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6 X 10.5 Three Line Title.P65 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45608-1 - The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial, 1945-1958: Atrocity, Law, and History Hilary Earl Index More information Index Abteilung II (Domestic Economics Section), Baldwin, Raymond (U.S. Senator), 277 62–63, 64 Banach, Jens, 105 Acheson, Dean (Secretary of State), 280, 289, Bastian, Walter M., 291 292 Bauer, Julius, 166 Adenauer, Konrad (German chancellor), 277, Bergold, Friedrich, 86–87, 209 285, 289 Berlin Document Center (BDC), 77–78 Advisory Board on Clemency, 11–12, 280–287. Best, Werner, 115, 157 See also Peck Panel Betts, Edward C., Theater Judge Advocate, 26, Allen, William Sheridan, 114 29–31 Amen, John Harlan (Colonel), 84–85, 192–193, Bewaffneter Burgerschutz¨ (Armed Civil Guard 195 of Upper Silesia), 109, 110, 111 American intelligence, 53–55 Biberstein, Ernst, 11, 82, 104, 117, 121, American criminal law and justice, 83–88, 298 122–124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 143, American Military Government (OMGUS), 26, 151, 209, 252, 259, 263, 283, 287, 293 39–40, 43 and release from Landsberg, 295 American-Soviet relations, 26–27, 33–38, 81, “Biggest murder trial in history,” 49, 296. See 265–266, 273, 278 also genocide American war crimes policy, 2, 13, 19–21, biography and biographical method, 15–16 22–45, 53–54, 265–266, 273, 278, 300 Blobel, Paul, 1–2, 11–12, 82, 104, 105, 117, Amnesty, 278–279, 294 121, 122, 124–125, 126, 127, 129, 136, Amt III (Office of Domestic Intelligence), 143, 151, 161, 178, 241–242, 259, 263, 50–51, 65, 68, 149 283, 287, 293 Angrick, Andrej, 138 as conflicted murderer, 163–168 Antisemitism, 8, 109, 136, 137, 170, 201–202, and sentence modification, 286 210, 214–215, 297. See also Nazi racial and German opposition to the execution of, policy 290 Anti-communist (Bolshevik/Socialist), 107–111, and petition for clemency, 290–291 131, 145, 150, 201–202, 210 execution, of 4a1–2, 292, 302. See also Antonescu, Ion, 195 Sonderkommando Appellate courts, 266–267, 272, 274, 281 Bloxham, Donald, 12–13 Arendt, Hannah, 138 Blume, Walter, 11, 82, 104, 126, 128, 129, Aschenauer, Rudolf, 198–203 143, 213, 241, 245–246, 249–250, 263 and Ohlendorf appeal, 268–269 and interwar politicization, 110, 112, 118, and lawyer for kirchliche Gefangenenhilfe, 119, 128 271–272, 276, 277, 290–291 as ideological soldier, 150–152 and the Peck Panel 284–285 Babi Yar massacre (September 29–30, 1941), and parole, 295 164–165, 263 Bormann, Martin, 22 329 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45608-1 - The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial, 1945-1958: Atrocity, Law, and History Hilary Earl Index More information 330 Index Bowie, Robert (HICOG legal advisor), 285 Crimes against humanity, 1, 9, 13, 16, 17, 27, 28, 32, 49, 71, 73, 88–90, 91–95, 147, Braune, Werner, 1–2, 11–12, 82, 104, 118, 119, 154, 167, 180, 210, 256–258, 261, 278 121, 126, 129, 131–132, 143, 150, 202, and relationship to genocide, 211–216. See 252, 259, 263, 283, 287, 293 also genocide as ideological soldier, 152–153 Crimes against peace, 28, 89–90 and the Fuhrerbefehl¨ , 195, 243–245, 268 and petition for clemency, 268, 290–291 