SOCIETAS PRO I;'AUNA ET FLORA FENNICA FAUNA FENlv~ICA 13

THE NEUROPTERA AND MECOPTERA OF EASTERN FENNOSCANDIA

BY

MARTIN MEINANDER

ZOOLOGICAL E~STITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HELSINGFORS

\VITH 127 FIGURES AND 39 MAPS

HELSINKI - HELSINGFORS 1962 PRINTED IN FINLAND BY TILGMANN

HELSINKI-HELSINGFORS 1962 J;'Al.1KA FENNICA IB

INTRODUCTION

The first list of Finnish Neuroptera and Mecoptera was published in 1881 by hILJAN'DER (Medd. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. VII, 152-1(6), it included only 14 species of Neuroptera and 4 of Mecoptera. vVhen O. lVI. REUTER in 1894 ,~Acta Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. IX Nr 8) published a new list, the number of species, as ,ye understand them now, had increased to 38 (Neuroptera). In the twentieth century interest in collecting Neuroptera has increased greatly, nevertheless no list has been published, including the distribution of the orders since REU­ TER'S paper. A list published by the Entomological Society for Exchange (Enumeratio Insectorum Fenniae IV) in 1935 enumerated 58 species of Neurop­ tera and 6 of Mecoptera, the number of species had thus increased by 22. At present there are 61 Neuroptera and 6 Mecoptera. The knowledge of the dis­ tr;bution of Neuroptera and Mecoptera has accordingly increased since the last published list, therein lies the justification for the publishing of a new one. In this list all information about the distribution in Eastern Fennoscandia (i. e. Finland, including the provinces surrendered to Russia in 1940 and 1944, Russian Carelia and the Kola Peninsula) has been included. All species known from this area have also been recorded within the present boundaries of Fin­ land. The list is based upon material including about 7000 specimens of Neurop­ tera and 400 of Mecoptera. I have examined the following collections: Zoological ~ruseum of the University of Helsingfors (including the collections of KLING­ STEIn, I .. INDBERG, PALM1~N, POPP1US, REUTER, SAHLBERG etc.), the Zoological ~[useum of Turun Yliopisto, Museum of Natural History in Kuopio, the col­ lection belonging to Lounais-Hameen Luonnonsuojeluyhdistys, and the pri­ vate collections of H. AHLQVIST, E. A. HELLMAN, 1. ]ALAS, ]. KAISILA, )1. )IEINANDER, A. NORDMAN, E. THUNEBERG and A. \VEGELIUS. In the last list (1935), which was published about the FinnishNeuroptera, j.';: species were included. Of these, one must be omitted; Chrysopa prasina Burm. now regarded as a synonym of C. ventralis Curt. But since the publica­ tion of the list four new species have been identified within the country; Sisyra terminalis Curt., K£mm£nsia rava \Vithyc., Sympherobius elegans Steph. and J[l'rmeleon bore Tjed. .:.1:1 arti n 1\1/ ei'n/ander: N europtera and J.\tIecoptera

Knowledge of the distribution of the Neuroptera is extensive for the larger and more conspicuous species, but the smaller ones, especially the Coniop­ terygids have been almost ignored. lVlost information exists from Southern Finland (AI-Kl) and within this area Regio Aboe1~sis and Nylandia have 52 species. Lapland is also well known, but in Central Finland a void exists. The Russian provinces, since the)T became inaccessible, have virtually not been investigated. After 1918 Finnish collectors have had the possibility to collect in a few of the provinces only during the war. The activity of Russian collectors is unknown and no RtlSsian material has been examined. Best known of the Russian provinces is Kol \vith 19 species, from Kk and Lp there are no records.

Of the 61 species known from Eastern Fennoscandia about half (28 species) are spread over the entire area. Of these, however, two species are not recorded from the area north of the arctic circle: Coniopteryx tineiformis, which has perhaps been overlooked by the collectors because of its small size; and Micro­ mus paganus, which, hovvever, has been recorded from Finmark in Norway. Among the lVlecoptera there is only one species of general occurrence: Bore'tts westwoodi. Panorpa co'mmu'nis occurs in all the areas south of the arctic circle. The species which have limited, restricted distributions may be divided as follows:

Southwestern specles Sisyra terminalis. The species seems to be very local, but may perhaps be found in other places. In Sweden it has a decidely southern distribution. Hemerobius micans. Strictly a southern species. H emerobius lutescens. Similar to H. micans. Hemerobius cont'umax. A very rare species, which may be found in other areas, but in Sweden it is also known only from south of 61 0 N. lat. Kimminsia subnebulosa. A wide-spread species, which seems to be especially confined to towns and villages. There are numerous specimens from dif­ ferent years known frotTI Helsingfors and only a few records from other places. Sympherobius elegans. Only on the Aland Islands (AI). SY1npherobius pygmaeus. A decidedly southern species in Sweden too. Chrysopa impunctata. Extremely rare. In Sweden kno\vn only from Smaland and Uppland. Of the species belonging to this group none have been captured in western Fennoscandia north of 61 0 N. lat. FAUNA FENNICAIH 5

Sou the r n s p e c i e s not known north of 61 ° N. lat. This group in­ cludes species with a decidedly southern distribution, without being south­ western species. Raphidia notata. Has a corresponding distribution in Svveden, but is known

from inner NordtT0ndelag in Norvvay (about 6110 N. lat.). H emerob£us fenestratus. Chrysopa flava. Chrysopa ciliata.

Sou the r n s p e c 1 e s with a slightly more northern distribution. This group is a rather large one, containing 13 species of Neuroptera and 2 Mecoptera. Sialis lutar£a (62°), C oniopteryx borealis ((;3°), S£syra jutland£ca (63°), Psectra diptera (62°), AI'egalomus hirtus (63°), Drepanopteryx phalaenoides (63°), Chrysopa vittata (63°), C. septempunctata (63°), c. ven.tralis (63°), C. phyl­ lochroma (62°), C. dorsalis (62°), M yrmeleon formicarius (64°), ll;[. bore (62°), Panorpa cognata (63°) and P. germanica (64°). All the mentioned species have a corresponding distribution in western Fennoscandia except S£alis llitaria, which is a common species in all western Fennoscandia, from Skane in the south to the parts of Norway which are north of Finland.

E a s t ern dis t rib uti 0 n. Only four species are included m this group. Sialis fu,[£g£nosa. Has been recorded from all parts of Finland except the south­ western. The species occurs, however, in all western Fennoscandia and the British Isles, so the distribution in Eastern Fennoscandia is difficult to explain. Chrysopa dasyptera. Panorpa alpina. The species is recorded from the coast of the Bothnian Gulf but is not noted from southwestern Finland or western Fennoscandia. Panorpa hybrida.

Northern species Sialis s£b£r£ca. Hemerobius atr£frons. Has a corresponding distribution in Sweden but is known from southwestern Norway and widely spread in Europe.

There are further species about which it is difficult to deduce any definite conclusions: 1l1ocellia crass£cornis. In Fennoscandia known only from Kuusamo and Da­ laecarlia. Parasemidalis fuscipennis. Known from Southwestern Finland and Russian Carelia. 6 111 arti'lZ ~11 einande'Y : N europtera and Mecoptera

Kimlninsia rava. Except for three specimens from Helsingfors recorded only from the British Isles. Chrysopa 'lRJalkeri. Found only once in Finland. Boreus hyemalis is notable because it is recorded neither from Eastern Fennoscandia, nor from Norway, but occurs in various locals in Sweden.

In the present list every' species captured in eastern Fennoscandia is acconl­ panied by a record of all locals from which it is positively known. With regard to the distribution in western Fennoscandia it is only mentioned whether the species occurs in Svveden or Norway_ I have treated likewise the Baltic Prov­ inces (i. e. Esthonia, Latvia and Liethuania). The distribution outside this area in only very sumnlarily tloted. The distributions are also given in tabular form, showing the occurrence of species in the different provinces of Finland (cf. map on p.7), and moreover the distribution of most species is shown on maps, including only the records from eastern Fennoscalldia. In Finland ·v"ery little has been published on the phenology of the Neur­ optera and l\iecoptera. I have given belovv (p. 8) in tabular form the dates of occurence of the imagines, as far as th.ey are known. In the first table all the dates of the specilnens collected in southern Finland (i. e. AI-Oa) have been marked and in the second those of the specimens collected in northern Finland. The first table gives a fairly good picture of the occurrence of tIle species during the summer. The latter, ho\vever, is rather incomplete due to the restricted material available. The main purpose of this paper is to describe what is kno,,'"n about the distribution of Neuroptera and l\Iecoptera in eastern Fennoscandia. Keys to the species and short diagnoses have, ho\vever, been incltlded in order to facilitate the determination of the Finnish insects of these orders. For persons interested in more extensive work on the Neuroptera occuring in Finland, the excellent monograph on British Neuroptera by KILLINGTON" (1.936-1937) provides valuable details. All the Finnish species of l\lecoptera have been extensively treated in 'I'JEDER'S Svensk Insektfauna Nr 41. The determination keys include not only all species known from eastern Fennoscandia but also those known fronl western Fennoscandia yet not recorded from eastern Fel1noscandia. The terminology is surel~y understood by all entomologists, but the special­ ities of the wing venation have been slightly elaborated below. When investiga­ tion of genitalia is needed for the determination within a fanlily, the ter­ minology is pointed out in that section. Along the anterior margin of the wing runs the costa (C). Immediately

posterior is the subcosta, "\vhich may be forked into SCI and Sc2 • Between Sc FAUNA FENNICA 13

PROVIXCIAE FI,ORAE ET PAUNAE PENNOSCANDL\.E ORIENTALIS: .\B Regio aboensis KpOR Karelia pomorica orientalis Lv = Lapponia "iarsugae AL Alandia Ks Regio kuusamoensis N -- Nylandla IK Isthmus karelicus KTON Karelia transonegensis OA - Ostrobottnia australis KA Karelia australis LE Lapponia enontekiensis OB = Ostrobottnia borealis KB Karelia borealis LI Lapponia inarensis OK Ostrobottnia kajanensis KK Karelia keretina LIlli l

(rhv). Posterior of Sc is the radius (R1 ), which has a radial sector (Rs) which TABI.B L Titnes of occurrence of iIllugincs in southern Finland (AI-(hll). May June July Aug. Sept. Sialis morio Kist...... I S. lutaria L. .., ...... I S. sordida Kist...... ! I S. fuliginosa Pict...... -- Raphidia notata F...... R. ophiopsis L ...... - R. xanthostigma Schumm. . .. Conwen. psodformis Curt. - - Coniopt. tineiformis Curt...... - - C. borealis Tjed...... - C. pygmaea End...... Sem. aleurodiformis Steph. '" - I'arasem. fusdpennis Reut. . .. - - Helicoconis lulea ,Vall...... - Sisyra fuscata F...... - S. tcrminalis Curt...... S. jutlandica Esb.-P...... -- Psectra diptera Burm ...... -- Micromus angulatus Steph... . oct. 19.11 1 1\1. paganus L ...... -- - Hemerobius nitidulus F ...... - H. margiuatus Steph...... 14.3 H. lutescens F...... H. humuli L...... 24;3 april I H. perelegans Steph...... H. simulans Walk ...... H. pini Steph...... - H. contumax Tjed...... - I H. fenestratus Tjed...... I H. stigma Steph...... 27;4 Kimminsia coucinna Steph ... . - K. quadrifasciata Reut. - K. enontekiensis Kist...... I-- - - K. uervosa F ...... 24.4 K. mortoni Mel ...... K. rava 'Vithyc...... K. subnebulosa Steph...... - Sympherobius fuscesc. ,Vall. . S. pygmaeus Ramb...... Megalomus hirtus L ...... Drep. phalaeuoides L. - --- Chrysopa flava Scop. C. vittata 'Vesm. C. ciliata 'Vesm...... C. caruea Steph ...... jan.-april, oct.-dec. C. septempunctata 'Vesm. C. ventralis Curt...... C. ahhreviata Curt. C. phyllochroma 'Vesm. C. dasyptera Mel...... C. chrysops L ...... C. dorsalis Burm...... Myrmeleoll formicarius L. M. bore L ......

Panorpa communis L...... P. hybrida Mel...... P. germanica L...... - P. cognata Ramb ...... P. alpina Ramb ...... Boreus westwood; Hag. febr.-april od.- dec. TABLE II. Times of occurrence of imagines in northern Finland (0 b -- L ps) .

May June July Aug. Sept. Sialis morio KIst...... S. sordida KIst...... S. sibirica l\fd...... S. fuliginosa Pict...... Raphidia ophiopsis L. . ., ...... R. xanthostigma Schm. Sisyra fuscata F...... Micromus angulatus Steph... . Hemerobius nitidulus F...... H. marginatus Steph. H. perelegans Steph ...... H. simulans \Valk...... H. pini Steph ...... H. atrifrons MeL...... H. stigma Steph...... Kimminsia condnna Steph... . K. nervosa F ...... K. mortoni McL......

is forked into R 2 , R a, R4 and R s, henceforth referred to as branches of Rs. Bet\veen Sc and RI is the subcostal area. Rs and RI are fused in the Hemerobiids and it seems that the branches would arise from R I. The following longitudinal

yein is the media (M), which is dichotomously forked into NII+ 2 and lVla+ 4, \vhich

may be forked into Mv M 2 , M3 and M 4 * Then follows the cubitus (Cu), which

is forked into CUI and Cu2 • Last there are some anal veins, called 1A, 2A etc. The longitudinal veins are usually connected by transverse cross-veins, which in Neuroptera are arranged into gradate series. Compare fig. 12, 15, 31, 33, 37,99 and 117. In order to save space, abbreviation of the following names of collectors are used: E. EURANTO (EE), WALTER HACKMAN (WH) , WOLTER HELLEN (HeI) , ILKK.A JALAS (1J), JOUKO KAISILA (JK), HOLGER KLINGSTEDT (HK), HAKAX LINDBERG (HkL), P ...~R HARALD LINDBERG (PHL), W. M. LINNANIEMI (Lnli) ALEXANDER L"UTHER (.. ..J\I ..,.), l\IARTIN l\IEINANDER (]\tIM), ADOLF NORDMAX (... \N) , OLA NVBOM (ON), O. ]\tI. RE1JTER (Reut), JOHN SAHLBERG (JS) and ERIK. THUNEBERG (ET). In this connection I express my thanks to Prof. HAI~AN LINDBERG, ,vho taught me the principles of entomology; Dr. Bo TJEDER, Falun, for all help he has given me; Dr. W. HACKIVIAN and ]\tIro ADOLF NORDIVIAN, officials of the Zoological lVIuseum of the University in Helsingfors; Mag. K. E. L_A.HTIPERA, official of the Zoological Museum of Turun Yliopisto; Dr. T. BRANDER, Lounais­ Hameen Luonnonsuojeluyhdistys, Forssa; R. ELFVING, MuseUlll of Natural History in Kuopio; and all private collectors, who have allovved Ine to examine their collections. Ji art in .11 ei nande r: :\ europtera and Mecoptera

Order NEUROPTERA

The Neuroptera are holometabolic insects, usually with two pairs of sub­ equal membranous wings. Mouthparts biting. Head not produced into a rostrum. The order is spread over the whole world, and about 3800 species are known. Of these, only 73 are represented in Fennoscandia and in eastern Fennoscandia 61. The order is divided into three distinct suborders, a11 of which are reo presented in Fennoscandia.

Key to suborders

1. All tarsal segments similar, narrov,- ...... Suborder:5. Planipel1uia p. I.' The third or fourth tarsal segment broader than the other ...... 2. 2. Third tarsal segment broadened. Sc joins apically C ... Suborder 2. Raphidioidea p. r Fourth tarsal segment broadened. Sc joins apically Rl Suborder 1. 1Vlegaloptera p. I'

Suborder 1. MEGALOPTERA

Head rather big, as broad as the prothorax. Compound eyes rather small. ocelli absent. Antennae filiform, rather long, apically narrower than basically. Thorax broad and very stout. Legs with five-jointed tarsi. Abdomen nine­ segmented. 'Wings stout, membrane of forewing brown. Veins very conspicuous, but pterostigma indistinct. Sc joins R before apex. Male genitalia give important systematic characters. Ninth tergite is usu­ ally triangUlar, and its form is distinct for the different species. In some species the ninth sternite forms a rather prominant sUbgenital plate, but in other species is rather reduced. Dorsally behind the ninth tergite are the ectoprocts (epr). Beneath them are gonarcus (gs) with mediunculus (mu). Some species have a pair of weak, tube-like utriculi, close to the mediunculus (not dra\\1l in the pictures). The parameres (pa) are usually rather small, but in SOffit (e. g. S. sibirica) they are big and prominent. Female genitalia do not offer such good characters, but the eighth stemitr, is specific. FAUNA FENNICA 13 11

The larvae are aquatic and there are four larval instars. l\1egaloptera has a world-wide distribution, and fossils are known from Permian rocks. In Fennoscandia only one family with a few species is represented.

Fam.. S i a lid a e 1. Sialis Latr.

(1808, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. III: 290) Five species in Fennoscandia, which can only be separated by the characters of the genitalia.

1. S. mono KIst. 1931 Head, antennae, thorax and abdomen black, legs brO\vnish-black. Fore­ wings brO\vn, veills blackish-brown. Hind-wings more hyaline, veins greyish­ brown. Costa of forewing indistinctly lighter than subcosta and basally yellmvish. Ninth tergite of male rather short. Ninth sternite forms a subgenital plate which is vaulted and distinctly broader than long. Paramers triangular. Gonarcus big, with a stout mediunculus. Eighth sternite of female big, bent slightly backwards. On the hind-margin is a tooth, which is rather long, but not acute. Expanse of male about 23 mm, and of female about 31 mm. Male genital segments fig. 1, eighth sternite of female fig. 6. Spread over whole of Finland, but not common. Inlagines in southern Finland from the end of May to the end of July, in northern Finland from the end of June to the end of July.

A b Hitis (MM); Pusula (Tolvanen); Sam.matti (Frey); Lojo-Lohja (AL, TUOlllikoski); X Tdirlllinne (se\'. coll.); Raseborg (Frey); Snappertuna (HK); Porkala (Levander); Esbo (Cedervarf); He1singfors-Helsinki (Listo, AL, ON); Tuusula (L); Nnrlllijarvi (Stenroos); Ka Yehkalahti (Fagerstrom); lk Muola (K. O. EHving); St Reposaari (Lauro); Ta Forssa (Hellman); Hattula (L. v. Essen); Hollola (Hjelt); Padasjoki (K. E1ll1berg, Tuomikoski); Sysmii (Hel); Sa Lappvesi (Silfvenius); R uokolahti (Haloniemi); Kangasniemi (Sundman); Puumala (IJ); Oa Bergo (HkL); Sb Suonenjoki (HK); Kuopio (Fabritius); Eb Nurmis !Envald); Eon Teru (Hel); Semsjtirvi (Carpelan); Ok Saraisniellli (Vuorentaus); Es Kuu­ samo Kk (JK); Juuma (JK); Salla (Frey, vVinter); Vuorijarvi (Winter); Suomussalmi UK); Lkem Muonio (SC\'. coIL); Kemijarvi by (HkL); Le Kilpisjarvi (ON); Ounastunturit UK); Li Utsjoki (HeI, JS); Lps Salmijard (Valle); Laukkujarvet (Stora); Kiddjaur (Stora); Trifonajarvi (Storft); Petsamo (Hel, JS, Y. Yaarna); Lmur Pg. Voron. (Palmen). Distribution abroad.- lVlountainous parts of Sweden and North Norway.

2. S. lutaria L. 1758 Similar to S .morio except genital characters. Ninth tergite of male rather short. Ninth sternite forms a subgenital plate which is vaulted and a little broader than long. Ectoprocts with a median, strongly chitinized part (black J2 .11 artil1 .11 einander.- N europtera and Mecoptera

9

Fig. 1. Sialis morio Fig. 2. Sialis Iutaria 8

Fig. ;{. Sialis sordida Fig. r,. Sialis sibirica

8 Fig. 6.

Fig. -

.. ". - " ! ~ - . -' .

.... ",.,.", ' ...... Fig. 8......

Fig. 9.

VIII

Fig. 5. Sialis juliginosa Fig. J 0,

Fig. 1-5, Abdominal segments of male Sialis, fig. 6-10. Eight sternite of fpll:.:.lt· SiaIis; fig. 6. S. moria, fig. 7. 5, lutaria, fig. 8, S, sordida, fig. 9. S. sibirica, fig. 10. S,::,:' ginosa. (8. 9, tergites; VI I I, IX, sternites; epr, ectoproct; gs, gonarcus; mu, mediuncub pa, paramer.) F'AUNA FENNICi\. 13 13 in the figure). Paramer triangular. Eighth sternite of female big, slightly bent back,vards. On the hind-margin is a tooth which is long, narrow and acute. Expanse of male about 24 .. 5 mm and of female 31.5 ITlm. ~Iale genital segments fig. 2, eighth sternite of female fig. 7. Only in southern Finland, where it is not uncommon. Imagines have been captured only at the end of May and in June. Map 1 .

•-II Geta (Cedervarf); Kokar (HkL); Ab Abo (HK, HkL); Nagu (AN); Uskela (E. J. Hansdorff); Sammatti (Frey); Karislojo (Frey); Lojo (Frey); N Tvarminne (sev. colI.); Hdsingfors (Cedervarf); Borga-Porvoo (E. Suonlalainen, P. Suomalainen); Tuusula (A. J. Silfyenius); Ik Kuolemajarvi (MI); St Karkku (Hel); Ta Ypaja (Kantee); Forssa (Hell­ :l1an); Kuhmois (K. Ehnberg); Hattula (L. v. Essen); Padasjoki (Ehnberg); Kalvola (Hell­ :nan); Lammi (JK); Harmoinen (Hellman); Kl Parikkala (Hel, HkL, lVIl\1:); \Talamo (Chy­ denius); Oa lVlalax (HkL); Vaasa (A. Westling). This species, which has a decided southern distribution in Finland, occurs, curiously, 3.S a conlmon insect in all of S",'"eden and N orway. Europe and Siberia.

3. S. sordida KIst. 1931

Similar to s. morio except that costa is more distinctly lighter that1 subcosta. Xinth tergite of male much longer than in s. morio and S. lutaria. The ninth sternite forms a subgenital plate which is not vaulted and which is allllost as long as broad. Gonarcus rather small, with a short mediunculus. Utriculi present, as in S. morio and S. lutaria. Paramer triangular. Eighth sternite of fetnale small, more strongly bent backwards than in S. morio and ..5. Z,utaria. The tooth on the hind-tnargin is very small and does not reach to the hind­ Inargin. Expanse of male about 22.5 mm and of female about 30 mm. ~Iale genital segments fig. 3, eighth sternite of female fig. 8 . •A. common species in whole Fennoscandia. Imagines occur in southern East Fennoscandia from the end of May to the beginning of August. Map 2 .

. -1.1 )Iariehauln (Hellman); Saltvik (1\i1\1:); Sund (Forsius); Ab Nystad-Uusikaupunki (HeL Helhnan); Abo (HkL); Kaarina (Kanerva); Houtskar (Valle); Pargas (Reut); Kusto IXyberg); Karislojo-Karjalohja (Hel, L:mi); Lojo (sev. coll.); N Tvarminne (Frey, AL, l\iM, Storal; Snappertuna (K.-E. Sundstrom); Helsingfors (l\1:annerheim, Nyberg); Pornainen 1Putkonen); Borga (E. Suomalainen, P. Suomalainen); Nurmijarvi (Stenroos); Ka Kotka 1Hell: \~ehkalahti (Fagerstrom); Jaaski (Valle); Antrea (ET); Ik Kuolemajarvi (l\iI); rusikirkko (Axelson); Kivinebb (Silfvenius); Sakkola (Federley); lV[ohla (JS); Ta Messuby I:Frey); Liingelmaki (Kontuniemi); Somero (J. Kuusinen); Urjala (T. Brander); Sysma I:Hel); Hartola (L. v. Essen); Sa Joutseno (MM, ON, ET); Imatra (HkL, l\ilVI, ON); Ruoko­ lahti (ON); Kangasniemi (Sundman); Rantasalmi (Westerlund); Kl Parikkala (Hel, MM); Jaakkima (Forsius, JS); Ruskeala (ON); Sortavala (P. Suomalainen, A. J. Silfvenius); Impilahti (P. Suomalainen); Kol Aanislinna (Hel); Oa Bergo (HkL); Vasa (Waselius); )Ialax (HkL); Petalax (HkL); Maxnlo (HeI); Tb Laukkas (Woldstedt); Rautalampi (HK); S~ Korkeakoski; Kuopio (Fabritius, Palmen); Iisalmi (JS); Kb Nurmis (Envald); Eno 14 j1l1 artin .;11 einander: Neuroptera and lVIecoptera

(Envald); Libelits (Gronvik); Kitee (JK); Otn Gallliakarieby (Hellstrolll); Ok Saraisniemi (Vuorentaus); Kajana (J. E. Aro); Paltanlo (IVIus. Kuopio); Lentiira (K. 'Valle); Suomus­ salmi (Hel, JK); Ob Torrtea (HkL); Lac Ken1.i (Envald); Ks Kuusan1.o (Frey); Juuma (JK); Salla (Frey, Kivirikko); Kuolajarvi (Hel, Kivirikko); Paanajarvi (Frey, HeI); SakkiHin­ jarvi (Frey); Lkem lVIuonio (Hel, ON, Palmen); Pallastunturit (JK); Karesuando (Hel); Sodankyla (Sundman, \Talle); Tahtela (\lalle); Pelkosertniemi (Frey); L'im Umba (Edgren); Konosero (Edgren); Lv Lusmjaur (Palmen); Kusmonen (He!); Kaschkarantsa (Edgren); Le Kilpisjarvi (ON); Enontekis (ON); Li Enare, Tuurunien1.i, Syysniemi (He!); Angeli (JK); Ivalo (Hel, IVllVl); Utsjoki (HeI); Lelllmenjoki (HeI); Lps Salmijarvi (L:mi, Valle); Laukkujarvet (Stonl); Petsamo (Stora); L11'lUr Pg. Voron (Palmen). Rarely in Sweden and Norway. Siberia.

4. S. sibirica MeL.?

Similar to the three species above, except that the costa is a little lighter than the subcosta only at the base. The wings are basally a little darker than at the apical parts. Ninth tergite of male four-sided. Ninth sternite does not fornl a subgenital plate. Ectoprocts somewhat triangular. Utriculi absent. Paramers big. Eighth sternite of female big, medially narrower, and no tooth on the hindmargin. Medially a longitudinal, narrow, black and strongly chitinized band. Expanse of male about 26.5 mm, of female about 30 mm. Male genital segments fig. 4, eighth sternite of female fig. 9. Rarely in northern Fennoscandia. lVIap 1.

Ks Kuolajarvi (Axelson); Lkem Muonio (6/7-50 ON); Le Enontekis (JS); Li Lac. Inari (B. Poppius); Nuorgam (5/7-28 HeI); Utsjoki (JS); Lps Haukilampi (2/7-28 Hen: Lmur Pg. Voron. Palmen). Distribution abroad: North Sweden and North Nor\vay. Siberia to Japan.

