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On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. -
Die Deutsche Ordnungspoli2ei Und Der Holocaust Im Baltikum Und in Weissrussland 1941-1944
WOLFGANG CURILLA DIE DEUTSCHE ORDNUNGSPOLI2EI UND DER HOLOCAUST IM BALTIKUM UND IN WEISSRUSSLAND 1941-1944 2., durchgesehene Auflage FERDINAND SCHONINGH Paderborn • Munchen • Wien • Zurich INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorwort 11 Einleitung 13 ERSTER TEIL: GRUNDLAGEN UND VORAUSSETZUNGEN .... 23 1. Entrechtung der Juden 25 2. Ordnungspolizei 49 3. Die Vorbereitung des Angriffs auf die Sowjetunion 61 4. Der Auftrag an die Einsatzgruppen 86 ZWEITER TEIL: DIE TATEN 125 ERSTER ABSCHNITT: SCHWERPUNKT BALTIKUM 127 5. Staatliche Polizeidirektion Memel und Kommando der Schutzpolizei Memel 136 6. Reserve-Polizeibataillon 11 150 7. Reserve-Polizeibataillon 65 182 8. Schutzpolizei-Dienstabteilung Libau 191 9. Polizeibataillon 105 200 10. Reserve-Polizei-Kompanie z.b.V. Riga 204 11. Kommandeur der Schutzpolizei Riga 214 12. Reserve-Polizeibataillon 22 244 13. Andere Polizeibataillone 262 I. Polizeibataillon 319 262 II. Polizeibataillon 321 263 III. Reserve-Polizeibataillon 53 264 ZWEITER ABSCHNITT: RESERVE-POLIZEIBATAILLONE 9 UND 3 - SCHWERPUNKT BALTIKUM 268 14. Einsatzgruppe A/BdS Ostland 274 15. Einsatzkommando 2/KdS Lettland 286 16. Einsatzkommando 3/KdS Litauen 305 DRITTER ABSCHNITT: SCHUTZPOLIZEI, GENDARMERIE UND KOMMANDOSTELLEN 331 17. Schutzpolizei 331 18. Polizeikommando Waldenburg 342 g Inhaltsverzeichnis 19. Gendarmerie 349 20. Befehlshaber der Ordnungspolizei Ostland 389 21. Kommandeur der Ordnungspolizei Lettland 392 22. Kommandeur der Ordnungspolizei Weifiruthenien 398 VLERTER ABSCHNITT: RESERVE-POLIZEIBATAILLONE 9 UND 3 - SCHWERPUNKT WEISSRUSSLAND 403 23. Einsatzkommando 9 410 24. Einsatzkommando 8 426 25. Einsatzgruppe B 461 26. KdS WeiSruthenien/BdS Rufiland-Mitte und Weifiruthenien 476 F0NFTER ABSCHNITT: SCHWERPUNKT WEISSRUSSLAND 503 27. Polizeibataillon 309 508 28. Polizeibataillon 316 527 29. Polizeibataillon 322 545 30. Polizeibataillon 307 569 31. Reserve-Polizeibataillon 13 587 32. Reserve-Polizeibataillon 131 606 33. -
20110413 Eichmann Vor Gericht
Zeitreisen – Deutschlandradio Kultur 13. April 2011: Eichmann vor Gericht – Hintergründe und Folgen eines Jahrhundertprozesses Autorin: Gaby Weber Redaktion: Winfried Sträter Erzählerin: Am 11. April 1961 begann in Jerusalem der Prozess gegen Adolf Eichmann. Kurz vor neun betrat er seinen Glaskäfig. Er wirkte wohlgenährt und nervös. Elf Monate vorher sei er aus seinem Versteck in Buenos Aires entführt und nach Israel verschafft worden, berichtete ein Reporter. Die Anklageschrift war in Hebräisch verfasst und ins Deutsche übersetzt worden. O-Ton 1: „Sie betreffen Verbrechen gegen das jüdische Volk, Eichmanns Verantwortung an der Endlösung, an den Konzentrationslagern und Einsatzgruppen, an den unmenschlichen Massentransporten und den Ghettos, an der Aushungerung und der Sterilisation. Die weiteren Punkte betreffen Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit, Kriegsverbrechen und Mitgliedschaft in Organisationen, die in Nürnberg als verbrecherisch verurteilt wurden". Erzählerin: Das Verfahren wurde ein Jahrhundertprozess, an dem sich die Meinungen spalteten. Die Einen feierten es als einen Akt der Gerechtigkeit. Endlich wurde jemand, der an der Ermordung von Millionen Unschuldiger mitgewirkt hatte, zur Rechenschaft gezogen, im Land seiner Opfer, in Israel. In einem rechtstaatlichen Verfahren! Andere standen dem Prozess ablehnend gegenüber, die Argentinier etwa, die sich ärgerten, weil offensichtlich ein ausländischer Geheimdienst auf ihrem Territorium operiert und sogar Menschenraub begangen hatte. Die Bundesregierung unter Kanzler Konrad Adenauer sah das Verfahren in Jerusalem mit Sorge. Sie fürchtete, dass in der öffentlichen Beweisaufnahme Dinge zur Sprache kommen könnten, die dem Ansehen der jungen Republik Schaden zufügen konnten. 1 Dass der Angeklagte Personen nennen würde, die schon ihrem „Führer“ treu gedient hatten und nunmehr in den Bonner Regierungsstuben saßen: Verkehrsminister Hans-Christoph Seebohm und der allmächtige Staatssekretär im Kanzleramt, Hans Globke. -
