancros alrededor del tronco, se marchitan y parecen morir súbitamente en el verano durante periodos cálidos y secos (KLIEJUNAS et. al., 2001). 3 Sintomatología y daños En clavo de olor, ocurre una rápida y progresiva enfermedad degenerativa de las ramas del tallo principal. En ¡¡Eucalyptus!!, dificilmente se desarrollan estromatas, pero si se desarrollan superficialmente tanto ascomatas como conidiomatas a partir de cancros similares (CABI, 2002). 4 Medios de diseminación - Dispersion natural(biótica no biótica) En sudamérica, el hongo se dispersa mediante ascosporas y conidias, Las conidias formadas en la picnidia producida en corteza muerta, son dispersadas por la salpicadura de lluvia; y las ascosporas, formadas en la peritecia, son dispersadas por el viento (CABI, 2002; KLIEJUNAS et. al., 2001). - Dispersión no natural miércoles, 19 de enero de 2005 Página 1 de 3 4 Nacional A1 Cryphonectria cubensis Las partes vegetales que pueden diseminar la plaga, mediante su comercio o transporte, son: la corteza, hojas, raíces, tallos y madera (CABI, 2002). 5 Situación fitosanitaria en la Sub Región Andina Nacional A1 6 Distribución geográfica AFRICA Camerún: CABI, 2002. Congo (Zaire), República Democrática del: CABI, 2002. Sudáfrica: CABI, 2002. Tanzania, República Unida de: CABI, 2002. AMÉRICA Bolivia: CABI, 2002, KLIEJUNAS J.T., 2001 Brasil: CABI, 2002; VAN DER MERVER et al., 2001, KLIEJUNAS J.T., 2001. Colombia: VAN DER MERVER et al., 2001; Costa Rica: CABI, 2002. KLIEJUNAS J.T., 2001 Cuba: CABI, 2002. Estados Unidos: (restringido) CABI, 2002 Perú: KLIEJUNAS J.T., 2001 Puerto Rico: CABI, 2002. Surinam: CABI, 2002. Trinidad y Tobago: CABI, 2002. Venezuela: CABI, 2002; VAN DER MERVER et al., 2001; KLIEJUNAS J.T., 2001. ASIA China(Hong Kong): CABI, 2001 India(Kerala): (restringido) CABI, 2002. Indonesia: CABI, 2002. Malasia: CABI, 2002. Singapur: CABI, 2002. OCEANÍA Australia: CABI, 2002. Samoa Americana: CABI, 2002. 7 Hospederos Principal CABI, 2002. Principal CABI, 2002. Secundario CABI, 2002. Secundario KLIEJUNAS et al., 2001. Secundario KLIEJUNAS et al., 2001. Secundario KLIEJUNAS et al., 2001. 8 Reconocimiento y diagnóstico - Morfología Estructuras de fructi Visibles desde la superficie como una masa de pescuezos ascomatales o conidiomatales de color marrón oscuro a anaranjado proyectándose a través de las grietas de la corteza (CABI, 2002). Las conidiomatas son formadas en las cavidades del estroma (en las variedades de clavos de olor) o mas o menos superficiales con la base incrustada en el tejido estromatal (en las variedades de eucalipto), dispersos o fusionadas grupos de 2 – 5, algunas veces formando una única celdilla múltiple enrollada cuando están incrustadas en el tejido estromatal. Las conidiomatas son de 200 – 400 (-800) micras, son cilíndricas o piriformes, largo cuello (raramente hasta ca 2000 micras), de color marrón – rojizo y los cuellos tornan mas fuertemente melanizados cuando se exponen. Las células conidiógenas hasta 30 x 2 micras, formadas solas o sobre conidiosporas de corto ramificado encima de toda la superficie interna de el conidioma, proliferando percurrentemente, periclinal engrosado y collarete inconspicuo. Las ascomatas son formadas en el tejido estromatal rodeando o por debajo de las conidiomatas degeneradas, en grupos
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