DOCSLIB.ORG

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 270 509 UD 024 855 AUTHOR Hendricks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 270 509 UD 024 855 AUTHOR Hendricks, Glenn L., Ed.; And Others TITLE The Hmong in Transition. INSTITUTION Center for Migration Studies, Inc., Staten Island, N.Y.; Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Southeast Asian Refugee Studies. REPORT NO ISBN-0-913256-94-3 PUB DATE 86 NOTE 460p.; Papers originally presented at the Hmong Research Conference (2nd, Minneapolis, MN, November 17-19, 1983). AVAILABLE FROMCenter for Migration Studies, 209 Flagg Place, Staten Island, NY 10304 ($17.50 cloth, $12.95 paper; 10 or more 20% discount). PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) Reports Research /Technical (143) -- Books (010) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Acculturation; Asian Americans; *Cultural Traits; Economic Factors; Family Attitudes; *Health; Health Services; Immigrants; *Lao; *Laotians; Social Attitudes; Social Integration; Social Services IDENTIFIERS *Hmong; *Hmong People; Southeast Asians ABSTRACT Papers presented at a 1984 conference on research on the Hmong in the United States are collected in this book. The 24 papers are organized around four central themes (among culture and change, adaptation to a new society, language and literacy, and health care issues). Titles and authors are: (1) "Stages of Hmong Cultural Adaptation" (William A. Smalley); (2) "The Hmong ofLaos: Economic Factors in the Refugee Exodus and Return" (Robert Cooper); (3) "Processes of Identity Maintenance in Hmong Society" (Timothy Dunnigan); (4) "Culture and Adaptation: Hmong Refugees inAustralia" (Gary Yia Lee); (5) "The Miao in Cnntemporary China" (Louisa Schein); (6) "Geomancy as an Aspect of Upland-Lowland Relationships" (Nicholas Tapp); (7) "Training Hmong Women: For Marginal Workor Entry into the Mainstream" (Sarah R. Mason); (8) "Changes in Hmong Refugee Marital Attitudes in America" (William H. Meredith and George P. Rowe); (9) "Resolving Sexual Assault: Hmong and the American Legal System" (Beth L. Goldstein); (10) "The Hmong in Isla Vista: Obstacles and Enhancements to Adjustment" (Catherine Stoumpos Gross); (11)"Factors Contributing to a Split within a Clientelistic Needlework Cooperative Engaged in Refugee Resettlement" (Nancy D. Donnelly); (12) "TheAmong Resettlement Study: A Symposium" (Includes six shortpages by several authors); (13) Cooperative Engaged in "Two-Word Expressives init*ite among" (Martha Ratliff); (14) "Verb Serialization in Hmong" (Laurel Owensby); (15) "The Morpheme 'Rom': A First Analysis andLook at Embedding in Huang" (Annie Jaisser); (16) "Zero Anaphora and Topic Prominence in Mang" (Judith Wheaton Fuller); (17) "Investiga"cing Literacy: Approaches, Tools, tnd Their Consequences for Inquiry" (Gail Weinstein); (18) "Factors in Individual Acquisition ofEnglish: A Longitudinal Study of Hmong Adults" (Karen Reed Green and Stephen Reder); (19) "Shamanism in the Context of Hmong Resettlement" (Jaques Lemoine); (20) "Guidelines for Mental Health Professionalsto Help among Clients Seek Traditional Healing Treatment" (Bruce Thowpaou Bliatout); (21) "among Perception of Illness and TraditionalWays of Healing" (Xoua Theo); (22) 'Sleep Disturbances and Sudden Death of Hmong Refugees: A Report on Field Work Conducted in the Ban Vinai Refugee Camp" (Ronald G. Munger); (23) "A Cross-Cultural Assessment of Maternal-Child Interaction: Links to Health and Development" (Charles N. Oberg, Sharon Muret-Wagstaff, Shirley G. Moore and Brenda Cumming); (24) "Undue Lead Absorption in Hmong Children" (Karl Chun and Amos S. Deinard); (25) "Attitudes of Hmong toward a Medical Research Project" (Marshall Hurlich, Neal R. Holtan, and Ronald G. Munger). (KH) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** Az MR emurneeNT 101WATION Oleos et Edmore* Remene08, t end loprovement "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS RONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL IN MICROFICHE ONLY CENTER (ERIC) HAS BEEN GRANTED BY documentMObeen reproduced es received from MR onion or oreeettatton driteneting it dio F; Toni asi 0 Mina ottenpe neve been made to improve reproduction quality C Pointe of thew or opinions UMW In Me dace- .44 ea leant do not newsier* represent °Mwe TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES owemoon or policy INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." THE HMONG IN TRANSITION edited by Glenn L. Hendricks Bruce T. Downing Amos S. Deinard 1986 Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc. The Southeast Asian Refugee Studies of the University of Minnesota 3 The Center for Migration Studies is an educational non-profit institute founded in New York in 1964 to encourage and facilitate the study of sociodemographic, economic, political, historical, legislative and pastoral aspects of human migration and refugee movements. The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors. THE HMONG IN TRANSITION A joint publication of the Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc. and the Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project of the University of Minnesota First Edition Copyright © 1986 by The Center for Migration Studies of New York, Inc. