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Index

Abteilung II (Domestic Economics Section), Baldwin, Raymond (U.S. Senator), 277 62–63, 64 Banach, Jens, 105 Acheson, Dean (Secretary of State), 280, 289, Bastian, Walter M., 291 292 Bauer, Julius, 166 Adenauer, Konrad (German chancellor), 277, Bergold, Friedrich, 86–87, 209 285, 289 Document Center (BDC), 77–78 Advisory Board on Clemency, 11–12, 280–287. Best, Werner, 115, 157 See also Peck Panel Betts, Edward C., Theater Judge Advocate, 26, Allen, William Sheridan, 114 29–31 Amen, John Harlan (Colonel), 84–85, 192–193, Bewaffneter Burgerschutz¨ (Armed Civil Guard 195 of Upper Silesia), 109, 110, 111 American intelligence, 53–55 Biberstein, Ernst, 11, 82, 104, 117, 121, American criminal law and justice, 83–88, 298 122–124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 143, American Military Government (OMGUS), 26, 151, 209, 252, 259, 263, 283, 287, 293 39–40, 43 and release from Landsberg, 295 American-Soviet relations, 26–27, 33–38, 81, “Biggest trial in history,” 49, 296. See 265–266, 273, 278 also American war crimes policy, 2, 13, 19–21, biography and biographical method, 15–16 22–45, 53–54, 265–266, 273, 278, 300 Blobel, Paul, 1–2, 11–12, 82, 104, 105, 117, Amnesty, 278–279, 294 121, 122, 124–125, 126, 127, 129, 136, Amt III (Office of Domestic Intelligence), 143, 151, 161, 178, 241–242, 259, 263, 50–51, 65, 68, 149 283, 287, 293 Angrick, Andrej, 138 as conflicted murderer, 163–168 , 8, 109, 136, 137, 170, 201–202, and sentence modification, 286 210, 214–215, 297. See also Nazi racial and German opposition to the execution of, policy 290 Anti-communist (Bolshevik/Socialist), 107–111, and petition for clemency, 290–291 131, 145, 150, 201–202, 210 execution, of 4a1–2, 292, 302. See also Antonescu, Ion, 195 Sonderkommando Appellate courts, 266–267, 272, 274, 281 Bloxham, Donald, 12–13 Arendt, Hannah, 138 Blume, Walter, 11, 82, 104, 126, 128, 129, Aschenauer, Rudolf, 198–203 143, 213, 241, 245–246, 249–250, 263 and Ohlendorf appeal, 268–269 and interwar politicization, 110, 112, 118, and lawyer for kirchliche Gefangenenhilfe, 119, 128 271–272, 276, 277, 290–291 as ideological soldier, 150–152 and the Peck Panel 284–285 massacre (September 29–30, 1941), and parole, 295 164–165, 263 Bormann, Martin, 22

329

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330 Index

Bowie, Robert (HICOG legal advisor), 285 , 1, 9, 13, 16, 17, 27, 28, 32, 49, 71, 73, 88–90, 91–95, 147, Braune, Werner, 1–2, 11–12, 82, 104, 118, 119, 154, 167, 180, 210, 256–258, 261, 278 121, 126, 129, 131–132, 143, 150, 202, and relationship to genocide, 211–216. See 252, 259, 263, 283, 287, 293 also genocide as ideological soldier, 152–153 Crimes against peace, 28, 89–90 and the Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 195, 243–245, 268 and petition for clemency, 268, 290–291 Dachau, 75 and the Peck panel, 285 Dachau trials (U.S. Army), 266, 269, 272, 274, and sentence modification, 286 278 and German opposition to the execution of, and review of, 280 290 de Mildt, Dick, 58 and execution of, 1–2, 292 Democratization of , 2 Breitman, Richard, 208–209 Denazification of Germany, 2, 21–22, 40 British war crimes policy, 20, 22, 23, 28–29, Dixon, Richard Dillard, 10, 217–219, 254–255, 33–39, 52–54, 300 261 