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E PLANTAS: Fundamentos E Importância NEMATOLOGIA DE PLANTAS: fundamentos e importância ii NEMATOLOGIA DE PLANTAS: fundamentos e importância Organizado por Luiz Carlos C. Barbosa Ferraz Docente aposentado da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brasil Derek John F inlay Brown Pesquisador aposentado do Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), atual James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Escócia uma publicação da iii Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia / SBN Sede atual: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro / CCTA. Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 – Parque California 28013-602 – Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ) – Brasil E-mail: [email protected] Telefone: (22) 3012-4821 Site: http://nematologia.com.br © Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia 2016. Todos os direitos reservados. É vedada a reprodução desta publicação, ou de suas partes, na forma impressa ou por outros meios, sem prévia autorização do representante legal da SBN. A sua utilização poderá vir a ocorrer estritamente para fins didáticos, em caráter eventual e com a citação da fonte. Ficha catalográfica elaborada por Marilene de Sena e Silva - CRB/AM Nº 561 F368 n FERRAZ, L.C.C.B.; BROWN, D.J.F. Nematologia de plantas: fundamentos e importância. L.C.C.B. Ferraz e D.J.F. Brown (Orgs.). Manaus: NORMA EDITORA, 2016. 251 p. Il. ISBN: 978-85-99031-26-1 2. Nematologia. 2. Doenças de plantas. 3. Vermes. I. Ferraz & Brown. II. Título. CDD: 632 iv Para Maria Teresa, Alex e Thais, que souberam entender a minha irresistível atração pela Nematologia e aceitar as muitas horas de plena dedicação a ela. In memoriam Alexandre M. Cintra Goulart, Anário Jaehn, Dimitry Tihohod, José Julio da Ponte, Luiz G. E. Lordello, Martin Homechin, Shiou Pin Huang e Wilson R. T. Novaretti. Educadores fitonematológicos. Pessoas inesquecíveis. v Conteúdo Sobre os autores ................................................................................................ ................... xi Prefácio ............................................................................................. ................... ............... xii 1 Os nematoides no contexto da Agricultura atual ............... ................ .......................... 1 1.1 Introdução .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Conhecendo os nematoides ........................................................................................ 4 1.3 Nematoides: os inimigos invisíveis das plantas ......................................................... 8 1.4 Um pouco da história da Nematologia de Plantas ..................................................... 9 1.5 Identificando os principais grupos e espécies de fitonematoides .............................13 Literatura consultada e/ou sugerida para leitura ...................................................... 15 2 Morfologia, estrutura e sistemas funcionais ....................... ........................................ 17 2.1 Tamanho e forma .................................................................................................... 17 2.2 A parede do corpo .................................................................. ................................. 19 2.3 O pseudoceloma .......................................................................................................24 2.4 Sistema digestório ....................................................................... ............................ 25 2.5 Sistema excretor-secretor ........................................................................................ 30 2.6 Sistema nervoso ...................................................................................................... 31 Literatura consultada e/ou sugerida para leitura ..................................................... 31 3 Reprodução e eventos relacionados ....... ...................................................................... 33 3.1 Introdução .............................................................................................................. 33 3.2 Sistema reprodutor feminino .................... .............................................................. 33 3.3 Sistema reprodutor masculino ................................................................................ 37 3.4 Modos de reprodução ................................................. ............................................ 39 vi 3.5 Determinação do sexo ............................................................................................ 41 3.6 O ovo ...................................................................................................................... 42 3.7 Eclosão ................................................................................................................... 44 Literatura consultada e/ou sugerida para consulta ................................................... 45 4 Principais aspectos bioecológicos ................................................................................ 46 4.1 Introdução .............................................................................................................. 46 4.2 Características biológicas gerais ............................................................................ 47 4.2.1 O ciclo de vida e aspectos correlatos ............................................................. 47 4.2.2 Estratégias de sobrevivência .......................................................................... 50 4.3 Fatores que afetam as populações de fitonematoides ............................................ 54 4.4 Aspectos epidemiológicos das fitonematoses ....................................................... 58 4.4.1 Distribuição no solo ....................................................................................... 58 4.4.2 Dispersão ....................................................................................................... 60 Literatura consultada e/ou sugerida para consulta .................................................. 65 5 Interação planta-nematoide: estratégias de alimentação ......................................... 66 5.1 Considerações iniciais ........................................................................................... 66 5.2 Ectoparasitas ......................................................................................................... 67 5.2.1 Classe Enoplea .............................................................................................. 67 5.2.1.1 Família Longidoridae ............................................................................. 68 5.2.1.2 Família Trichodoridae ............................................................................ 71 5.2.2 Classe Chromadorea ..................................................................................... 74 5.3 Endoparasitas e semiendoparasitas ....................................................................... 80 5.3.1 Endoparasitas migradores ............................................................................. 80 5.3.2 Endoparasitas sedentários ............................................................................. 82 5.3.2.1 Meloidogyne .......................................................................................... 82 5.3.2.2 Globodera e Heterodera ......................................................................... 85 5.3.3 Semiendoparasitas sedentários ...................................................................... 87 vii 5.3.3.1 Rotylenchulus ........................................................................................ 87 5.3.3.2 Tylenchulus ........................................................................................... 88 5.4 Considerações finais ............................................................................................. 89 Literatura consultada e/ou sugerida para consulta .................................................. 90 6 Principais nematoides ectoparasitas e semiendoparasitas ....................................... 92 6.1 Introdução: os modos de parasitismo ................................................................... 92 6.2 Secernentia / principais casos de ectoparasitismo ................................................ 94 6.2.1 Criconematoidea ............................................................................................ 94 6.2.1.1 Criconemoides xenoplax ........................................................................ 94 6.2.1.2 Hemicycliophora arenaria ...................................................................... 96 6.2.2 Tylenchoidea ................................................................................................. 97 6.2.2.1 (Belonolaimidae) Belonolaimus longicaudatus ..................................... 97 6.2.2.2 (Belonolaimidae) Tylenchorhynchus annulatus / T.claytoni ….…........ 99 6.2.2.3 (Hoplolaimidae) Helicotylenchus multicinctus ……….…………...... 100 6.2.2.4 (Hoplolaimidae) Scutellonema bradys …………………………….... 102 6.2.2.5 (Hoplolaimidae) Hoplolaimus columbus ………………………..........103 6.3 Dorylaimia e Enoplia / principais casos de ectoparasitismo ............................. 105 6.3.1 (Longidoridae) Longidorus, Paralongidorus e Xiphinema ......................... 105 6.3.2 (Trichodoridae) Paratrichodorus e Trichodorus ......................................... 108 6.4 Secernentia / principais casos de semiendoparasitismo .................................... 112 6.4.1 O gênero Rotylenchulus: nematoides
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