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced without permission from the publishers Center for Migration Studies 209 Flagg Place Staten Island, New York 10304 ISBN 0-913256-94-3 (hardcover) ISBN 0-913256-95-1 (paperback) Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 85-47918 Printed in the USA 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE xi Glenn L. Hendricks Map of Laos xv PART 1 HMONG CULTURE ANDCHANGE 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Glenn L. Hendricks STAGES OF HMONG CULTURALADAPTATION 7 William A. Smalley The Stages, 7; The People of MoosPlais, 9, Typical Innovations of the Stages,15 THE HMONG OF LAOS: ECONOMICFACTORS 23 IN THE REFUGEE EXODUS ANDRETURN Robert Cooper* Introductory Note, 23; The Thesis, 23;The Historical Evidence, 27; The Observational Evidence,30; The Empirical Evidence, 32; Summary, 37;Conclusion, 38 PROCESSES OF IDENTITY MAINTENANCE 41 IN HMONG SOCIETY Timothy Dunn Igen Introduction, 41; The Oppositional Process,42; The Homeland, 45; Language, 46; Religion, 47;Kinship, 49; Identity Maintenance, 50 CULTURE AND ADAPTATION: 55 HMONG REFUGEES IN AUSTRALIA Gary Yia Lees The Traditional Productivity Base, 56;Religion and Social Structure, 57; Impact of Resettlement,59; Cultural Consciousness and Adaptation,61; Hmong Research and Social Change, 66;Conclusion, 69 * Indicates invited Conference keynotespeaker vi THE HMONG IN TRANSITION THE MIAO INCONTEMPORARY CHINA: 73 A PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW Louisa Schein Introduction, 73; Ethnic Classification inChina, 74; The Setting, 75; The Miao as a Nationality,76; Language and Education, 78; Some Aspectsof Tradition and Change, 81; Conclusion,83 GEOMANCY AS ANASPEdT OF 87 UPLAND-LOWLAND RELATIONSHIPS Nicholas Tapp PART 2 ADAPTING TO A NEW SOCIETY 97 INTRODUCTION 99 Glenn L. Hendricks TRAINING HMONG WOMEN: 101 FOR MARGINAL'WORK OR ENTRY INTO THE MAINSTREAM Sarah R. Mason Introduction, 101; Federal Assistance toRefugee Job Training,103; Development ofIndochinese Women's Programs, 104; EmploymentTraining for Southeast Asian Refugees in the St.Paul-Minnea- polis Area, 104; Employment Trainingfor Hmong Women in the Metropolitan Area: AnAssessment, 106; Conclusion, 118 CHANGES IN HMONG REFUGEEMARITAL 121 ATTITUVES IN AMERICA W iliam H. Meredith and George P. Rowe Marriage in Laos, 121; Method, 124; Population,125; Results, 126; Conclusion and Discussion, 129 RESOLVING SEXUAL ASSAULT: HMONGAND 135 THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEM Beth L. Goldstein THE HMONG IN ISLA VISTA: OBSTACLESAND 145 ENHANCEMENTS TO ADJUSTMENT Catherine Stoumpos Gross 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Introduction, 145; Methodology, 145; Obstacles to Adjustment, 146; Factors Enhancing Adjustment, 150; Outlook, 154 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO A SPLIT WITHIN A 159 CLIENTELISTIC NEEDLEWORK COOPERATIVE ENGAGED IN REFUGEE RESETTLEMENT Nancy D. Donnelly Background, 160; Patron/Client Relationships, 162; Implications, 165 THE HMONG RESETTLEMENT STUDY: 175 A SYMPOSIUM INTRODUCTION 175 Stephen Reder POPULATION TRENDS 179 Douglas Olney SECONDARY MIGRATION TO CALIFORNIA'S 184 CENTRAL VALLEY John Finck LANGUAGE ISSUES 187 Bruce Downing HMONG EMPLOYMENT AND 193 WELFARE DEPENDENCY Shur Vang Vangyi HMONG YOUTH AND THE HMONG FUTURE IN 197 AMERICA Mary Cohn ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND 202 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTS Simon M. Fass PART 3 LANGUAGE AND LITERACY INTRODUCTION 213 Bruce Downing viii THE HMONG IN TRANSITION A NOTE ON HMONG ORTHOGRAPHY 217 TWO-WORD EXPRESSIVES IN 219 wineHMONG Martha Ratliff VERB SERIALIZATION IN HMONG 237 Laurel Owensby THE MORPHEME "KOM": 245 A FIRST ANALYSIS AND LOOK AT EMBEDDING IN HMONG Annie Jalsser "Kom" as a Higher Verb, 245; "Kom" as a Complementizer, 250; The Idiomatic Phrase "Kom Tam", 258 ZERO ANAPHORA AND TOPIC 261 PROMINENCE IN HMONG Judith Wheaton Fuller Sentence-Level Zero Anaphora, 261; Discourse- Level Zero Anaphora, 262; Topic 1 Prominence and Zero Anaphora, 268; Conclusion, 275 INVESTIGATING LITERACY: 279 APPROACHES, TOOLS, AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES FOR INQUIRY Gall Weinstein Background, 279; Perspectives on the Role of Literacy, 280; Some Social Consequences of Literacy: Reflections of a Backyard Ethnographer, 286 FACTORS IN INDIVIDUAL ACQUISITION 299 OF ENGLISH: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF HMONG ADULTS Karen Reed Green and Stephen Reder Methods, 302; Measuring Acquisition, 307; Factors Affecting Acquisition, 314; Conclusions, 323 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix PART 4 HEALTH CARE ISSUES 331 INTRODUCTION 333 Amos S. Deinard SHAMANISM IN THE
Recommended publications
  • Parallel Between Vietnam and Afghanistan Wars