British intelligence, 50–54 Doctors’ trial (Case 1), 38–39, 43, 45, 93–94 Brookhart, Jr., Smith W. (Lieutenant Colonel), Donitz,¨ Karl (Admiral), 49–50, 236 54, 56, 70–71 Donson, Andrew, 105, 107, 108, 127 and interrogation of Ohlendorf, 188–190 Douglas, Lawrence, 12–13 Browder, George, 168 Browning, Christopher, 12–13, 96, 138 Economics Ministry (Wirtschaftsministerium), Brozat, Martin, 12–13 51 Burin, Frederic S., 81 Eichmann, Adolf, 130, 138 trial of 221 Buscher, Frank, 298–299 Einsatzgruppe VI (), 153. See also Erich Byrnes, James Secretary of State, 36–37 Naumann Einsatzgruppe A, 5, 115, 156, 158, 168, 260. Case 9 (The United States of America v. Otto See also Franz Walter Stahlecker and Ohlendorf et al.), 1–2, 3, 95, 96. See also Einsatzgruppen Trial Einsatzgruppe B, 5, 150, 154, 171–172. See Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis also Criminality (CCPAC), 21–22, 25, 30, Einsatzgruppe C, 5, 103–104, 120, 162, 164, 39–40. See also Robert Jackson 176, 207–208. See also Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of War Einsatzgruppe D, 5, 42, 46, 51–52, 54–55, 67, Criminals, 46. See also 72–73, 74, 104, 117, 145, 149, 152, 161, Churchill, Winston, 19–20, 38 190, 195. See also CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps), 48 Einsatzgruppen, 1–2, 4, 6, 13 Clay, Lucius, 11, 16–17, 39–40, 42–44, and summary of activities, 3–8, 47–48, 238–239, 267, 269 51–52, 55, 96–97 and review of Nuremberg sentences, and order to murder , 55–56, 72 276–277, 278. See also Military Governor and relationship to German High Command, Clemency, 11–12, 277, 278, 280, 285, 287, 290 72 Clemency and Parole board, 274–275, 278, and recruitment to, 66–68, 70 294–295 and Ohlendorf’s testimony about activities Cold war, 24, 26, 35–39, 265–266, 270, 273, of, 192–193 299–300 Einsatzgruppen leaders, 11–12, 15, 47, 56, 63, Committee for Church Aid for Prisoners 66, 79, 81, 83, 96–100 (Komitee fur¨ kirchliche Gefangenenhilfe), as perpetrators of genocide, 103–104, 271 112–113 Conant, James B., 294 as a generational cohort, 104–113 Conot, Robert, 69–70 as geographic cohort, 113–114 Conspiracy, 90 as religious cohort, 114–117 Control Council, 26 as educated elite, 117–122 Control Council Law No. 10 (CCL10), 8–9, as ideological soldiers, 142–160 27–29, 40, 79, 92, 95, 100, 202, 252, 258, as deniers of crime, 160–163 300 as conflicted murderers, 163–178 Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), 48 professions of, 122–125 Party membership of, 125–130

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political careers of, 130–134 Frings, Josef (Catholic Cardinal of Cologne), and review of sentences, 270–294 271, 272, 278 (Ereignismeldungen), Froschmann,¨ Georg (kirchliche 47, 48, 51–52, 72 Gefangenenhilfe), 271–272, 277 discovery of 75–79, 81, 90, 145, 161, 179, Fuhrerbefehl¨ (Fuhrer-¨ order), 146–147, 154, 180, 213, 215, 260. See also Operational 156, 158–159, 180–186 Situation reports as a legal strategy 186–187 Einsatzgruppen Trial (Case 9), 1–2, 9–12, 13, as articulated by Ohlendorf 187–197 15, 16, 17, 44–45, 48–49, 69, 87, 92 as a defense argument 197–210 origins of the trial, 54–58, 73, 78–79 as the prosecution case 211–216, 243–245 preparations for, 79–95 and the judgment 257. See also Hitler-order defendants of, 96–134, 179 