Dachau, 75 and the Peck panel, 285 Dachau trials (U.S. Army), 266, 269, 272, 274, and sentence modification, 286 278 and German opposition to the execution of, and review of, 280 290 de Mildt, Dick, 58 and execution of, 1–2, 292 Democratization of Germany, 2 Breitman, Richard, 208–209 Denazification of Germany, 2, 21–22, 40 British war crimes policy, 20, 22, 23, 28–29, Dixon, Richard Dillard, 10, 217–219, 254–255, 33–39, 52–54, 300 261 British intelligence, 50–54 Doctors’ trial (Case 1), 38–39, 43, 45, 93–94 Brookhart, Jr., Smith W. (Lieutenant Colonel), Donitz,¨ Karl (Admiral), 49–50, 236 54, 56, 70–71 Donson, Andrew, 105, 107, 108, 127 and interrogation of Ohlendorf, 188–190 Douglas, Lawrence, 12–13 Browder, George, 168 Browning, Christopher, 12–13, 96, 138 Economics Ministry (Wirtschaftsministerium), Brozat, Martin, 12–13 51 Burin, Frederic S., 81 Eichmann, Adolf, 130, 138 trial of 221 Buscher, Frank, 298–299 Einsatzgruppe VI (Poland), 153. See also Erich Byrnes, James Secretary of State, 36–37 Naumann Einsatzgruppe A, 5, 115, 156, 158, 168, 260. Case 9 (The United States of America v. Otto See also Franz Walter Stahlecker and Ohlendorf et al.), 1–2, 3, 95, 96. See also Heinz Jost Einsatzgruppen Trial Einsatzgruppe B, 5, 150, 154, 171–172. See Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis also Arthur Nebe Criminality (CCPAC), 21–22, 25, 30, Einsatzgruppe C, 5, 103–104, 120, 162, 164, 39–40. See also Robert Jackson 176, 207–208. See also Otto Rasch Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of War Einsatzgruppe D, 5, 42, 46, 51–52, 54–55, 67, Criminals, 46. See also Telford Taylor 72–73, 74, 104, 117, 145, 149, 152, 161, Churchill, Winston, 19–20, 38 190, 195. See also Otto Ohlendorf CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps), 48 Einsatzgruppen, 1–2, 4, 6, 13 Clay, Lucius, 11, 16–17, 39–40, 42–44, and summary of activities, 3–8, 47–48, 238–239, 267, 269 51–52, 55, 96–97 and review of Nuremberg sentences, and order to murder Jews, 55–56, 72 276–277, 278. See also Military Governor and relationship to German High Command, Clemency, 11–12, 277, 278, 280, 285, 287, 290 72 Clemency and Parole board, 274–275, 278, and recruitment to, 66–68, 70 294–295 and Ohlendorf’s testimony about activities Cold war, 24, 26, 35–39, 265–266, 270, 273, of, 192–193 299–300 Einsatzgruppen leaders, 11–12, 15, 47, 56, 63, Committee for Church Aid for Prisoners 66, 79, 81, 83, 96–100 (Komitee fur¨ kirchliche Gefangenenhilfe), as perpetrators of genocide, 103–104, 271 112–113 Conant, James B., 294 as a generational cohort, 104–113 Conot, Robert, 69–70 as geographic cohort, 113–114 Conspiracy, 90 as religious cohort, 114–117 Control Council, 26 as educated elite, 117–122 Control Council Law No. 10 (CCL10), 8–9, as ideological soldiers, 142–160 27–29, 40, 79, 92, 95, 100, 202, 252, 258, as deniers of crime, 160–163 300 as conflicted murderers, 163–178 Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), 48 professions of, 122–125 Party membership of, 125–130 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45608-1 - The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial, 1945-1958: Atrocity, Law, and History Hilary Earl Index More information Index 331 political careers of, 130–134 Frings, Josef (Catholic