    Parallel Between Vietnam and Afghanistan Wars

    Parallel Between Vietnam and Afghanistan Wars Muhammad Karim * Abstract After the announcement of new US strategy for Afghanistan by President Trump’s administration, the Afghan War now resembles that of concluding phase of the Vietnam War. At the end of the Vietnam War, the United States widened the war zone to spread it to Cambodia and Laos. Since last few months, US officials are blaming Pakistan for its failure in Afghanistan. Think Tanks are churning out new studies and reports suggesting tough conditions for Pakistan for its alleged supports for the terrorist groups. President Trump’s Afghan strategy also suggests more pressure on Pakistan and favors sphere of influence for India in Afghanistan. In totality the United States wants to shift its focus towards Pakistan and Afghanistan is largely becoming a side show. The study argues that in overall context of the ground realities, similarities exist in Afghan and Vietnam Wars that may have long term implications for diplomatic, economic and security matrixes of Pakistan. On the face of emerging US policies for the region and prevailing circumstances the research makes an endeavor to foretell next phase of the Afghan War vis-à-vis its implications on Pakistan. Keywords: US military; Afghanistan; Vietnam; Military Strategy; war zones Introduction Parallels between Vietnam and Afghan war are increasingly being drawn in the academic and scholarly debates, particularly with regards to the growing US military presence in Afghanistan. Voices, even within the President Barack Obama's and now President Trump’s own party is advising that the US is risking being drawn into Afghanistan’s quagmire which analogous to the Nixon’s Vietnam and may become Trump’s Vietnam.
  • 1979-Tragedy in Indochina: War, Refugees, and Famine