SS-Totenkopfverbände from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia (Redirected from SS-Totenkopfverbande)
Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history SS-Totenkopfverbände From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from SS-Totenkopfverbande) Navigation Not to be confused with 3rd SS Division Totenkopf, the Waffen-SS fighting unit. Main page This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason Contents has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2010) Featured content Current events This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding Random article citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) Donate to Wikipedia [2] SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV), rendered in English as "Death's-Head Units" (literally SS-TV meaning "Skull Units"), was the SS organization responsible for administering the Nazi SS-Totenkopfverbände Interaction concentration camps for the Third Reich. Help The SS-TV was an independent unit within the SS with its own ranks and command About Wikipedia structure. It ran the camps throughout Germany, such as Dachau, Bergen-Belsen and Community portal Buchenwald; in Nazi-occupied Europe, it ran Auschwitz in German occupied Poland and Recent changes Mauthausen in Austria as well as numerous other concentration and death camps. The Contact Wikipedia death camps' primary function was genocide and included Treblinka, Bełżec extermination camp and Sobibor. It was responsible for facilitating what was called the Final Solution, Totenkopf (Death's head) collar insignia, 13th Standarte known since as the Holocaust, in collaboration with the Reich Main Security Office[3] and the Toolbox of the SS-Totenkopfverbände SS Economic and Administrative Main Office or WVHA. -
Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va
GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA. No. 32. Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police (Part I) The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1961 This finding aid has been prepared by the National Archives as part of its program of facilitating the use of records in its custody. The microfilm described in this guide may be consulted at the National Archives, where it is identified as RG 242, Microfilm Publication T175. To order microfilm, write to the Publications Sales Branch (NEPS), National Archives and Records Service (GSA), Washington, DC 20408. Some of the papers reproduced on the microfilm referred to in this and other guides of the same series may have been of private origin. The fact of their seizure is not believed to divest their original owners of any literary property rights in them. Anyone, therefore, who publishes them in whole or in part without permission of their authors may be held liable for infringement of such literary property rights. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 58-9982 AMERICA! HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE fOR THE STUDY OP WAR DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECOBDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXAM)RIA, VA. No* 32» Records of the Reich Leader of the SS aad Chief of the German Police (HeiehsMhrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei) 1) THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (AHA) COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY OF WAE DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA* This is part of a series of Guides prepared -
Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States V