Funk, Walther, 51, 57 Musmanno’s role in, 239–252 and veracity of Ohlendorf testimony 196, judgment of, 252–261 198 sentences of defendants in, 261–264, 267, 269, 277 Gantt, Paul, 42 historical and legal legacies of, 297–303 Gas vans, 7, 72, 166 2, 133, 168. See also Eduard Gawlik, Hans, 154–155, 205, 247–248, 250, Strauch 288 Einsatzkommando 5, 175, 176. See also Erwin Geneva Convention, 90 Schulz Genocide, 5, 7–8, 13, 14–15, 17–18, 48–49, 57, Einsatzkommando 6, 123, 139. See also Ernst 58, 66, 91–95 Biberstein and Matthias Graf perpetrators of, 103–104, 106, 112, 120, Einsatzkommando 11b, 132, 152, 195, 202. See 122, 125–126, 135–136, 138, 141, 151, also 180–183, 201, 211–216, 253–254, Einsatzkommando 12, 9. See also Emil 256–257, 284, 296 Hausmann as an under-developed legal concept, Eirenschmalz, Franz, 277 297–298, 302. See also “biggest murder Eisenhower, Dwight D. (General), 26, 241–242 trial in history” Ercolano, Guiseppe, 262 German-American relations, 278–279, 281 Ereignismeldungen (Einsatzgruppen reports), and the Korean War, 285 51–52 and the war criminals issue, 294–295, Executions of war criminals, June 7, 1951 1–2, 299–300 274–275, 279 German war crimes trials, 300 Executive Order 9679, 31 , 7, 9, 21, 45, 77–78, 106, 112, 115, 123, 128, 132, 152, 156 Fahy, Charles (OMGUS legal advisor), 26, 29, Geyer, Stephan (priest), 262–263 40 Gilbert, Gustav M., 72 Fendler, Lothar, 11, 82, 104, 118, 121, 126, Glancy, John, 79, 94, 204 128–129, 139, 142, 241, 259, 263, 283, Gleuck, Sheldon, 75, 76, 204 287, 293 Goebbels, Joseph, 22, 149 Ferencz, Benjamin B., 16 Goldensohn, Leon (Major), 56–57, 71 and Berlin Brach of the OCCWC, 48 Goldhagen, Daniel, 15 and the discovery of the Einsatzgruppen Goring,¨ Hermann, 1–2, 64, 72, 139 reports, 75–79, 80–81, 88, 120, 136–137, Graf, Matthias, 11, 82, 91, 104, 121, 125, 126, 155, 173, 179–180, 203–204, 212 128, 129, 139, 142, 258–260, 264, 283, on Dixon and Speight, 219 287, 293 and the Peck Panel, 282 Griefelt, Ulrich, 212. See also RuSHA trial Ficht, Oskar (defense attorney), 251 Grundgesetz (Basic Law), 277, 294 Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution, 83–84 Final Report to the Secretary of the Army Haensch, Walter, 11, 82, 104, 121, 126, 129, (1949), 85, 91, 252 143, 259, 283, 287, 293 “,” 18, 93–94, 162, 177, 179, and interwar politicization 106–108, 112, 180–184, 207, 213 118, 119 Flick, Friedrich, 3, 43, 218, 282 as denier 4b162–163, 251, 263. See also Frank, Hans, 196 Sonderkommando Freikorps, 101, 111 Hafner,¨ August (Adjutant of Blobel), 166 French war crimes policy, 23, 33–36, 38–39, 44 Hague Convention, 88, 90

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Hamilton, Richard, 114 Jost, Heinz, 5, 11, 82, 104, 115, 118, 121, 125, Handy, Thomas (Army General), 278, 280 126, 128, 129, 133, 142, 153, 259, 283, Hartl, Albert, 164–165 287, 293 Harvard law school, 75 as ideological soldier, 156–158, 251 Hausmann, Emil, 9, 82, 104, 126, 129, 143, and judgment, 260, 263. See also 169 Einsatzgruppe A Headland, Ronald, 77–78 Judgment of Einsatzgruppen trial, 252–261 Heath, James, 79 Jungdeutsche Orden (German Youth Order), and cross examination of Ohlendorf 203–204 107, 109, 115, 133 & 214 & 247 Herbert, Ulrich, 15, 138 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 53–54, 71, 