    1979-Tragedy in Indochina: War, Refugees, and Famine

    1979-TRAGEDY IN INDOCHINA: WAR, REFUGEES, AND FAMINE HEARINGS BEFORE TIE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ASIAN AND PACIFIC AFFAIRS 01"' TI1' COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINErY-sIXThi (cONGRIESS FIRST SESSION FEBIIARY 28: SEPTEMBER IS; OCTOBER 10, 17; I)lE.('lNlE l IS ANI) 19. 1971) Printed forthe use (if the committee e on Foreign Affairs U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 85- 70 WASHINGTON : 1980 H 30HL/ CO31MITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS CLEMENT J. ZAIIOCKI, Wisconsin, Chairman L. H. FOUNTAIN, North Carolina WILIIAM S. BROOMFIELD, Michigan DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida EI)WARD J. DERWINSKI, Illinois CHARLES C. DIGGS, JR., Michigan I'AUL FINDLEY, Illinois BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL, New York JOHN 11. BUCHANAN, JR., Alabama LEE II. HAMILTON, Indiana LARRY WINN, JR., Kansas LESTER L. WOLFF, New York BENJAMIN A. GILMAN, New York JONATHAN B. BINGHAM, New York TENNYSON GUYER, Ohio GUS YATRON, Pennsylvania ROBERT J. LAGOMARSINO, California CARDISS COLLINS, Illinois WILLIAM F. GOODLING, Pennsylvania STEPHEN J. SOLARZ, New York JOEL PRITCHARD, Washington DON BONKER, Washington MILLICENT FENWICK, New Jersey GERRY E. STUDDS, Massachusetts DAN QUAYLE, Indiana ANDY IRELAND, Florida DONALD J. PEASE, Ohio DAN MICA, Florida MICHAEL D. BARNES, Maryland WILLIAM H1.GRAY III, Pennsylvania TONY P. HALL, Ohio HOWARD WOLPE, Michigan DAVID R. BOWEN, Mississippi FLOYD J. FITIIIAN, Indiana JOHN J. BRADY, Jr., Chief of Staff LINDA G. SILVER, Staff Assistant SUBCOMMIrTEE ON ASIAN AND PACIFiC AFFAIRS LESTER L. WOLFF, New York, Chairman DAN MICA, Florida TENNYSON GUYER, Ohio TONY P. HALL, Ohio JOEL PRITCHARD, Washington CHARLES C. DIGGS, JR., Michigan WILLIAM F. GOODLING, Pennsylvania GUS YATRON. Ilennsylvauia STEPHEN J.
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS

    Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS

    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
  • The Spread of Violent Civil Conflict: Rare, State-Driven, and Preventable

    The Spread of Violent Civil Conflict: Rare, State-Driven, and Preventable

    1 The Spread of Violent Civil Conflict: Rare, State-Driven, and Preventable by Nathan Wolcott Black B.A. History Rice University, 2006 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITCAL SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2012 © 2012 Nathan Wolcott Black. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: __________________________________________________ Department of Political Science April 30, 2012 Certified by: __________________________________________________________ Kenneth A. Oye Associate Professor of Political Science Thesis Supervisor Accepted by:__________________________________________________________ Roger Petersen Arthur and Ruth Sloan Professor of Political Science Chairman, Graduate Program Committee 2 3 The Spread of Violent Civil Conflict: Rare, State-Driven, and Preventable by Nathan Wolcott Black Submitted to the Department of Political Science of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on April 30, 2012 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science ABSTRACT This dissertation advances and tests an explanation for the spread of violent civil conflict from one state to another. The fear of such “substate conflict contagion” is frequently invoked by American policymakers as a justification for military intervention in ongoing substate conflicts — the argument these policymakers often make is that conflicts left uncontained now will spread and become a more pertinent security threat later. My State Action Explanation is that substate conflict contagion is not the sole product of nonstate factors such as transnational rebel networks and arms flows, nor of the structural factors such as poverty that make internal conflict more likely in general.
  • Ethnic Minority

    Ethnic Minority

    Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues Lao People’s Democratic Republic Country Technical Notes on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Last update: November 2012 Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations ‗developed‘ and ‗developing‘ countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. All rights reserved Table of Contents Country Technical Note on Indigenous People‘s Issues - Lao People's Democratic Republic .............................................................................................. 1 Summary ............................................................................................................. 1 1. Main characteristics of indigenous peoples ............................................................. 2 1.1 Demographic status ...................................................................................... 4 2. Sociocultural status ...........................................................................................
  • Special Issue 2, August 2015