American University International Law Review Volume 12 | Issue 1 Article 3 1997 Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States v. Lindert K. Lesli Ligomer Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Ligorner, K. Lesli. "Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Service Equals "Good Moral Character"?: United States v. Lindert." American University International Law Review 12, no. 1 (1997): 145-193. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP GUARD SERVICE EQUALS "GOODMORAL CHARACTER"?: UNITED STATES V. LINDERT By K Lesli Ligorner Fetching the newspaper from your porch, you look up and wave at your elderly neighbor across the street. This quiet man emigrated to the United States from Europe in the 1950s. Upon scanning the newspaper, you discover his picture on the front page and a story revealing that he guarded a notorious Nazi concen- tration camp. How would you react if you knew that this neighbor became a natu- ralized citizen in 1962 and that naturalization requires "good moral character"? The systematic persecution and destruction of innocent peoples from 1933 until 1945 remains a dark chapter in the annals of twentieth century history. Though the War Crimes Trials at Nilnberg' occurred over fifty years ago, the search for those who participated in Nazi-sponsored persecution has not ended. -
Die Polizei Im NS-Staat
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS VORWORT 9 EINLEITUNG 11 I. TEIL: POLIZEIBEGRIFF - POLIZEIRECHT 1. Der Polizeibegriff und seine Verwendung in der Neuzeit . 13 2. Rechtsgrundlagen für die Polizei 17 II. TEIL: DIE POLIZEI IN DER ENDPHASE DER WEIMARER REPUBLIK 1. Die Polizeibehörden in der Weimarer Republik 22 2. Die Situation der Polizei in der Schlußphase der Weimarer Republik 28 3. Der »Preußenschlag« und seine Auswirkung auf die preußische Polizei 32 III. TEIL: DER ZUGRIFF DER NATIONALSOZIALISTEN AUF DIE POLIZEI 1. Die Übernahme der Polizeigewalt durch die National- sozialisten 37 2. Die Verselbständigung der Politischen Polizei 40 3. Die Aufstellung von Formationen »zur Unterstützung« der Polizei 47 a) Hilfspolizei 47 b) »Polizeiabteilung Wecke z.b.V.« 48 c) Politische Bereitschaften 50 d) Das Feldjägerkorps 51 4. Die Verhängung von Schutzhaft und die Errichtung von Konzentrationslagern 53 5. Die Übernahme der Polizeihoheit durch das Reich 60 6. Die »Gleichschaltung« der polizeilichen Interessen- verbände 63 7. Die Militarisierung der Schutzpolizei und ihre Überführung in die Wehrmacht 65 8. NS-Propaganda: »Die Polizei - Dein Freund und Helfer« 70 Inhaltsverzeichnis IV. TEIL: DIE »VERREICHLICHUNG« DER POLIZEI UND IHRE VERSCHMELZUNG MIT DER SS P . j 1. Die Vorbereitung der »Verreichlichung« der Polizei 73 ") 2. Die Ernennung des Reichsführers-SS zum Chef der 1_ Deutschen Polizei im Reichsministerium des Innern 74 3. Die Neuordnung der Sicherheitspolizei 78 a) Der Ausbau der Geheimen Staatspolizei 78 b) Die Einsetzung von Inspekteuren der Sicherheitspolizei 79 c) Die Neuordnung der Kriminalpolizei 81 4. Die Entwicklung der Ordnungspolizei und der Gendarmerie 83 a) Die Kommandostruktur des Hauptamtes Ordnungspolizei 83 b) Die Einsetzung von Inspekteuren der Ordnungs- polizei 84 c) Die Schutzpolizei 85 d) Die Umgestaltung der Landjägerei 86 5. -
Criminals with Doctorates: an SS Officer in the Killing Fields of Russia
1 Criminals with Doctorates An SS Officer in the Killing Fields of Russia, as Told by the Novelist Jonathan Littell Henry A. Lea University of Massachusetts-Amherst Lecture Delivered at the University of Vermont November 18, 2009 This is a report about the Holocaust novel The Kindly Ones which deals with events that were the subject of a war crimes trial in Nuremberg. By coincidence I was one of the courtroom interpreters at that trial; several defendants whose testimony I translated appear as major characters in Mr. Littell's novel. This is as much a personal report as an historical one. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the murders committed by Nazi units in Russia in World War II. These crimes remain largely unknown to the general public. My reasons for combining a discussion of the actual trial with a critique of the novel are twofold: to highlight a work that, as far as I know, is the first extensive literary treatment of these events published in the West and to compare the author's account with what I witnessed at the trial. In the spring of 1947, an article in a Philadelphia newspaper reported that translators were needed at the Nuremberg Trials. I applied successfully and soon found myself in Nuremberg translating documents that were needed for the ongoing cases. After 2 passing a test for courtroom interpreters I was assigned to the so-called Einsatzgruppen Case. Einsatzgruppen is a jargon word denoting special task forces that were sent to Russia to kill Jews, Gypsies, so-called Asiatics, Communist officials and some mental patients. -
ABSTRACT Title of Document: the FURTHEST
ABSTRACT Title of Document: THE FURTHEST WATCH OF THE REICH: NATIONAL SOCIALISM, ETHNIC GERMANS, AND THE OCCUPATION OF THE SERBIAN BANAT, 1941-1944 Mirna Zakic, Ph.D., 2011 Directed by: Professor Jeffrey Herf, Department of History This dissertation examines the Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) of the Serbian Banat (northeastern Serbia) during World War II, with a focus on their collaboration with the invading Germans from the Third Reich, and their participation in the occupation of their home region. It focuses on the occupation period (April 1941-October 1944) so as to illuminate three major themes: the mutual perceptions held by ethnic and Reich Germans and how these shaped policy; the motivation behind ethnic German collaboration; and the events which drew ethnic Germans ever deeper into complicity with the Third Reich. The Banat ethnic Germans profited from a fortuitous meeting of diplomatic, military, ideological and economic reasons, which prompted the Third Reich to occupy their home region in April 1941. They played a leading role in the administration and policing of the Serbian Banat until October 1944, when the Red Army invaded the Banat. The ethnic Germans collaborated with the Nazi regime in many ways: they accepted its worldview as their own, supplied it with food, administrative services and eventually soldiers. They acted as enforcers and executors of its policies, which benefited them as perceived racial and ideological kin to Reich Germans. These policies did so at the expense of the multiethnic Banat‟s other residents, especially Jews and Serbs. In this, the Third Reich replicated general policy guidelines already implemented inside Germany and elsewhere in German-occupied Europe. -
Clemency in a Nazi War Crimes Trial By: Allison Ernest
Evading the Hangman’s Noose: Clemency in a Nazi War Crimes Trial By: Allison Ernest Ernest 2 Contents Introduction: The Foundations for a War Crimes Trial Program 3 Background and Historiography 10 Chapter 1: Investigations into Other Trials Erode the United States’ Resolve 17 Chapter 2: The Onset of Trial Fatigue Due to Public Outcry 25 Chapter 3: High Commissioner McCloy Authorizes Sentence Reviews 38 Chapter 4: McCloy and the United States Set the War Criminals Free 45 Conclusion: A Lesson to be Learned 52 Chart: A Complicated Timeline Simplified 57 Bibliography 58 Ernest 3 Introduction: The Foundations for a War Crimes Trial Program “There is a supervening affirmative duty to prosecute the doers of serious offenses that falls on those who are empowered to do so on behalf of a civilized community. This duty corresponds to our fundamental rights as citizens and as persons to receive and give respect to each other in view of our possession of such rights.” Such duty, outlined by contemporary philosopher Alan S. Rosenbaum, was no better exemplified than in the case of Nazi war criminals in the aftermath of World War II. Even before the floundering Axis powers of Germany and Japan declared their respective official surrenders in 1945, the leaders of the Allies prepared possible courses of action for the surviving criminals in the inevitable collapse of the Nazi regime. Since the beginning of the war in 1939, the Nazi regime in Germany implemented a policy of waging a war so barbaric in its execution that the total numbers of casualties rivaled whole populations of countries. -