139, 196 Herf, Jeffrey, 301 Kersten, Felix, 71 Hess, Rudolf, 299 Kirchliche Gefangenenhilfe, 271–272, 276. See Heydrich, Reinhard, 3–5, 53, 60, 63–65, 139, also Rudolf Aschenauer 149, 156–157 Klingelhofer,¨ Waldemar, 11, 82, 104, 121, 126, and the Fuhrerbefehl¨ 193, 196, 257 129, 143, 259, 283, 287, 293 HICOG, 277. See also High Commissioner and and interwar politicization, 108–110, 112, John McCloy 113–114, 122, 155, 169 High Commissioner, 272, 277, 277–294. See as conflicted murderer, 171–174, 177, 178, also HICOG and John McCloy and James 209, 263 B. Conant Krausnick, Helmut, 12–13 Hilberg, Raul, 6, 12–13, 102–103, 130 Kripo (Criminal Police), 7–8 Himmler, Heinrich, 6–8, 22, 53–56, 116, 139, Krupp, Alfried, 32–33, 36, 43 149, 152, 175, 203, 208 trial of 252 view of Ohlendorf, 61–64, 66–67 Krupp, Gustav, 3, 32 and the order to murder Soviet Jews, Kube, Wilhelm (Gauleiter White Ruthenia), 188–189, 193 168–169 Hitler, Adolf, 22, 49, 54–56, 65, 68, 110, 111, 112, 128, 131, 139, 142, 146–147, 150, Landsberg War Crimes Prison, 1–2, 11, 172, 151, 152, 158, 245 266, 271, 272, 274–275 and intentionalist-functionalist debate, and death row inmates, 277–278, 288–289, 180–181, 188–189, 193 291 Blume’s adoration of, 241, 249–250 and executions of Einsatzgruppen leaders, Hitler-order to murder Jews, 55–56, 146–147, 292–294 150, 180–182, 186–189, 193, 202–203, and parole of prisoners of, 294–295 207–208, 214–215. See also Fuhrerbefehl¨ Lea, Henry, 16, 72 Hohn,¨ Reinhard, 62–63, 132 Lemkin, Raphael, 91–95, 212, 297 Horlik-Hochwald, Arnost, 79, 204–205 Ley, Robert, 64, 149 and the Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 207–208, 241 Loewenberg, Peter, 101, 105, 127 Hoss,¨ Rudolf, 15 Logan, Andy (New Yorker), 218, 252 Agreement, 8, 23 IG Farben, 3, 36, 43, 282 London Charter (August 8, 1945), 23, 27–29, IMT (International Military Tribunal), 1–2, 13, 44, 88, 90, 92, 257 16, 23–25, 27, 31, 39, 40, 43–45, 46–47, London Conference, 23, 88 49, 52, 53, 70–72, 77, 88, 90, 91, 93–94, Ludwigsburg, 300–301 179, 192–193, 212, 264, 277 Lummert, Gunther¨ (defense attorney), 245 and its legacy, 299–300 Lyon, Charles, 218 Indictment Einsatzgruppen trial (July 29, 1947), 9–10, 81–83, 88–95, 211–212 Magee, Warren (attorney), 288–289, 290–291 Interrogations of war criminals, 55–57, and U.S. Court of Appeals, 291 83–87 and execution of Landsberg prisoners, 290–292 Jaari, Sander, 70 Malmedy´ trial (U.S. Army), 87, 269–271, 277, Jackson, Robert H., 21–27, 29, 31, 33–39, 280 43–44, 86, 88, 90, 267 Major war criminals, 40 Jessen, Jens Peter (Professor), 62 Mallmann, Klaus, Michael, 138 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) 1023, 25–27, 29–30 Mann, Michael, 97, 106, 113–114, Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) 1067, 21–22, 25–26 125–126

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Marcus, Colonel Davie “Mickey,” 39–40, National Socialism (), 20, 59, 61, 63, 75 66, 108, 297 and recruitment of Musmanno, 238 discrediting of, 303 Matthaus,¨ Jurgen,¨ 184 National Socialist German Workers’ Party McCloy John, 11–12, 16–17, 20–21, 277 (NSDAP/Nazi Party), 2, 15–16, 20, 23, 25, and war criminals question, 277–294. See 32, 53, 58, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 71, 85, 101, also HICOG and High Commissioner 104, 105, 