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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 270 509 UD 024 855 AUTHOR Hendricks DOCUMENT RESUME ED 270 509 UD 024 855 AUTHOR Hendricks, Glenn L., Ed.; And Others TITLE The Hmong in Transition. INSTITUTION Center for Migration Studies, Inc., Staten Island, N.Y.; Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Southeast Asian Refugee Studies. REPORT NO ISBN-0-913256-94-3 PUB DATE 86 NOTE 460p.; Papers originally presented at the Hmong Research Conference (2nd, Minneapolis, MN, November 17-19, 1983). AVAILABLE FROMCenter for Migration Studies, 209 Flagg Place, Staten Island, NY 10304 ($17.50 cloth, $12.95 paper; 10 or more 20% discount). PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) Reports Research /Technical (143) -- Books (010) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Acculturation; Asian Americans; *Cultural Traits; Economic Factors; Family Attitudes; *Health; Health Services; Immigrants; *Lao; *Laotians; Social Attitudes; Social Integration; Social Services IDENTIFIERS *Hmong; *Hmong People; Southeast Asians ABSTRACT Papers presented at a 1984 conference on research on the Hmong in the United States are collected in this book. The 24 papers are organized around four central themes (among culture and change, adaptation to a new society, language and literacy, and health care issues). Titles and authors are: (1) "Stages of Hmong Cultural Adaptation" (William A. Smalley); (2) "The Hmong ofLaos: Economic Factors in the Refugee Exodus and Return" (Robert Cooper); (3) "Processes of Identity Maintenance in Hmong Society" (Timothy Dunnigan); (4) "Culture and Adaptation: Hmong Refugees inAustralia" (Gary Yia Lee); (5) "The Miao in Cnntemporary China" (Louisa Schein); (6) "Geomancy as an Aspect of Upland-Lowland Relationships" (Nicholas Tapp); (7) "Training Hmong Women: For Marginal Workor Entry into the Mainstream" (Sarah R. Mason); (8) "Changes in Hmong Refugee Marital Attitudes in America" (William H. Meredith and George P. Rowe); (9) "Resolving Sexual Assault: Hmong and the American Legal System" (Beth L. Goldstein); (10) "The Hmong in Isla Vista: Obstacles and Enhancements to Adjustment" (Catherine Stoumpos Gross); (11)"Factors Contributing to a Split within a Clientelistic Needlework Cooperative Engaged in Refugee Resettlement" (Nancy D. Donnelly); (12) "TheAmong Resettlement Study: A Symposium" (Includes six shortpages by several authors); (13) Cooperative Engaged in "Two-Word Expressives init*ite among" (Martha Ratliff); (14) "Verb Serialization in Hmong" (Laurel Owensby); (15) "The Morpheme 'Rom': A First Analysis andLook at Embedding in Huang" (Annie Jaisser); (16) "Zero Anaphora and Topic Prominence in Mang" (Judith Wheaton Fuller); (17) "Investiga"cing Literacy: Approaches, Tools, tnd Their Consequences for Inquiry" (Gail Weinstein); (18) "Factors in Individual Acquisition ofEnglish: A Longitudinal Study of Hmong Adults" (Karen Reed Green and Stephen Reder); (19) "Shamanism in the Context of Hmong Resettlement" (Jaques Lemoine); (20) "Guidelines for Mental Health Professionalsto Help among Clients Seek Traditional Healing Treatment" (Bruce Thowpaou Bliatout); (21) "among Perception of Illness and TraditionalWays of Healing" (Xoua Theo); (22) 'Sleep Disturbances and Sudden Death of Hmong Refugees: A Report on Field Work Conducted in the Ban Vinai Refugee Camp" (Ronald G. Munger); (23) "A Cross-Cultural Assessment of Maternal-Child Interaction: Links to Health and Development" (Charles N. Oberg, Sharon Muret-Wagstaff, Shirley G. Moore and Brenda Cumming); (24) "Undue Lead Absorption in Hmong Children" (Karl Chun and Amos S. Deinard); (25) "Attitudes of Hmong toward a Medical Research Project" (Marshall Hurlich, Neal R. Holtan, and Ronald G. Munger). (KH) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** Az MR emurneeNT 101WATION Oleos et Edmore* Remene08, t end loprovement "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS RONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL IN MICROFICHE ONLY CENTER (ERIC) HAS BEEN GRANTED BY documentMObeen reproduced es received from MR onion or oreeettatton driteneting it dio F; Toni asi 0 Mina ottenpe neve been made to improve reproduction quality C Pointe of thew or opinions UMW In Me dace- .44 ea leant do not newsier* represent °Mwe TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES owemoon or policy INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." THE HMONG IN TRANSITION edited by Glenn L. Hendricks Bruce T. Downing Amos S. Deinard 1986 Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc. The Southeast Asian Refugee Studies of the University of Minnesota 3 The Center for Migration Studies is an educational non-profit institute founded in New York in 1964 to encourage and facilitate the study of sociodemographic, economic, political, historical, legislative and pastoral aspects of human migration and refugee movements. The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors. THE HMONG IN TRANSITION A