5. S. fuliginosa Pict. 1836

Head, thorax and abdomen black. Antennae black except the second to sixth segments, which are blackish-brown. Forewings bro\vn, basally usually somewhat darker, more greyish-brown. Legs brownish-black. Ninth tergite of male much longer than the other species. Ninth sternite forms a short sub­ genital plate. Gonarcus semicircular, mediunculus very short. Paramers rather small. Eigth sternite of female big, strongly bent for\vards and medially narro\y, \vithout any tooth on the hind-margin. Expanse of male about 26 mm, of female about 35 mm. l\lale genital segments fig. 5, eighth sternite of female fig. 10. In north and east Finland, but the species has not been captured in south­ ""est. Imagines occur in south Finland in June and in north Finland from the end of June to the beginning of August. l\1ap 3. FAUN.~ FENNICA 13 15

Ik Kuolenlajarvi (lVII); Kivinebb (Silfvenius); Rautu (K. J. Ehnberg); Terijoki (HeI); Sa Imatra (ON); Kl Ruskeala (ON); Salmi (Tuomikoski); Tb Jyvaskyla (WH, Woldstedt); Kcm )Iaaselka (WH); Ok Paltamo (Hellman); Suomussalmi (Hel); Ob Pisavaara (N.-E. Saris); Ks Kuusamo (JS); Oulanka (JK); Juuma (JK); Salla (Frey); Kurtti (Winter); Paanajarvi (HeI); \Tuorijarvi (Winter); Vuorikyla (HeI); Kuolajarvi (Kivirikko); Lkern lIuonio (}tIontell, ON, Silfvenius); Pelkosenniemi (Clayhills); Le Ounastunturit (JK); Li h-alo (ON); Outokoski (Saaritien); Kaamanen (MM); Utsjoki (Frey, Hel); Kenisjarvi tJK); Yuolmavesi (JK); Lps Nautsi (Valle); Kolosjoki (Valle); Kuvernoori (Valle); Pet­ sarno (HkL, Stonl, Valle); Lt Kola (Nyberg); Fl. Lutto (Poppius); Lmur Pg. Voron. (Pal­ men). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Nor\vay, The Baltic Provinces and Europe.

Suborder 2. RAPHIDIOIDEA

Head rather big, elongate and much broader than the prothorax. Compound eyes prominent, ocelli either present or absent. Antennae slender, filiform and rather short. Basal segments of antennae very large. lVlaxillary palpes with four segments, labial palpes with three. Prothorax cylindrical, long and nluch narrO\Ver than the head. Meso- and metathorax transverse, broader than pro­ thorax. Legs with five-jointed tarsi. Claws ,vith a broad "basal part and a narro\v, strongly curved, apical part. Abdomen nine-segmented. Female with a ,-ery long ovipositor. \v'ings hyaline, subequal. Pterostigma very prominent, and veins black, very conspicuous. Subcosta reaches the margin before the pterostigma. Radia runs parallel to the subcosta to the apex, where it is furcate. lVledia is furcate. Bet,,-een the upper branch of media and the pterostigma are either three or four cellules, the number being of specific value. The larvae and imagines are carnivorous. The larvae lives beneath the bark of coniferous trees. About ten larval instars. Raphidioidea is spread over the holarctic and western Nearctic region. The oldest known species, which with certainty belongs to the suborder, is from the Jurassic. In Fennoscandia two families are represented.

Key to families

1. Pterostigma divided by one or n"!ore cross-veins...... Fanl. 1. Raphidiidae p. 15 Pterostigma without cross-veins ...... Fan"!. 2. I nocelliidae p. 18

Fam. 1. Rap hid i ida e

Head narrower posteriorly than anteriorly. Antennae ,vith about thirty­ fi\"'e segments. Con~pound eyes prominent, three ocelli present. Prothorax long and slender, at least twice as long as broad, and as long as the rest of the thorax. 16 Jll arlin 1\11 einander: Neuroptera and lVlecoptera

The sides of the pronotuID close over the prosternuID, and leave the latter free only in a limited space at the posterior en"d. The greater parts of the veins running to the apical and hind margins are forked tllere. Pterostigma is divided b'y one or two cross-veins. Only one row of cellules is behind the upper branch of the media. In Fennoscandia only one genus is represented.

1. Raphidia L.

(1735, Systema Naturae ed. 1) To this genus belong all holarctic species with ocelli. (There is one spe­ cimen of a Raphidiid found in Spain, which does not have ocelli, and has thus been placed into a separate genus, Erma, but it is perhaps only a modification.) In Fennoscandia there are only three species.

Key to species

1. Four cellules between pterostignla and the upper branch of M ...... 1. R. notata F. Only three cellules between pterostigma and the upper branch of lVI ...... 2. 2. Pterostigma dark brown, rather short ...... 2. R. ophiopsis L. Pterostigma pale yellowish- bro\vn, a bout three times longer than broad ...... 3. R. xanthostigrna Schum.

1. R. notata F. 1781 Head black behind the antennae, except a longitudinal, rather narrow, dorsal, redish-brown band porteriorly. Antennae basally yellowish-brown, apically dark brown. Thorax and abdomen black. Pterostigma dark brown with two cross-veins, rather short and connected vvith the apical half of the first cellule between the pterostigma and 1\1. Four cellules between pterostigma and the anterior branch of M, the second is often three-sided. Expanse 22 -30mm. Forewing fig. 11. In southern Finland rather rare on conifers. Imagines have only been captured in June and July. Map 4.

Ab Runsala-Ruissalo (7/6-48 E. K. Lahtinen, Holmquist, Frey); Turku (10/6-51 EE); Kusto (Lundstrom); Paimio (0. Valle); Finby (R. Elfving); Uskela (Maklin, E. J. Bonsdorff); Karislojo (29/6-30/6-49 ON, JS); Sammatti (JS); Lojo (Frey, 20/6-16 HkL); N Kirkkonummi (0. Porkka); Degero (20/6-27 AN); St YUille (JS); Ta somera (21/7-59 Sovenmaa); Ypiijii (1/7-61 Kantee); Padasjoki (K. Ehnberg); Lammi (JK); Sa Imatra (11/6-13/6-52 ON); Kl Kirjavalaks (Hel, B. Poppius). Distribution abroad: S\veden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces and Europe except the Iberian and Balkan peninsulas. FAUNA FENNICA 13 17

Fig. 11. R. notata Fig. I:!. Ii. ophiopsis

Fig. 13. R. xanthostigma Fig. 11-1:1. Forewing of Raphidia. (I, II ... Cellules between pterostigma and the upper branch of ~L).

2. R. ophiopsis L. 1758 Head black behind eyes except usually a reddish-brown, median, dorsal, longitudinal line posteriorly on the epicranium. Clypeus and mandibles usually pale yellowish-brown and frons and labrum dark brown to blackish. Antennae pale yellow, apical third dark brown. Prothorax dorsally black bordered with pale black. lVIeso- and metathorax mainly black. Abdomen black with brown markings on each segment. Legs yellowish-brown, hindcoxae entirely dark, the other coxae only dorsally black. Pterostigma warm reddish-brown, shorter than the first cellule beneath it and with only one cross-vein. Expanse 18 -23mm. Forewing fig. 12. In the whole area, but rather uncommon. Imagines in southern Finland in June and July, in northern Finland in July.

Ab Hirvensalo; Ispoinen (I

3. R. xanthostigma Schm. 1832 Head behind antennae black, except a median, longitudinal, dorsal, reddish­ bro,,yn line posteriorly. Frons, clypeus, labrum and mandibles yello,,y with more or less black markings. Antennae basally pale yellow, apically dark brown. Thorax dark brownish-black with pale yellovvish-brovvn markings. Legs yellowish-brown, coxae and femora brovvn. Abdomen blackish-brown, each segment posteriorly bordered with yellow. Pterostigma pale, yellovv, as long as the first cellule behind the pterostigma. Expanse 15-21 mm. Forevving fig. 13. Common on conifers in all of Eastern Fennoscandia. Imagines from the end of ~Iay to the beginning of August~ ]\{ap 5.

Al Eckero (Hel, Lydecken); Hammarland (AN); Finstrom (Frey, IIkL, ..:\'N); Jomala (Hel); lVIariehalnn (Hel, Hellman); Sund (Forsius); Lemland (AN); Foglo (N.-E. Saris); Ab RyrnattyHi (1J); Korpo (He!, Wegelius); Runsala-Ruissalo (EE, Holmquist, 1J); Nagu (Frey); Pargas (1ngelius, HK, Reut); Rusko (EE); Sagu-Sauvo (HK, O. Siitonen); Ki­ Inito-Kemio (HK, Martola); Karuna (Ahlqvist); Uskeala (E. J. Bonsd., Maklin); Karis­ lojo (Forsius, JS); Lojo (HkL, AL); Vichtis (Frey); N Tvarminne (sev. col1.); Ekenas (Sundstrom); Snappertuna (HK); Kyrkslatt (Frey); Porkala (Levander); Esbo (Elnlgren, Frey, B. Poppius); Helsingfors-Helsinki (sev. col1.); Sipoo (Paasonen); Borga (P. Suoma­ lainen, Ahlquist); PorlIainen (Putkonen); Perna (F. Klingstedt); Ka Hogland (Hel); Tytar­ saari (Hel); Vehkalahti (L. Fagerstrom); Viipuri (ET); Antrea (ET); Ik Kuolelnajard (MI, Silfvenius); Nykyrka (Silfvenius); Kivennapa (K. J. Ehnberg); Rautu (K. J. Ehn­ berg); St Rauma (Valle); Ahlainen (Lauro); Reposaari (Lauro); Huittinen (Lonngren); 1kalis (Bergroth); Ta Birkkala (Gronblom); Messukyla (Frey); Teisko (JS); Kangasala (Frey); Ypaja (Kantee); Hattula (L. v. Essen); Hollola (Hjelt); Palkane (0. Ranin); Padas­ joki (Tuomikoski, Ehnberg); Lalnmi (JK); Sa Joutseno (ET); Rantasalmi; Kangasniemi (Sundman); Ruokolahti (ON); Kl Kexholnl (JS); Parikkala (Hel, JS); Jaakkima (Porsius. JS); Kirjavalaks (B. Poppius, JS); Sordavala (Silfvenius); Ruskeala (ON); Ilnpilaks (Fo~­ sius); Salmis (Vesterlund); Kol Petrosa",,'-odsk (Gunther); Oa Maxmo (Hel); Lappo (Wase­ lius); Replot (Stora); Tb Jyvaskyla ("\VToldstedt); Sb Jorois (Signhild Lindberg); Varkaus: Nilsia (R. Elfving); Kuopio; Kb Halumaslahti (Kontkanen); Juuka (\Vegelius); Kon Jal­ guba (JS); Kumsjarvi (ET); On~ J akobstad (Frey, Poppius, Stora); Pedersore (Sjoholm): K poc Ahvenjarvi (ET); Ob Karlo; Oulu-Uleaborg (Vuorentaus); Rovanien1.i (Hel); Pisa­ vaara (N.-E. Saris); Ks Kuusan1.o, Oulanka (JK); Kiutakongas (JK); Lke1n lVIuonio (Mon­ tell); Lps Ylaluostari (HkL). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provences, Europe, Caucasus and Siberia.

Fam. 2. I n 0 cell i ida e Head as broad or broader posteriorly than anteriorly. Antennae with about sixty-five segments. Compound eyes smaller than in Raphidiidae, ocelli not present. Pronotum expanded laterally, but not ventrally_ Only a few of the veins running to the apical- or hindmargin are forked there. Pterostigma without cross-veins. Behind the upper branch of M are two rows of cellules. In Fennoscandia only one genus \vith a single species. FAUNA FENNICA 13

1. Inocellia Schn.

(1843, Monographia generis Rhaphidiae Linnaei) 1. I. crassicornis Schm. 1832 Head behind the antennae black. Antennae yellowish-brown, very pale at base. Thorax black. Legs yellowish. AbdomeIl black, witl'! eacll segment posteriorly bordered with yellow. Pterostigma greyish bro\vn; of the same length as the cellule behind it. Three cellules between pterostigma .and the upper branch of IVI. 4\ very rare species. Found only once in Finland. l\lap 5.

Ks Paanajarvi (18/7-26) (Frey). Distr·ibution abroad: S'\veden (only in Dalaecarlia, 1 7 specimens), Europe and Siberia.

Suborder 3. PLANIPENNI.LL\ \Ying-venation with definite end-t\viggings of "veins (except in Conioptery­ gidac). The tarsal segments are similar. Larvae have specialized sucking mouth­ parts. There are numerous of families, of which six are represented in Fenno­ scandia.

Key to families

L Yery sman insects, covered by a waxy substance. ,.rena- tion with no terminal twiggings ...... Fa1n. 1. Coniopterygidae p. 19 Xot covered by a waxy substance. Venation with terminal twiggins ...... 2. :!. _-\ntennae short, clubbed ...... FaIn. 6 ...7\;1 yrtneleontidae p. 69 -- _-\ntennae not clubbed ...... 3. :3. _-\ntennae filiform. lVlediumsized usually green in- sects ...... Fam. 5. Chrysopidae p. 57 Antennae llloniliform ...... 4. f. Sub costa in the fore,vings joins at its apex to Rl (fig. 31) ...... 5. Sub costa does not join in the forewings at its apex to

R l . Small grey or brown insects (fig. 33) ...... Fam. 4. Henzerobiidae p. 29 5. )Iedium-sized insects '\vith maculated membrane of \yings. Not represented in Eastern ·Fennoscandia...... Fam. 2. Osn~ylidae p. 27 Small greyish insects with unicolorous membrane of wings ...... Faln. 3. Sisyridae p. 27

Fam. 1. Con i 0 pte r y g ida e \"'ery small insects, which are more or less covered by a white waxy sub­ stance secreted from glands situated on the head, thorax, and abdomen. Head capsule is usually very stronglychitinized. Compound eyes ,veIl developed 20 Jlartin Nleinander: Xeuroptera and Mecoptera

M Fig. H. Conwentzia Fig. 15. Coniopteryx

Fig. 16. Sernidalis Fig. 1;. Parasemidalis

M3 4 Cu,

Fig. 18. Aleuropteryx Fig. 19. Helicoconis Fig. 1 ',-19. Coniopterygid wings. F.A.UNA FENNICA 'l:i 21 ocelli absent. Antennae are moniliform, rather short. Of the three thoracal segments the mesothorax is most developed while both prothorax and meta­ thorax are somewhat reduced. Abdomen is ten-segmented and, except the male genitalia, \veakly chitinized. Genitalia gives very good specific characters in both sexes. :\Iale has eight normally developed, weakly chitinized, abdominal segments. ~inth tergite is rather similar to the eighth, but the sternite has a pair of fused gonocoxites, that form a strongly chitinized hypandrium (hy). Aedeagus consists of strongly chitinized paramers (pa) and the penis, \vhich is usually less chitinized. Dorsally behind the ninth tergite is a pair of usually weakly chitinized ectoprocts (epr). Below the ectoprocts is the gonarcus (gs) , which is much more strongly chitinized than the ectoprocts. The gonarci may have a yentral process, the entoprocessus (ent). Female has seven normally developed abdominal segments ",ith tergites and sternites. The eighth segment is ordinarily only a dorsal half-ring, but in SOlne cases a secondary eighth sternite has developed. The ninth segment is also usually a dorsal half-ring but a secondary sternite may be developEd .. The lateral gonapophyses (gl) are present. After the ninth tergite follo",-s dor­ sally a pair of ectoprocts (epr). A subanal plate (sap) is gel1erall~y present. The wings are generally subequal and the venation strongly reduced. C is ahvays very reduced, Sc is present, Rs only two-branched, as is l\f. Cu divided into two (CUI and Cu2). Very few cross-veins are present. There are three larval instars. The larvae feed on small insects, mainly aphids, of which one larva eats hundreds of specimens and the Coniopterygids are thus considered beneficial to man. Distribution of the family is world-\vide. The Coniopterygids have been only sparingly collected in Finland and their distribution is accordingly incompletely recorded.

Key to genera

I. )1 and CUI in hindwing very near each other for lnore than half their length. Galea of maxilla three-segmented. (Aleuropteryginae) (fig. 18-19) ...... 5.

~I and CU1 in hindwing not so near each other (fig. 14 -1 i). Galea of Inaxilla one-segmented. (Coniopteryginae) 2. ~. Hind"vings much reduced (fig. 14)...... 1. Conwen,[zia End. p. 22 - '\Yings subequal ...... ~l. :i. ~1 in hindwing unbranched (fig. '15) ...... 2. Coniopteryx Curt. p. 22 )1 in hindwing forked...... 4. -1. The cross-vein between CUI and l\rI joins the latter on the

branch 1\13 + 4 in both wings (fig. 16) ...... 3. Sem'itialis End. p. 25 22 jV! artin J\1 einander : N europtera and l\lecoptera

The cross-vein between CUI and M joins the latter before the forking off of lVI (fig. 1 i) ...... 4.Pa'rasenzidalis End. p. 26

J. CU2 in forewing very strongly curved in its outer half parts (fig. 18) ...... 5. Aleuropteryx Lo,,'. p. 26

CU2 in forewing rather straigt (fig. 19) ...... 6. H elicoconis End. p. 26

1. Conwentzia End.

(1905, Ber. "restpreuss. Bot.-Zool. \Ter. 26-27: 10) Forewing normal; hindwing much reduced, 'very narro\v, atid less than half the length of hindwing. One species.

1. C. pineticola End. 1905 (C. reticulata Tullgr.) Body and 1vings are scantily' covered with wax. Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Antennae pale testaceous. Expanse 7 -8 mIn. Will.gS fig. 14. Rather rare, but recorded from different places in the area. Imagines from lVIay to August on conifers. Map 6.

Ab. Korpo, Jurmo (9/8--60, 12/8-60 ~I~1); N Tvurlninne (5/6-60 lVIM); Snappertuna

(18/6-32, 15j5-3fJ:, 9/7--:34, 17/7--34, 1 i 16-B5, 13l/i-35 HK); Helsingfors (Hel); Sa Imatra (18/6-50, 16/6-55 ON); Ruokolahti (ON); Tb Rautala.mpi (12/6-4!J: HK); Orn Jakobstad (B. Poppius); Le Kilpisjarvi (HeI); Saana (3/i-38 AN); lVIalla (28/6-:i8 AN); Li Karigasniemi (ON). Distribution abroad: S\veden, the R~ltic provinces, Europe and Egypt.

2. Coniopteryx Curt.

(18:14, Brit. Entom. text to pi. 528) Wings subequal. Body and \VitlgS are thickly covered with white wax. There are five species in North Europe (three in Finland), which can be safely determined only by genitalia-characters. Examination can most easily be made by comparing the figures and therefore no species-key has been prepared.

1. C. tineiformis Curt. 1834

...L\bdomen usually yello1v. SC2 and the cross-vein between Rl and Rs are usually separated (fig. 15). Female has the gonapophyses placed closer together than in the following species. Expanse 6-7 mm. Wings fig 15, male genitalia fig. 20, female genitalia fig. 25 & 28. The species has usually been captured from deciduous trees and bushes. but also from low vegetation such as sea-shore meadows. Very few specimens from conifers. Imagines occurs from lVlay'" to September. lVlap 7. F~~L\. UN~L\. FENNI C~L\. ·1 3 23

r~ I

Fig. 20. C. #neifortnis Fig. 21. C. borealis

r-r ------...... -.i \ •

Fig. 22. C. pyg111aca Fig. 2R. C. tullgreni

:~~-:­ : : l ' '. it .• : • '. ./! Ii : •" . ! . ". { .' . t ... '---

Fig. 2!f:. C. esben-petersenl: Fig. :!O-2!t. Abdominal segments of Coniopteryx-lnales. (ent, entoprocessus; epr, ecto­ proct: gs, gonarcus; hy, hypandrium; pa, paramer. Fig. 2B-24 after TJEDER). 24 1.11 arlin JIeinander : N europtera and l\lecoptera

8 9

Fig. 25. Fig. tl). Fig. ~;.

Fig. 28. Fig. 29. Fig. 30. C. tineitormis C. borealis C. pygmaea

Fig. 25-27. Abdominal segments of Coniopteryx-felualest fig. 28-30. Ventral view of the gonapophyses of females of Coniopteryx. (8,9, tergites; VIII, IX, sternites; epr, ectoprocts; gl, gonapophyses; sap, subana1.).

At Halll1nariand (HeI); Jomaia (on Rubus caesius HeI); Brand5 (HeI); K5kar (Hel); Ab Nystad (on Quercus, Salix-bushes and nleadows HeI); Runsaia (HK); St. Karins (on Quercus AN); Hitis (AN); Karislojo (Hel, HkL, JS); Lojo (HkL); N Tvarminne (AN, on Salix, Sorbus, Betula, Alnus and Pinus Ml\I); Ekertas (meadow HeI); Notholnl (on Picea MM); Snappertuna (HK); KyrksHitt (Frey); Helsingfors (HeI, ON); Ka Tytarsaari (HeI); Ik Kuolemajarvi (l\tII); Sakkoia (HeI); Ta Saakslnaki (HeI. Kivirikko); Lammi (JK); Sa Inlatra (ON); Kl Kirjavalaks (JS); Parikkala (HeI, JS); Kol Aanislinna (HeI); Oa Bergo (Het); Tb Jyvaskyla (JS); Ok Kajaani (J. E. Aro). Distribution abroad: S,veden, Nor\vay, the Baltic provinces and Europe.

2. C. borealis Tjed. 1930

Closely resembles C. tineijor11tis. The female may be separated from C. tinei­ jormis by the existence of a tooth on the dorsal margin of the gonapophyses (fig. 26). The gonapophyses are, moreover, not so close together as those of C. tineiformis (fig. 29). Expanse 5.5-6.5 mm. 1\lale genitalia fig. 21, fen1ale genitalia fig. 26 & 29. Seems to be associated with deciduous trees and bushes. Imagines are taken only in June and the beginning of July. Rare. ]\IIap 9. FAUNA FENNICA 13 25

At Eckero (HeI); Ab Pargas (Reut); Lojo (HkL); N KyrksHitt (Frey); Helsinge (on Salix 18/6-15 HeI); Ik Kuolemajarvi (3/6-13 MI); Sa Imatra (? /6-48 ON); Tb Rauta­ lampi (14/?-28 HK). Distributio'n abroad: Sweden, Norway, Denmark and the British Isles.

3. C. pygmaeus End. 1906

Similar to C. tineiformis but the abdomen is pinkish-orange and SC2 is normally in a line with the crossvein between RI and Rs. Female may be separated from the other species by the stalked gonapophyses (fig. 27). Ex­ panse 5-6 mm, usually about 5.5 mm, and C. pygmaea is thus the smallest Xeuroptera of Eastern Fennoscandia. )Iale genitalia fig. 22, female genitalia fig. 27 & 30. The species is confined to conifers in contrast to the other Finish Con,iop­ teryx-species. Imagines occur throughout the summer. Rather common. lV1ap 8.

At Eckero (HeI); Ab Korpo (vVegelius); Pargas (HK); Karislojo (ON); Lojo (R. Kro­ gerus); N Tvarminne (HK, M:NI, AN, Storfi); Ekenas Notholm (l\fM); Snappertuna (HK); Helsingfors (HeI, ON); Ka Tytarsaari (HeI); St Replot, S. \T allgrund (Stora); Sa Imatra (OX); Luumaki (Frey); Kl Kexholm (JS); Parikkaia (HeI); Oa Bergo (lIeI); Tb Rauta­ lampi (HK); Ks Paanajarvi (He!); Li Ivalo (HeI). Distribution abroad: Sweden, the Baltic Provinces, Europe.

(4. C. tullgreni Tjed. 1930) Female unknown. lVIaie genitalia fig. 2;1. Kno\vn only fronl S\veden: Ostergotaland.

(5. C. esben-peterseni Tjed. 1930)

Fe In ale gonapophyses rather small compared to the other species, and very hairy. They are placed rather close together. Tenth stemite is very broad. )Iale genitalia fig. 24. Distribution: Swreden and Denluark.

3. Semidalis End. P 905, Wien Ent. Zeit. 24: 197} 1. S. aleurodiformis Steph. 1835 ...-\. brown species; the thorax is often brownish-black. Wings and body are coated with white wax. The wings are subequal, and the venation is similar in fore- and hindwings. 1\11 and CUl are widely separated. Rs and lV1 are forked once; the cross-vein betvveen CUI and lV1 strikes 1V1a+ 4- rfhe 'I\ying membrane is colourless, the veins are pale bro"vn. Expanse 7 -9 mm. \Vings fig. 16. Confined to deciduous trees, bushes and herbaceous plants. Rather rare. ~Iap G. 2G .1\,1 artin J1 einauder: Xeuroptera and Mecoptera

At Saltvik (He!); Foglo, Bano (26/6-a9, 2/7-:39 AN); Ab Runsala (29/6--24 HR, Clayhills); Karislojo (JS); Lojo (HkL); N Tvarminne (2 ll/6-:11 AN); Snappertuna 30/6-4:) I-IK); I-Ielsingfors (27/6-52 ON); Ik Kuolemajarvi (1/7-:30 1\11); Sa Luumaki (Frey); Tb Rautalampi (28/6-44, 2/7--44 HK); Ob Pisavaara (5/7-50 IIkL). D'istribution abroad: S\veden, the Baltic Provinces and Europe.

4. Parasemidalis End.

(1905, Wien Ent. Zeit. 24: 197) 1. P. fuscipennis Reut. 1894 "fhe head is a shiny blackish-bro\vn and the thorax and the abdomen are greyish-brown. The \vings are subequal and the venation is silnilar in both vvings. Rs and IVI are forked once. The cross-vein between CUI and IVI joins the latter on the stem of M, not on the branch IVI3 + 4- The menlbrane of the fore­ vying is dark brown, and of hind\ving greyishbrovvn. Expanse 5-7 mln. \Vings fig. 17. The species is only found in southern Finland, and very rarely. 1\Iap 9.

Ab Pargas (Reut); Nystad (Hel); Salnnlatti (JS); N Snappertuna (19/G-:j:!, 2/6-'1:3 HK); Kon Teru (HeI). Distribution abroad: Sweden, the Baltic Provinces and Central E~urope.

5. Aleuropteryx Low.

(1885, Sitze Akad. Wiss. Math.-Nat. Cl. 91 (1): 79) (1. A. loewi Klap.) The head and the thorax are dark brown, abdomen is yello'wish to reddish-brown. The tnembrane of the wings are pale bro\vn to greyish bro\vn. Expanse about '7 lnm. vVing venation fig. 18. The species is not known from Finland. Distribution: Sweden and Central Europe.

6. Helicoconis End.

(1905, Zoo1. Anz. 29: 226) 1. H. lutea Wall. 1871 1'11e head and the thorax are bro\vn, abdomen is yello\vish to reddish­ \vhite. ~rhe vvings are subequal and thinly covered \vith ,vax. Expanse about Smm. vVing venation fig. 19. Rather common over the whole area in June and July. lVlap 10.