107, 108, 109–110, 111–112, Meiser, Hans (Evangelical Landesbishof of 114, 115, 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 270 Bavaria), 271–272 and economic policy, 62–63, 65, 66 Membership in organizations declared criminal and racial policy, 8, 93–94, 116, 132, by the IMT, 28, 90–91, 257 139–141, 150, 153, 157, 160, 163–164, Mesch, Carol (priest), 262–263 168–169, 172, 174–175, 180–182, 261, MI5, 51 297 Milch, Erhard, 2–3, 45 membership of defendants in, 125–130, 131, trial of, 154, 209, 218–219, 239, 261–262 150, 156, 168, 171 Milgram, Stanley, 122 Nationalism (German), 107, 109–113, 170, Military Governor, 39–40, 43–44, 267, 256, 266, 270, 293–294 269, 272, 276, 277. See also Lucius Naumann, Erich, 1–2, 5, 11–12, 82, 104, 121, Clay 125, 126, 129, 142, 150, 259, 283, 287, Military necessity (as a legal defense) 144–145 293 & 214 as ideological soldier, 153–156 Military Ordinance No. 7 (October 18, 1946), and Klingelhofer’s¨ suicide attempt, 173–174, 8, 38–39, 44–45, 267 263 Miranda rights (1966), 83–86 and sentence modification, 286, 288 Moran, Frederick A., 280, 281 German opposition to the execution of, 290 Morgenthau, Henry Jr. (Secretary of the and application for clemency, 290–291 Treasury), 20–21 and execution of, 292, 302 Morgenthau Plan, 20–21 Nazi(s), 1, 2, 3, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, Moscow Declaration on German Atrocities 32, 34, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, (November 1, 1943), 19–20, 28, 79 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, 66, 71, Muller-Hill,¨ Benno, 119–121 77, 78, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 101, Musmanno, Michael Angelo, 10, 16, 69 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111–112, 114, and Penguin Rule, 88, 222, 241 115, 116, 118, 119, 123, 125, 126, 127, and religion, 116 & 123 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140, 163, and morality of Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 147–148, 151, 171, 187, 190, 213, 218, 236, 254, 256, 156 272, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 303 on Sandberger, 159 Nazism, 15, 16, 20, 58, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, on Nosske 161, 162 103, 105, 109, 110, 128, 130, 150, 151, on Blobel, 164 160, 170, 193, 271, 285, 303 on Schulz, 174 Nebe, Arthur, 5, 66, 150, 154. See also on superior orders defense, 202–203 Einsatzgruppe B on Ohlendorf, 205 Neuhausler,¨ Johannes (Catholic Bishop of questioning Seibert, 205–206 Munich), 270, 272 as presiding judge in the Einsatzgruppen trial, NG (German Government), 42 217–222, 239–252 NI (Nazi Industrialists), 42 biography and early career, 223–230 NMT (Nuremberg Military Tribunal), 1–3, as dramatist and writer, 225–227 8–9, 13, 24, 32, 38–39, 84, 86, 87, and the Sacco-Vanzetti trial, 230–232, 277 263 as victor’s justice, 87–88 and the death penalty, 232–234, 262–263 and planning for, 30–45, 46–49, 93 and naval career, 234–235 and goal of, 185–186 and the US Board of Forcible Repatriation, and jurisdiction of, 278. See also Subsequent 235–236 , Subsequent Nuremberg and the IMT trial, 236–237 Proceedings, and Subsequent Trials and and recruitment to the NMT, 237–239 Nuremberg Trials and written judgment, 254–255 NO (Nazi Organizations), 42 and sentencing, 261–264, 276 NOKW (Nuremberg Oberkommando der on the legacy of Nuremberg, 303 ), 42