    Special Issue 2, August 2015

    Special Issue 2, August 2015 Published by the Center for Lao Studies ISSN: 2159-2152 www.laostudies.org ______________________ Special Issue 2, August 2015 Information and Announcements i-ii Introducing a Second Collection of Papers from the Fourth International 1-5 Conference on Lao Studies. IAN G. BAIRD and CHRISTINE ELLIOTT Social Cohesion under the Aegis of Reciprocity: Ritual Activity and Household 6-33 Interdependence among the Kim Mun (Lanten-Yao) in Laos. JACOB CAWTHORNE The Ongoing Invention of a Multi-Ethnic Heritage in Laos. 34-53 YVES GOUDINEAU An Ethnohistory of Highland Societies in Northern Laos. 54-76 VANINA BOUTÉ Wat Tham Krabok Hmong and the Libertarian Moment. 77-96 DAVID M. CHAMBERS The Story of Lao r: Filling in the Gaps. 97-109 GARRY W. DAVIS Lao Khrang and Luang Phrabang Lao: A Comparison of Tonal Systems and 110-143 Foreign-Accent Rating by Luang Phrabang Judges. VARISA OSATANANDA Phuan in Banteay Meancheay Province, Cambodia: Resettlement under the 144-166 Reign of King Rama III of Siam THANANAN TRONGDEE The Journal of Lao Studies is published twice per year by the Center for Lao Studies, 65 Ninth Street, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA. For more information, see the CLS website at www.laostudies.org. Please direct inquiries to [email protected]. ISSN : 2159-2152 Books for review should be sent to: Justin McDaniel, JLS Editor 223 Claudia Cohen Hall 249 S. 36th Street University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104 Copying and Permissions Notice: This journal provides open access to content contained in every issue except the current issue, which is open to members of the Center for Lao Studies.
  • Information to Users

    Information to Users

    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Aim Arbor Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Highland Cash Crop Development and Biodiversity Conservation: The Hmong in Northern Thailand by Waranoot Tungittiplakorn B.Sc., Chulalongkorn University, 1988 M..Sc., Asian Institute of Technology, 1991 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment o f the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Geography We accept this dissertation as conforming to the required standard Dr.
  • Introduce : Akha in Thailand

    Introduce : Akha in Thailand

    Introduce : Akha in Thailand This article comes from the book- “study and the culture of Akha in Chiangrai: 8 groups of Akha tribe – 2003. Akha is the name of the people of a hilltribe that have their own language, beliefs, clothes and way of living. The 8 groups have basic similarities but some even have a different language; like the Ulow Akha and the Aker Akha, who do not understand each other. The 8 Akha groups of Thailand are: 1.Uloh Akha The Uloh Akha is a Thai Akha. This group was the first to move to the north of Thailand and stay, moving to DoiTung, Maefahluang. This group is very big and is mostly in Chiangrai, also moving to Chiangmai. The government gives 2 Thai Akhas the opportunity to develop their village; the Akha village at DoiSanjai, Maefahluang and the Akha village at Doisangow Chinagsan district. Chiangrai. 'Uloh' means a sharp hat, with the 'U' from Udoo meaning a sharp, high circle. The name is given to the Akha by the hat that they wear and this is a prominent group for their hats. The Thai Akha are a large number in Thailand with around 32,500 people spreading around the 5 provinces of Chiangrai, Chiangmai,Lamphang, Prae and Tak in the north of Thailand. Some of these people retain their traditional beliefs, respecting their ancestor spirits and others changed to buddism, Christianity and Islam. Sanjaroengao has the largest population of Akha people. The Uloh Akha language has become the standard between Akha people and is used to communicate between different groups.
  • American Fear of Communist Attack, Truman's Dislike of Stalin, Russia's

    American Fear of Communist Attack, Truman's Dislike of Stalin, Russia's

    Cold War 1949-1991 Causes of the Cold War: American fear of communist attack, Truman’s dislike of Stalin, Russia’s fear of the American's atomic bomb, Russia’s disliked of capitalism, Russia’s actions in the Soviet zone of Germany, America’s refusal to share nuclear secrets, Russia’s expansion west into Eastern Europe broken election promises guaranteed at the Yalta Conference, Russia’s fear of American attack, Russia’s need for a secure western border, and Russia’s aim of spreading world communism In diplomatic terms there are three types of wars. Hot War: this is actual warfare. All talks have failed and the armies are fighting. Warm War: this is where talks are still going on and there would always be a chance of a peaceful outcome but armies, navies etc. are being fully mobilized and war plans are being put into operation ready for the command to fight Cold War: this term is used to describe the relationship between America and the Soviet Union 1945 to 1991. Characteristics of the Cold War: • There were no direct conflicts between the two superpowers (The United States and Soviet Union). The consequences would have been too horrible but they did ‘fight’ for their beliefs using client states that fought for their beliefs and on their behalf in a series of proxy (substitute) wars. In these they fought each other through a third party. They would supply training, money, and military equipment so their client/partner country could wage war against the opposing side. Such as the Vietnam War and Afghan War.
  • SAP009: Building Resilience of Urban Populations with Ecosystem-Based Solutions in Lao PDR