Ab Nystad (HeI); Pargas (Reut); Karuna (Bergroth); Karislojo (]S); 1'1 Tvarminne (HkL, :n,IM, ...t\N, Stora); Hango (HeI); Ekenas (lVIM); Snappertuna (HK); Esbo (Elmgren); I)egero (IIel); Ik Kuolemajarvi (lV11); Ta Nokia (Hel); Lammi (JK);Sa 1matra (ON); FAUNA FENNICA 13

fb Rautalampi (HK); Onl Pedersore (Storii); K s Paanajarvi (Hel); Lkem lVIuonio (ON); Pcl:;;:osenniemi (Clayhills); Lim Kantalaks (Frey); Le Saana (AN); Lemmenjoki (Hel); Li nsjoki (Hellen); Onnela (AN); Lps Nantsi (K.]. Valle); Salmijarvi (K.]. Valle); P~b1mo (Stora). :JL'/ribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, the British Isles, Austria and Siberia.

F am. 2. 0 s m y 1 ida e

~Iedium-sized insects ,"vith subequal wings. The compound eyes are pro­ mim:·nt and three ocelli are present. The mandibles are strong and assymetrica1. The legs are rather short. In the wings Sc and Rl are fused apically. The larva :is semi-aquatic. There is only a single species in Europe.

1. Osmylus Latr. (1802, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. :;: 289) (1. O. fulvicephalus Scop. 1763)

.~ medium-sized insect \vith Inaculated wings. The head is orange-brown, and the antennae are dark brown. Thorax and abdon"len are a shiny black, thorax with yellov,' ma:-kings medially. The forewings are hyaline with brown spots, the hindwings with some bron'n markings at pterostigma and a little spot in the middle of the wing. Expanse

~:!-~~ 111m. The species is not known from Finland. Di"tribution: Southern SVireden, the Baltic Provinces and nearly the whole of Europe.

Fam. 3. Sis y rid a e Small insects with aquatic larvae. The head is short and rounded, with large compound eyes, but with no ocelli. The antennae are moniliform with the basal segment swollen. Abdomen is ten-segmented, weakly chitinized, and with small tergites and sternites. The wings are subequal and oval. The costal area is narrow and the costal veinlets are usually unforked. Sc and R"l are fused near the apex of the \'lings. The cross-veins are few. The imagines resemble Hemerobiid imagines. The larva is aquatic, feeding on fresh-water sponges or bryozoans. There are three larval instars. The distribution is world-wide, but only about thirty species are knm'ln. In Finland there are three species.

I. Sisyra Burm.

(18;~9, Handh. Entomol. 2: 975) Small, dull-coloured species with an expanse of 10-15 mm. The W111gS are subequal and unicoI oro us without any conspicous pattern. The imagines ,,;ill mostly be found near fresh-water. 28 ,.11 arlin Jl einander: N europtera and Mecoptera

Key to species

t. The cross-veins of the forewing are dark and conspicuous 4. S. dalii ~IcL. The cross-veins of the forewings are not conspicuous ...... 2. 2. Antennae cOlnpletely dark ...... 1. S. juscata F. Antennae \vith pale parts ...... H. 3. Antennae dark, except for a pale distal fourth ...... 2. S. ter1ninalis Curt. Antennae basally pale brown, terminally dark brown. The two first segnlents dark brown ...... 3. S. jutlandica Esb.

1. S.fuscata F. 1793 The head, thorax and abdomen are a shiny black, with long, obvious yellow hairs. 'fhe antennae are wholly black. The legs are pale brown. Forewing is a shiny dark drown, the venation is darker than the membrane. There is usually only one cross-vein apically in the wing, between Rl and R 2 • The hindwing is paler and clearer. Expanse 12-14 mm. Forewing fig. 31. Imagines are very common from May to September in the whole area, near streams, rivers and lakes.

Al Geta (Hel, ET); Saltvik (HeI); Sund (Forsius); Foglo (Forsius); Sottunga (HkL); Ab Nystad-Uusikaupunki (Hel, Hellman); Lemu (Ingelius); Korpo (Wegelius); Pargas (Reut, AN); Bromarf (HkL); Sanlmatti (JS); Karislojo-Karjalohja (sev. col1.); Lojo (sev. col1.); N Tvarnlinne (sev. coI1.); Ekenas (Hel, MM, AN); Raseborg (Frey, AL); Snappertuna (HK, K. E. Sundstrom); Inga (HeI, HK); Sjundea (MM); Kyrkslatt (Reut, Forsius); Por­ kala (Levander); Helsingfors-Helsinki (sev. col1.); Borga (P. Suomalainen); Askola (E. Suo­ Inalainen); Liljendal (AN); Ka \"ehkalahti (Fagerstrom); Viipuri (ET); Raisala (Silfve­ nius); Antrea (ET); Ik Kuolemajarvi (MI); St Ylane (JS); Reposaari (Lauro); Lavia (Win­ ter); Suodennienli (ET); Karkku (HeI); Ta Teisko (JS); P. Pirkkala-Birkkala (Gronblonl); Somero (J. Kuusinen); Kuhmois (K. Ehnberg); Saaksmaki (HeI); Palkane (Hel); IIauho (HeI); Sysma (HeI); Asikkala (Tuomikoski); Hollola (JS); Heinola (ON); Sa Lappvesi (Silf­ venius); Joutseno (ON, ET); Imatra (ON); Ruokolahti (HeI, ON); Punkaharju (ON): Rautjarvi (ON); l\1ikkeli (K. ]. Ehnberg); Kl Parikkala (lVIM, JS); Jaakkima (JS); Kirja­ valaks (B. Poppius); Impilahti (P. Suolllalainen); Salmis (]S); Oa Ylistaro (AN); Toysa (S. SahIb.); Ilmoia (Reut); Tb Jyvaskyia (]S); Rautalampi (HK); Pihtipudas (ON); Sb Suonenjoki (HK); Iisalmi (]S); Kb Liperi (Winter); Kontiolahti (HkL); Juuka (\Vegelius): Eno ('Voidstedt); Ilornantsi (EE); Kon Karhumaki (Carpelan); On'l ]akobstad (]S); Kpol' Wojatsch (JS); Ob Pisavaara naturpark (HkL, N.-E. Saris); Ks Paanajarvi (HeI); SaBa (HeI); Lke1'Jzl\1uonio (]S); Sodankyla (Valle); Pelkosennielni (Frey); Lt Nuortijarvi (B. Pop­ pius); FI. Lutto (B. Poppius); Li Ivalo (ON); Enare (B. Poppius); Inari, Opukasjaryi (\c. \tikberg); Utsjoki kk (0. Ranin); Lps Nautsi (\Talle); Petsamo (Stora). Distributio,J1, abroad: S\veden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, Europe and North .;\lnerica. 2. S. terminalis Curt. 1854 A small, pale species. The head and thorax are dark yellowish-brown, \vith pale yellow hairs. The antennae are dark brown with the distal fourth pale FAUNA FENNICA 13 2~l yellow or yellowish-white. The legs are pale, abdomen blackish-brown. The forewings are unicolorous, pale ash-grey. Apically there is usually only one cross-vein, betvveen Rl and R 2 • The hindwings are paler and iridescent. Ex­ panse 12-14 mm. Seems to be very locally distributed. Map 11.

N Helsinge, Vanda, Linna Gard (some thirty specimens t:l!8~:36 HkL. HK); Sf Pomarkku (9/8~50 O. Siitonen). Distribution abroad.' Sweden and Europe.

3. S. jutlandica Esb.-P. 1915 The head is brown, antennae are dark brown, and become basally paler and paler until the third segment, which is pale brown. The two basal segments are dark brown. The thorax is brown, abdomen blackish. The forewings are pale brown, hindwings clearer. Expanse 13-14 mm. Only found in south Finland, and very locally. Map 11.

At Finstrom (HkL); Ab Lojo (HkL); Karislojo OS); l\l Raseborg (20/6~32 HK); Ik Kuolemajarvi (6j7~25 MI); Kivinebb OS); St Yliine OS); Kl (]S); Oa T6ysii US). Distribution abroad: Sweden and Denmark.

(4. S. dalii MeL. 1866)

The head, thorax and abdomen are ochreous-brown with yellO\y hairs. The antennae are dark brown with paler basal segments. The legs are pale testaceous. The forewings are fuscous 'with a little darker, greyish longitudinal veins. The cross-veins and many of the fork-points of the longitudinal veins are dark fuscous. There are one to three cross­ veins in the apical third of the wing. The hindwing is paler than the forewing with a few dark cross-veins. Expanse 11 ~12 mm. The species has not been captured in Finland. Distribution: Sweden, Norway and Europe.

Fam. 4. Hem e rob i ida e Rather small brownish or greyish insects. The antennae are rather long, and with an enlarged basal segment. The compound eyes are well developed, but the ocelli are absent. Wings are subequal (except in Psectra). In the fore­ wing Rl and Rs are fused for a long distance. Sc and R are not fused apically. The costal veinlets are always numerous and usually forked in fore",rlng, Most genera have, in the basal part of the costal area, a recurrent humeral veinlet. The crossveins, except some basal ones, are usually in gradate series. 1\1 and eu are forked near the base of the wing. Abdomen is ten-segmented, and the genitalia of both sexes give good specific characters. The eight first segments of the male are normally developed. The ninth J/f artin ill einander: Neuroptera and ::.Ylecoptera

R Rs C Sc M

Fig. :11. Sisyra juscata Fig. :32. l~IicrOtnus angulatus

c Sc R.

Fig. a3. Hemerobius nitidulus Fig. :H. Kimminsianervosa

Fig. R5. 1vIegalomus hirtus Fig. 36. Drepanopteryx phalaenoides Fig. 31-36. Forewings. tergit is narrower than the eighth, and the sternite is usually rather small being often incompletely chitinized. In Sympherobius the ninth sternite of the male is elongated to a long finger-like process. The tenth tergite is longitudinally divided into two large plates, the ectoprocts, on which are a varying number of trichobothria. The ectoprocts usually give good taxonomic characters. Good taxonomic characters are also found in the tenth sternite, which is modified into two lateral, wing-like structures, and the paramers, which are between the two wings of the tenth stenite. In the female the eight segment is greatly modified. The tergite is nar­ rower than the seventh but it reaches much more ventrally usually forming a ring around the body. The eight sternite is reduced to a small subgenital plate to which are sometimes attached gonapophyses. The subgenital plate is, in certain genera (e. g. Kimminsia), of great taxonimic value. The ninth tergite is extended ventrally where the margins often meet. The ninth sternite is divided into two lobes which are behind the ninth tergite. The tergite of the FAUNA FENNICA 13 :\1 tenth segment forms two ectoprocts bearing a group of trichobothria. They are more uniform than the ectoprocts of the male but sometimes give good taxo­ nomic characters. The tenth sternite is absent. Larvae are carnivorous and feed on aphids. The family has a world-wide distribution. Many of the species represented in Fennoscandia have a ubiquitous distribution.

Key to genera

I. Forewing without a recurrent humeral veinlet (fig. a2) 2. Forewing with a recurrent humeral veinlet (fig. Wi) ... a. " Forewing with two branches to Rs ...... 1. Psectra Hag. p. :H Forewing with three or more branches to Rs...... 2. llilicronms Ramb. p. :12 :3. Forewing with four or less branches to Rs ...... !•. Forewing with five or lllore branches to Rs ...... 6.

t. Hindwing with only one cross-vein in the outer, and two in the inner gradate series of cross-veins. or no-one at all ...... 5. SYfnphcrobius Ranks p. f,f, Hindwing with two complete series of cross-veins ...... S .

.). In forewing no basal cross-vein between Rs and l\i1 +2 (There is, however usually a basal cross-vein between Rs and ~i before the fork of M) (fig. n) ...... a. Hemerobius L. ~-\. basal cross-vein between Rs and ~il"i~2 after the fork

of.M (fig. 3t,) ...... t,. Kimminsia KilL p. !~6 6. Forewing with less than ten branches to Rs. Wings not falcate (fig. as) ...... 6. j1lIegalomus Ramb. p. 56 Forewing with lllore than ten branches to Rs. \Vings distinctly falcate (fig.3G) ...... 7. Drepanoptery;v Leach p. 57

1. PsectTa Hagen (1866, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 27: 376) The hindwings are more or less rudimentary. Forewings with two branches to Rs. Costal veinlets simple and no recurrent veinlet present. There is only one complete gradate series of cross-veins. Only one species.

1. P. dipteTa Burm. 1839 Our smallest Hemerobiid. The face is a shiny dark brown. The antennae are brown, apically paler. Thorax and abdomen dark brown, legs pale. The forewings are elongate oval; the membrane is testaceous; the gradate cross­ veins are broadly margined with dark brown. The hindwings are either fully de\'eloped or rudimentary, pale greyish. Expanse 6-7 mm. In low vegetation in southern Finland, very rare. Imagines have been re­ corded in the end of July and the begininng of August. Map. 12. ill arlin .ill! einander: N europtera and Mecoptera

At Eckero (Hel); l?instrorn (HeI); Kokar (HeI); Ab Nystad (HeI); Pargas (Reut); Karis­ lojo (He!, HkL, ]8); Lojo (HkL); N Kyrkslatt (lIkL); Helsingfors (Hel); Thusby (Eng­ strom); St Ylane (JS); Ta Birkkala (Gronblom); Tavastehus (HeI); KI \ralalno; Tb Jyvas­ kyla (J8). Distribution abroad: Sweden, the Baltic Provinces, Europe, Siberia and North America.

2. Micromus Ramb. (1842 Hist. Nat. Ins. Nevropt.: 416) The wings are subequal, forewing with three or more branches to Rs, costal veinlets mostly forked and no recurrent humeral veinlet. There are two com­ plete gradate series of cross-veins. Genus Micromus is sometimes divided into l\Ilicromus with lJII. variegatus and Eumicromus Nakahara (=== Mesomicromus Perkins) "vith the other two species. Micromus s.str. has more elongate and narrow forewings, and lVI3 + 4 and CUI are fused in the hindwings, while the forewings of Eumicromus are broadly oval, and M3 +4 and CUI are not fused in the hinqvvings. There are, ho,vever, no greater differences in the genitalia.

Key to species

1. Forewings with three branches to Rs ...... 't. M. variegatus F. Forewings with four branched to Rs ...... 2. lVI. angulatus Steph. Forewings with five or six branches to Rs ...... 3 . .Iv!. paganus L.

(1. M. variegatus F. 1793)

A snlall species with narro\v, long wings. The face is a shiny black, postocular lobes pale bro,yn. Antennae brown. The thorax and abdomen are blackish-bro\vn, legs yery pale. The forewings are narro\y and elongate, the membrane is \vhitish with two distinct dark fasciae. The longitudinal veins and the costal veinlets are pale with dark brown streaks. The cross-veins are dark brown. The margins have long hairs. The hindwings are clear whitish with three dark blotches apically, the venation is whitish. Expanse 11-14 mm. The species is not found in Finland. Distribution: Southern S\veden and Europe.

2. M. angulatus Steph. 1836. (M. aphidivorus MeL.) A small brown species with rather short and broad ,vings. The head is ochraceous, thorax and abdomen are brown. The antennae are yello"'ish­ brown, legs pale testaceous. The forewings are ovale; membrane testaceous marked with dark transverse streaks. There are two narrow fasciae along the gradate series of cross-veins, and three narrow, longitudinal fasciae from the outer transverse fasciae to the margin. The hindwings are pale greyish-bro\\1L Expanse 11-14 mm. FAUNA FENNICA 13 33

Forewing fig. 32. Common in all Eastern Fennoscandia, especially on lower vegetation. Imagines from May to September.

At Eckero, Skag (AN); Sottunga (HkL); Ab Nystad (Hel); Nadendal (Hel); Masku (ET); Runsala-Ruissalo (sev. coll.); Abo (Frey); Ispois (Frey); Eriksberg (Palmen); Hir­ vensalo (HkL); St. Karins (HK); Korpo (Wegelius); Korpo, Jurmo (Maria v. Troil) Nagu (ReI); Pargas (Ingelius, Reut); Karuna (Stora); Dragsfjard (Hel); Finby (Hel); Bjiirna {Hel); Kuusjoki (N. Kanerva); Pojo (HkL); Sammatti (HkL); Karislojo-Karjalohja (sev. coIL); Lojo-Lohja (sev. col!.); "ichtis-Vihti (HkL, Winter); NTviirminne (sev. col1.); Inga (HkL); Kyrksliitt-Kirkkonummi (Frey, Porkka); Esbo (Frey, He1, MM); Grankulla (Hel); Helsingfors-Helsinki (sev. coIl.); Borga (Hel, AN); Pornainen (T. Putkonen); Lovisa (Reut); Ik Kuolemajiirvi (MI); Mohla (JS); Terijoki (Hel); St Yliine (JS); Siikylii, Kolva (Hel); Reposaari (Lauro); Bjorneborg (J. E. Aro); Lavia (Winter); Tyrviiii (V. Lofgren); Ta Teisko (JS); Birkkala (Gronblom); Messuby (Frey); Siiiiksmiiki (Kivirikko); Somero (J. Kuusinen); Hattula (L. v. Essen, Gronblom, HK); Hauho (Hel); Janakkala (AL); Hollola (Tengstrom); Padasjoki (Tuomikoski); Kalvola (Hellman); Harmoinen (Hellman); Lammi UK); Sa Joutseno (ET); Imatra (ON); Ruokolahti (ON); Nyslott (Carlenius); Kangasniemi (Sundman); Rantasalmi (Vesterlund); Kl Parikkala (Hel, Hkl, JS); Jaak­ kima (JS); Uukuniemi (Hel); Kirjavalaks (Hel, B. Poppius); Sortavala (P. Suolllalainen); Ruskeala (JS); Impilaks (P. SUOlualainen); Valamo (Forsius. HkL); Kat Petrosawodsk­ Aanislinna (He!, JS); Oa Maxmo (He!, HkL); Vasa (Waselius); Illlloia (Reut); Tb Keuru (J. Carpelan); Rautalampi (HK); Pihtipudas (Hel); Sb Jorois (HkL); Suonenjoki (l,aiti­ nen); Kuopio (Levander, mus. Kuopio); Kb Jnuka (\Vegelins); Polvijiirvi (Gronvik); Hallllllaslahti (Kontkanen); Kan Kosmosero (B. Poppins); Velik. Gub. (B. Poppius); Om Kykarleby (Frey); Ok Siiriiisniemi (Vuorentans); Ob Ouln (Wuorentaus); Pisavaara natur­ park (HkL. N.-E. Saris); Ks Paanajarvi (Hel); Kuusalllo (JK); Lkem Kemijiirvi by (HkL); Pallastunturi (JK); Mnonio (Hel); Lim Konosero (Levander); Li Ivalo (Hel). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, Europe, Siberia, Japan, Palestine, U.S.A. and Canada.

3. 1\;1. paganus L. 1767 A much larger species than the other two. Head, thorax and abdomen are pale yellowish-brown. The forewings are broad, membrane yellowish-white with two narrow transverse brownish-grey fasciae along the gradate cross­ Yeins, and four longitudinal fasciae along the distal portion of first and third branches of Rs, along M3 + 4, and along 2A continued on the inner margin. There are five, rarely more, branches to Rs. The hindwings are whitish \vith a transverse fascia along the outer gradate cross-veins. Expanse 17 - 23 mm. On deciduous trees, in hedges and herbage in all Fennoscandia except North Lapland. Rather scarce. Imagines from June to August. Map 13.

Al Geta (B. Poppius); Mariehamn (1J); Sund (Reut); FoglO, Bano (AN); Ab Uusi­ kaupunki (Hellman); Rymattylii (EE); Pargas (AN. Rent); Lojo (HkL); N Ekeniis (HkL); Inga (HkL); Helsingfors-Helsinki (ON, Winter); Ka Tytiirsaari (ET); Viborg (Hel, ET); Sf Reposaari (Lauro); Lavia (Winter); Ta Birkkala (Grollblom); Kangasala (Frey); Saha- 1"1 artin )v!einander: Neuroptera and Mecoptera lahti (Hemdal); Sa Ilnatra (ON); Ruokolahti (HeI, ON); Punkasalmi (ON); Kl Parikkala (ON); Jaakkima (JS); Kat Kuujarvi (HeI); Oa Ylistaro (AN); Ilmola (Reut); Nurlno (JK); Sb Kuopio (Lonnbohm); Kb Liperi (Winter); Pyhaselka (\T. Mannelin); Ilomantsi (Gron­ vik, Winter, \Voldstedt); Om Nykarleby (Stora); Pedersore (Stonl); Ob Pisavaara natur­ park (N.-E. Saris); Ks Paanajarvi (HeI). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces and Europe.

3. Hemerobius L. (1758, Syst. Nat. ed. X, 1: 149) Wings subequal. Forewing with a recurrent humeral veinlet, three (rarely four) branches to Rs. A basal cross-vein between Rand M may be present, but it is al\vays before the fork of J\f. Two complete series of gradate cross­ veins, the outer series with nlore than five in both wings. IVI in hindwing is forked "veIl beyond the first fork of Rs. The genus contains twelve species in Eastern Fennoscandia, some of which are rather difficult to seperate. The anal plates of male give important characters; sometimes also those of the female.

y Fig. 37. Fig. 37. The basal part of a forewing-of Hemerobius sp. (rhv, the recurrent humeral veinlet; x, the dark spot around the basal cross-vein between M3+4 and CUI; y, the terminal cross-vein between CUt and Cu2; z, the basal cross-vein between Sc and R.).

Key to species

1. No dark spot around the basal cross-vein between

M 3 + 4 and CUt (fig. 37) ...... 2. A dark spot around the basal cross-vein between

M 3 + 4 and CUI ...... 3. 2. Fore'-ving brownish, lonitudinal veins with dark dots, from each of which rises a hair ...... 1. H. nitidulus F. Forewing pale yellow, longitudinal veins with long darker streaks ...... 2. H. micans 01. 3. Thorax dorsally unicolored brown ...... 12. H. stigrna Steph. Thorax with a light dorsal median longitudinal vitta .. . 4. 4. Border of forewings with alternating darker and lighter spaces ...... 5. Border of forewings unicolored greyish-brown ...... 9. F.i\'lJNA FENNICA 13 ~15

5. Forewing pale yellowish...... 6. - Forewing brownish or greyish ...... ? . 6. Costal area of forewing abruptely broad at the base. lIeUlbrane without sagittate markings :3. H. 1'narginatus Steph. - Fore'wing with distinct sagittate markings. A northern ssp...... ssp. tapponiC'us n. ssp. Costal area of forewing not abruptly broader at the base...... 4. I-I. lutescens F. ;. "·ings elongate, expanse 18-20 mm. Fore\ving rather uniform in colour, with two distinct fasciae along the gradate cross-veins ...... ? H. si'Jnulans Walk. ,\Yings not elongate, expanse 15-18 mm. Fore'wings not so uniform and regular in Inarkings ...... 8. }. Forewings pale grey, alternating pale and dark mark- ings along the nlargins not so distinct ...... 5. H. humuli L. Forewing dark brownish-grey, alternating pale and dark markings on the nlargins very distinct. Sagittate markings distinct ...... 6. H. perelegans Steph. 9. Face a shiny black. Forewings much variegated with irregular transverse streaks ...... 9. H. atri/rons ~IcL. - Face testaceous or brown ...... 10. to. Gradate series of cross-veins in forewings close together and parallel. A distinct semicircular series of fuscous markings enclose a clear and transparent area ...... 11. Gradate series of cross-veins in forewings wider apart and diverging as they approach the costal margin. The semicircular series of fuscous markings not so distinct, and the area is spotted with fuscous mark- ings ...... 8. H. pini Steph. 1 L Outer series of gradate cross-veins distinctly edged "ith fuscous. General colour yellowish-grey...... 10. H. contumax Tjed. Outer series of cross-veins almost unmarked. General colour reddish-brown...... 11. H. /enestratus Tjed.

1. H. nitidulus F. 1777.

,..1, distinct species with unicolored brown thorax and wings. The head is dark bro\vn, face often a shiny, dark blackish-brown, The antennae are pale bro\\-n. The thorax is a unicolor brown, while all other species except H. stigma have a dorsal, median, longitudinal, paler vitta. 1'he abdomen is dark bro\vn. Legs are pale yellowish-brown. Forewings are oval, pale, castaneous and irides­ cent. The membrane is absolutely unicolored, the longitudinal veins have trpical dark spots, from each of \vhich a hair rises. No terminal cross-vein bet\\-een CUI and CU2 (fig. 37). The hindwings are paler and iridescent, the ,\'enation is pale. Expanse 12-17 mm. AI a1,tin }vl einander.' X europtera and Mecoptera

Fig. ~8. H. nitidulus Fig. 39. II. n1icans Fig. 40. H. 1narginatus

Fig. 41. H. lutescens Fig. 42. H. hunndi Fig. [1.:L H. perelegans

Fig. 44. H. sin'lu',lans Fig. !i5. 1-1. pini Fig. 4. t). II. atri frons

Fig. 47. H. contu'Jr1zax Fig. 48. H. fenestratus Fig. fi9. H. stigma

Fig. 38:"-!19. The abdominal segments of male He1nerobius. FAUNA FENNICA 13 37

Fig. 50. H.nitiduZ,us Fig. 51. H. micans Fig. 52. H. 11zargi'natus

Fig. 5;). l-I. lutescens :Fig. 5f1:. H. hurnuli Fig. 55. H. perelegans

Fig. 56. H. sin'lulans Fig. 57. H. pini Fig. 58. H. atrilrons

Fig. 59. H. contUrnax Fig. 60. H. fenestratus F'ig. 61. I-T. stignza Fig. 50-61. The abdominal seglnents of felnale He1ne'robius. 38 ]\;[arlin M einander: N europtera and Mecoptera

Forewing fig. 33, lllale genital segment fig. 38, feluale fig. 50. The species is common on conifers in all Fennoscandia. Imagines from l\1ay to September.

A 1 Eckero (HkL); Jonlala (Hk1~); Mariehamn (HeI); Finstrotll (HkL); Saltvik (HkL); Sund (HkL); Lemland (HkL, AN); Ab Nystad (HeI); Rymattyla (EE); Nadendal (Hel); .A.bo (Frey); Korpo (Reut, "\Vegelius); Jurmo (MIVI, Marita Meinander); Finby (HeI); Hitis­ Hiittinen (IJ, MM); Karislojo (Harald Lindberg, JS); Lojo (HkL. PHL); J.V Hango (Hel. Stora); Tvarminne (sev. coll.); Ekenas (HkL, MM); Snappertuna (HK); 1nga (HkL. Ny­ lander); KyrksHitt (Frey); Esbo-Espoo (Holmberg, JK); Helsinki (1J); Borga (Ahlquist); Lovisa (Rent); JOrivesi (JS); P. Pirkkala (Gronblom); Padasjoki (Tuomikoski); Lammi (JK); Heinola (HkL); Sa Joutseno (ET); 1matra (lVIM. ON); Ruokolahti (Hel, ON): Punkaharju (ON); Kl Kakisalmi (ET); Parikkala (JS); Jaakkima (JS); Sordavala (Silfve­ nius); Oa Vasa (Waselius); Tb Keuru (Ehngren); Jyvaskyia (JS); Pihtipudas (JS); Sb Jorois (HkL); Kb Joensuu (lVIannelin, Nystrom); Hammaslahti (Kontkanen); Kon Jal­ guba (JS); 01n Vetil (ON); Haapavesi (HeUman, ON); Ob Uleaborg; Pello (AN); Pisavaara (HkL); Ks Kuusamo (Frey, HeI); Vuorikyla (Hel); \tuorijarvi (Hel); Kuolajarvi (Rita­ vuori); Lkem Muonio (Montell, ON, JS); Pallastunturit (JK); Pelkosenniemi (Hellman); Le Kilpisjarvi (AN); Enontekio (Hellman); Li Karigasniemi (ON); Lps Salmijarvi (HkL) . .Distribution abroad: SVl.Teden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, Europe and Turkestan.