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334 Index

Nosske, Gustav, 11, 82, 104, 118, 121, 126, (invasion of the Soviet 127–128, 129, 143, 259, 263, 268, 283, Union July 22, 1941), 4–5, 66–67, 72, 287, 293 150, 192, 195 as denier of murder, 161–162 and the timing of the Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 180–184, as an SD swine, 161 188–189 and the Peck Panel, 284 Operational Situation Reports, 7–8, 13, and Christmas amnesty, 294 162–163, 260–261. See also Nuremberg Charter, 73, 75, 92, 183, 220, Einsatzgruppen Reports 267 Opposition to NMT, 270–277 Nuremberg trials, 23–24, 272 Orpo (Order Police), 7–8 as victor’s justice, 273, 275 Orth, Karin, 15, 112 Ott, Adolf, 11, 82, 104, 117, 121, 125, 128, OCCPAC (Office of Chief of Counsel for the 129, 143, 150, 209, 214, 259, 263, 283, Prosecution of Axis Criminality), 39–40, 287, 293 44 and release from Landsberg, 295 interrogation division, 84–85 OCCWC (Office of Chief of Counsel for War Parole, 279 Crimes), 9, 29, 39–40, 41, 44–45, 81 Patterson, Robert (Secretary of War), 34–35 Berlin Branch, 48, 75–77 Peck, David W., 280, 282 Locator Branch, 48 Peck Panel for review of sentences, 11–12, Subsequent Proceedings Division, 39, 41–42, 280–287. See also Advisory Board on 73 Clemency and interrogations, 84–85 Peiser, Werner, 42 and recruitment of judges, 218–219, Penguin Rule, 88, 222, 241. See also Michael 237–238 Musmanno Office of Domestic Intelligence (Amt III RSHA), Perl, Marga, 153 50–51 Personal necessity, 144 Ohlendorf, Kathe,¨ 67–68 Petersen, Howard C. (Assistant Secretary of Ohlendorf, Otto, 1–2, 5, 6, 7–8, 11–12, 13, 15, War), 36–37, 39–40 42, 45, 46, 77–78, 82, 83, 97, 101, 104, Petitions for clemency, 266–270 110, 117, 118, 121, 125, 126, 128, 129, Pohl, Oswald, 1–2, 3, 11–12, 218–219, 239, 131, 135, 139, 142, 161, 163, 164, 169, 251, 255, 261, 277–278, 280 178, 206–209, 239, 244, 247, 252, 259, execution of, 1–2, 266, 292 283, 287, 293 trial of, 45 and origins of Einsatzgruppen trial, 46–75 and sentence modification, 286 and arrest and interrogations, 49–58 German opposition to the execution of, and antisemitism, 52–53 288–289 and early life and career in the SD, 58–75 Pretzsch, 5, 72, 150, 158, 171, 175, 180, 193, and testimony at IMT, 70–72 203, 208, 257 as ideological soldier, 145–150, 152–153, Psychology of perpetrators, 55–58 160 Putative justification, 144, 198–202, 209, 214, and the Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 180–185, 187–197 256. See also military necessity and defense strategy, 198–199, 202–204 and genocide, 212–214 Raeder, Erich (naval commander), 236 and judgment, 260 Radetzky, Waldemar von, 11, 82, 104, and sentencing, 262, 263–264 113–114, 117, 121, 125, 126, 128, 129, and petitions for clemency, 268, 280, 290 143, 259, 263, 283, 287, 293 and sentence modification, 286 Rasch, Otto, 5, 9–10, 82, 103–105, 118, 120, and German opposition to the execution of, 121, 125, 126, 129, 142, 164, 175, 176, 290 240, 259, 283, 287, 293 and execution of, 1–2, 292, 296 and the Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 207–208. See also as representative of Einsatzgruppen Einsatzgruppe C perpetrators, 297, 302. See also Red jackets, 277–278, 288–289 Einsatzgruppe D Reich Group Commerce, 64–65 OMGUS (United States Military Government), Reichsfuhrer¨ -SS (), 116, 169, 2, 26, 39–40, 42–43, 276. See also United 176, 188 States Military Government; American Reitlinger, Gerald, 97–100 Military Government Reserve Police Battalion 101, 96