    SAP009: Building Resilience of Urban Populations with Ecosystem-Based Solutions in Lao PDR

    SAP009: Building resilience of urban populations with ecosystem-based solutions in Lao PDR Lao PDR | United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) | B.24/02 22 October 2019 Gender documentation for SAP009 UNEP Funding Proposal for the GCF Building resilience of urban populations with ecosystem-based solutions in Lao PDR Annex 4: Gender and Social Inclusion Analysis and Action Plan 1. Introduction The main results of the analysis in this document are the following: • The analysis of gender in Laos benefits from understanding the ethnic context. Laos is a multi-ethnic country and patterns of gender relations differ across ethnic groups. • There is overall complementarity in gender roles among women and men. Some types of livelihoods are differentiated along gender lines while others such as rice farming are less differentiated. • Through illustrative examples, the analysis shows that women’s sources of power and roles can be rooted in the people’s relationship to the environment and how development projects in general need to be careful in promoting interventions that disrupt existing patterns and sources of women’s power in their communities and families. • In the proposed project, the activities will not likely have negative impacts on gender relations. The activities that are most related to gender and social issues are ecosystem restoration and the development of management plans under Outputs 2.1 and 2.2. As included in the Gender Action Plan, positive actions to further ensure equitable benefits and participation of women and men in
  • 2019 Asian Championships

    2019 Asian Championships

    2019 International Geography Bee Asian Championships Preliminary Round 1 1. Shong Lang Sue’s created this people’s script Pahawh script. In the 19th century, the Qing (pr. Ching) waged a war against this ethnic group, forcing them to flee to the Kingdom of Nanzhao. Many refugees of this Southeast Asian ethnic group have settled in the Minneapolis area in recent decades. For the point, name this group of people also known as the Miao, who were persecuted and expelled from rural and mountainous areas of Laos and Vietnam in the 20th century. ANSWER: Hmong People [Accept Miao before mentioned] 2. The Douro Valley of this country is a major global center for the production of fortified wines while its southern Algarve region is a popular beach vacation spot. This nation’s highest point of Mount Pico is a member of the Mid-Atlantic Range and is the tallest mountain in the Azores. The Tagus (pr. TAY-juss) River empties into the Atlantic Ocean in this nation. For the point, name this Iberian country with cities like Porto and Lisbon. ANSWER: Portugal 3. An ancient city along this river was known for its towering gates named for local gods like Amash and Nergal, with those gates being flanked by Lamassu statues. A rift lake named Hazar nestled in the Taurus Mountains is the source of this river. A hydroelectric dam once named for Saddam Hussein generates power from this river for the nearby city of Mosul. For the point, name this Mesopotamian river that is east of the Euphrates River.
  • The Language Olicy of Minority Languages in Vietnam

    The Language Olicy of Minority Languages in Vietnam

    특집 ••• 사라져 가는 언어들 The language olicy of minority languages in Vietnam LY Toan Thang․Instituteof Linguistics,Hanoi-Vietnam 0. Introduction The most important ethno-linguistic feature of Vietnam is that during about four thousands years, throughout the very long historical period of foundation, protection and development of the country, the ethnic groups in Vietnam were living side by side in peaceful harmony and unity, without any ethno-linguistic war between the Viet and minorities, or between the minorities themselves. In this ethno-linguistic aspect the history of Vietnam is the history of interaction of languages following the tendency of convergence and intergration for forming an ethno-linguistic union in Vietnam. That tendency is strengthened in new historical, political, economic and socio-cultural conditions of Vietnam in XX century. Vietnam is a multiethnic, multicultural and multilingual country comprising 54 ethnic groups(ethnicities): 01 majority the Viet(the 특집 ․ 사라져 가는 언어들 ․ 51 Kinh) and 53 minorities, but about 100 minority languages/dialects. A couple of ethno-linguistic communities, such as the Hoa(Chinese) and the Khmer, have alinguistic relationship with China and Cambodge, in which countries Chinese and Khmer are the national languages. The Tay, Nung and Thai have genetic relations with the Choang(Zhung), Thai, Shan in South China, Laos, Thailand and Burma. The Hmong are about 550 thousands in Vietnam, a few millions in China, a few thousands in Thailand and Laos, and even a few hundreds of thousands Hmong people in USA, Australia and France. Since independence in 1945 the language policy in Vietnam has reflected a strategy of preservation, promotion and development of spoken and written languages, including both Vietnamese and minority languages.