2. H. micans 01. 1792

li very pale yello\v species which is separated from all other species except H. nitidulus by the lack of the dark spot on the basal cross-vein between

MX34 and CUt on the forewings. The head is pale yellow; the sides of the epi­ cranium, face and labrunl are often orange-brown. The antennae are yellow! apically browner. The thorax is pale brown, with a bright yellow, median. dorsal, longitudinal vitta. Legs are pale yellovv. The forewings are yellowish­ white and very iridescent. The sagittate markings are very" indistinct. The longitudinal veins are pale with rather long darker streaks, which have no connection with the position of the hairs as in the wings of H. nitidulus. The gradate cross-veins are fuscous. There is no terminal cross-vein between CUI

and Cu2 • The hindwings are pale and iridescent. Expanse 12-16 mm. Forma fuscinervis Schn. The antennae are annulated with grey. The fore­ ,vings are pale greyish, the costal veinlets dark. F. /uscinervis is not known from Finland, but from southern Sweden. Male genital segments fig. 39, female fig. 51. H. micans is very rare in Eastern Fennoscandia. Mal) 14.

Ab Pargas (Reut); N Helsingfors (15/7-52 ON). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces and Europe. FAUNA FEN~ICA 18 39

3. H. marginatus Steph. 1836 A usually large and pale species, separated from all others by the broad costal area of forewings. It may be separated from H.lutescens which is a similar colour and shape by its larger size and the dark colour of the basal cross-vein between Sc and R in the forewing (in H.lutescens the cross-vein is almost colourless). The head is pale yellow; antennae are pale yellowish-brown and apically browner. Thorax is pale yellow with a dark brown band along each side. Legs are pale, almost colourless. Abdomen is pale. The forevvings are broad, and the apex is subacute. The costal area is basally very broad. The membrane is colourless and iridescent with pale greyish-brown markings along the margins. The longitudinal veins and costal veinlets are pale, the cross­ nins fuscous. The hindwings are almost pale with pale venation. The anal plates of the male are very elongate, and of the female broadly rounded. The lobes of the ninth sternite are shorter than in H. lutescens. Expanse 16-20 mm. Male genitalia fig. 40, female fig. 52. Common on deciduous trees in all Fennoscandia. Map 15. Ai Eckcro (Hel, Reut); Jomala (Hel); lYlaarianhamina (Hellman); Finstrom (Frey); Lemland (Hel); Kokar (HkL); Ab Nystad (Hel); Runsala-Ruissalo (sev. coll.); Eriksberg iPalmen); Ispois (Reut); Tnrku (EE, Valle); Korpo (E. Reuter, Wegelius); Pargas !Frey, Reut); Karuna (Stori'L); Sauvo (0. Siitonell); Bromarf (HkL); Tenaia (HkL); Karis tHkL); Karislojo (sev. col1.); Lojo (sev. col1.); 'Vichtis (Hel, Frey); N Tviirminne (sev. \'011.); Ekeniis (HK, 1\1M); Snappertuna (HK); Inga (HkL); Kyrksliitt (Reut); Esbo (He!. B. Poppius); Helsinki-Helslngfors (sev. colI); Borga (P. Suomalainen); Ka Vehkalahti (Fagerstrom); Tytiirsaari (Hel); P. Tytiirsaari (Hel); Viborg-Viipuri (ET); Riiisiilii (Hel); H Kuolemajiirvi (MI); \Valkjiirvi (JS); Pyhiijiirvi VLl. (Hel); Sakkola (Hel); Sf Yliine US); Koylio (WH); Bjorueborg (Hel); Lavia (Winter); Karkku (Hel); Ahlainen, Rankkuu Lauro); Ta P.-Pirkkala-Birkkala (Gronblom); Kangasala (Frey); Urjala ('I'. Brander); Siiiiksmiiki (Hel, Kivirikko); Forssa (Tuomikoski); Luopioinen (Vikberg); Hauho (Hel); Janakkala (AL); Padasjoki (Tuomikoski); Kalvola (Hellman); Lammi (JK); Sa Joutseno {ET); Imatra (ON); Vuoksenniska (0. Siitonen); Kl Soanlahti (Cedervarf); Kirjavalahti OS); Sordavala (Si1fvenius, Siltala); Halila (Lonnqvist); Kol Petrosawodsk (Giiuter); Oa Yasa (Waselius); Ilmajoki (ON); Tb Saarijiirvi (Listo); Jyviiskyla (JS); Rautalampi iRK); Pihtipudas (ON); Sb Suonenjoki (HK); Vehmersalmi (Kankkunen); Kuopio (mus. Kuopio); Kb Polvijarvi (Woldstedt); Hammaslahti (Kontkanen); Kitee (ON. O. Siito­ nen); Kon Maaselkii (WH); Om Pedersore (Stora); Oulainen (ON); Ok Paltamo (ON); Hyrynsaltni; Kuhmon. (K. Valle); Ob Uleaborg-Oulu (JS, Vuorentaus); Pisavaara natur­ park (HkL); Ks Kuusamo (J. E. Aro, Nylander); Kuolajarvi (Ritavuori); Lkem Muonio (ET); Pallastunturit (JK); Saariselkii (B. Poppius); Lps Nautsi (Valle); Salmijarvi (Valle). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces and Europe.

ssp. lapponicus n. ssp. A darker form, being slightly smaller than the type-form. The head is pale yellow; the postocular lobes and genae are dark brown. Thorax is dark brown, with a median, longitudinal, dorsal, cream-white vitta. The forewings are 40 ]}[ artin 1)/[ einander : N europtera and ~Iecoptera rather narrow; the membrane is fuscous, iridescent, and vvith distinct greyish­ brown sagittate markings. The longitudinal veins and the costal veinlets are yellow with rather short greyish-brown streaks, each of which is the centre of a sagittate marking. The cross-veins are dark fuscous. Abdomen is reddish­ brown. Expanse 14-16 mm. In the most northern parts of Fennoscandia. Tvvo specimens of the type form are known from the area in which the subspecies has been collected. Map 15.

Li Karigasniemi (9/9-12/9-59 '19 spechnens ON); Inari, Opukasjarvi (7/?-61l 2 specimens V. Vikberg); Lps Haukilalnpi (18/8-29 Valle); Salmijarvi (16/8-29 Valle): Kuvernoori (24/7-30 Valle); I~t Fl. Lutto (B. Poppius); Fl. Voron (Palmen); Kola (Freyi.

4. H. lutescens F. 1793. A pale species, which much resenlbles both H. humuli and H. marginatus. It can be separated from both b~y the almost colourless basal cross-vein be­ tween Sc and R. From H. tnarginatus it is also separated b)T its narrow costal area. The head and antennae are pale greyish-yellow. Thorax has a broad, median, dorsal, longitudinal, yellow vitta bordered vvith dark brown' TIle legs are pale; abdomen is greyish-yellow. 'fl'le melnbrane of the forewing is very pale, with light greyish.-brown markings. Tlvo transverse fasciae follow the gradate series of cross-veins. The longitlldinal ,reins and the costal ·veinlets are colourless. The basal crossveil1 between Sc and R is colourless, the one be­ tween M3 + 4 and CUt is blackish. The hindwings are almost colourless. The anal­ plates of the male are not furcate. The ninth sternite of tIle fenlale is much more prominent and elongate than in H. humul£. Expanse 14-18 mm. Male genital segments fig. 41, female fig. 53. In deciduous woods in Southern Finland rather scarce. Imagines in the end of June and in July- ]\trap 14.

At Eckero (HeI); F'oglo (AN, Reut); 44b Nystad (He!); Runsala (Frey); Turku (EEl: Korpo (Wegelius); Pargas (HK, Reut); Karislojo (Krogerus, ON); Lojo (HkL); N Tvar­ n1.inne (HK, MM, AN); Snappertuna (HK); Esbo (B. Poppius); Helsingfors-I-Ielsinki (IJ AN, Nylander); Ka Bjorko (AN); St Reposaari (Lauro); Pori (Lauro). Distribution abroad: S,veden, Nor"vay and Europe.

5.1-1. hUlnuli L. 1758. (H. humulinus L.)

A grey~ish-brown species. Pale specimens resemble H. lutescens, but the basal cross-vein bet,veen Sc and R is dark brown, while in H. lutescens it is colourless. Head brovvl'lish-yellow; genae and the sides of clypeus dark brovYn. The antennae are greyisll-yello\v, apicall~y brovvner. Thorax llas a dorsal FAUNA FENNICA 13

longitudinal, median, yellow vitta, bordered with dark brown. Legs are pale; abdomen is brown. The membrane of forewings is greyish. On the margins are brownish-grey spots alternating with clear areas. The sagittate markings are reduced. There are two transverse fasciae along the gradiate series of cross­ reins. The longitudinal veins and the costal veinlets are pale alternated with short brown lines, the cross-veins are fuscous. The basal cross-vein between

CUl and M3 + 4 is blackish. The hindwings are greyish. The anal plates of the male are deeply furcate at the apex, the lower branch is luuch shorter, than the upper. The processes of aedegus are close together and strongly do\vn­ turned. The ninth sternite of the female is broadly? rounded and short. Ex­ panse 15-18 mm. lVfale genital segments fig. 42, female fig. 54. Common in deciduous woods in all Fennoscandia except Lapland. Imagines from April to September. Map 16.

Al Hammarland (HkL); Finstrom (HkL, Reut); Mariehauln-l\faarianhamina (Hell­ man, HkL, O. Siitonen); Lemland (HkL. AN, Reut); Foglo (AN); Kokar (HkL, Reut); Ab Nystad-Uusikaupunki (Hel, Hellman); RymattyHi (EE); Runsala (Frey, HK); Turku (EE); 1spois (Reut); Korpo (E. Reuter, Wegelius); Jurmo (sev. col1.); Pargas (Reut); KusH> (Lundstrom); Uskeala (Maklin); Hiittinen (1J); Bromarf (HkL, Nuorteva); Karis­ lojo (R. Forsius, ON); Lojo-Lohja (Frey, 1J, HkL); Otalan1.pi (Winter); Vichtis-Vihti (Frey, Winter); N Tvarlninne (sev. coll.); Ekenas (He!, HK, HkL, l\tr:'\1); Lappvik (Frey); Snappertuna (HK, ON, Stora); Nothalnn (F"rey); 1nga (HkL); Kyrkslatt (Frey); Esbo (ON, B. Poppius); Helsingfors-Helsinki (sev. col1.); Borga (P. Suomalainen, Wegelius); Lovisa (Reut); Ka Bjorko (AN); Jaaski (Valle); Ik Kuolemajarvi (1\11); Kuokkala (HK); Sakkola; Metsapirtti (Gronblom); St YHine (JS); Reposaari (Lauro); Lavia (Winter); Ta Birkkala (Gronblom); Kangasala (Frey); Saa,ksmaki (Kivirikko); Jockis (E. J. Bonsdorf); Hattula (L. v. Essen, Wegelius); Padasjoki (Tuonlikoski); I{:alvola (Hellman); Lamnli (JK); Sa Lappvesi (Silfvenius); Joutseno (ET); Imatra (ON); Ruokolahti (ON); Punka­ salnli (ON); Rautjarvi (ON); Kal ...~anislillna (Hel); Oa Vasa (Waselius); Sb Kuopio (Fabri­ tius); Kb Eno (Woldstedt); Kan Dian. gora. (B. Poppius); Om Nykarleby (Frey); Haapa­ yesi (ON); Ob lJleaborg; Ks Paanajarvi (Frey); Kuolajarvi (Ritavuori). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Non~Tay, the Baltic Provinces, Europe, Siberia and Xorth ~I\merica.

6. H. perelegans Steph. 1838

.A. dark blackish-brown species. The head is testaceous above, and the sides are dark brown. The thorax is blackish-brown, ,vith a dorsal, nledian, longitu­ dinal vitta of pale ochreous. The legs are pale yellowish-grey, knees and apices of tibiae are dark brovvn. Abdomen is blackish-brown. The forewing has very distinct sagittate markings; the margins have alternating dark brovvn and pale yellowish-grey spaces. Two transverse fasciae follow the gradate cross-veins. The longitudinal veins, and the costal veinlets are pale greyish, interrupted 111 artin illeina-nder: N europtera and lYlecoptera

with dark brovvn streaks. The cross-vein betvveen IVI3 4 and CUI is blackish, the other cross-veins are dark brown. The anal plates of the male are forked,re­ sembling those of H. humuli, but the lovver branch is longer and narrovver. The anal plates of the female are similar to those of H. hum-uti. Expanse 15-18 mm. Male genital segments fig. 43, female fig. 55. On both deciduous and coniferous trees. Uncommon. Imagines from l\Iay to July. Map 17.

Al Finstrom (Forsius); Jomala (Frey); Sottunga (HkL); A.b Ispois (Reut); Pargas (Reut); Lojo (HkL); N Tvarnlinne (HK, AN, Ston\); ·Helsingfors-Helsinki (sey. coll.); Ik Kuolemajarvi (IVII); lVIuola (K. O. Elfving); St Reposaari (Lauro); Ta P. Pirkkala (Gronhlom); Kartgasala (Frey); Saaksmaki (Kivirikko); Hattula (Wegelius); Padasjoki (Tuomikoski); Lammi (JK); Sa Imatra (ON); Kl Parikkala (HkL); Tb Rautalampi (HK); Ok Paltalno (Hellman); Le Kilpisjarvi (Gronvall); Malla (JK); Ounastunturit (JK); Li Tana f1. (WH); Utsjoki, Luomusjoki (EE). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway and the British Isles.

7. H. simulans Walk. 1853

A greyish-brown species, separated fronl all other species by its elongate wings and its expanse, which is bigger than that of any other species except H. ·marginatus. The head is yellowish-brown; antennae are greyish-brown, apically darker. Thorax is dark brown with a yellowish-ochreous vitta above. Legs are pale. Abdomen is dark brown. The forewings are elongate oval with round apex. The membrane has sagittate markings, and the margins have alternating bro\vn and yellow spots. There are two distinct narrow fasciae along both series of cross-veins. The longitudinal veins and costal veinlets are yellow, interrupted with short dark streaks. The cross-veins are dark fuscous.

The basal cross-vein between lYr3 +- 4 and CUI is the centre of a small blackish spot. Pterostigma is usually distinct. The hindwings are clear greyish. The anal plates of the male resemble those of H. perelegans, but the lower branch is much longer. The anal plates of the female are almost alike those of H. humuli. Expanse 18-20 mm. lVlale genital segments fig. 44, female fig. 56. In all Fennoscandia on conifers, but rather uncommon. Imagines from May to September. Map 17.

Al lViariehamn (AN); Lemland (HeI); jlb Korpo, Jurmo (MM, S. Panelius); Pargas (HK, Reut); Karuna (Stora); Hiittinen (IJ); I{.arislojo (JS); Lojo (HkL); N Tvarminne {AL, Stora); ,Sllappertuna (HK); Helsingfors-Hetsinki (sev. col!.); Thusby (Engstrom): Ik Kuolemajarvi (MI); Kivennapa (K. J. Ehnberg); Valkjarvi (K. J. Ehnberg); St Repo­ saari (Lauro); Ta Somero (J. Kuusinen); Teisko (JS); Kuru (JS); Hauho (Het); Lammi (JK); Lahti (IJ); Sa Rantasalmi (\Testerlund): KI Simpele (0. Siitonen); Parikkala (Hel:; FAUNA FENNICA 13 43

It \'iitasaari (\Voldstedt); Rautalampi (HK); Keuru; Jyvaskyla (JS); Sb Suonenjoki (HK); Kuopio (Inus. Kuop.); Maaninka (mus. Kuop.); Kb Hammaslahti (Kontkanen); Kon Jllguba; Kton (Poventsa (JK); Ok Paltamo (mus. Kuop.); Suomussalmi (J. Carpelan); O~ Karunki (IJ); Uleaborg-Oulu (\Vuorentaus); Pisavaara naturpark (HkL); Ks Paana­ jf.lTi (Frey, Hel); Kuusamo (JK); Lkcm Muonio (Montell); Pelkosenniemi (Clayhills, Hellman); Li Ivalo (AN, K. J. Valle); Kaunispaa (AN); Utsjoki, Kevo (EE). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Nonvay, Europe, Siberia, Turkestan, l\forocco and Xorth America.

8. H. pini Steph. 1836 The head is yellowish-brown; antennae are greyish-yellovv. Thorax is pale reddish-brown vvith a broad, longitudinal, yellow vitta; the legs are very pale. Abdomen is usually rather pale. Forewings broadly oval with hvo, interrupted, transverse fasciae along the gradate series of cross-veins. Other prominent spots are around the basal cross-vein between Rand 1\,1 and on the forks of ell]. so there is usually a distinct semicircular fasciae from the basal cross­ vein between R and :VI continuing over CUt and the inner gradate series of cross-veins. Such a semicircular marking also exists in the species H. contumax and H. fenestratus. \Vithin the semicircular marking there are several brown spots, while these markings in the above mentioned species enclose a some­ what clear and transparent area. In H. pini the two series of gradate cross­ veins are widely apart and diverge as they approach the costal margin, while in H. contwnax they are very close and almost parallel. The hindwings are much paler, but with a distinct brown pterostigma. Expanse 14-17 mm. jlale genital segments fig. 45, female fig. 57 . .\ common species on conifers in all Fennoscandia. Imagines from lVlay to August.

At Eckero (HkL); Jomala (AN); Sottunga (HkL, Reut); Ab Korpo, Jurmo (lVIM); Runsala (HK); Korpo (Wegelius); Pargas (Reut); Karislojo (Hel, JS); Lojo (HkL); N Tvar­ minne (sev. coIL); Ekenas (MM); Snappertuna (HK); Inkoo (IJ); He1singfors-Helsinki (sev. coiL); Borga (P. Suomalainen); Ik Kuolemajarvi (MI); Terijoki (Hel); St Ylane (JS); Pyha­ jard (Yikberg); Reposaari (Lauro); Bjorneborg (Lonnmark); Lavia (Winter); Ta Teisko US\; Kuru (JS); P. Pirkkala (Gronblom); Hausjarvi (Tuomikoski); Hattula (Wegelius); Lammi (JK); Sa Joutseno (ET); Ruokolahti (ON); Imatra (ON); Kangasniemi (Sundman); K: Parikkala (HeI, HKL); J aakkima (JS); Sordavala (Silfvenius); Tb Karstula (Clayhills); St, Tuoyinlaks (Palmen); Haminanlahti (Fabritius); Kb Hammaslahti (Kontkanen); Jnuka (\Vegelius); Kon Velik. Guba (B. Poppius); Konosero (Edgren); Om Nykarleby (Frey); Gamlakarleby (Hellstrom); Lohtaja (Vuorentaus); Haapavesi (ON); Ok Sotkamo (HeUman); Suomussalmi (Hel); Ob Karlo (Frey); Ouiu (Vuorentaus); Pisavaara (N. E. Saris); Rovaniemi (Frey); Ks Paanajarvi (Wegelius); Salla (Hel); Kurtti (Hel); KuusaIno USI; Lkem Muonio (ON, Tuomikoski); Kittila, Pallasjarvi (JK); Le Saana (Hel); Malla {AX!; Kilpisjarvi (Hel); Enontekio (Hel); Li Karigasniemi (ON); Lps Salmijarvi (Hel); L:m Kantalahti (Frey); Lt FI. Lutto (B. Poppius). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, Europe and Siberia. 44 J] arlin ;J1 einander: N europtera and Mecoptera

9. H. atrifrons MeL. 1868

This species resembles H. pini, but the face is a shiny black, and the fore­ vvings are much more ,rariegated. The thorax is blackish-brown with a distinct, pale y"'ellow, Inedian, longitudinal vitta dorsally~. The legs are pale testaceous; abdon~en is dark brown. TIle forewings are broadly oval; the membrane is pale greyish-\vhite with a lot of fuscous, transverse, rather short streaks. The lon­ gitudinal veins and costal vein1ets are vvhitish vvith dark brown streaks. The cross-veins are dark fuscous. The hindwings are clear grey. The two branches of the anal plates of the male are of equal length. Expanse 14-17 mnl. lVIale genital segments fig. 46, female fig. 58. On coniferous trees in Northern Finland. Imagines in July and August. Map 18.

Ks KuusanlO (Frey, vVegelius, Paanajarvi (Wegelius); LkeFn lVIuonio (Montell.. ON, JS); Pallas (ON); Pallastunturit (JK); Pallasjarvi (Wegelius); Lt Lac Nuorti (Envald); Lf Kilpisjarvi (Hel, IJ); l\lalla (Frey); Palojoensuu (ON); Ounastunturit (JK); Li Karigas­ nielni (ON); Lps Lutto (Platonoff); Lt Kaschkaratsa (Edgren). Distribution abroad: Sweden (Dlr-T. Lpm), Nor\vay (fronl south to north), the Baltic Provinces, Belgiulll, the British Isles, France, Germany, Austria and Siberia.

10. H. contumax Tjed. 1932

A greyish-brown species closely resembling H. Pi1~i, from which it differs in the form of the genitalia and the arrangelnent of the t\VO gradate series of cross-veins. From II. fenestratus it differs in tIle form of the genitalia, the more greyish colour of forevvings, and the transverse fascia along the outer gradate series of cross-veins. The face and epicranium are greyish-yellow: genae and post-ocular lobes dark fuscous. The ant~nnae are greyish.-yellow with a more fuscous apical part. The thorax is fuscous with a dorsal, median. longitudinal, yellow vitta. The legs a-re pale; abdomen dark: bro\vn. The fore­ wings are narrow oval; the membrane is pale y~ellowish-grey-r. The disc is uni­ coloured and surrounded by a semicircular series of dark fuscous markings. which rtln from the fork of 1\1 along lVI3 + 4 to the basal cross-'vein bet\veen

M3 + 4 and CUI and then follow CUI to the inner series of gradate cross-vein~ and thence along them. The outer series of gradate cross-v"eins are also bor­ dered with fuscous. The longitudinal veins and the costal veinlets are pale \vith short fuscou.s streaks. Both gradate series of cross-veins are parallel and close together. Expanse 16-18 mm. lVIale genital segments fig. 47, female fig. 59. Confined to conifers, very rare. Map 18.

Ab Lojo (11/8-24 I-IkL), })()strob, colI. \Vasastj.}) Distribution abroad: S\veden, Norvvay and Western Europe. FAUNA FENNICA 1a

11. H. fenestratus Tjed. 1932

A reddish-brown species resembling H. contumax but differing in the form of the genitalia, the more reddish-brown colour of forewings, and in the ab­ sence of a fascia along the outer series of gradate cross-veins. Expanse 16-18 mill. Male genital segments fig. 48, female fig. 60. Confined to conifers. Only in Southern Finland. Imagines from May to August. Map 18.

Ab Pargas (Reut); Korpo, Jurmo {9/S-60 1\11\1}; N Ekenas, Notholmen (13/7-60, 19;-60 on Picea abies 1\11\1); Snappertuna (2717-39 HK, 12/6-57 ON); Helsingfors­ Helsinki (IJ, 23/5-41 AN, 26/6, 5/7, 17/7-52, 27i5, 26/6, Di7, 16/7, 18/7, 23/7, 10/8, !3/8, 14/8,15/8,17/8-57 ON, Winter); Helsinge (Palmen); Sa Imatra (2617-52,11/8-52, 56-57 ON). Distribution abroad: Sweden and Norway.

12. H. stigma Steph.

Easily separated from all other species with a dark spot at the basal cross­

\"tin between M3 + 4 and CUl by the unicolored thorax. The head and thorax are pale- to blackish-brown. The antennae are distinctly annulated "vith brown. The legs are pale greyish-yellow. The abdomen is dark brown. The forewings are a rather unicolored reddish-brown with two indistinct fasciae along the gradate series of cross-veins. The hindwings are pale greyish-brown. Expanse 14-16 mm. }Iale genital segments fig. 49, female fig. 61. On conifers rather commonly in all Eastern Fennoscandia. Imagines from April to August.

_i.! Eckero (HkL); Finstrom (Forsius); Maarianhamina (Hellman); Geta (HkL); Foglo IReut); Kokar (Reut); Ab RymattyHi (EE); 'furku (EE); Korpo (Reut, \Vegelius); Par­ gas (Reut); Hitis-Hiittinen (lJ, MM); Karislojo (Forsius); Lojo (HkL); N Hango (StoTA); 1\-iirminne (sev. col1.); Ekenas (HK, M1\1); Snappertuna (HK); Inga (HkL); KyrksHitt ,Frey); Espoo (IJ); Helsinge (Palmen); Helsingfors-Helsinki (sev. eoll.); Borga (H. Ahl­ qyist); Ik Kuolemajarvi (MI); St Reposaari (Lauro); Ta Urjala (T. Brander); Somero i], Kuusinen); Hattula (L. v. Essen); Sa Joutseno (ET); Imatra (ON); Kangasniemi Sundman); 1

4. I(imminsia Kill.

(1937, l\1onogr. Brit. Neuropt, 1: 25!1)

(Borio1nyia Banks 1905, nec 1904) Very closely allied to Hemerobius. The male genitalia are, however, quite different. In the fore\ving there is a basal cross-wein between Rs and IVI1 + 2 • In the hindwing lV1 is forked as far out as, or slightly basal to, the first fork of Rs. (In Hemerobius lV1 is forked \vell beyond the first fork of Rs.) The genus has "been divided by some authors into two. Wes1naelius Kruger with the species K. concinna and K. quadrijasiata, and Kim11'tinsia s. str. with the rest of the species. K. enontekiensis, however, sup­ ports the keeping of the genus undivided by having an intermediate position between the two species-groups. The genus is characterized by some indescrite properties which cOlnplicate identification of species. The ectoprocts of the male, and the subanal plates of the female always give good characters. In Finland there are seven species.