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Riediger, Fritz (defense attorney), 106 massacre (December 1941), 152, Rochling,¨ Hermann, 36 263 Rockwell, Alvin, 86 Simpson Commission, 274–275 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 19–21 Sipo ( or Security Police), 7, Rosenman, Samuel, 21–22, 34–37 168, 175 Rossino, Alexander, 138 Six, Franz, n.4, 55, 82, 104, 120, 121, 126, Royall, Kenneth C. (Secretary of the Army), 128, 129, 143, 171, 209, 251–252, 259, 274, 276 283, 287, 29311, 47 RSHA, and relationship to Einsatzgruppen, and judgment, 260–261, 263 3–4, 45, 53, 55, 60, 67, 68, 70, 78, 116, and the Peck Panel, 284. See also 117–118, 120, 125, 150, 156, 164, 168, Vorkommando Moscow 196, 207 Smith, Bedell (Chief of Staff of the United States and agreement with the German High Forces), 30 Command, 70 Smith, Bradley, 219 RuSHA (Main Race and Resettlement Office), Snow, Conrad, 280 3, 45 Sonderkommandos, 5 RuSHA Trial (Case 8), 45, 93–94, 212, 252 Sonderkommando 1a, 158. See also Martin Ruhl,¨ Felix, 11, 82, 104, 121, 125, 126, 129, Sandberger 143, 258–260, 263, 283, 287, 293 Sonderkommando 4a, 117, 124–125, 164, 166. See also Sandberger, Martin, 11, 82, 104, 118, 119–120, Sonderkommando 4b, 106, 139, 162, 241. 121, 126, 129, 143, 252, 259, 263, 283, See also Walter Haensch and Lothar 287, 293 Fendler as ideological soldier, 158–160 Sonderkommando 7a, 150. See also Walter and the Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 193–194 Blume and n. 61, Sonderkommando 7b, 117, 171. See also Adolf and Theophil Wurm, 272 Ott and release from Landsberg, 295 Soviet war crimes policy, 23, 26, 28–29, 33–36, San Francisco conference, May 1945, 22–23 73–75, 79–81, 299 Schmitz, Hermann, 36 Sowade, Hanno, 62, 65, 68 Schnitzler, Georg von, 36 Speer, Albert, 1–2, 69, 131, 239 Schroder,¨ Kurt von, 36 Speight, John Joshua, 10, 217–219, 254–255, Schubert, Heinz, 11, 78, 82, 104, 117, 121, 125, 261 126, 143, 198, 259, 263, 283, 287, 293 Sprecher, Drexel, 41 and sentence reduction, 276 SS (), 4, 9, 13, 23, 45, 46–47, 48, and Christmas amnesty, 294 49, 51, 52, 56, 73, 78, 102, 106, 112, 116, Schule,¨ Erwin, 300 117–118, 120, 123, 125, 127, 128, 152, Schulz, Erwin, 11, 82, 104, 121, 126, 129, 143, 171, 261 153, 259, 283, 287, 293 Stahlecker, Franz Walter, 5, 115, 133, 156. See and interwar politicization, 110–112, 118, also Einsatzgruppe A 241, 251, 263 Stalin, Joseph, 19–20, 200–201 on Blobel, 165 Steigmann-Gall, Richard 116 as conflicted murderer, 174–178 Steimle, Eugen, 11, 82, 104, 121, 126, 129, and the Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 180 143, 259, 283, 287, 293 on superior orders, 206–208 on Blobel, 165 and parole, 294 and Theophil Wurm, 272 SD ( or Security Service), 4, 7, and parole, 294–295 9, 21, 62–65, 67, 69–70, 78, 91, 103, 105, Stimson, Henry (Secretary of War), 20–21 106, 109, 115, 118, 120, 123, 125, 127, Strauch, Eduard, 11, 82, 104, 118, 121, 126, 128, 133, 152, 154, 158, 168, 171, 175, 129, 131, 132–133, 143, 161, 240, 252, 261 259, 263, 283, 287, 293 Second international trial, 32–39 as conflicted murderer, 167–171 Seibert, Willy, 82, 104, 121, 126, 129, 143, and petition for clemency, 2281. See also 205–207, 247–249, 250, 259, 263, 283, Einsatzkommando 287, 293 Streckenbach, Bruno, 146–147, 158–159, 175, and parole, 294 176, 207–208, 257 Shawcross, Sir Hartley (British chief and the order to murder the Jews of the prosecutor), 33 , 180–182, 193–194