Cardinal of Cologne), and review of sentences, 270–294 271, 272, 278 Einsatzgruppen reports (Ereignismeldungen), Froschmann,¨ Georg (kirchliche 47, 48, 51–52, 72 Gefangenenhilfe), 271–272, 277 discovery of 75–79, 81, 90, 145, 161, 179, Fuhrerbefehl¨ (Fuhrer-¨ order), 146–147, 154, 180, 213, 215, 260. See also Operational 156, 158–159, 180–186 Situation reports as a legal strategy 186–187 Einsatzgruppen Trial (Case 9), 1–2, 9–12, 13, as articulated by Ohlendorf 187–197 15, 16, 17, 44–45, 48–49, 69, 87, 92 as a defense argument 197–210 origins of the trial, 54–58, 73, 78–79 as the prosecution case 211–216, 243–245 preparations for, 79–95 and the judgment 257. See also Hitler-order defendants of, 96–134, 179 Funk, Walther, 51, 57 Musmanno’s role in, 239–252 and veracity of Ohlendorf testimony 196, judgment of, 252–261 198 sentences of defendants in, 261–264, 267, 269, 277 Gantt, Paul, 42 historical and legal legacies of, 297–303 Gas vans, 7, 72, 166 Einsatzkommando 2, 133, 168. See also Eduard Gawlik, Hans, 154–155, 205, 247–248, 250, Strauch 288 Einsatzkommando 5, 175, 176. See also Erwin Geneva Convention, 90 Schulz Genocide, 5, 7–8, 13, 14–15, 17–18, 48–49, 57, Einsatzkommando 6, 123, 139. See also Ernst 58, 66, 91–95 Biberstein and Matthias Graf perpetrators of, 103–104, 106, 112, 120, Einsatzkommando 11b, 132, 152, 195, 202. See 122, 125–126, 135–136, 138, 141, 151, also Werner Braune 180–183, 201, 211–216, 253–254, Einsatzkommando 12, 9. See also Emil 256–257, 284, 296 Hausmann as an under-developed legal concept, Eirenschmalz, Franz, 277 297–298, 302. See also “biggest murder Eisenhower, Dwight D. (General), 26, 241–242 trial in history” Ercolano, Guiseppe, 262 German-American relations, 278–279, 281 Ereignismeldungen (Einsatzgruppen reports), and the Korean War, 285 51–52 and the war criminals issue, 294–295, Executions of war criminals, June 7, 1951 1–2, 299–300 274–275, 279 German war crimes trials, 300 Executive Order 9679, 31 Gestapo, 7, 9, 21, 45, 77–78, 106, 112, 115, 123, 128, 132, 152, 156 Fahy, Charles (OMGUS legal advisor), 26, 29, Geyer, Stephan (priest), 262–263 40 Gilbert, Gustav M., 72 Fendler, Lothar, 11, 82, 104, 118, 121, 126, Glancy, John, 79, 94, 204 128–129, 139, 142, 241, 259, 263, 283, Gleuck, Sheldon, 75, 76, 204 287, 293 Goebbels, Joseph, 22, 149 Ferencz, Benjamin B., 16 Goldensohn, Leon (Major), 56–57, 71 and Berlin Brach of the OCCWC, 48 Goldhagen, Daniel, 15 and the discovery of the Einsatzgruppen Goring,¨ Hermann, 1–2, 64, 72, 139 reports, 75–79, 80–81, 88, 120, 136–137, Graf, Matthias, 11, 82, 91, 104, 121, 125, 126, 155, 173, 179–180, 203–204, 212 128, 129, 139, 142, 258–260, 264, 283, on Dixon and Speight, 219 287, 293 and the Peck Panel, 282 Griefelt, Ulrich, 212. See also RuSHA trial Ficht, Oskar (defense attorney), 251 Grundgesetz (Basic Law), 277, 294 Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution, 83–84 Final Report to the Secretary of the Army Haensch, Walter, 11, 82, 104, 121, 126, 129, (1949), 85, 91, 252 143, 259, 283, 287, 293 “Final Solution,” 18, 93–94, 162, 177, 179, and interwar politicization 106–108, 112, 180–184, 207, 213 118, 119 Flick, Friedrich, 3, 43, 218, 282 as denier 4b162–163, 251, 263.
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