Breed Associated Eye Diseases Quick Reference Guide

Animal Eye Center of New Jersey

Little Falls, New Jersey 888.722.7200 Contents Foreword

Inherited or breed-related ocular diseases of dogs and cats have been and Foreword...... 1 continue to be intensively studied by numerous investigators. Genetic, pathological, and clinical investigations of these conditions have Canines ...... 2 contributed invaluably to the current body of knowledge in veterinary Felines ...... 8 ophthalmology. In addition, the efforts of the Canine Eye Registry Foundation (CERF) have provided clinical data to better document and Glossary...... 9 monitor the prevalence of these diseases among the canine population. References ...... 10 The following reference is intended to familiarize the veterinary Meet Our Ophthalmologists ...... 11 practitioner with breed-related eye diseases. The information included, however, is not exhaustive and cannot be considered a replacement for a thorough anamnesis and ophthalmic examination. While certain breeds are strongly predisposed to specific conditions, it is important to bear in 1 mind that the entire list of ocular diseases can be diagnosed in any breed Monday – Friday animaleyesofnj.com (or breed combination). 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM animalerc.com Included at the end of this reference is a brief glossary for a number of Local: 973.890.4430 the listed conditions. I urge the reader to consult the provided references Toll free: 888.722.7200 as they can be invaluable clinical resources for the small animal practitioner. Fax: 973.890.4876 Animal Eye Center of New Jersey Akita Bichon frise Primary entropion Distichiasis Canines Uveodermatologic syndrome (VKH-“like” syndrome) Border collie Cataracts Collie eye anomaly Inherited cataracts are exceptionally common among purebred dogs and Australian shepherd Nodular granulomatous genetic predisposition is the most common cause of cataracts within the Distichiasis episclerokeratitis (NGE) species. In fact, of the breeds listed in this reference, only the Borzoi, Merle ocular dysgenesis Primary lens luxation Greyhound, Pomeranian, and Pug are not listed as having a Microphthalmia predisposition to cataract development. The location, age of onset, and Iris coloboma Borzoi progression of cataract may vary between breeds and between Choroidal hypoplasia Multifocal retinopathy individuals. In any canine patient diagnosed with cataracts, examination (idiopathic) by a veterinary ophthalmologist is recommended. Early evaluation aids Basenji in providing a long-term prognosis for vision and in determining a Corneal dystrophy Boston terrier patient’s candidacy for surgical cataract removal. Earlier surgical Persistent pupillary membranes Distichiasis Corneal endothelial intervention for cataracts, if necessary, is associated with a higher rate Bassett hound dystrophy/degeneration 2 of postoperative success. Primary Primary glaucoma 3 ectropion/macroblepharon Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) Primary entropion Bouvier des Flandres PRA is an “umbrella” term describing a number of breed-associated Primary glaucoma Primary glaucoma forms of retinal degeneration. Similar (but not identical) to retinitis Persistent hyperplastic primary pigmentosa in humans, these conditions involve progressive loss of Beagle vitreous retinal cell function and vision. Unfortunately, the vision impairment is Distichiasis Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis irreversible and without definitive treatment at this time. The majority Prolapsed third eyelid gland of the breeds listed in this reference have a documented predisposition (“cherry eye”) Boxer for at least one form of PRA. In some breeds with certain forms, the Corneal dystrophy Distichiasis progression may occur very quickly and at a very young age, while in Primary (“open-angle”) Primary ectropion Indolent corneal ulcerations others the progression and age of onset may be variable. Almost all glaucoma Retinal dysplasia forms of PRA result in long-term vision impairment and are likely to Bull terrier lead to complete blindness. There are many causes for progressive vision Bedlington terrier Primary lens luxation impairment or blindness in dogs, and therefore, examination by a Microphthalmia veterinary ophthalmologist can aid in the definitive diagnosis of PRA, Distichiasis Cavalier King Charles spaniel either through detailed fundic examination or electroretinographic Imperforate lacrimal puncta Distichiasis testing (ERG). In addition, genetic tests for a number of breed-related Retinal dysplasia Corneal dystrophy forms of PRA are available through Optigen® (www.optigen.com). Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Retinal dysplasia Chihuahua Uveodermatologic syndrome German shepherd Jack Russell terrier Corneal endothelial (VKH-“like” syndrome) Chronic superficial keratitis Primary lens luxation dystrophy/degeneration Progressive retinal atrophy (“pannus”) Primary glaucoma Vitreous degeneration Micropapilla (small optic nerve) Corneal dystrophy Vitreous degeneration Optic nerve coloboma Medial canthal erosion syndrome Chow chow Optic nerve hypoplasia Japanese Chin Primary entropion Doberman pinscher Primary medial entropion Primary glaucoma Microphthalmia Golden retriever Pigmentary keratitis/exposure Ligneous conjunctivitis Distichiasis keratopathy syndrome Cocker spaniel Persistent hyperplastic primary Ectopic cilia Distichiasis vitreous Primary entropion Labrador retriever Ectopic cilia Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis Iris cysts Distichiasis Primary entropion/ectropion Pigmentary Primary entropion Imperforate lacrimal puncta English bulldog (immune-mediated) uveitis Primary ectropion Prolapsed third eyelid gland Distichiasis Retinal dysplasia Iris melanoma Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Ectopic cilia Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Persistent hyaloid Corneal dystrophy Prolapsed gland of the Persistent hyperplastic 4 Retinal dysplasia third eyelid Great dane primary vitreous 5 Primary glaucoma Primary entropion/ectropion Microphthalmia Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Primary entropion/ectropion Retinal dysplasia Everted third eyelid Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Collie English springer spaniel (“scrolled” cartilage) Microphthalmia Primary entropion Ciliary body cysts Lhasa apso Nodular granulomatous Corneal dystrophy Primary glaucoma Distichiasis episclerokeratitis (NGE) Primary glaucoma Ectopic cilia Collie eye anomaly Retinal dysplasia Greyhound Prolapsed third eyelid gland Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Chronic superficial keratitis (“cherry eye”) (“pannus”) Imperforate lacrimal puncta Dachshund Fox terrier Persistent hyperplastic Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Microphthalmia Primary lens luxation primary vitreous Pigmentary keratitis/exposure Distichiasis Primary glaucoma keratopathy syndrome Dermoid Havanese Chronic superficial keratitis French bulldog Distichiasis Alaskan malamute (“pannus”) Distichiasis Vitreous degeneration Primary glaucoma Punctate superficial keratitis Retinal dysplasia Corneal dystrophy Italian greyhound Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Vitreous degeneration Maltese Pointer (German short-haired) Saint Bernard Primary medial entropion Persistent hyaloid artery Everted third eyelid cartilage Microphthalmia Pigmentary keratitis/exposure Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) (“scrolled” cartilage) Primary entropion/ectropion keratopathy syndrome Persistent hyperplastic Dermoid Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Mastiff primary vitreous Everted third eyelid Vitreous degeneration Primary entropion/ectropion Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis (“scrolled” cartilage) Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Prolapsed third eyelid gland Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Optic nerve hypoplasia (“cherry eye”) Samoyed Retinal dysplasia Pomeranian Corneal dystrophy Siberian husky Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Distichiasis Uveodermatologic syndrome Corneal dystrophy (VKH-“like” syndrome) Uveodermatologic syndrome Miniature Schnauzer Poodle Primary glaucoma (VKH-“like” syndrome) Microphthalmia Microphthalmia Retinal dysplasia Primary glaucoma (with congenital cataract) Distichiasis Progressive retinal atrophy Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Ectopic cilia Persistent hyaloid artery Imperforate lacrimal puncta Shar pei Weimeraner Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Primary glaucoma Primary entropion Primary entropion 6 Vitreous degeneration Prolapsed third eyelid gland Everted third eyelid 7 Neapolitan mastiff Retinal dysplasia (“cherry eye”) (“scrolled” cartilage) Primary entropion/ectropion Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Primary glaucoma Prolapsed third eyelid