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336 Index

Streim, Alfred, 182 and request for certiorari, 291 and Ohlendorf’s testimony about the and Chief Justice Fred Vinson, 291 Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 190–191, 194 Subsequent Nuremberg Trials/Proceedings, Vinson, Fred, 291 summary of 1–3, 16, 24, 28–29, 32, 73, Vorkommando Moscow, 47 n.4, 171, 172, 173, 90–91, 96, 220, 266–267, 280, 261. See also and Waldemar 296 Klingelhofer¨ planning for, 39–45 press coverage of, 222 Waffen-SS, 7–8 and legacy of, 298–302. See also NMT Waller, James, 57, 177–178 Superior orders, 142, 156, 177, 190, 199–209, Walton, Peter, 79, 204, 250 241 , 182 as defense for murder, 148–154 War crimes, 28, 73, 90, 257 and Seibert, 247–249 War Crimes Modification Board, 280 and Blume, 249–250 War criminals, 1–3, 21, 23, 24, 57, 69, 74, 270, as mitigation in sentence reduction, 284 271, 273, 274, 275, 277, 300 legacy of, 300–303 solution to problem of, 279–294 Supreme Court of the United States, 29 and sentence reductions of, 280–287 Wartenberg, Rolf, 85 on Blobel, 165, 180 Taylor, Telford, 2–3, 9, 29–31, 34–45, 46, 48, and the Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 207 57, 72, 75–79, 91, 93, 185, 204 War Department, 20–22 and interrogation of war criminals, 84–86 Watson, Barton, 42 and Ohlendorf testimony at IMT, 196 Wehrmacht, 7–8 and the recruitment of judges, 237–238 Weizsacker,¨ Ernst von (State Secretary), 44 and sentences in the NMT, 252–253 and trial of, 275–276, 288 Theater Judge Advocate, 31, 44 Werner, Kurt, 164 Third Reich, 3–4, 5, 12–13, 15, 40–42, 43, 49, West, Rebecca, 219 51, 59, 65, 69, 70, 78, 85, 96, 113, 131, Wildt, Michael, 15–16, 55–56, 59–60, 67–69, 137, 141, 151, 158, 179, 187, 209, 265, 103, 105, 116, 118, 127, 128 273, 297, 302 , 101 Thomas, Max, 162 and radicalization of politics, 104–113 Transitional justice, 22–23 Wurm, Theophil (bishop of the Evangelical Tribunal II-a, 202, 206, 210, 219, 239 Church of Wurttemberg),¨ 119, 270–271, and written judgment of Einsatzgruppen 272, 279 case, 255–261 and sentencing by, 261–264 Yalta, 20–21 and petitions for clemency, 268 Truman, Harry S, 21–22, 31, 35, 36, 37–38, Zentrale Rechtsschutzstelle (the Main Office for 90 the Legal Protection of War Criminals), 154, 288 United Nations Convention on Genocide Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen (December 9, 1948), 91–93 zur Aufklarung¨ nationalsozialistischer United States Military Government (OMGUS), Verbrechen, 300–301 2, 26, 39–40 Ziegler, Herbert, 117 United States Senate, 269, 277 Zur Frage einer Revision der Kriegsverbrecher United States Supreme Court, 83, 219 Prozesse (The Question of a Revision of and writs of habeas corpus, 276, 288–289 the War Crimes Trials), 272. See also and appeal of decision, 289 Rudolf Aschenauer

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