Key to species

1. Forewing broad with a wide costal area. Normally four branches to Rs...... 2. Forewing elongate, costal area narrow. Normally three branches to Rs ...... 3. 2. "Vings and thorax rather unicolored ochreous-brown... 1. K. concinna Stepha Forewings strongly veriegated with dark markings. Thorax with a longitudinal, pale vitta and dark blackish-brown sides ...... 0...... 2. K. quadritasciata Reut. 3. Thorax with a broad, yellowish, longitudinal, dorsal band, laterally bordered with blackish-brown . 00...... 4. Thorax more or less unicolored, pale ...... 7. 4. Forewing unicolored reddish-brown. Expanse 16- 1 7 mm. Basal cross-vein between Rl and Rs in hindwing absent ...... 0...... 7. K. rava Withyc. Forewing more greyish \vith no reddish tinge. Ex- panse 16-21 mm. Basal crossvein bet\veen Rl and Rs present in the hindwing ...... 0...... 5. 5. Forewing broader oval, pale greyish-brown and

rather unicolored ..... 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5. K. mortoni l\lcL. Forewing more elongate, smoky grey ...... 6. 6. Forewings usually more variegated, marked with darker markings. Compare the genitalia ...... 4. K. 'nervosa F. Forewings more unicolored grey. Compare the genitalia ...... 8. K. subnebulosa Stepha 7. Fore\ving yellow without markings. Expanse 12- 141nm ...... 6. K. baltica 1."jed. Forewing bro\vn. Expanse 16-18 mm ...... 3. K. enontekiensis KIst. FAU~A FEKNICA 13 47

Fig. 62. K. concinna Fig. 63, K. 4-fasciata Fig. 6 t.. K. enontekiensi s

Fig. 65, K. nervosa Fig. 66. K. 'Y1lOytoni Fig. 67. K. baltica

Fig. 68. K. rava Fig. 69. K. subnebulosa Fig. 62-69. The abdominal segments of male Kimn'zinsia.

I. K. concinna Steph. 1836 Head, thorax, abdomen and legs ochreous-brown. The forewings are ochreous-grey with a very broad costal area. There are usually four branches to Rs. The hindwings are clear with ochreous veins. The species is closely allied to K. quadrifasciata. The ectoprocts of the male are very similar, aedegus IS. however, sligthly furcate, while that of K. quadrifasciata is simple and acute. The lobes of ninth sternite of female are very elongate, as in K. quadri­ jasciata. However, the subgenital plates are different. Expanse 19-24 mm. )Iale genital segments fig. 62, aedegus fig. 70, paramer fig. 72, female genital segment fig. 79 and female subanal plate fig. 86. 1),1 arlin iV! einander: Neuroptera and Mecoptera

Spread over all Fennoscandia, but rather uncommon. Confined to conifers. Imagines from June to September. 1\10st of the specimens have been captured in late summer.

Al Eckero (HkL); Foglo (Reut); Ab Abo (Ingelius); Korpo (vVegelius); Pargas (AK. Reut); Hiittinen (IJ); Bjarna (HeI); Samnlatti (JS); Lojo (HkL, PHL); N Tvanninne (AN, E. Palrnen); Ekenas (HkL, MM); Snappertuna (HK); Inga (HkL); Helsingfors­ Helsinki (sev. col1.); Borga (AN); Ka Tytarsaari (lIel); Seiskari (ET); Ta Birkkala (Gron­ blom); Jokioinen CA.. Yare); Saaksmaki (Hel); Koski (JK); Lammi (JK); Sa Imatra (ON); Ruokolahti (ON); Punkasalmi (ON); Tb Rautalampi (HK); Om Pedersore (E. Sjoholm); Haapavesi (Hellman, ON); Patsjoki (B. Poppius); Ok Sotkalno (Mikkola); Ob Uleaborg­ Ouiu (Nylander, Wegeliu~); Kemin mlk, Karihaara (Saarinen); Pisavaara (IIkL); Ks Kuu­ samo (Nylander); Lkem Muonio (ON); Le Palojoensuu (ON); Enontekio (ON); L,i Karigas­ niemi (ON); Ovalo (ON); Lps Taljantunturi (Valle). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Nor\vay, the Baltic Provinces and Europe.

2. 1(. quadrifasciata Reut. 1894 This species resembles K. concinna in size and the form of the wings, the colour is, however, quite different. The head is a shiny black marked vvith testaceous. The antennae are brown, annulated with grey. The thorax has a broad, dorsal, longitudinal, median, pale band, which is bordered laterally with blackish-brown. The legs are pale. The abdomen is dark. The membrane of the forewings are pale grey with distinct sagittate markings. The longitu­ dinal veins and the costal veinlets are pale \vith darker streaks. The cross­ veins are bordered with dark brownish-grey, thus forming four transverse fasciae on the \vings. The hindwings are unicolored pale grey \vith a darker costal area. The genitalia of both sexes are rather similar to those of K. con­ ,cinna (for differences see that species). Male genital segments fig. 63, aedegus fig. 71, female subanal plate fig. 87. Confined to conifers, and spread over the whole area, but rather uncommon. Imagines have been found from June to August.

Ab Runsala (HK); N Snappertuna (HK); Helsingfors-Helsinki (IJ, ON, Wegelius Winter); Ik Kuolemajarvi (lvfI); Raivola (Winter); Ta Korkeakoski (Forsius); Forss~ (Tuomiokoski); Lammi (JK); Sa Ilnatra (ON); Ruokolahti (ON); Kangasniemi (Sund­ man); Kl Valamo (Winter); Tb Jyvaskyla (WH); Sb Kuopio (Forsius); Kb Liperi (Winter I

3. K. enontekiensis KIst. 1929 A rather small and unicolored species which in shape and colour of the wings resembles K. rava. The head is brown; the antennae are pale brown witt .a darker basal segment. The thorax is unicolored yellowish-brown. The leg~ :FAUNA FENNICA 13 49

70 71 72 73

74 75 76 77 78

Fig. 70-71. Aedegus of Kimntinsia concinna (fig. 70) and K. quadrifasciata (fig. 71). Fig. ;2-78. Paramers of male Kinlminsia: fig. 72. K. concinna, fig, 73. K. enontekiensis, fig. ;.f. K. nervosa, fig. 75. K.11'lOrtoni, fig. 76. K. baltica, fig. 77. K. rava and fig. 78. K. subnebulosa.

are pale; the abdomen is brown. The forewings are unicolored brown, the cross­ ,'eins are, however, bordered with darker brown. There are three branches to Rs. The genitalia shovv that K. enontekiensis has an intermediate position be­ hveen, on the one hand, K. concinna and K. quadrifasciata which sometimes ha\Te been separated to a special genus (IVesmaelius Kruger), and, on the other, Kinl1ninsia s.str. to vvhich the following species belong. The ectoprocts of the male are somewhat triangular, but not so much as the species above. The lobes of the ninth sternite of the female are elongate and similar in form to the species above, but not so pregnantly. Expanse 16-17 mm. :Jlale genital segments fig. 64, paramer fig. 73, female genital segments fig. 80 and subanal plate fig. 88. ...\ very scarce species which, however, is spread from south to north in the area. l\Iap 19.

--l.b Hiittinen Oro (28/7-54 IJ); N Tvarminne (Kanerva, 2/8-31 AN); Helsinki, Yartiokyla (17/7-53 IJ); Sa Imatra (6/6-54,17/8-55,3/8-57,28/5-59 ON); Ok Sot­ kamo (J. Carpelan); Lkem Muomio (21/6-33 JYIontell); Le Enontekis (Palmen); Li Ivalo ~9-10,:;-37 AN). Distribution abroad: Sweden (Vb). 50 Martin 11:1 einander : N europtera and n,lecoptera

Fig. 79. K. concinna l:-ig. 80. K. enontekiensis

Fig. 81. K. nervosa Fig. 82. K. 111orto'ni Fig. 83. K. baltica

Fig. 85. K. subnebulosa Fig. 84. K. rava Fig. 79-85. Abdominal segments of female Kirnminsia.

4. K. nervosa F. 1793. (1<.. betulina allct.) The species resembles K. subnebulosa. K. 11.,erVOSa is, hovvever, usually more variegated. Moreover, the presence of a clear unnlarked space before the middle portion of CUI in the forewings of K. nervosa is a good character for separating it from K. subnebulosa. K. ner1)osa may be separated from 1<. mortoni by the more elongate wings of the former. The wings of K. mortoni are much broader and more unicolored and more tinged with yellow than these of K. nervosa. The ectoprocts of the male alwa)Ts give good charactes, as do those of the female, hut in difficult cases an investigation of the subgenital plate is re­ commendable. FAUNA FENNICA 1.3 51

The head is a shiny black. Epicranium is pale brown with a median, lon­ gitudinal, black line, and the post-ocular lobes are blackish-brown. The an­ tennae are fuscous. The thorax is blackish-brown at the sides and testaceo us medially ,:vith a narrow, median, longitudinal, black line. The legs are pale. The abdomen is blackish. The forewings are elongate and pale grey. The lon­ gitudinal veins and the costal veinlets have long black streaks. The cross­ ,oeins are dark brown. The membrane has rather distinct sagittate markings, except before the middle portion of CUI' The hindwings are pale grey. Ex­ panse 16--20 mm. Forewing fig. 34, male genital segment fig. 65, paramer fig. 74, female genital segments fig. 81 and subanal plate fig. 89. Forma melancholica Kill. 1937. Unicolored dark grey. Head and thorax \\1thout pale markings. Membrane of forewing unicolored grey, veins dark fuscous. K. nervosa is our most common Kimminsia-species. It occurs in deciduous \\·oods, in hedges, and in herbage, also sometimes on conifers, in all Eastern Fennoscandia. Imagines occur in Southern Finland from April to Septem­ ber and in Northern Finland from the end of June to the beginning of :\ugust .

.n Eekero (He1, HkL); Jomala (Hel); Maarianhamina (Hellman); Sund (Forsius); Lemland (Hel, Mikkola); Foglo (AN); Brando (Hel); Sottunga (Reut); Kokar (Reut); Ab .\ystad (Hel); Ruissalo (EE, IJ, Lmi); Turku (EE); Ispoinen (Kanerva); Gustavs (Hel); Korpo (E. Reuter, vVegelius); Jnrmo (sev. coIl.); Nagn (Frey); Pargas (Frey, Rent); Sauvo 0. Siitonen); Uskela (Maklin); Hiittinen (IJ); Bjarlla (Hel); Pojo (Frey); Karislojo (Lmi, J3; Lojo (HkL, AL); N Hango (Hel, Stora); Tvarminne (sev. col1.); Ekenas (He1, HkL, ':-D1); Snappertnna (HK); Inga (HkL); Kyrkslatt (Rent); Esbo-Espoo (sev. coll.); Hel­ ,ingiors-Helsinki (sev. col1.); Borga (Ahlqvist, P. Snomalainen); Pernaja (Kolltulliemi); ,'{,1 Yehkalahti (Fagerstrom); Viipuri (ET); H Kuolemajarvi (MI); Kivellllapa (K. J. Elm­ '::'"rg'; Sakkola (Federley); St Koylio (vVH); Reposaari (Lanro); Bjorneborg (Lonnmark); T.. Pirkkala-Birkkala (Gronblom); Saaksmaki (Kivirikko); Hmuppila (J. Joki, vVegelius); :'J:nero (J. Kunsinen); Forssa (Tnomikoski); Hattula (L. v. Essen, Wegelius); Hauho Hd; Padasjoki (Ehnberg); Kalvola (Hellman); Lammi OK); Sa Jontsello (ET); Imatra 0:;\ : Ruokolahti (ON): Kl Parikkala (Hel, HkL, MM); Jaakkima (Montell); So.rdavala 3ilf\'enius); Impilaks (Forsins, \Voldstedt); Kal Petrosawodsk (Gunther); Oa Bergo (Hel); ;.Iaxmo (HkL); Wasa (\Vaselius); Nurmo (JK): Ylistaro (AN); Sb Iisalmi (JS); Kb Pyha­ ~dka (:'Ianllelin): Om Pedersore (Stora); Lohtaja (Vnorentaus); Ob Uleaborg-Onln (Vno­ ,cr:taus); Pello (AN); Kemi (Stora); Pisa (HkL); Ks Kuusamo (Wegelius); Salla (Frey); ,::,~,.,,: }Iuonio (ON, Montell); Pallastnntnrit OK); KittiHi (Silfvenius); Pelkosenniemi F:ey,; Lim Kantalax OS); Lv Lnmsjanr (Palmen); Le Saana (AN); MalIa (Frey, Hel); ,,-i:pisjard (sev. coll.); Onllastuuturit (JK, vVegelins); Ellolltekio (Hellman, Palme"ll); .::.: halo (ON, ET); Enarc-Inari (Hel, Vikberg); Karigasniemi (ON); Utsjoki (sev. eoll.); .::.: Fl. Lutto (B. Poppins). I)idyibution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, Europe and Greenland. 52 1\11 art'in lVI einander: N europtera and Mecoptera

Fig. 86. Fig. 87. Fig. 88. Fig. 89. ](. conci'nna K.4-tasc. K. enontek. ]{. nervosa

Fig. 90. Fig. 91. Fig. 92. Fig. 93. K.mortoni K. baltica K. rava I{. subneb. Fig. 86-93. The subgenital plate of the Kilnminsia-fenlale.

5. K. mortoni MeL. 1899. (K. killingtoni Morton in Fraser)

The face is a shiny black; cl}rpeus, labrum, genae and antennae are brnwn and epicranium is pale brown \vith a median, longitudinal black line. The thorax is blackish-brown laterally while medially there is a broad, longitu­ dinal, pale band with a dark median line on the pronotum. The legs are pale. The abdomen is dark. The forewings are relatively broad. The colour of fore­ wings resembles that of K. conci1~na. The species are, however, easy to sepa­ rate from each other (K. concinna has four and K. mortoni only three branches to Rs). The wings are broader and more yellowisll-red than those of ](. nervosa. The margin has alternating pale and dark spots. The hind"\vings are clear grey. Expanse 18-21 mm. Male genital seglnents fig. 66, paramer fig. 75, femal genital segment fig. 82 and subanal plate fig. 90. Seems to be confined to conifers. The species is spread over the entire country, 'but is rather scarce. Imagines in south Finland fronl lVlay to Sep­ tember, in north Finland from the end of June to the end of Jul:V. FAUNA FENNICA 13 53

Ab Abo (AN); Ruissalo (1J); N Helsingfors-Helsinki (sev. colI.); Lovisa (Rent); St Reposaari (Lauro); Huittinen (Lauro); Ta Birkkala (Gronblom); Saaksmaki (HeI); Somero (Kuusinen); Humppila (J. Joki); 1itti (1J); Lammi (JK); Sa Joutseno (ON, ET); Imatra (ON); Tb Pyhakki (F. Hackman); Rautalampi (HK); Sb Kuopio (Soininen); Kb Joensuu (ET); Ok Saraisniemi (Vuorentaus); Kajaani (HeI, J. Carpelan); Ob Uleaborg (Nylander); Lkenl lVluonio (ON); Le Enontekio (Helhnan); Kilpisjarvi (Helhnan, IJ, ]K); MalIa (JK, AX); Li Karigasniemi (ON); Utsjoki (HeI). The distribution is boreo-alpine: Sweden, Norway, Scotland and the alpine areas.

(6. K. baltica Tjed. 1931)

A small, pale species. Head, thorax, and legs are pale yellow. The abdomen is greyish­ brown. The forewings are yellowish and immaculate. There are three or four branches to Rs. Expanse 12-14 mln. ~lale genital segments fig. 6?, paramer fig. ?6, female genital segments fig. 83 and the subanal plate fig. 91. The species is kno'\vn only from Gotska Sandon, Denmark and Britain.

7. K. rava Withyc. 1923

The colour and shape of the forewings resemble those of K. enontekiensis. The head is black except for the brown epicraniunl. 'fhe thorax is dark brown "ith a longitudinal, dorsal, broad, cream-white band. The legs are pale. Ab­ domen is pale bro\vnish-grey. The membrane of the forewings is grey with a brownish tinge. The hindwings· are brownish-grey. Expanse 16-17 mm. ~Iale genital segments fig. 68, paramer fig. 77, fenlale genital segments fig. 84 and the subanal plate fig. 92. Confined to conifers. lVlap 19. Three records from Finland:

.v Helsingfors (6/1-52, 7/?-52, 18/1-52 ON). Distribution abroad: The British Isles.

8. K. subnebulosa Steph. 1836

.A. dull grey species \vhich resembles K. nervosa., but is usually a more uni­ colored grey. The only safe way of separating the two species is by the genital characters. The face is a shiny black; epicranium ochreous; post-ocular lobes blackish-brown and the antennae ochreous. The thorax is blackish-brown haying dorsally a broad, median, longitudinal, ochreous band. There is usually a median, dark, narrow black line on the pronotun1. The legs are pale; the abdomen is dark brown. The forewings are elongate and rather narrow. The membrane is covered with sagittate markings on the whole surface and does not have a clear space before the middle portion of CUI as in K. nervosa. The yeins are black with pale streaks. Expanse 16-20 mm. }vl artin NI einander: N europtera and Mecoptera

Male gertitalsegments fig. 69, paramer fig. 78, female genital segments fig. 85 and the sub anal plate fig. 9~L Seems to be confined to towns and villages. Only known from the south coast. Map 19.

Ab Turku (18/7-53 EE): N Hango OS); Tviirminne (AN); N Helsinki-Helsingfors (Almger, Hk~, Prey, Wegelius, Winter). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, Europe, Siberia, Tur­ kestan, Morocco and the United States.

5. Sympherobius Banks (1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 6: 209) The wings are sub equal. A recurrent humeral veinlet is present in the fore­ wing. In the hindwing M is forked beyond the first fork of Rs. CU2 is absent. There are very few cross-veins in the gradate series. The ninth sternite in the male is elongated into a long finger-like process. The lobes of the ninth ster­ nite of the female have a circular, unpigmented area from the centre of which rises a papilliform process. Three species are known in Eastern Fennoscandia.

Key to species

1. Two branches to Rs in the forewings (fig. 95) ...... 2. Three branches to Rs in the forewings (fig. 9'i)...... L S. fuscescens \Val1. 2. Venation offorewingwholly dark ...... 2. S. elegans Steph. Venation of forewing dark with ",-hitish interruptions...... :3. S. pygmaeus Ramb.

Pig. 9ft. S. juscescens Pig. 9.5. S. pygmaeus

Fig. 96. S. fuscescens Pig. 97. S. elegans Fig. 98. S. pygmaeui Fig. 94-95. Forewings of Syrnpherobius and 96-98 abdominal segments of Syrnphe!ll bius-male. FAUNA FENKICA 13 55

1. S. fuscescens Wall. 1863. (S. inconspicuus MeL.)

Head, thorax and abdomen are blackish-brown. The antennae are dark brown; the legs yellowish-grey. The forewings are uniformly pale greyish with an entirely fuscous venation. There are usually four cross-veins in the outer gradate series and five in the inner one. The hindwing is pale greyish-brown with usually one apical crossvein hetween Rl and R 2 • This uniform, small species resembles habitually Sisyra iuscata F. Expanse 10-12 mm. Forewing fig. 94, male genital segment fig. 96. The species is spread over all of Finland but is not common. Confined to coniferous trees. Imagines from June to August. Map 20.

At :'Iariehamn (Hel); Finstrom (Nordberg); Foglo (AN); Ab Korpo (Vegelius); Pargas IReut); Pyhajarvi (Vikberg); Karislojo-Karjalohja (Lmi, JS); Lojo (HkL, PHL); N Hango IJ8); Tyiinninne (sev. colI); Snappertuna (HK); Esbo (Karvonen); Helsingfors (ON); Ka Tytarsaari (Hel); Viipuri (ET); Ik Kuolemajarvi (1'11); Ta Lammi (JK); Palkane (M. Hel­ len); Sa joutseno (ET); Imatra (ON); Kl Valamo; Tb Viitasaari (vVH); Om Haapavesi lOX); Li Inari kk (Vikberg); Lps Petsamo (HkL). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces and Europe.

2. S. elegans Steph. 1836

Head, thorax and abdomen blackish-brown. The antennae are black except the hvo basal segments, which are pale brown. The membrane of the forewings is whitish-grey, heavily marked with fuscous mottlings. The venation is all blackish. There are four cross-veins in the outer and five in the inner gradate series of cross-veins. The hindwings are brownish-grey. Expanse 10-12 mm . .Jlale genital segments fig. 97. This species has not previously heen reported from Finland. I found a single specimen in colI. Hellen:

At Hammarland (Hel). Distribution abroad: Sweden, the Baltic Provinces and Europe, rare.

3. S. pygmaeus Ramb. 1842 The face is ochreous-brown with a varying amount of black at the sides. The epicranium is brown. The basal third of the antennae are pale yellow, strongly annulated with dark brown; the middle third is pale yellow; and the apical third brown. The thorax is dark brown with a median, pale yellowish­ brown vitta. The abdomen is dark brown. The legs are pale yellowish-grey. The forewings are pale greyish, mottled with pale fuscous spaces. The venation is dark with whitish interruptions. The hindwings are pale grey. Expanse 8-10 mm. 56 M a11 tin M einander: N europtera and Mecoptera

Forewing fig. 95, male genital segments fig. 98. Perhaps confined to oaks. Only in southwestern Finland, and very rare.. Imagines from June to August. J.\;Iap 20.

At Geta (30/6-45 AN); Foglo, Bano (20/6-39, 25/6---:39, 29/6--:39, 6/'7--:19 AN); Ab Lojo (1 '//8-18, 15/8-23, 18/8-23, '10/8-34 IIkL); N Tvarminne (AN). Distribution abroad: Sweden, the Baltic Provinces and Europe.

6. Megalomus Ramb. (1842, Hist Nat. Ins. Nevropt.: 418)

The wings are subequal. A recurrent humeral veinlet is present in the fore .. wings. The costal area is very wide. In the forewings there are six or seven branches to Rs. One species in Fennoscandia.

1. M. hirtus L. 1761

The head and thorax are blackish-brown with some fuscotts nlarkings. The legs are ochreous, and abdomen is brown. The fore'~7ings are broadly oval with rounded apex. The membrane of the forewings is almost colourless, n1arked with greyish-brown transverse streaks. The venation is whitish, interrupted by short, dark brown streaks. The hindwings are pale greyish-brown. Forewing fig. 35. Megalomus hirtus is usually found in herbage. Not uncommon in southern Finland. Imagines from June to August. Map 21.

£41 Eckero (HkL, AN, ET); Halnnlarland (HeI); 1\tIariehall1n-1\tIaarianhamina (Hell­ man, HkL); Finstrom (HeI); Jomala (Hel); Geta (HeI, B. Poppius, ET); Saltvik (HkL); Lemland (HeI); Foglo (AN, R. Forsius); Brando (HeI, 'Vikstroln); Sottunga (HkL); K5kar (Hel, HkL); Ab Nystad (HeI); Ispoinen (Lmi); Pargas (Frey, AN, Reut); Korpo (Wegelius); Nagu, K~ildo (G. Aberg); Rytkijarvi (Ingelius); Finby (R. EHving); Bronlarf (HeI); Karis­ Iojo (JS); Lojo-Lohja (Forsius, IJ, HkL, PHL); N Hango, Taktoll1 (HkL); Tvarminne (sev. coIl.); Ekenas (HkL, D.-S. Lindberg, MM); Snappertuna (K.-E. Sundstrom); Inga (HkL); Kyrkslatt (Frey); Helsingfors-Helsinki (sev. col1.); Tuusula (Tuomikoski); Nurmi· jarvi (HkL); Lovisa (Reut); Ka St. Andreae (lIel); \Tiborg (IIel); Jaaski ("Valle); Ik Kuo­ lemajarvi (SiHvenius); Pyhajarvi (PHL); Rautu (K. J. Ehnberg); l\1etsapirtti (Frey); St Lavia (Winter); Vlane (JS); Karkku (HeI); Ta Teisko (JS); P. Pirkkala (GronbIom); Sahalahti (HeI); Palkane (Ranin, Vikberg); Sa Taipalsaari (Hel); Ilnatra (ON); Ruokolahti (ON); Punkasaltni (ON); Rantasahni (HeI); Kl Parikkala (HeI); Kirjavalaks (B. Poppius); Ko1 Petrosawodsk (Gunther); Tb Keuru (E. Elmgren); Jyvaskyla ('VH); Sb I"eppavirta (Wegelius); Kuopio (Frey, EHving); Kon Jalguba (JS); Tiutia (HeI). Distribution abroad: S,veden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces and Europe. FAUN.A. FENNICA 13 57

7. Drepanopteryx Leach. (1815, Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia 9: 138) The wings are subequal. The forewings are falcate, with a very "ride costal area. There are a numerous branches to Rs and three complete series of gradate cross-veins. A recurrent humeral veinlet is present. One species.

1. D. phalaenoides L. 1758 The largest Hemerobiid of Fennoscandia. Head, thorax and abdomen are rather unicolored ochreous-brown. The forewings are falcate and ochreous­ brown. There are two transverse fasciae along the two outer series of cross­ veins. The hindwings are pale transparent grey. Expanse 29-311: mm. Forewing fig. 36. On deciduous trees and bushes in southern Finland, not common. Imagines from 1t'Iay to September. l\tlap 22.

At ~Iariehamn (AN); Finstr6m (lVL v. Schantz); Ab Turku-Abo (EE, ~L v. Schantz); Xagu, Hogsar (On Prunus domesticus AN); Pargas (Rent. E. Rent); Lojo (HkL); Pyha­ jan-i (Clayhills); N Ekenas; Esbo (Brander, AN); Snappertuna (N. lVlalmstrom); Helsing­ iors-Helsinki (sev. colI.) Rajan~aki (H. Suolnalainen); Borga-Porvoo (~hlqvist, E. Suo­ malainen, Juho Alvas); Ik Kuokkala (Hellman); St Tyrvaa, Sammaljoki (Lauro); Ta Teisko (H. Aejmelaeus); P. Pirkkala (Gronblom); Saaksmaki (Kivirikko); Hattula ('Ve­ gelius); Hauho (HeI); I.(empaala (0. Sotavalta); Kark6Ui (Clayhills); Lammi (JK, E. Suo­ malainen); Sa Lappee (ON); Kl Parikkala (HkL); Sortavala (ON); Sb Han~inanlahti (Fabritius); Kuopio (Fabritius); Kb Kitee (JK, ET); Polvijarvi (J. Carpelan); Pyhaselkfi (~rannelin). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces and Europe.

Faro. 5. C h r y s .0 p ida e l\Iedium-sized, often green insects. Antennae long, basal segment s\vollen, other segments cylindrical, longer than broad. Compound eyes well devel­ oped, haemisphaerical and shiny'. Ocelli absent. \Vings are large and subequal. Pterostigma variable, in some species very distinct, in other less. Sc and Rl not fused apically. Costal area in fore\ving broad, in hind\ving narrower, costal veinlets sitnple. Subcostal area narrow in both wings. Rs follows a zig-zag course and has a lot of branches, which are connected by cross-veins. lV1 branched near the base of the wings. R, Rs, IV! and Cu connected by numerous branches or cross-veins. Abdomen has ten segments. Larvae are carnivorous and hunt small insects such as aphids on the leaves, branches and trunks of trees. Are thus of a very large economical importance. The family has an world-vvide distribution. From Finland 13 species are kno,\Yll, many of which are very conlnlon. 58 ~1J arlin :.v] einander: N europtera and J.\!Iecoptera

R Rs M1 2 M

CU1

Fig. 99. Fig. 1(('.

y x

Fig. '101. Fig. 102. Fig. 10~~.