joint publication of the Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc. and the Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project of the University of Minnesota First Edition Copyright © 1986 by The Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced without permission from the publishers Center for Migration Studies 209 Flagg Place Staten Island, New York 10304 ISBN 0-913256-94-3 (hardcover) ISBN 0-913256-95-1 (paperback) Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 85-47918 Printed in the USA 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE xi Glenn L. Hendricks Map of Laos xv PART 1 HMONG CULTURE ANDCHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Glenn L. Hendricks STAGES OF HMONG CULTURALADAPTATION 7 William A. Smalley The Stages, 7; The People of MoosPlais, 9, Typical Innovations of the Stages,15 THE HMONG OF LAOS: ECONOMICFACTORS 23 IN THE REFUGEE EXODUS ANDRETURN Robert Cooper* Introductory Note, 23; The Thesis, 23;The Historical Evidence, 27; The Observational Evidence,30; The Empirical Evidence, 32; Summary, 37;Conclusion, 38 PROCESSES OF IDENTITY MAINTENANCE 41 IN HMONG SOCIETY Timothy Dunn Igen Introduction, 41; The Oppositional Process,42; The Homeland, 45; Language, 46; Religion, 47;Kinship, 49; Identity Maintenance, 50 CULTURE AND ADAPTATION: 55 HMONG REFUGEES IN AUSTRALIA Gary Yia Lees The Traditional Productivity Base, 56;Religion and Social Structure, 57; Impact of Resettlement,59; Cultural Consciousness and Adaptation,61; Hmong Research and Social Change, 66;Conclusion, 69 * Indicates invited Conference keynotespeaker vi THE HMONG IN TRANSITION THE MIAO INCONTEMPORARY CHINA: 73 A PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW Louisa Schein Introduction, 73; Ethnic Classification inChina, 74; The Setting, 75; The Miao as a Nationality,76; Language and Education, 78; Some Aspectsof Tradition and Change, 81; Conclusion,83 GEOMANCY AS ANASPEdT OF 87 UPLAND-LOWLAND RELATIONSHIPS Nicholas Tapp PART 2 ADAPTING TO A NEW SOCIETY 97 INTRODUCTION 99 Glenn L. Hendricks TRAINING HMONG WOMEN: 101 FOR MARGINAL'WORK OR ENTRY INTO THE MAINSTREAM Sarah R. Mason Introduction, 101; Federal Assistance toRefugee Job Training,103; Development ofIndochinese Women's Programs, 104; EmploymentTraining for Southeast Asian Refugees in the St.Paul-Minnea- polis Area, 104; Employment Trainingfor Hmong Women in the Metropolitan Area: AnAssessment, 106; Conclusion, 118 CHANGES IN HMONG REFUGEEMARITAL 121 ATTITUVES IN AMERICA W iliam H. Meredith and George P. Rowe Marriage in Laos, 121; Method, 124; Population,125; Results, 126; Conclusion and Discussion, 129 RESOLVING SEXUAL ASSAULT: HMONGAND 135 THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEM Beth L. Goldstein THE HMONG IN ISLA VISTA: OBSTACLESAND 145 ENHANCEMENTS TO ADJUSTMENT Catherine Stoumpos Gross 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Introduction, 145; Methodology, 145; Obstacles to Adjustment, 146; Factors Enhancing Adjustment, 150; Outlook, 154 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO A SPLIT WITHIN A 159 CLIENTELISTIC NEEDLEWORK COOPERATIVE ENGAGED IN REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT Nancy D. Donnelly Background, 160; Patron/Client Relationships, 162; Implications, 165 THE HMONG RESETTLEMENT STUDY: 175 A SYMPOSIUM INTRODUCTION 175 Stephen Reder POPULATION TRENDS 179 Douglas Olney SECONDARY MIGRATION TO CALIFORNIA'S 184 CENTRAL VALLEY John Finck LANGUAGE ISSUES 187 Bruce Downing HMONG EMPLOYMENT AND 193 WELFARE DEPENDENCY Shur Vang Vangyi HMONG YOUTH AND THE HMONG FUTURE IN 197 AMERICA Mary Cohn ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND 202 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTS Simon M. Fass PART 3 LANGUAGE AND LITERACY INTRODUCTION 213 Bruce Downing viii THE HMONG IN TRANSITION A NOTE ON HMONG ORTHOGRAPHY 217 TWO-WORD EXPRESSIVES IN 219 wineHMONG Martha Ratliff VERB SERIALIZATION IN HMONG 237 Laurel Owensby THE MORPHEME "KOM": 245 A FIRST ANALYSIS AND LOOK AT EMBEDDING IN HMONG Annie Jalsser "Kom" as a Higher Verb, 245; "Kom" as a Complementizer, 250; The Idiomatic Phrase "Kom Tam", 258 ZERO ANAPHORA AND TOPIC 261 PROMINENCE IN HMONG Judith Wheaton Fuller Sentence-Level Zero Anaphora, 261; Discourse- Level Zero Anaphora, 262; Topic 1 Prominence and Zero Anaphora, 268; Conclusion, 275 INVESTIGATING LITERACY: 279 APPROACHES, TOOLS, AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES FOR INQUIRY Gall Weinstein Background, 279; Perspectives on the Role of Literacy, 280; Some Social Consequences of Literacy: Reflections of a Backyard Ethnographer, 286 FACTORS IN INDIVIDUAL ACQUISITION 299 OF ENGLISH: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF HMONG ADULTS Karen Reed Green and Stephen Reder Methods, 302; Measuring Acquisition, 307; Factors Affecting Acquisition, 314; Conclusions, 323 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix PART 4 HEALTH CARE ISSUES 331 INTRODUCTION 333 Amos S. Deinard SHAMANISM IN THE
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