gland Optic nerve hypoplasia Primary lens luxation Welsh corgi Micropapilla Congenital esotropia Indolent corneal ulceration Newfoundland Retinal dysplasia Primary entropion/ectropion Pug Shetland sheepdog Prolapsed third eyelid gland Distichiasis Corneal dystrophy West Highland white terrier Primary medial entropion Punctate superficial keratitis Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Norwegian elkhound Pigmentary keratitis/exposure Uveodermatologic syndrome Primary glaucoma keratopathy syndrome (VKH-“like” syndrome) Yorkshire terrier Progressive retinal atrophy Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Collie eye anomaly Congenital alacrima (absolute KCS) Pekingese Rottweiler Shiba inu Corneal dystrophy Distichiasis Primary entropion Primary glaucoma Retinal dysplasia Primary medial entropion Corneal dystrophy Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) Pigmentary keratitis/exposure Iris cysts Shih tzu keratopathy syndrome Retinal dysplasia Distichiasis Facial fold trichiasis Ectopic cilia Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Felines Glossary

Birman Anterior uveitis: inflammation of the ciliary body and/or iris Dermoid Cataract: opacity of the lens and/or lens capsule Burmese Prolapsed third eyelid gland Choroid: the posterior aspect of the uveal tract immediately external to the (“cherry eye”) retina Chronic superficial keratitis: immune-mediated disease of the conjunctiva Persian/Himalayan and cornea of dogs; also known as pannus Entropion Exposure keratopathy syndrome Collie eye anomaly: inherited developmental defect of collies and related Corneal sequestrum breeds characterized by choroidal hypoplasia, with or without colobomas, and retinal detachment Siamese Coloboma: congenital absence of any ocular tissue 8 Congenital nystagmus 9 (pendular) Corneal dystrophy: progressive and bilateral hereditary corneal disease, unassociated with inflammation Corneal sequestrum: condition unique to the cat cornea in which a region of corneal stroma acquires an amber to black discoloration and undergoes degeneration; corneal ulceration may or may not be concurrent Dermoid: a congenital choristomatous tumor consisting of skin and its appendages Distichiasis: condition in which cilia (eyeliashes) emerge abnormally from one or more meibomian gland orifices Ectopic cilia: abnormal hair/cilia protruding through the palpebral conjunctiva Ectropion: eversion or outward rolling of the eyelid Entropion: introversion or inward rolling of the eyelid Episcleritis: inflammation of the connective tissue immediately exterior to the sclera Lens luxation: disinsertion of the lens zoules from the complete lens What the AEC of NJ is all about: equator such that the lens displaces into the anterior chamber (anterior luxation) or the vitreous chamber (posterior luxation) Dr. Michael Brown has been providing Macropalpebral fissure: horizontally enlarged palpebral fissure due to cutting edge ophthalmology services in excessive eyelid length Little Falls since 1996. He was the Microphthalmos: congenitally small globe driving force behind establishing this area’s first ophthalmology-dedicated Nodular granulomatous episclerokeratoconjunctivitis (NGE): a disease specialty center. The Animal Eye Center characterized by a raised tan-pink mass or masses, arising from the episclera of NJ, a partner of Animal Emergency usually at the dorsolateral corneoscleral limbus; suspected to be immune- & Referral Associates in Fairfield, was mediated the first veterinary practice in the world to use the Whitestar Signature Persistent pupillary membranes: congenital defect in which persistent Phacoemulsification Unit, a sophisticated and successful cataract strands of fetal vascular tissue extend from the iris collarette to other removal treatment modality. regions of the iris, to the anterior lens capsule, or to the corneal endothelium 10 11 Retinal dysplasia: abnormal differentiation of the retinal layers Meet Our Ophthalmologists Staphyloma: protrusion of uveal tissue into a bulging area of cornea and/or sclera due to thinning or rupture of the eye wall Michael H. Brown, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVO Dr. Brown received his Doctorate of Veterinary Uveodermatologic syndrome: autoimmune destruction of melanocytes causing marked panuveitis, retinitis, and dermatitis seen in dogs; canine Medicine from Kansas State University and then counterpart to human Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome completed a small animal internship at the Animal Medical Center in New York City. After returning to Kansas State University for a comparative References ophthalmology residency, he received a Master of Science degree for his biochemical study of animal tears. Maggs DJ, Miller PE, and Ofri R, eds. Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology . 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2008. Dr. Brown became a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists in 1996. His special interests include diseases of the Gelatt KN, ed. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 4th ed. Wiley and Sons, 2007. cornea, corneal surgery, intraocular surgery, and diseases of the retina. Ocular Disorders Presumed to be Inherited in Purebred Dogs. 3rd ed. He has written scientific papers and is a noted lecturer throughout the 1999, American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. country. DIRECTIONS to AEC 48 Notch Road, Little Falls, NJ 07424 Bradford J. Holmberg, DVM, MS, PhD, Diplomate ACVO Dr. Holmberg received his Doctorate of Veterinary From Points North Medicine from the University of Missouri. He completed Take the Garden State Parkway (GSP) south to exit 154 (Rt. 46/Clifton). Follow signs for Rt. a small animal internship at the University of Florida 46 west. Take the Great Notch/Cedar Grove exit. Make a left at the stop sign onto Notch road. and then pursued a comparative ophthalmology residency The Animal Eye Center is the first building ahead on your left immediately after crossing over at the University of California – Davis. Rt. 46.

In addition, Dr. Holmberg received his Master of Science From Points South Take the GSP north to exit 153B (Rts. 3 and 46). Follow signs for Rt 46 west. Take the Great in neuroscience from Purdue University and his Notch/Cedar Grove exit. Make a left at the stop sign onto Notch road. The Animal Eye Center Doctorate of Philosophy with a concentration in neuroendocrinology is the first building ahead on your left immediately after crossing over Rt. 46. from the University of Missouri. Dr. Holmberg became a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists in 2005. From Points West (via Rt. 46) Follow Rt. 46 east. Take the Great Notch/Little Falls exit. (after the Lower Notch exit) Bear His special interests include exotic animal ophthalmology and all aspects right onto the off ramp. The Animal Eye Center is across the street on your left. 12 of ophthalmic surgery. Dr. Holmberg has been awarded several From Points West (via Route 80) prestigious research grants, has written numerous scientific papers, and Follow Route 80 east to exit 56A (Squirrelwood Road/West Paterson). You will merge onto has contributed chapters to several veterinary textbooks. He joined Squirrelwood Road. Follow this road (the name will change to Rifle Camp Road) for Animal Eye Center in August 2006. approximately 3.5 miles. The Animal Eye Center is the first building ahead on your left immediately after crossing over Rt. 46. J. Seth Eaton, VMD, Diplomate ACVO From Points East (Lincoln Tunnel) Dr. Eaton graduated magna cum laude from the University of Follow signs for Route 3 west. Route 3 will merge with Route 46 west. Take the Great Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine in 2004. He then Notch/Cedar Grove exit. Make a left at the stop sign onto Notch road. The Animal Eye Center completed internships in general medicine/surgery and ophthalmology is the first building ahead on your left immediately after crossing over Rt. 46. at the Animal Medical Center in New York City. He joined the ophthalmology service at the University of From Points East (Holland Tunnel) California - Davis as an ophthalmology resident in Take Route 78 west to the GSP. Follow directions above from points south. August, 2006. From Points East (George Washington Bridge) Take Route 80 west to exit 56 (Squirrelwood Road/West Paterson). Make a left after the off His clinical interests include corneal therapeutics, neuro- ramp onto Squirrelwood Road. Follow this road (the name will change to Rifle Camp Road) ophthalmology and intraocular surgery. He joined for approximately 3.5 miles. The Animal Eye Center is the first building ahead on your left Animal Eye Center in September 2009. immediately after crossing over Rt. 46. Animal Emergency & referral associates ANIMAL EYE CENTER OF NJ animalerc.com • animaleyesofnj.com 888.722.7200 • 973.890.4430 48 Notch Road, Little Falls, NJ 07424