Fig. '105. Fig. 106.

Fig. 99. The typical fore,ving of a male Chyysopa ilava. ·I~'ig. 100. The basal part of a forewing of C. carnea, fig. 101 the same of aU other Chrysopa-species and fig. 102, the sanle of N othochrysa sp. (x, the intra-median cell.; y, the basal cross-vein between Rs and lVl1 +2). Fig. 103. 1'he tarsal cla'w of C. abbreviata, fig. 104. the same of C. phyllochroma. Fig. 105. The basal segnlents of the antennae of C. vittata, fig. 106. the sanle of C. jlar£1.

Kev~ to ~o-enera

1. Colour luai111y green. First intra-luedian cell of fore- tving ovale, threesided (fig. 101) ...... L Chrysopa Leach. p. 5~ Colour nlainly brov~7n. First intra-tnedian cell of forewing oblong, foursided (fig. 'lO:!) ...... 2. N othochrysa :\IcL. p. ~'~

1. Chrysopa Leach (1815 Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia 9: 138) lVledium-sized mainly green insects, often marked with black. First intra­ median cell of forewing small and ovale, three-sided. ThIl of both pairs of ,ving~ FAUN... f\. FENNICA '13 59 follo\ys a straight line (zig-zag in Nothochrysa), and terminates at the lower cross-vein of outer gradate series of cross-veins (inner gradate series of Notho­ chrysa). A very common genus with an world-vvide distribution.

Key to species

1. ~-\. black spot or a X-formed marking between the antennae...... 2. XO black l11arking or spot between the antennae ... 9. ;) Head with a X-formed marking with the centrum between the antennae ...... :1. Head with a sinlple black spot between the an- tennae ...... 5. :"L Subcosta of forewing green ...... 4. Subcosta of fore,,,~ing black...... 15. C. dorsalis BurIn . .t. The marking on the head behind the antennae do not form a closed circle, but a A-fornled marking (fig. 111) ...... 14. C. walkeri ~IcL. The black markings on the head closed posteriorly (fig. 110) ...... '1 H. C. chrJ/sops I~. ;j. Second segment of antennae marked \vith black ... t'. Second segment of antennae concolorous ~'ith the first, greenish ...... S. t~ One black spot on the head behind each of the antennae ...... 7.

XO black spot behind the antennae (fig. 109) ...... 12. C. dasypte1~a lVlcI4 • - Yertex \vith two black spots behind the antennae but else'where green (fig. 108). Cla,",'s simple (fig. 104) ...... 1 L C. phyllochrolna \Vesln. Yertex \vith two black spots behind the antennae and behind the spots a curved trans verse line (fig. cl07). Clavvs dilated (fig. 10~i) ...... 10. C. abbreviata Curt. tl. The costa of forewing with a small blackish spot at the base. Abdomen ventrally black ...... 9. C. ventralis Curt. - .. A.bdomen ventrally green ...... ssp. prashza BurIn. The costa of forewing \\rith no blackish spot at the base ...... 8. C. septenlpunctata Wesm.

iJ. Basal cross-vein bet\veen Rs and .:\11+2 beyond the apex of the intra-lnedian cell ...... 7. C. carnea Steph. Basal cross-vein between Rs and ~11+2 before the apex of the intra-median cell ...... 10. hi. Costal margin of forewing strongly excised ...... 1. C. flava Scop. Costal nlargin of forewing not excised ...... 11. t 1. Basal segment of antennae scarcely longer than broad (fig. t 06) ...... 12. Basal seglnent of antennae t,",°ice as long as broad (fig. 105) ...... 2. C. vittata Wesll1. f:' Ciliation of \ying-margins long and outstanding .. . ~J. C. ciliata 'Vesm. 60 J11 arlin }\leinander: N europtera and Mecoptera

Ciliation of wing-Il1argins short and not outstand- ing ...... 1:1. 13. Head wholly unspotted, expanse over 3.7 em ...... 4. C.impunctata Rent. Head marked with black or red, expanse less than 3.2 em ...... '14. 1 '1. Head yellowish, sides of the face marked with red or reddish-brown, forewings \vith a small blackish dot at the base of the costa...... 5. C. flavitrons Br. Head green, a black spot on each gena, forewings without a blackish spot at the base of the costa ... 6. C. albolineata Kill.

1. C. flava Scop. 1763

A large, pale yellowish-green species, very much resembling C. vittata, from \vhich it may be separated by the shape of the basal segment of the antennae (in C. vittata it is almost twice as long as broad [fig. 105-106J). The head is usually immaculate yellowish-green. The antennae are yello\v. The thorax is immaculate, but usually with a median, longitudinal, broad yello\v vitta. The legs are pale green; tarsi pale brown. The costal vein of forewing rises abruptly at the base and then curves inward. This character is always very distinct in the male but often rather difficult to notice in the female. The venation is usuall~y pale and only basally there may be some darker markings. The ab­ domen is usually immaculate. Expanse about 40 mm. l\Iale forewing fig. 99, basal segments of the antennae fig. 106. In deciduous woods in southern Finland. Imagines from the end of lVIay to September. l\Iap 23.

At lVlaarianhamina (Hellnlan); F6g16 (Forsius); .Ab Nadendal (HK); Runsala-Ruis­ salo (EE, Frey, HK); Abo-Turku (HK, 'Valle); Nagu (HK); Pargas (AN, Reut); Karis­ lojo (JS); lV Tvarminne (.A.L, AN); Helsingfors-Helsinki (IJ, AL, AN, Wegelius); Borga (AN); I k Kuolemajarvi (MI); Terijoki (Winter); Kuokkala (Hellman); St lVletsamaa (1J); Ta Jokioinen Inkila, A. \lare); Lammi (JK). Distribution abroad: S\veden, Nor\vay, the Baltic Provinces and Europe.

2. C. vittata Wesm. 1841

The largest of our Chrysopa-species. The colour in living specimens is green. but soon after death turns to pale yellovv. The head, thorax and abdomen are pale and unicolored. The long basal segnlent of the antenna gives a good character (fig. 105). The legs are pale, tarsi a little darker. The venation i~ almost wholly pale; pterostigma is indistinct. E:xpanse about 40 mm. Basal segments of the antennae fig. 105. In deciduous woods in southern Finland. Imagines during the whole sum­ mer. Map 24. FA UN .l\ FENNlCA '13 6'1

Fig. 107. C. abbrev. I~ig. 'l08. C. phyllochr. Fig. 109. C. dasypt.

Fig. 110. C. chrysops :Fig. 111. C. walke1'i Fig. 112. C. dorsalis Fig. 107-112. The head and part of the thorax of sonle Chrysopa-species.

Ab Runsala-Ruissalo (EE, Frey, HK); Abo-Turku (EE, HK, Ranin); Pargas (AN, Reut, E. Reuter); Stromllla (Hellman); Hiittinen (1J); Karis (HkL); Karislojo (Frey, PHL, ON, JS); Lojo (HkL. PHL, AL); Vichtis (Frey); N Tvarminne (Kanerva, AI, AN); Snappertuna (HK); KyrksHitt (T. Brander); Helsingfors (sev. col1.); Borga (AN, P. Suo­ malainen); Ka Seiskari (ET); \Tehkalahti (Fagerstrom); Viborg-\Tiipuri (ET); Jaaski iYalle); Ik Kuolemajarvi (IVI1); Rautus (JS); Sakkola (Federley); St Reposaari (Lauro); Ta ~Iessuby (Gronblolll); Birkkala (Gronblom); Kangasala (Frey); Urjala (Brander); So­ mero (Kuusinen); Jokioinen (A. 'Tare); Luopioinen; Lamllli (JK); Asikkala (TUOlllikoski); Kah'ola (Hellman); Jamsankoski, (Bergholm); Sa Lappvesi (Silfvenius); 1matra (ON); Ruokolahti (ON); Rantasalmi (Pylkkanen); Kl Simpele (0. Siitonen); Jaakkitna (lVlon­ telL JS); Kirjavalaks (JS); Sortavala (P. Suomalainen); IInpilaks (P. SuoIllalainen); Kol Petrosa'wodsk (Gunther); Tb Suolahti (D. Hemdal); Sb Kuopio (F'abritius); Tuusniemi \JK); \~ehmersalmi (Kankkunen); Maaninka (Heino); Kb Juuka (Wegelius). Distribution abroad: S"veden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces. Europe and Siberia. 62 .1\1 artin J.11 einander : N europtera and :Mecoptera

3. C. ciliata Wesm. 1841. (C. alba auct.) A pale whitish species with immaculate head, thorax and abdomen. The ninth sternite of the male is very elongated. The \vings have rather long out­ standing cilia on the costal margin. The longitudinal veins are whitish, \vhile the cross-veins and the costal veinlets are blackish. Expanse 22-30 mm. In deciduous woods in southern Finland. Imagines from May to Sep­ tember. Map 25.

At ]omala (Frey); Ab Runsala-Ruissalo (EE, HK); Abo (HK); St. Karins (HK); Pemar (HK); Karislojo (HkL, ON, ]S); Lojo (HkL); Vichtis (Frey); N Hango (HK); Snappertuna (HK); Degero (AN); Fredriksberg (AN); Ka Viborg (AN); Ik Kuolemajaryi (MI); Ta Tammela (Gronvall); Somerniemi (Gronvall); Sa Imatra (ON); Rautjarvi (01\); I{t Simpele (0. Siitonen, ON). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces and Europe.

4. C. impunctata Reut.

The head is immaculate; the antennae are pale in the basal fifth, while the other four-fifths are blackish brown. The body is greenish with a very distinct dorsal, yellowish vitta on the thorax. The legs are pale green and the claws are dilated at the base. C. inllpunctata is habitually very similar to ('. septem­ punctata, fron1 which it is separated by the absence of darker markings on the head, and by genital characters. Only the female is known. Expanse about 40mm. The species is extremely scarce, only four specimens are known:

A b Pargas (Reut), two specimens. Sweden: Upl. Uppsala 5/7-34 (E. Orstadius) and Snl.

(5. C. flavifrons Br. 1851.)

A green species, whose colour fades to pale yello\v after death. It resembles C. ciliata from which it is separated by the black-banded palpi, and C. albolineata from which it is separated by the headnlarkings. The head is yellow and marked with reddish between the eyes and the Inouth. The palpi are greenish with strong black markings. the basal segment is usually all black. The antennae are, except the first two segments which art green, brownish-white and apically darker. The thorax is green, usually with a whitish. longitudinal, median, dorsal vitta. Prothorax has usually a S-formed line on both side~. The legs are pale greenish; tarsi brownish with dilated claws. The abdomen is pale green and imlnaculate. All the longitudinal veins are green; most of the costal veinlets and the basal cross-veins are black with a median green part. Expanse 26-30 mnl. Known from both Sweden and Norway, but not from Finland. Distribution: Europe, Siberia, the Middle East and North Africa. FAUNA FENNICA '13 63

(6. C. albolineata Kill. 1935. (C. tenella Schn.)

A small, pale green species. The head is green with a black spot on each gena and on each side of the clypeus. The palpi are pale green, externally marked with fuscous. The antennae are, except the two first green segments, yellowish-white becoming apically brownish-white. The legs are pale green with pale brown tarsi. The claws are dilated. The longitudinal veins of the wings are pale green. The costal veinlets of the forewings are only black on the posterior part (in C. tlav'itrons they are black at both ends). The cross-veins are usually black at both elids. Expanse 21--28 mm. Known from both Sweden and Norway, but not from Finland. Distribution.- Europe.

7. C. carnea Steph. 1839. (C. vulgaris Schn.)

A small, pale green species with a yellowish, dorsal, median vitta. Easily separated from all our other species by the venation-character mentioned in the species-key. In overwintering imagines the colour turns in autumn to reddish yellow. The head is usually green with a reddish line on the genae. Thorax and abdomen are green with a dorsal, yellovvlsh vitta. The legs are pale green \vith brownish tarsi and dilated claws. The veins of the wings are a11 green. Expanse 24-30 mm. TJEDER is of the opinion that C. vulgaris Schn. and C. carnea Steph. are different species, separated by genital structures. (TJEDER: Neuroptera from the Azores and Madeira. - Comm. BioI. Soc. Sc. Fenn. VIII. 13.) If this is proven correct, the name of our species must be changed to C. vulgaris Schn. Forewing fig. 100. Our most common Chrysopa-species. In southern Finland extremely com­ mon in deciduous as well as coniferous woods. It may also be captured from hedges and herbageous plants. Imagines occur in every month of the year; in winter usually inside houses, often in masses. The species has been very much collected in Southern Finland, and therefor the collectors have not been mentioned. Map 26 .

.i l Eckero; Haml11arland; lVIaarianhamina; Geta; Finstr0111.; Jomala; Saltvik; Sund; Lemland; Foglo; Ab Nadendal; Rymattyla; Abo-Turku; Runsala-Ruissalo; St Karins; Ispois; Korpo, Jurmo; Nagu; Pargas; Kusto; Sauvo; Finby; Hitis; Tenala; Bromarf; Karis; Karislojo-Karjalohja; Saml11atti; Nummis; Lohja-Lojo; Vichtis; N Tvarminne; Ekenas; Snappertuna; lng"\'; Degerby; KyrksHitt; Sjundea; Esbo; Boback; Helsingfors-Helsinki; Borga; Stromfors; Ka Vehkalahti (Fagerstrom); P. Tytarsaari (Hel); Seiskari (ET); Ik Kuolemajarvi (Ml); St Reposaari (Lauro); Lavia (\Vinter); Ylane (JS); Ta lVIessuby (Frey); Tampere (Saarinen); Birkkala (Gronblom); Urjala (Brander); Humppila (J. Joki); Jokioi­ nell (A. Yare, lnkila); Somera (Kuusinen); Tammela (Kuusinen); Ypajii (Kantee); Forssa (Kapyla); Somerniel11i (Kuusinen); Hattula (A. Wegelius); Asikkala (Hellman); Kalvola iHellman); Lammi (JK); Heinola CWinter); Sa Joutseno (ET); Ruokolahti (ON); Imatra !OX\; Punkaharju (ON); Kl Kiikisalmi (Winter); Hiitola (0. Siitonen); Oa Bjorko (AN); lV/artin JVleinander: Neuroptera and Mecoptera

-Vasa (Waselius); Nurmo (JK); Sb Kuopio (tnus. Kuopio); Otn Nykarleby (Gronvall); ·G-amlakarleby (Hellstrom); Ob Tervola (0. Siitonen); Lps YHiluostari (26/6-38 IJ). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, Europe, Asia, North America and North Africa.

8. C. septempunctata WeSID. 1841 A rather large, pale green species. The head is yellowish-green with a black spot between the antennae, below each antenna, on each gena, and on each side of the clypeus (altogether seven black spots). The antennae are whitish­ brown and apically darker (except the two first segments which are yellowish­ green). The thorax is green with a dorsal, median, longitudinal, yello\vish vitta. The legs are green with pale brown tarsi. The claws are dilated. The abdomen is green, often blackish-green. The longitudinal veins of the wings are green; the cross-veins are often medially black; the costal veinlets are black with \vhitish ends. The pterostigma is conspicuous. Expanse 30-40 mm. In southern Finland rather common in bushes and on herbaceous plants. Imagines occur from 1Ylay to August. lVlap 27.

Ai lVIaarianhamina (Hellman); Finstron1. (AN); Brando (HkL); Kokar (HkL); Ab Korpo, Jurmo (M1\1:); Houtskar (AN); Abo-Turku (HK, Ranin); Runsala (HK); Raisio (EE); Koski T.1. (A. Laine); Pargas (HK, AN, Rent); Hiittinen (IJ); Finby (Elfving); Bromarf (Stora); Karislojo (ON, JS); Lojo (HkL, PHL); N Hango (HkL, JS); Tvarminne (sev. coll.); Snappertuna (HK); Kyrkslatt (Reut); Esbo (Elmgren); Helsingfors-Helsinki (sev. col1.); Borga, Seitlax (AN); Lovisa (AN); Stromfors (Gronvall); Ka Vehkalahti (Fa­ gerstrom); Seiskari (ET); Tytarsaari (Auternen); \,~iipuri (\T. Lofgren); Koivisto-Bjorko (AN); Ik Kuokkala (Hellman); St Lavia (Winter); Ta Tammerfors (C. Lundahl); Sahalahti (D. Hemdal); Forssa (lVL Kapyla); Somero (J.I(uusinen); Tammela (GronvaU); Heinola (ON); Lammi (JK); Harmoinen (Hellnlan); Jamsankoski (Bergholm); Sa Joutseno (ET); Imatra (ON); Ruokolahti (ON); Kl Sordavala (Silfvenius); Kol Soutjarvi (Hel); Kb Korpi­ selka (K. J. Ehnberg). Distribution abroad: S,veden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, Europe and Asia.

9. C. ventralis Curt. 1834 A pale green species. The head is pale green with a black spot between the antennae, on each gena, and on each side of the clypeus. The vertex sometimes has a brown spot behind each antenna. The antennae are usually concolorous \vith the head. The thorax is yellowish-green vvith brown spots. The abdomen is dorsally green and ventrally black. The legs are pale yellowish-green "'1th brownish tarsi and dilated claws. The longitudinal veins are pale green; the cross-veins and the costal veinlets are blackish. The pterostigma is distinct. Expanse 26-33 mm. Rather common in all kinds of vegetation in southern Finland. Imagines froIn June to August. l\[ap 28. FAUNAFENNICA 13 65

At ::\faarianhamilla (Hellman); SaltYik (Frey); Fiustrom (HkL); Lemlulld (IJ, Hel); FogH) (AN); Briinda, Lappo (HkL); Ab Rymiittylii (EE); Runsala (HK); Abo-Turku (Frey, IJ, Ranin); Nagu (HK. AN. Frey); Pargas (HK. Reut); Hitis (HK); Uskela (Miik­ lin); Sammatti OS); Karislojo (ON, JS); Lojo-Lohja (HkL. Rantalainen); N Hango (Krogerus); Tvarrninne (sev. col1.); Ekenas (Hel, HK); Snappertuna (HK); lngii (HkL. HK. JS); Esbo (Hel, Holmstrom); Helsingfors (sev. coll.); Pornainen (T. Putkonen); Borga (AN); Ka Vehkalahti (Fagerstrom); Viipuri (ET); Antrea (ET); JiHiski (Valle); Ik Kuolemajiirvi (MI); Rautus (PHL); Sf YUine (JS); Ta Orivesi US); Liingelmiiki (Kontu­ nienii); Birkkala (Gronblom); Kangasala (Frey); Piilkiine (Ranin); Siiiiksrniiki (Hel); rrjala (Brauder); Somero (J. Kuusinen); Tammela (Gronvall); Asikkala (Tuomikoski); Kalvola (Hellman); Sa lmatl'a (ON); Nyslott (Carlenius); Kl Parikkala (JS); Kirjavalaks US); Hiitola (0. Siitonen); Salmis OS); Oa Petalaks (HkL); Sb Kuopio (Frey); Kb Kitee (OX); Juuka CWegelius); Om Jakobstad (Stora, Sjoholrn); Pedersore (Sjohohn). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, The Baltic Provinces. Europe and the ~Iiddle East.

ssp. prasina Burm. 1839.

Similar to the type-form, but the abdomen 1S ventrally green. In south-western Finland, but rarely. Map 28.

At Finstrom (HkL); .lIb Rymiittylii (EE); Ruissalo (EE); Pargas (HK); Uskela (Miik­ lin); Karislojo (on Querqus robur ON); 1\1 Hango (Krogerus); Tvarminne (HK, AN); Ekenii.s (HK); Snappertuna (HK); Helsingfors (Gronvall); Borg{t (AN).

10. C. abbreviata Curt. 1834 A small, deep-green species which resembles C. phyllochroma and C. da­ s)'ptera from which it is easily separated by the head-markings. The head is green with a black marking on the anterior margin of the antennal sockets a large spot between the antennae which is sometimes almost X-shaped, one spot just behind the antennae, and a long, curved, transverse line along the posterior margin. The basal segment of the antennae is swollen and green, marked with black. The second segment is almost wholly black, and the rest of the antennae is yellowish-brmvn. The thorax is green with a lot of black markings. The legs are pale, the tarsal cla\vs are dilated. The abdomen is green and sometimes marked with black. The venation is green and variably marked with black. Expanse 22 - 25 mm. Head and part of the thorax fig. 107, tarsal davY fig. 103. Rather common along the south coast of Finland, but elsewhere in the area rare. ':\1ost of the specimens have been taken from the vegetation of costal sandshores. Imagines only in June and the beginning of July. Map 29.

Ab Korpo, Jurmo (AN); Uskela (lVHiklin); Karislojo OS); Lojo (HkL, PHL); N Hango (:;ey. coll.); Tyiirminne (sev. coll.); Lappvik (Frey); Kyrksliitt (Reut); Helsingfors-Helsinki (51"\'. coIl.); Lovisa (Reut); Ka Hogland (Sievers); Tytarsaari (Hel); P. Tytiirsaari (Hel);

i 66 )11 artin JV! einander: Neuroptera and Mecoptera

Seiskari (ET); JiHiski (Valle); Ik Kuolemajarvi (lVII); Sakkola (HeI, Federley); Kone'wits (Frey); St Ahlainen (ET); Ta Kuhmois (K. Ehnberg); Sa \Villmanstrand (Westerlund); Ruokolahti (ON); Imatra (ON); Nyslott (Carlenius); Rantasalmi (Westerlund); Kl Keks­ holm (Tengstroln); Parikkala (HkL); Sordavala (SiHvenius); Impilahti (P. Suomalainen); Salmis (JS); Oa Nykarleby (Stora); Tb Pihlajavesi (JS); Kon Semsjarvi (Carpelan); Ks Paanajarvi (Ekman). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, Europe, A.sia minor and Persia.

11. C. phyllochroma Wesm. 1841

A small, deep green species. The tarsal claws are simple and not dilatedas in C. abbreviata. The head is green \vith black markings, except the labrum which is ochreous. On the vertex there are two black spots, one behind each antennae as in C. abbreviata, but in contrast to C. dasyptera. There is no curved line along the posterior margin as in C. abbreviata. The basal segment of the antennae is green. The second is pale yello\vish-green annulated \vith black and the rest of the antennae is pale bro\vn. The thorax is green with black hairs and usually with some brown or black spots. Prothorax has a transverse and a longitudinal impressed line. The legs are pale green with pale bro\vn tarsi. The abdomen is green. The venation of the wings is mainly green \vith black hairs. Basally there are some black vein-parts. The pterostigma is green and distinct. Expanse 25-28 nlm. Head and part of thorax fig. 108, tarsal claws fig. 104. The species is rare in Finland, and occurs only in the south part. Imagines are taken in June and July. lVlap 30.

At Eckero (Lydecken); Geta (HkL); Saltvik (HkL); Ab Korpo, Jornlo (.i1N); Nagu (I~rey, AN); Karislojo (JS); Lojo (HkL); N Hango (JS); Tvarminne (HkL, Stora); Lapp- . vik (Frey); Snappertuna (HK); Kyrkslatt (Reut); Helsingfors (sev. colI.); Borga (AN); Lovisa (AN, Reut); Ka \Tiborg (PHL); Koivisto-Bjorko (AN); Jaaski (Valle); lk Rautu (PHL); Sakkola (G. Aberg); lVletsapirtti (Pulkkinen); Ta Tammerfors (C. Lundahl); l\Iessu­ by (Frey); Tammela (Gronvall); .A.sikkala (Hellman); Kalvola (Valle); Loppi (Ahnger): Sa Imatra (ON); Nyslott (Lydecken); Kl Simpele (0. Siitonen); Jaakkima (JS); Ko! Petrosawodsk (Gunther); Kon Semsjarvi (Carpelan). Distl/ibution abroad: S\veden, Nor\vay, the Baltic Provinces, Europe, Asia minor and Caucasus.

12. C. dasyptera MeL. 1872. (C. minima (Kilj.)

A small, green species. The head is green \vith a black spot bet\veen the antennae and a spot on each gena. The vertex is, in contrast to C. abbreviail! and C. phyllochroma, unicolored. The antenpae are ochreous. The first segment is swollen and unicolored; the second segment is marked \vith black. The thorax is a unicolor green with black hairs. .l\.bdomen is mainly green. The FAUNA FENNICA 13 67 legs are pale green with pale ochreous tarsi. The veins of the wings are green or uncolored. The pterostigma is green. Expanse 16-22 mm. Head and part of thorax fig. 109. The species has an eastern distribution and is rather uncommon in Fin­ land. Imagines have been taken in June and July. Map 32.

Ka Raisala (HeI); Ik Sakkola; Sa Nyslott (Carlenius); Imatra (ON); Kl Kexholm (Karvonen); Simpele (ON); Parikkala (JS); J aakkima (JS); Kirjavalaks (JS); Sb (Levan­ der); Nilsia (Frey); Kuopio (Levander). Distribution abroad: Russia.

13. C. chrysops L. 1743. (C. perla Schn. et auct. nec. L.) A bluish-green species, extensively marked with black. The head is greatly marked with black, on the vertex a broad black line forms a closed circle which posteriorly is connected to a transverse black band. The markings vary but the circle is constantly closed, and thus is a good character for separating this species from C. dorsalis and C. walkeri. On the ventral side of the head there is a large black spot. The basal segment of the antennae is svvollen and basally black; the second segment is mainly black and the following segments are yellow. Prothorax has a median, longitudinal, impressed line and four large irregular spots. Meso- and metathorax are yellowish and spotted with black. The legs are pale. The pterostigma is very distinct, the longitudinal veins are pale grass-green, the costal veinlets and the cross-veins of the fore­ wing are black. The veins of the hindwings 'are green, except some basal cross­ veins and costal veinlets.Abdomen is bluish-green with black markings .. Expanse 24-30 mm. Head and part of thorax fig. 110. \Tery common, especially in deciduous woods in all Fennoscandia, except Lapland. Inlagines from May to September. lVlap 31.