Der Reichsgau Wartheland in Den Jahren 1939–1945
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS WRATISLAVIENSIS No 3840 Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, nr 2 Wrocław 2018 DOI: 10.19195/2300-7249.40.2.4 WOJCIECH WICHERT Oddziałowe Biuro Badań Historycznych IPN w Szczecinie ORCiD: 0000-0003-1335-592X „Exerzierplatz des Nationalsozialismus“ — der Reichsgau Wartheland in den Jahren 1939–1945 Kein anderes Land befand sich so lange unter der Besatzung des Dritten Reiches wie Polen. Polen war das erste Opfer der deutschen Aggression und hat als erstes Land unter großen Opfern zuerst bewaffneten Widerstand geleistet und später in den Jahren 1939–1945 beispiellose Personen-, Kultur- und Materialver- luste erlitten. Der deutsche Überfall auf Polen im September 1939, die Einstel- lung und die Verbrechen gegenüber Polen waren eine Form von Ausführung des antislawischen Rassismus. Die neueren Forschungen, insbesondere die, die seit den neunziger Jahren geführt wurden, offenbaren die tatsächliche Größe der ver- brecherischen Politik gegenüber den slawischen Völkern. Sie zeigen, wie sich der deutsche Nationalismus zum Rassismus entwickelt hat, das Ziel verfolgend die slawische Bevölkerung durch die nationalsozialistische Germanisierungspolitik aus ihrer Heimat zu vertreiben und sie durch die „höhere arische Rasse“ zu be- siedeln1. Diese Maßnahmen der Besatzung wurden in den schon vor dem Krieg ausgearbeiteten Generalplan Ost aufgenommen, in ein großangelegtes Kolonisie- rungs- und Germanisierungsprojekt der Gebiete in Ostmitteleuropa und in Ost- europa, das mit der Aussiedlung beziehungsweise mit der Eliminierung der hier niedergelassenen slawischen Bevölkerung verbunden war2. Vor allem aus dieser 1 A. Wolff-Powęska, Pamięć, brzemię i uwolnienie. Niemcy wobec nazistowskiej przeszłości (1945–2010) [Erinnerung — Last und Befreiung. Die Deutschen gegenüber die nationalsozialisti- schen Vergangenheit (1945–2010)], Poznań 2011, S. -
Transcript of the Shoah Interview with Karl Kretschmer Translation by Uta Allers - Volunteer – Visitor Services – Spring 2011
Transcript of the Shoah Interview with Karl Kretschmer Translation by Uta Allers - Volunteer – Visitor Services – Spring 2011 -1- German Filming German Cassette 10 / Side A Bobine No. 104 – Interview with Mr. Kretschmer Kretschmer 5 Q - … Mr. Kretschmer?… K - … yes, but that’s enough now… Q - … but do you remember me?… K - … yes, yes… Q - … yes, I’m for… K - … it’s been a few years… Q - … yes, a few years ago… I’d like to speak to you about your letters. Do you remember? K - … yes, yes… Q - … yes? K - … but do you have to… so many… Q - …yes, they are my friends… K - ……………….. Q - … yes… K - … today is especially bad… Q - … why? Q - … yes… K - … today I have to work… Q - … yes, why is it especially difficult today? K - … because the handyman is here… Q - … ah yes, you have a handyman here – but we can talk here, just quietly… K - … yes, I just have to tell them upstairs that I… Q - … yes?… We can do that…. -2- K - … yes, where can we… Q - … yes… K - … talk…. Q - … I wanted to… you remember… to do a film interview… K - … yes, isn’t that film finished yet? Q - … excuse me? K - … the film that you (were making) back then… Q - … no, no, no… that will take a long time… K - … I thought to myself that the Holocaust (the movie) would be the film… Q - … no, no… I don’t have anything to do with the Holocaust… Did you see “Holocaust”? 1 K - … yes, yes… Q - … and what did you think? K - … yes… what can I say to that? Q - … it was the truth or not? K - … well, yes… if one can get past the distortions which are built in unintentionally… well, by the director… unfortunately, it was… Q - … yes… K - … unfortunately, I’d have to say… Q - … yes… K - … yes… Q - … but I would very much like to have a conversation about your letters – as I already told you, the letters were very impressive… about your… to your wife and your children… and I’d like to have a discussion, a conversation about Babi Yar.