At Eckero; Maarianhalnina; Geta; Finstrom; Saltvik; Foglo; Sottunga; Kokar; Ab Nystad; Luonnonmaa; Runsala-Ruissalo; Rusko; ....\bo; St. Karins; Petuar; Pargas; Korpo~ Jurnlo; Nagu; Hitis; Finby; Karuna; Uskela; Bjarna; Pojo; Karis; Karislojo; Salumatti; Lojo; Pusula; Vichtis; N Tvarminne; Ekenas; Snappertuna; Kyrkslatt-Kirkkonummi; Inga; Nothamn; Esbo; Helsingfors-Helsinki; Sibbo; Thusby; Borga; Pornainen; Ka Hog­ land: Yehkalahti; Jaaski; 'Viipuri; St. Artdreae-Antrea; Koivisto-Bjorko; Ik Kuolenlajarvi; Kh·ennapa; Rautus; Kuokkala; Sakkola; lVletsapirtti; lVluola; St Reposaari; Lavia; Koy- 1iO; Karkku; Ta Tammerfors; l\fessuby; Birkkala; Kangasala; Palkane; Sonlero; Ypaja; 'trjala; Kalvola; Forssa; Tammela; Hattula; Hameenlinna; Janakkala; Lammi; Asikkala; Iitti; Sa Luulnaki; Lappvesi; Joutseno; Imatra; Ruokolahti; l\fantyharju; Rantasalmi; Nyslott; KI Simpele; Parikkala; Sordavala-Sortavala; Kirjavalaks; Ruskeala; Inlpilaks; Kol Petrosa\vodsk; Soutjarvi; Aunus; Oa Kristinestad; Narpes; Petalaks; Bergo; Vasa; Ylistaro; Xurmo; Tb Jyvaskyla; Rautalampi; \7"iitasaari; Pihtipudas; Sb Jorois; Kuopio; Yelunersalmi; Suonenjoki; I-Ieinavesi; NilsHi; Iisahni; Kb Kitee; Joensuu; Juuka; Kaavi; 68 }lIartin ;]1 eiJZander: ~europtera and lVIecoptera

Kontiolahti; Eno; Liperi; I{on, Jalgnba; Tern; Selllsjarvi; Karhuln~iki; Onl Jakobstad; Pedersore; G,alulakarleby; Oulainell; Haapavesi; Ok Saraislliend; Kajana-Kajaani; Hyryn­ salmi; Ob Karla; Uleaborg: Pello; Kivijarvi; Rovanielni; Ks Kuusalllo; Salla; Lkenl l\Ino­ nio; Pallastnntnrit; Kenlijarvi by; Le Enontekio. Distribtdion abroad: Svveden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, Europe and Asia.

14. C. 'lvalkeri (Br.) MeL. 1893

A green species strongl)T nlarked \vith black. The head is yello\vish and marked with black; from tIle middle of the vertex extending forwards is a r­ formed marking \vhich is thickened towards the tips. This marking is never closed to a circle as by~ C. chrysops. The antennae are yellow, the first segment is swollen and basally marked ,vith black, the second segment is wholly black. The sides of the tll0rax are black, but the dark markings are more or less divided into two spots on either side. l\leso- and metathorax are strongly, but irregularly marked ,",'ith black. The longitudinal veins of forewings are green. the cross-veins and costal veinlets are black. The veins of hindwings are paler. Head and part of thorax fig. 111.

Only two spechnens have been captured in Finland. They are labeled: Carel, Chy­ denius. Distribution abroad: Southern Europe.

15. C. dorsalis Burm. 1839

A brownisl1-green species profusely marked with black. trhe head is yel­ lowish with black markings. A black band surrounds the antennal sockets whence a broad line runs backwards behind each antenna. Posteriorly it be­ comes browner and paler. 1'hey do not form a closed circle as in C. chrysops. 1'he first segment of the antennae is s,vollen and pale, the second is marked with black, and the follovving segments are pale yellovvish-brown. Prothorax i is yellowish-green, broadly bordered ,vith black. There are, moreover, a me­ dian, longitudinal, black line and a transverse impressed line. l\Ieso- and meta­ thorax are yello,vish-green with extensive black markings. The legs are pale. with darker tarsi. The abdomen is heavily marked with black. The pterostigma of the forewing is distinct. The base of the costa and all the subcosta is black, all other longitudinal veins are green. The cross-veins and the costal veinlets are black. The hindwings are smaller than the forewings. Expanse 28-34 mm. Head and part of thorax fig. 112. Seems to be confined to conifers, and occurs mainl)T in the costal area. Rather uncommon. Imagines have been capttlred from l\fay to September. lVlap 32. FAUNA FENNICA 13 69

Al Maarianhaluina (16/,7-42 Hellman); ..:4b Nagu (Reut); Uskela (~laklin); Hiitti­ !lEll (23/1 1J); N Tvarminne by (//1-26 6 specimens & 10/7-26 22 specimens on Pinus :'ilvestris HK); Tvarminne (15//-34 HK); Henriksberg (AN); Snappertuna (6/8-35, !-i 1 8-35 HK); Helsingfors (1/8-53 1J, 28/6-52, 29/6-52, 7/1-52 ON); Ik Sakkola Federley); St Yttero (21/8-28 R. Elfving); Sa 1matra (15/8-55, 2/9-55, 10/9-55, ~~;'i-57, 26/1-5/, 24/i-59, 25/1-59, 81/5-60 ON); KOJtn Semsjarvi (Carpelan). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Nor,\vay, the Baltic Provinces and Central Europe.

2. Nothochrysa MeL. (1868, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 195) (Nathanica Nav.) }\Iedium-sized, usually brown species. In the forewings the first intra-median cell is quadrilateral (fig. 102). In both pairs of wings the nledia follows a zig-zag course and terminates at the lovvest cross-,Tein of the inner gradate series. Not represented in Finland, but tvvo species are knovvn from southern S,veden.

Key to species

1. All the veins are black except the costa, sub costa and parts of the radius, \vhich are greenish-\vhite. The cla\vs have a strong basal expansion ...... 1. N. fulviceps Steph. All the veins are reddish-bro\vn. The cla\vs are simple...... 2. N. capitata F.

(1. N. fulviceps Steph. 1836)

:\. rather large species. The head is orangeyellow. Behind the antennae there is a ::larrow, curved, transverse, fuscous line. The basal segment of the antennae is orange­ yellow, the other segluents are brownishblack. Thorax is yello\v \vith a broad brownish­ ~\lack band along each side. The legs are pale yellow with a lot of black hairs, the tarsal 5-eglllents are marked \vith fuscous. Expanse 40-45 nnu. Distribution: S\veden and Europe.

(2. N. capitata F. 1793.)

_\ smaller species than the previous. The head is orange bro,\vn; the antennae are dark ::'r-own except the basal segnlent \vhich is orange-yello\v. Thorax and abdomen are reddish­ ::!:-own to blackish-brown with indefinite dark and light patches. The legs are yello\vish­ ~·:-own. A.ll the veins are brown and have long hairs. Expanse 30-a5 lum. Distribution: S\veden and Europe.

Fam. 6. M y T mel eon tid a e Rather big insects. The compound ey"es are ,veIl develol)ed, ocelli are ab- 5ent. The antennae are short and clubbed. The '\vings are subequal, hyaline or 5potted, rather long and narrow. Numerous cross-veins are present in both 70 M arti'n, AIeinander: N europtera and Mecoptera

--- ::- __ 0

Fig. 113. lYle formicarius d' Fig. 114. jlf. bore d'

Fig. 115. lYl. torl11'icarius Q Fig. 116. M. bore Q. Fig. 113-116. The abdominal segments of Alyrnleleon. wings. Rs has many branches \"\-rhich run parallel unto the margin. Sc and R unite at the pterostigma. Cu is forked at the base of the \ving. CUI forks in the forewings at some distance from the base, the anterior branch, Cula, runs

parallel to 1\1 to the apex, but the posterior branch, CU1b, runs to the hindmargin. The larvae live in sand, where they hunt ants and other small insects. The family is ver)r rich in species and spread ov"'"er the entire world. Only three species are kno,vn from Scandinavia.

Key to genera

1. \Vings~ especially the forewings, conspicuously spotted 1. Euroleon Esb.-P.- p. iii Wings unspotted ...... 2. Alyrnzeleol1, L. p. 71

1. EUToleon Esh.-P. (1918, Ent. nleddelelser 12: 125) (1. E. eUTopaeus MeL. 1873)

The head and pro thorax are marked \vith yello\v. The abdonlen is blackish-grey. The wings are spotted \vith hro\vn. Expanse 60-65 mnl., Not kno\vn fronl l"-inland; fro1n S,veden it is recorded from ()land, C~otland and Gotska Sandon. \Videly spread in Europe. FAUNA FENNICA 13 71

2. Myrmeleon L. (1767, Syst. Nat. XII: 913) This genus contains two species from Fennoscandia, which are rather difficult to separate from each other. The males can easily be separated by the genital characters. Key to species

L Length of forewings 32-40 mm, usually 34-36 mm. Ab­ domen is usually unicolored. Ectoprocts of male with no ventral hook ...... 1. M. formicarius L. Length of forewings 26-33 mm, usually 28-31 mm. The abdominal segments are usually conspicuo1:ls1y annulated with yellow posteriorly. Ectoprocts of male with a pro- minent ventral hook ...... 2. M. bore Tjed.

1. M.formicarius L. 1767 The head is black with yellow markings as follows: the margins of post­ clypeus, the mandibulae, a ring around the basis of the antennae, and around the eyes. The thorax is black with yellow markings. The legs are brownish­ yellow, femur and tibia are apically dark brown. The abdomen is either brown or black and usually not annulated with yellow. Expanse 66-83 mm. l\Iale genital segments fig. 113, female fig. 115. The species occurs rather commonly on sandy areas in all southern Finland. Imagines have been captured from the end of June to September. Here are mentioned only the records of specimens ,vhich absolutely belong to M. jor­ micarius and not to M. bore. There are, however, records from many different parts of Fennoscandia of » ...Myrmeleon jormicarius», especially of larvae, which belong to one of the two mentioned species, however, I have not been able to distinguish to which species they belong. lVlap 33.

Al Eckero (Hel); Appelo (E. Olund); Mariehamn (M. Domrins); Finstronl (HkL); Saltyik (K. J. 'Talle); Ab Nagu, Kyrkbacken (AN); Kaxkerta (E. J. Bonsdorff); Raisio EE); RymattyHi (EE); Pargas (Ingelius, AN); Karuna (Valle); :l\'Ierimasku (Wikstroln); Sa1ll1natti (JS); Karislojo (JS); Lojo-Lohja (B. Poppius); E. Rantalainen); N Hango Heli; Henriksberg (Kivirikko); Tvarminne (sev. coIL); Lappvik (K. Nilsson); Snapper­ tuna (S. :\Ialmstrom); Sjundea (Platonoff); Esbo (Hel); Borga (Ahlquist): I k Kuolemajarvi JIll: Terijoki (Hel); St Sakyla (H. Bruun, lVI. v. Schantz); Ta Tammela (1. Niileksela); \"clnaja (Yalkeila); Nastola (Heinanen); Ruovesi (Einar Palmen); Sa "\\Tillmanstrand (ON); .~0utseno (ET); Kol Petrosa"J'odsk (Gunther); Ont Pietarsaari (Heino); Sb Jorois. Distribution abroad: Svveden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces and Europe.

2. M. bore Tjed. 1941. (Grocus bore Tjed.) Similar to lvI. jor'mi::ari'us but smaller. The abdominal segments are very conspicuously annulated vvith yellow posteriorly. The wings are distinctly :l2rrO,yer than in ...M. jornticarius. The pterostiglna is usually distinct. The Jl artin ;11 einander: )Jeuroptera and l\fecoptera ectoproct of the male has a tooth-like downwards directed projection. The ventral papillus of the eighth tergite of the female is not so long as in AI. /or­ micarius. Above this papillus there is generally a weakly chitinized part. Expanse 55-69 mm. Male genital segments fig. t H~, female fig. '116. This species seems to be more rare than A1. formicarius. It occurs mainly on the sand-dunes along the coast. The imagines have been captured in June and July. .Map 3ft.

At E...:kero (HkL, A. Saarinen); lVlariehamn (AN); Ab Pargas (J. Carpelan); Hiitti­ nen (IJ); N Tviirminne (sev. col1.); Ekeniis (HkL); Snappertuna (HK); Sjundea (Platonoff); Santahamina (JK); Helsinki (IJ); Ka Tytiirsaari (Hel); lk lVlctsiipirtti (Hell; Sf Yyteri (Lauro); Ta Somero (J. Kuusinen). This species is known from Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Its distribution is perhaps much wider, but the confusion with 111. forrnicarius makes it impossible to say anything "dth certainty.

Order MECOPTERA The lVIecoptera are holometabolic insects, usually \'lith h'lo pairs of suhequal wings. Sometimes the wings are coriaceous or absent (fam. Boreidae). The head is small with the frons produced into a rostrum which is deflected ven­ trally. The order is a very small one. Only about 350 species are known, and of these, seven are represented in Fennoscandia (6 species in eastern Fenno­ scandia and 5 in western Fennoscandia). Two families are represented here. Key to families

1. \Vings not reduced, medium-sized insects ...... Pam. 1. Panorpidae p. ~:l \Vings reduced, small insects...... Pam. 2. Boreidae p. i$

F am. 1. Pan 0 r p ida e The wings are well-developed. The apical segments of the male are greatly modified. Only one genus is represented in Finland.

1. Panorpa L. (1;58, Syst. Nat. X: 551) The species-key, which is based upon the colour of the wings, is not always applicable because of the variation within the species. The genitalia give distinct characters. Fig. '117 shows a Panorpa-wing in order to point out the termino­ logy of the spots on the wings. The species-key is taken entirely from that of T] EDER in Svensk Insektfauna 41. FAUNA FENNICA13 73

(Fig. HI.) Fig. 11 I. A forewing of Panorpa sp. (A b, the apical band; Esp, the basal spot; JUsp, the marginal spot; Snlb, the submedian band; Ptb the pterostigmatical band.).

Key to species

1. )Iarkings on ,vings dark or blackish-brown ...... 2. ~ :Jfarkings on wings pale brown ...... 3 . .) The bands of the wings divided into small spots ...... 4. ~ pterostigmatical band undivided, reaches the hind-margin 1. P. communis L.

:1. Sc in forewings reaches the pterostigma. SCI and SC 2 froIn the sanie steIn ...... 4. P. cognata Ratnb. SCI of forewings joins C about half from the base of the

wing to pterostigma. Se2 is cross-vein-Jike between C and Rl at pterostiglua ...... 5. P. alpina Ramb.

i. Basal spot absent. Vertex blaek ...... 2. P. hybrida }.;IcL. - Basal sport present. Vertex brown, at all on the sides ...... a. P. germainca L.

1. P. communis L. 1758

The head is blackish, sometimes brownish along the margins. The rostrum is brownish. The antennae are blackish, except the basal segment which is yellow. The prothorax is usually dorsally black with yellow hindmargin. The meso- and metathorax are dorsally blackish with yellow sides and brO\vn, median, dorsal band. The >vings are hyalin with blackish-brown venation. The pterostigmatical band is blackish-brown and unbroken from the fore- to the hlndmargin, or shortly broken medially, but never divided into several spots. The submedian band is usually broad, but often broken medially. Expanse :::3~33 mm. :Jlale genital segments fig. 118, subgenital plate of female fig. 123. Common in southern Finland. Imagines from the end of :May to the end of August. ':'Iap 35.

,-Ii> Turku (EE); Reso (L. v. Essen); Ispois (Reut); Eriksherg (Palmen); Kemi6 (Mar­ mIa',; Lskeala (E. J. Bonsdorff); Karis (HkL); Sammatti (HkL); Lojo-Lohja (sev. eol1.); richtis (Frey); Kuusjoki (Kanerva); N Snappertuna (K. E. Sundstrom); KyrksHitt- ,4 1t,f arlin 111 einander : N europtera and :NIecoptera

Kirkkonumtni (Porkka, Reut); Esbo (B. Poppius); Helsingfors-Helsinki (sev. col1.); Tuu­ sula (Paulomo); Borga (H. Ahlquist, AN, P. Suomalainel1); Hyvinge (A.N); Perna (E. Kling­ stedt): Porl1ainen (T. Putkonen); Lovisa (~L Hellen, A~); ]{a \:""ehkalahti (Fagerstrotn); Bjorko (AN); Viipuri-Viborg (sev. col1.); KarstiHi, Haapaniemi (J. E. Aro, V. T'eittinen); Antrea-St. Andreae (J. E. Aro, Lydecken. lVlontell); Jaaski (\Talle); Ik Kuolemajarvi (1\1I):

Pyhajarvi (PHI4 ); Terijoki (P. Suomalainen); Rajajoki (Winter); 1\:I:uola, Galizina (K. J. Ehnberg); IVt:etsapirtti (Frey, W. Lofgren); Vammeljoki (Hel); St Sakyla (HeI); Bjorne­ borg-Pori (Airio, Lonnmark); Lavia (vVinter); Huittinen (Lonngren, \:'"alle); Kokeluaki (Enne); Ta Birkkala (Gronblom); Kangasala (Frey); Urjala (Brander); Ypaja (Kantee); Forssa (Brander, Hellman, Tuomikoski); Tammela (Brander); Somero (Hel, J. Kuusinen); Kuhn10is (Ehnberg); Hauho (Hel): Hattula (sev. col1.); Kalvola (Hellman, Valle); Lammi (JK); Hartola (L. v. Essen): Iitti (Valle); Sa Lappvesi (Silfvenius); Irnatra (ET, OX. 1\'1. Hellen); Rantasalmi; Kangassalmi (HK); Kl Parikkala (ON, O. Siitonen); Jaakkima (Forsius, J. Stahlberg); Kirjavalahti (Hel, \Vinter); Sortavala (L. v. Essen. IVlontell. P. Suonlalainen); Uukuniemi (Valle); Impilaks (P. Suomalainen); \7alamo (Chydenius): Kol Petrosawodsk (Gunther, ~yborg); Oa Kristinestad (Nordstrom); Malax (HkL); 'Vasa (Waselius); Kvevlax (HkL); ,\~1istaro (AN); Laihia (AN); Nurmo (JK); Jurva (AN); Ib Laukkas (Woldstedt); Jyvaskyla (vVH); \Tiitasaari (\'"alle); Sb Kuopio (Fabritius, Elias Suomalainen, Vesterlund); Kb Tohlnajarvi (EE); Eno (Woldstedt); Kontiolahti (GronvikL Kitee (JK); Ilomantsi (Winter); Kon Kumsjaryi (ET); Teru (Kontkanen); Jalguba (B. Pop­ pius); Selnsjarvi (Carpelan); Perguba (B. Poppius); Dian. Gora (B. Poppius); Ont Jakob­ stad (B. Poppius); Gamlakarleby (Hellstrom); Ok Sotkamo (J. Carpelan); Ob UleAborg. Distribution abroad: Sweden, Norway, the Baltic Provinces, Europe and Siberia.

2. P. hybrida MeL. 1882

The head is black above and yellow posteriorly. The rostrum is yello\v \vith two longitudinal black streaks. Thorax is dorsally black, meso- and meta­ thorax have a median yello\v line. The wings are hyaline vvith dark brown veins. The basal spot is absent. Expanse 30-35 mm. Male genitalia fig. 119, female genitalia fig. 124.

Ik \Valkjarvi, Pasuri 25/7 18'11 (Appelberg); Kb Kitee 21/7 1957 (ON). D'istribution abroad: The Baltic Provinces and Eastern Europe.

3. P. gernlanica L. 1758

The head is brown \vith a black spot around the ocelli. The antennae art blackish except the basal segment, which is pale brovvn. Thorax is dorsally black, meso- and metathorax have a median yellow band. The \vings art hyaline vvith a yellovvish tinge. All transverse bands of the \vings are usuaHy divided into spots at all the pterostigmatical bands. Expanse 24-30 mm. l\:Iale genital segments fig. 120, female subgenital plate fig. 125. Rather common in southern Finland, except along the coast. Imagine-5 from the nliddle of June to the middle of August. l\Iap 3G. FAUNA FENNICA 13 /5

Fig. 118. P. c011Hl1unis Fig. '1 '19. P. hybrida Fig. 120. P. ger1,nanica

Fig. 121. P. cognata Fig. 122. P. alpina

Fig. 12;~:' Fig. 124. Fig. 125. Fig. 126. Fig. 127.

Fig. 118-122. ~Iale genitalia of Panorpa. Fig. 123-127 Female genitalia: Fig. 123. P. communis, fig. 124. P. hybrida, fig. 125. P. ger111anica, fig. 126. P. cognata and fig. 127. P. alpilla. 76 1'1'1 artin ~11 einander: X europtera and Mecoptera

Ab Littoinen (Valle); SauuTlatti (JS); Karislojo (Hel, ON, lSi; Lojo (HkL); N Snap­ pertuna (HK); KirkkonunUlli (0. Porkka); Esbo (Hel); Helsingfors-HeIsinki (ON, Pal­ men, Tuomikoski, \Vinter); Hyvinge (AN); Borgi'l (Ahlqvist, P. Suomaluillen); Ha Vehka- 1ahti (Fagerstrom); Viipuri-Viborg (Hel, ET); Ik Kuolemajarvi (I

(~reece.

4. P. cognata Ramb. 1842 The head is brown with a black band crossing it at the ocelli. Rostrum and antennae are brmvn. The thorax is dorsally blackish with a yellowish streak on meso- and metathorax. The wings are hyaline with brnwn markings. The pterostigmatical band is broad anteriorly. The marginal spot is usually pre­ sent, but small. The submedian band is usually indicated by two small dots, but often wholly absent. The basal spot is absent. Expanse 25 ~ 30 mm. Male genital segments fig. 121, female subgenital plate fig. 126. Rather common in southern Finland except along the coast. Imagines from June to August. Map 37.

Ab Bjarnfi (Hel); Karislojo (HeI, HkL, ON, JS); Lojo-Lohja (HkL, PHL, E. Ranta­ lainen); N Ekenas (Frey); Snappertuna (Hk); Kyrkslatt-Kirkkonummi (Porkka, Reut); Esbo (Hel, AN); He1singfors-Helsinki (Frey, Hel, Tuomikoski, \Vinter); Thusby (Ceder­ varf); Borg

5. P. alpina Ramb. 1842 The head is blackish above, rostrum is brmvn and the antennae are b1ack except the hvo basal joints which are brown. Blackish-brmvn meso- and metathorax '\vith a median pale streak. The wings are hyaline with a few spots. J.\Iale usually has only two pterostigmatical spots, female has more. Expanse 22~30 111111. FAUN.i\. FENNIC.i\. 13 I )

lVlale genital segments fig. 122, female subgenital plate fig. 127. Occurs sparingly in central and southeastern Finland. Imagines 111 June and July. l\iap 38.

Ka \Tiborg (Hel, Lofgren, Thessleff); Bjorko (AN); Jaaski (\'~alle); Ik Kuolenlajar\ri \)11); Pyhajarvi (JS); Sakkola (Hel); Terijoki (HeI); Ta Teisko (JS); Tammerfors (Lundahl); Kangasala (Frey); ~fessukyla (IVI. Flytstrom); Hattula (HeI); Sa Imatra (Hel, HkL, ON, ET); Kl Parikkaia (Hel); Jaakkima (JS); Kirjavalaks (Bo Poppius, JS); Sordavala (Po Suo­ malainen); Itnpilaks (Forsius, P. Suomalainen); Salnli (Tuomikoski); K ol PetrosR\vodsk (Gunther, HeI); Kuujarvi (Platonoff); Oa "rasa (Tanner); Nurmo (JK); Tb Jyvaskyla (F. Hacktnan, JS); Sb Suonenjoki (HK); Kb Kitee (JK); Kon Jalguba (JS); ~Iunjarvi (HeI); Om Gamlakarleby (Hellstronl); Ob Oulu (Y·uorentaus). Distribution abroad: The Baltic Provinces, Central and Eastern Europe.

Fam. 2. B 0 rei d a e Small insects with rudimentary ,vings. In the male the fore,vings are some­ what coriaceous. In the male both pairs of vvings are present, in the female only the forewings. Female has a v"'"ery prominent ovipositor. Only one genus s known and it is distributed over Europe and North America.

1. Boreus Latr. (1825, CUV. Regne Animo \T: 247)

Key to species

1. Posterior part of vertex shiny with scattered small dots 1. B. hyernalis I~.

Posterior part of vertex chagrinered ...... 0 • • • • •• • • • 2. B 0 '[L'estwoodi Hag.

(1. B. hyemalis L. 1767)

The head is a shiny bronze-brown, the rostrum with darker tip. The basal half of the antennae is brown, the apical part is blackish. Thorax is dark bluish-black with dark brown sides, and abdomen is a shiny dark bronze-brown. The colour, however, varies immensely according to the degree of maturity of the individual. The lobe of the third segment is triangular. The species is widely spread (although not conlmon) in Sweden, but is found neither h Finland not in Norway. In museUln Helsingfors there are for example, specimens fronl Sarek in northern Sweden (Lu. Lpm.), so it is likely that the species will be found in Fin­ land. especially in Le. The species occurs also in the Baltic Provinces and Central Europe.

2. B. westwoodi Hag. 1866 1'he head is a shiny bronze-brovvn vvith yellow rostrum, the base of which is a little darker and the tip brown. The antennae are yello~T vvith the apical part pale brown. Thorax and abdomen are a shiny bronze-brown. The lobe of the third segment is rectangular. '78 1"1 artin 1Vl einander: N europtera and Mecoptera

The species is phytophagous and is found in autumn and spring in forests among leaves, moss etc. In winter it may be found on the snow during nlild weather. It occurs in all Fennoscandia, but due to its exceptional occurence­ time, it has been sparcely collected. 1Vlap 39.

Ab Runsala (Frey); Turku (EE, Lahtipera); Ispois (HkL); Sauvo (0. Siitonen); Pojo; Karislojo (JS); Lojo (JS); lV Bromarf, Taktom (V. Nystrom); Lappvik (Stenius); Esbo: Kilo (JS); Helsingfors (Hel, JS. Stenius, Tengstrom); Ka Vehkalahti (Forsius); Viipuri (ET); Ta Tamlnerfors (Frey); Luopioinen (Karki); Erajarvi (Karki); Vilppula (JS); Pal­ kane (Soderman); Hattula (Wegelius); Lammi (JK); Sa Joutseno (ET); Oa Nykarleby (Frey); Kb Koli (P. Palmgren); Ok Kajana (Hel); Ob Turtola (JS); Lkem Muonio (Pal­ Inen, JS); Le Enontekio (Frey); Kilpisjarvi, Iso lV1a11a (P. Palmgren); Saana (P. Palm­ gren); Li Ivalo (Hel). Distribution abroad: Sweden, Nor,vay, the Baltic Provinces, Central and Eastern Europe.

REFERENCES

E~DERLEIN, GUNTHER 1906. lVlonographie der Coniopterygiden. Zool. Jahrb. (Abt. Syst.): 1,3-242. -»- ,1.908. Neuroptera: Fam. Coniopterygidae. In P. Wytsnlan, Genera Insectorum Bruxelles. 67me Fasc. Enumeratio Insectorum Fenniae IV. 1935. Helsingfors. ESBEN-PETERSE~. P. 1913. lVlegaloptera: Fam. Raphididae. In P. Wytsman, Genera In­ sectorum, Bruxelles. '154me Fasc. -)}- 1914-1951. Bestemmelsetabel over Danl11arks l\Iecopterer, l\tlegalopterer og Neu­ ropterer. Flora og Fauna. Silkeborg. -1)- 1918. Help-notes towards the deternlination and classification of European l\1yr- meleonidae. Ent. Medd. 12: 97-127. -»- 1921. lVlecoptera. In ColI. Zool. du Baron Edm. de Selys Longch. Fasc V. Bruxelles. -1)- 1929. Netvinger og Skorpionfluer. Danmarks fauna 33. FRASER, F. C. '1959. lVlecoptera, lVlegaloptera, Neuroptera. Handbooks for the Identifica­ tion of British Insects I, 12-13. HELLEN, \V. 1921. Veranderungen in der Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Finnlands bis ZUlU Jahr 1921. Not. Ent. 1: 120-128. -»- 1922. Nya fyndlokaler for Neuroptera. Ibid. 2: 24:-25. -)}- 1926. Verzeichnis der in den Jahren 192'1-1925 fur die Fauna Finnlands neu hinzugekommenen Insektarten. Ibid. 6: 2/-32. -)}- 1931. \Terzeichnis der in den Jahren 1926-1930 etc. ibid. 11: 5-1-66. ->}- 1936. \lerzeichnis der in den Jahren 193'1-1935 etc. ibid. 16: 43-64:. -»- 194:1. Verzeichnis der in den Jahren 1936-1940 etc. ibid. 21: 44-48. -»- 1946. Verzeichnis der in den Jahren 1941-1945 etc. ibid. 26: 122-142. -»- 1961. 'Verzeichnis der in den Jahren 1956-1960 etc. ibid. 41: 105-124. JENSEN, H. C. 1950. Net,vinger fra Bergen. No. Ent. Tidsskr. 8: 135. KILJANDER, LUDVIG 1881. Bidrag till kannedom Oln Finlands Neuroptera Planipennia. ~Iedd. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 7: 152-156. KILLINGTON, F. J. 1936-1937 ....-'\ monograph of the British Neuroptera I-II. Ray Society. Vol. 122-123. London. KLIXGSTEDT, HOLGER 1929. Neuropterologisches aus Finnland '1. Die Gattung Sisyra etc. l\lem. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 5: 81-88. -,)- 1929. Neuropterologisches aus Finnland 2. Helicoconis lutea Wallengren aus Lapp­ land. Ibid. 5: 88-9'1. -»- 1929. Neuropterologisches aus Finnland 8. Boriornyia enontekiensis n.sp. aus Lapp­ land. Ibid. 5: 105-106. -»- 1932. Neuropterologisches aus Finllland 4. Die Verbreitung der Arten der Gattung Borion"lyia. Ibid. 7: 276-280. F ...;\UNA FENNICA 13 79

KLISGSTEDT, 1932. Neuropterologisches aus Finnland 5. Revision der Gattung Sialis nebst Beschreibung von zwei neuen Arten. Ibid. 8: 3-14. -,)- 1935. Neuropterologisches aus Finnland 6. Erganzende Notizen iiber Boriomyia enontekiensis KIst. nebst Beschreibung des \Veibchens dieser Art. Ibid. 10: 326-328. KLOET, G. S. & HINCKS, W. D. 1945. A check list of British Insects. KrrsINEN, JORMA 1960. Harvinainen verkkosiipinen (Neuroptera) loydetty Somerolta. Lounais-Hameen Luonto 9: 28. LACKSCHE\VITZ, P. 1922. Die Neuropteren und Trichopteren des Ostbaltisches Gebietes. Arch. f. d. Naturkunde des Ostbaltikums, Dorpat 14,3. LISDBERG, HAKAN & SARIS, NILS-ERIK 1952. Insektfaunan i Pisavaara naturpark. Acta Soc. F. FL Fenn. 69,2. LrxDETRAE, OLE BERNHARD 1939. Maurl0ven (l1fyrmeleon formicarius) funnet i Har­ danger. No. Ent. Tidsskr. 5: 10? )IcLACHLAN, F. R. S. 1893. On species of Chrysopa observed in Eastern Pyrenees; together \vith descriptions of, and notes on, new or little-kno\.vn Palaearctic forms of the genus. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893: 22?-234. ~IJbBERG, ERIC 1909. Svensk Insektfauna 8. Neuroptera. 1. Planipennia. Ent. Tidskr. 30: 129-161. XVBOlI, O. '1958. Borio1nyia rava Withyc. (Neur. Hemerobiidae) fran Finland. Not. Ent. 38: 94. RErTER, O. M. 1894. Neuroptera Fennica. Forteckning och beskrifning 6fver Finlands ~europterer. Acta Soc. F. FI. Fenn. 9,(8). _.)- 1895. Anteckningar om finska Neuroptera. Medd. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 21: 62-64. -·1- 190? Nya anteckningar om finska Neuroptera Ibid. 33: 153-155. STITZ, H. 192? 1'7-20. Ordnung: Netzfliigler, Neuroptera. Die Tierweldt lVlitteleuropas~ 6 (l). Leipzig. TJEDER, Bo 1928. Preliminary notes concerning Hemerobius luscescens Wallengr. and Raphidia laticeps Wallengr. Ent. Tidskr. 49: 162. 1930. Some notes on Sympherobius fuscescens Wallengr. Ibid 51: 31-35. 1930. Preliminary descriptions of three ne\v Coniopteryx-species from northern Europe. Ibid. 51: 206. 1931 Boriomyia persica lVlort., rava With., and baltica n.sp. Ibid. 52: 1-9. 1931. A revision of the North-European species of the genus Coniopteryx Curt. (s.str.), based upon a study of the male and female genitalia. Ark. f. Zoo!. 23 N:ol O. 1932. Some Neuroptera, Mecoptera and Trichoptera from Norway_ Ent. Tidskr. 53: 36-38. -.- 1932. Preliminary notes on He1nerobius limbatellus of authors. Ibid. 53: 36-88;. -.- 1936. Studies on Psectra diptera Burm. (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae). Not. Ent. X\7I: 97-101.

-1- 1937. Geographical and synonymical notes on some Raphidiidae and Sialidae. Opuscula Ent. II: 118-124. 1938. The female of Chrysopa impunctata Reut (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Ibid. III: 28-32. 1940. Revision of the Scandinavian Neuroptera (s.str.) and lVIecoptera recorded by J. \V. Zetterstedt, H. D. J. Wallengren, and others. Ibid. V: 67-114. -t- 1940. Catalogus Insectorum Sueciae: I Neuroptera et lVIecoptera. Ibid V: '1'1'7-121.

-f- 1941. A new species of lVlyrmeleontidae from Scandinavia. Ibid \.TI: 73-74. -)- 1941. Some remarks on »The generic names of the British Neuroptera». Ent.Tidskr. 62: 24-3l. -~- 19-'.3. The Neuroptera and Mecoptera of northern Norway. (Nordland, Troms0 and Finnmark) Troms0 l\luseums Arshefter, Naturhistorisk Avd. Nr. 25., Vol 63 N:o 3. Troms0. -,- 1943. Revision of the Norwegian Neuroptera and Mecoptera recorded by W. 1\1. Schoyen. No. Ent. Tidsskr. VI: 132-139. -t- 1944. Norwegian Neuroptera and Mecoptera in the Bergen l\luseum. Bergens 1\Iu­ seums Arsbok 1944: N:o 1. -<- 1945. Catalogus Neuropterum et lVlecopterum Norvegiae. No. Ent. Tidsskr. ,TIl: 93-98. -t- 19-i8. Neuroptera from the Azores and 1\ladeira. Soc. Sient. Fenn. ConlnL BioI. YIIL Nr 13. -l'- 1951. Svensk Insektfauna, lVlecoptera. Stockholm. 80 Jlarlin J1 e"inander: ~europtera and lVlecoptera

TJEDER, '1952. Specinlina typorum insectorulll a Carlo Linnaeo descriptorutIl in :l\Iuseo Degeeriano asserYata. Pars III Neuroptera. Ent. Tidskr. 73: :!O:~-:20(). -)}- 1953. Catalogus Insectorum Sueciae. ~~dditalnenta ad partes I-X. 1 Neuroptera et lVIecoptera. Opuscula Ent. 18: 71. -»- '195~3. Faunistical llotes on Swedish Neuroptera Ibid. 18: 227 -228. -)}- 1954. 111yr11zeleofl jornzicarius s.l. in the Helsingfors l\luseulll. Not. Ellt. XXXI\~: 59-60. -»- 1954. Genital structures and ternlinology in the order Neuroptera. Ent. :Vledd. XX\TII: 23-40. -»- 1957. A ne,y European Helnerobius (Neuroptera): Erg. d. ,,:issensch. 17ntersuch. des schw. Natiollalparks, Band \T (Neue Folge) N:o :iC.

-»- 195/. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The 14ace-wings of southern Africa. South African Animal Life \Tol IV: 95-188. Uppsala. -»- 1960. Neuroptera from Ne,vfoundland, l\1iquelon, and Labrador. Opuscula Ent. 25: 146-1'19. -»- 1960. A ne,y subapterous Coniopterygid froIn Denmark (Neuroptera). Ent. lVIedd. XXIX: 312-319. TUI"LGREN, ALBERT. 1906. Zur Kenntnis Scll\vedischer Coniopterygiden. Ark. f. Zool 3 N:o 5.

INDICES

index to orders, suborders and families

Boreida.e ...... 77 N europtera ...... 10 Chrysopidae ...... 57 Osmylidae ...... Coniopterygidae ...... 19 Panorpidae ...... Hemerobiidae ...... 29 Planipennia ...... 19 Inocellidae ...... 18 Raphidiidae ...... 15 Mecoptera ...... 73 Raphidioidea ...... 15 Megaloptera ...... 10 Sialidae ...... 11 Myrmeleontidae...... 69 Sisyridae...... 2~

index to genera

Aleuropteryx ...... 26 Megalomus ...... 56 Boreus ...... 77 M esonzicrorn'us ...... 3: Boriomyia ...... 46 1\{ yrmeleon ...... ; 1 Cllrysopa ...... 58 N othochrysa ...... 6~ Coniopteryx ...... 22 Osmylus ...... 2~ Conwentzia ...... 22 Panorpa ...... ~.) Drepanopteryx ...... 57 Parasemidalis...... 2r~ Eumicrolnus ...... 32 Psectra ...... 31 Euroleon ...... 70 Raphidia ...... 1;' ·Grocus ...... Semidalis ...... '...... 2.:, Helicoconis ...... 26 Sialis ...... 11 Hemerobius ...... 34 Sisyra ...... )- Inocellia ...... 19 Sympherobius ...... Ji Kimlll insia ...... 46 IV esn·zaelius...... i;o lVlicromus ...... 32 FAUNA FENNICA 13 81

index to species and subspecies abbre\~iata ...... 65 jutlandica 29 alba ...... 62 killingtoni 52 albolineata ...... 63 lapponicus 39 aleurodiformis ...... 25 loewi ...... 26 alpina ...... 76 lutaria ...... 11 angulatus ...... 32 lutea ...... 26 aphidivorus •••...... 32 lutescens ...... 40 atrifrons ...... 44 marginatus ...... 39 baltica ...... ~ .... . 53 micans ...... ~ ...... 38 (;etuZ£11a •..•••.•••....•••....•.•..••••..•... 50 minima ...... 66 bore ...... 72 morio ...... 11 borealis ...... 24 mortoni ...... 52 capitata ...... 69 nervosa ...... 50 carnea ...... 63 nitidulus ...... 35 cllr~~sops ...... 67 notata ...... '16 ciliata ...... 62 ophiopsis ...... 17 cognata ...... 76 paganus ...... 33 comnlunis ...... 73 perelegans ...... 41 concinna ...... 47 perla ...... 67 contulnax ...... 44 phyllochroma ...... 66 crassicornis ...... 19 pineticola ...... 22 dalii ...... 29 pini ...... 43 das:¥ptera ...... 66 phalaenoides ...... 57 diptera ...... 31 prasina ...... 65 dorsalis ...... 68 pygmaeus (Coniopt.) ...... 25 tlegans ...... 55 pygmaeus (Synlpherob.) ...... 55 enontekiensis ...... ' ...... 48 q uadrifasciata ...... 48 esben-peterseni ...... 25 rava ...... 53 europaeus ...... 70 reticulata ...... 22 ienestratus ...... 45 septempunctata ...... 64 ila,'a ...... 60 sibirica ...... 14 !1a ,·ifrons ...... 62 simulans ...... 42 iormicarius ...... " ...... 71 sordida ...... 13 fuliginosa ...... 14 stigma ...... 45 iuhoicephalus ...... 27 subnebulosa ..... ~ ...... 53 iul"iceps ...... 69 tel1ella ...... 63 iuscata ...... 28 terminalis 28 !".lscescens ...... 55 tineiformis ...... 22 :uscipennis ...... 26 tullgreni ...... 25 germanica ...... 74 variegatus ...... 32 hirtus ...... 56 ventralis ...... 6q ::umuli ...... 40 vittata ...... 60 ~:!il7111£nl~s ••.••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••• 40 vulgaris ...... 63 :r:-brida ...... 74 walkeri ...... 68 11yemalis ...... 77 westwoodi ...... 77 :::npunctata ...... 62 xantllostigma ...... 18 :':_-C'Jlspicuus ...... 55 82 1111 artin 111 einander: Neuroptera and Mecoptera

Tahle III. The occurrence of the species in the

NEUROPTERA

Sialis Latr. - morio KIst. 1 - Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa Oa Sb Kb -Iutaria L ...... 2 Al Ab N Ik St Ta KI Oa - sordida KIst ...... 3 Al Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa KI KolOa Tb Sb Kb - sibirica lVlcL. 4 - - fuliginosa Pict .... 5 - Ik Sa Kl Tb Raphidia L. - notata F. 6 - Ab N St Ta Sa KI - ophiopsis L...... 7 - A.b N Ka Ik Ta Sa KI Ko10a Tb Sb - xanthostigma Schm. 8 Al .A.b N Ka Ik St Ta Sa K1 KolOa Tb Sb Kb I nocellia Schn. - crassicornis Schm. 9 - Conwent.zia End. - psociformis Curt. 10 - Ab N Sa Tb Coniopteryx Curt. - tineiformis Curt. 11 .A.1 Ab N Ka Ik Ta Sa KI KolOa Tb - borealis Tjed...... 12 Al Ab N Ik Sa Tb - pygmaeus End. 13 Al Ab N Ka St Sa Kl Tb Semidalis End. - a1eurodiformis Steph...... 14 Al Ab N Ik Sa Tb Parasenlidalis End. - fuscipertnis Reut. 15 - Ab N H elicoconis End. - lutea WaH. 16 - Ab N Ik Ta Sa Tb Sisyra Burnl. - fuscata F ...... 17 Al Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa Kl Oa Tb Sb Kb - terminalis Curt. 18 - N St - jutiandica Esb-P. 19 Al Ab N Ik St KI Oa Psectra Hagen - diptera Burm. 20 AI .A.b N St Ta KI Tb

J.~1 icronlus Ran1.b. - angulatus Steph. 21 Al .A.b N Ik St Ta Sa KI KolOa Tb Sb Kb - paganus L ...... 22 Al Ab N Ka St Ta Sa KI KolOa Sb Kb H enzerobius L.

- nitidulus I~. ••• e •• 23 Al Ab N.J.' Ka Ik St Ta Sa Kl Oa Tb Sb Kb - Inicans Ol...... 24 - .~b N - marginatus Steph. 25 Al .Ab N lCa Ik St Ta Sa Kl KolOa Tb Sb Kb - lutescens F...... 26 Al _~b N Ka St -humuliL. .. , ...... 27 Al ...>\b N I{'a Ik St Ta Sa I{,ol Oa Sb Kb - perelegans Steph. 28 Al ~;\b N Ik St 'fa Sa Kl Tb FAUNA FENNICA 13 83

yanous provInces of eastern Fennoscandia

1 Ron - Ok Ks Lkem - - Le Li Lps - Lmur ;

.j - Om Ok Ob Ks Lkem Lim Lv Le Li Lps Lmur .J - Ks Lkem - - Le Li Lps - Lmur .) Ron - Ok Ob Ks Lkem - - Le Li Lps Lt Lmur

~ - ; - Ok Ks Lkem Le I,i Lps , Ron - 0111 - Kpoc - Ob Ks Lkem - Lps -

!! - Ks iii - Om - - I.e Li

11 - Ok 1:: - J.'l - Ks Li u - Ob g Ron -

t~ - Om - Ks Lkem Lim - - Le Li Lps -

r: Ron - Om - Kpor Ob Ks Lkem - Li I,ps Lt H - 11 -

Ji) -

;1 h:Gn - Om Ok Ob Ks Lkem Lim - Li ·,4~t Om Ob Ks

:IJ R):l - Om - Ob Ks Lkcm -- I.e Li Lps - :f.!# -

••;I~ ~.~ Kon - Om Ok Ob Ks I..,kelll - Li Lps Lt ~it~ - :::- KJD - Om - Ob Ks f;!' - Ok - Le Li

~ 84 ill artin 1\1 ei'J1ander : Neuroptera and Mecoptera

- simulans Walk. · 29 Al Ab N Ik Ta Sa Kl Tb Sb Kb - pini Steph...... 30 Al Ab N Ik St Ta Sa Kl 1'b Sb atrifrons MeL. . .. ~31 - contumax Tjed. 32 - Ab - fenestratus Tjed. 33 - Ab N Sa stigma Steph. ... 34 Al Ab N Ik St Ta Sa Kl Oa Tb Kb K i1'11111insia Kill. - concinna Steph. . 35 Al Ab N Ka - Ta Sa Tb - quadrifasciata Reut...... 36 - Ab N Ik Ta Sa Kl Tb Sb Kb - enontekiensisKlst. 37 - Ab N Sa - nervosa F ...... 38 Al Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa KI KolOa Sb Kb - mortoni McL. ... 39 - Ab N St 1'a Sa - Tb Sb Kb - rava Withyc. . .. 40 - N - subnebulosa Steph. 41 - Ab N SY1npherobius Steph. fuscescens Wall. · 42 Al Ab N Ka Ik Ta Sa KI Tb elegans Steph. ... 43 Al pygmaeus Ratnb. 44 Al Ab N ]\,1 egalomus Ramb. - hirtus L...... 45 Al Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa KI Kol - Tb Sb D1"epanopteryx Leach. - phalaenoides L. · 46. Al Ab N Ik St Ta Sa Kl Sb Kb Chrysopa Leach . £lava Scop...... 47 Al Ab N Ik St Ta vittata Westt1 .... 48 - Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa Kl Kol - Tb Sb Kb ciliata Wesm. ... 49 Al Ab N Ka Ik Ta Sa Kl hnpunctata Reut. 50 - Ab - carnea Steph. .... 51 Al Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa Kl Oa Sb . - septempunctata Wesm...... 52 Al Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa Kl Kol - Kb - ventralis Curt.... 53 Al Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa Kl Oa Sb Kb - abbreviata Curt .. 54 - Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa Kl Oa Tb - phyllochroma Wesm...... 55 Al Ab N Ka Ik Ta Sa Kl Kol - - dasyptera McL. · 56 - Ka Ik Sa Kl Sb . - chrysops L...... 57 Al Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa Kl KolOa Tb Sb Kb - walkeri McL. .... 58 - - dorsalis Burm. . .. 59 Al Ab N Ik St Sa Myrmc,leon L. - formicarius L. . .. 60 Al Ab N Ik Ta Sa Kol - Sb bore Tjed...... 61 Al Ab N Ka Ik St Ta

Number of spp. ... 37 52 52 26 38 32 37 !:l:2 33 15 19 27 23 1~ FAUNA FENNICA 13 85

~~f Kon Kton - Ok - Ob Ks Lkem - Li )j Kon - Oln Ok - Ob Ks Lkenl Lim -- Le Li Lps Lt ,;'1 - Ks Lkem - Lv - Le Li Lps Lt .- .; ''< .. ;'"-" .; '.i ,:4 - Onl Ok - Ob Ks Lkeln Litn -- Le Li Lps -

.j - Om Ok - Ob Ks Lkem - Le Li Lps -

,:~ Kon - Ok - Ob Ks Lkem - Li ,r .. ';j' - Ok - Lkem - Le Li

~ ~ - Om - Ob Ks Lkem Lv - Le Li Lps Lt , (, OJ:' - Ok Ob Lkem - Le Li 4:; - n - l! - On1 - Li Lps - lJ - l4 -

1j Kon -

l~ -

l~ - l~ - l~ - .j,:) - 51 - Om - Ob - Lps -

~! - Jj - On1 - J-l - Ks

ii -

;j:l ~ ~~ Kon - Oln Ok - Ob Ks Lke111 - - Le n - 49 Ron -

4,1; - Onl - (,J

I ~. '19 '16 1 1 19 24 0 21 5 3 0 17 23 17 6 4 86 iv/artin lYI einander : Neuroptera and Mecoptera

MECOPTERA Panorpa L. - communis L. 1 - Ab N I{.a Ik St Ta Sa I{.l KolOa Tb Sb Kb - hybrid a lVlcL. 2 - Ik Kb - gerlnanica L. 3 - Ab N Ka St Ta Sa Kl KolOa Tb - cognata Rantb. 4 - Ab N Ka Ik St Ta Sa Kl Kol - l."'b Sb Kb - alpin a Ramb. ... Ii - Ka Ik Ta Sa KI KolOa Tb Sb Kb Boreus Latr. - westwoodi Hag. 6 - Ab N Ka Ta Sa Oa Kb Number of spp. 0 4: 4 5 4: 3 5 5 4: 4: 4 4: 3 5

Total number of spp. 37 56 56 31 42 35 42 47 37 19 23 31 26 2~

..

:\1up 1. • Sialis lutaria L. 0 S. sibirica IVlcl.,. l\iap 2. Sialis sordida KIst. FAUNA FENNICA 13 87

Kon 0111 Ok Ob

0111 , Kon Kon Orn Ob

Ok 01> Lkem Le Li

0 3 2 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

t" 22 18 1 22 :! /1: 0 22 5 3 0 18 '"... -':1: 17 6 It

'-

r! I

.. , - '

~I.lp :., Sialis fuliginosa Pict. J\Iap 4. Raphidia llotata F. 88 ;11 artin jl1einandcr.' N europtera and Mecoptera

Map 5. • Raphidia. xanthostigma Selun. ::\lap 6. • Semidalis aleurodiformis Steph. o Inocellia crassicornis Schm. o Conwentzia psociformis Curt.

Map 7. Coniopteryx tineiformis Curt. Map 8. Coniopteryx pygmaells End. FAUNA FENNICA 13 89

!r--- I

)Iap 9 .• Coniopteryx borealis Tjed. Map 10. Helicoconis lutea \Vall. o Parasell1idalis fuscipennis Reut.

._------,.' ",-----

::'[ap 11. • Sisyra jutlandica Esb.-P. Map 12. Psectra diptera Burm. o S. terminalis Curt. 90 lY! artin, lVI einander: N europtera and Mecoptera

Map 13. l\iicromus paganus L. 1'Iap 1 [1. • Hemerobius lutescens F o H. micans 01.

Map 15 .• Hemerobius marginatus Steph. :}\Tap 16. lIel11erobius hUllluli L. o H. Inarginatus ssp. lapponicus n. ssp. FAUNA FENNICA 13 91

:'Iap 17 .• Hemerobius perelegans Steph. Map 18 .• Hemerobius atrifrons MeL. o H. simulans \\Talk. A H. eontumax Tjed. 0 H. fenestratus Tjed.

I . . ~ -I ~i-----'i--f

~--- ___ , rl '0§j,,;'t;,rifl~~-~ \ II -..,.. ."h Ii (j ~ ./ / 1, - " / '

". "~ l-- -rr----:----.~-~-~~-~~ ~~~~)"-.. '-'. l

,1,/ , ',,- )"i..

~§- j' • . ! 'i ,J ",'/ 0'( . \.- "i\ ',' ., -1 ' " - (':;\- '0 _~cJ) ",'" ,;.~", 'I ~'': ~l; ~~,-i ,:~.;.. \ ~ ~ ~\i .~~~_\I, :- __ ,_--"':,, - r'".", T"I;-- i.~'~~'ri~-}-5;r'i- ",_J. "-,,r1.-J..\ ~J;:;~r)1'Y\ "'I~ "'---- '- ~ .. -;. ~ -_t~~ ~~ i:-:;~l ~ , ,,~S(' - ~\ ~'~ : ,,1:""'~ c1}~} \ --v r~- - u: ~r\ {~ ~-f ~- ,JJ).-~.vi, ~~ i t;-': _- --.:. ' - ~~.Y- '~0~ '''Y~'>'/ --~~ __ ~~

:-.r,,? 1',I .• Kimminsia enontekiensis KIst. Map 20 .• Sympherobius fuscescens \Vall. • K. ran \nthyc. 0 K. subnebulosa Steph. OS. pygmaens Ramb. J1 al'tin ,1J ei nandCl' : X europteraand .J\IIecoptcra

r-----I~ -, ~.... -j 1

2\lap 21. 2\legalomus hirtus L. Map 22. Drepanopteryx phalaenoides L.

J

I 1 ,I I I t J

1.\lap n. Chrysopa £lava Scop. )lap 2'.. Chrysopa vittata WesllI. FAUNA FEXNICA1:3

:\Iap 25. Chrysopa ciliata \Vesm. Map 26. Chrysopa carne a Steph.

)lap Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm. Map 28 .• Chrysopa ventralis Curt. o C. ventralis ssp. prasina Burm. Aiartin At einander: N europtera and Mecoptera

l\Iap 29. Chrysopa abbreviata Curt. l\Iap :W. Chrysopa phyllochroma \Vesm.

?lIap :n. Chrysopa chrysops L. )'Iap 32 .• Chrysopa dasyptera :'IlcL. o C. dorsalis Burm. FAUNA FENNICA 13 95

:'Iap 33. Myrmeleon formicarius L. Map 34. Myrmeleon bore Tjed.

---"--~----r.~,,-·r-~i\-1-"--- ~____ _ , ~:::;~~\,}~'tz/~ t~}lr\:~~ , ~~-'<"'~:'l' ".I v' yo! . _~""'-~=~ \ '" i l:'" ! i i I-,j..

'}f f.. ,.: ",,::z- I,ih ,.,j . " ' -.'., • <,~ >,,--\~~-s... cy,;. I"· !..,""'~~ I, \ -;; • ~::. ~ ~< :;: Tf.:' 7 ~" I ; ... /~- ~ '\ \ (~ ~,,:=Y' i' -~. ~! <~ ~.i6'-"~.. _.,~ __ '--->- .. ~~£: ,,~1

.. ••• ~> .~:---~ ",--"I .. ~(¥;.J.:wM.;c" "-::~ '-" ~ ~ ;J I '\ -<_ II :- .' ,[ .... f';:'A• •• r."" I l" \}, \': \"~

:'Iap 85. Panorpa communis L. l\{ap a6. Panorpa germanica L. 96 Jl artin ~11 e£nander: Neuroptera and Mecoptera

Map 37. Panorpa cognata Ramb. Map 38. Panorpa alpilla Ramb.

Map a9. Boreus westwoodi Hag. Bibliography of the Neuropterida

Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 4110

Reference Citation: Meinander, M. 1962 [1962.??.??]. The Neuroptera and Mecoptera of eastern Fennoscandia. Fauna Fennica 13:1-96.

Copyrights: Any/all applicable copyrights reside with, and are reserved by, the publisher(s), the author(s) and/or other entities as allowed by law. No copyrights belong to the Bibliography of the Neuropterida.

Notes:

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