Management Plans

Action Plan 2013-2018 Vision Strategy Action 4 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 5

contents Foreword Ro-ràdh Nàdar a’ Mhonaidh Ruaidh

Foreword 5 The nature of the Cairngorms National Park is Tha iongantasan nàdarra Pàirce Nàiseanta a’ Mhonaidh outstanding - a refuge for rare and endangered wildlife Ruaidh air leth – tèarmann do bheathaichean agus 1. Introduction 7 where wild cat live in ancient pine forests alongside less do eòin annasach agus ann an cunnart, beò ann 2. Vision 20 celebrated but equally important plants and insects. am beanntan agus glinn aosta, còmhla ri lusan agus 3. Strategy 29 Considered amongst the 50 Last Great Places in the bhiastagan nach eil cho comharraichte ach a tha a’ World by National Geographic, our National Park cheart cho cudromach. Aithnichte mar aon de na 3.1 Aims 30 is of exceptional value to Scotland and to our 50 Àite Cudromach mu Dheireadh san t-Saoghal le 3.2 Policy context 34 international reputation. National Geographic, tha a’ Phàirc Nàiseanta againne le 3.3 Research and data 36 luach air leth do dh’Alba agus do ar cliù eadar-nàiseanta. 3.4 Bio-security 37 The diversity of land use is fundamental to the biodiversity, culture and economy of the Park. The Tha iomadachd ann an cleachdadh fearainn sa Phàirc 4. Action 38 high quality of nature, now protected by European mar bhunait do ar bith-iomadachd, dualchas agus Photography: Mark Hamblin/2020VISION, Peter Cairns/ 4.1 Woodland 39 directives, is due in no small part to the way the land eaconamaidh. Tha àrd-chàileachd ar nàdair a-nis gu 2020VISION, Luke Massey/2020VISION, Åsmund Loe, Badenoch & Strathspey Conservation Group, Bridget 4.2 Wetland 49 has been managed, valued and enjoyed by enthusiastic mòr air a dhìon le stiùireachais Eòrpach, agus tha an England/RSPB, Pete Moore/RSPB, Liz Holden, Stephen 4.3 Other habitats 58 and passionate people from all walks of life. However, staid sa bheil e mar thoradh air an dòigh san deach na Corcoran, Will Boyd Wallis, Stewart Taylor, Helen Rowe, Jimmy Mitchell, Jonathan Willet, John McAvoy, Neil McIntyre, 4.4 Involving people 66 challenges are ever present. We need to focus our cnuic, na coilltean agus an talamh àiteachais a riaghladh, Andy Scobie, Colin Bean, Dave Gowans, Mike Taylor, David efforts to halt biodiversity loss. Collective care is a luachadh agus a mhealtainn le daoine deònach agus Genny, Raymond Besant, Scott Jones, Lorne Gill/SNH, 5. Glossary 72 John Macpherson/SNH, Kerry Kilshaw/WildCRU, Anke Addy. required by all these activities to enhance our wildlife sgileil. Ach tha dùbhlain daonnan romhainn. Tha feum stronghold and keep our economy sustainable. air oidhirp chuimseach gus casg a chur air call bith- Design by mortonward.co.uk iomadachd agus gus a bhith a’ dèiligeadh ri atharrachadh We are all stewards of this extraordinary place. aimsir. Feumaidh a h-uile neach a bhith an sàs còmhla Cairngorms Nature brings together people and gus cur ri ar daingneach fhiadhbheatha agus gus ar This document is available in large organisation with the common desire to safeguard n-eaconamaidh a chumail seasmhach. print – please contact the CNPA office our wildlife and the benefits we get from it. Through on 01479 873535. It is also available to collaboration and co-operation we can ensure a Tha sinn uile nar stiùbhartan air an àite air leth view at www.cairngorms.co.uk and is sustainable future for our nature. I hope you will play iongantach a tha seo. Tha Nàdar a’ Mhonaidh Ruaidh available in other formats on request. your part too. a’ tarraing ri chèile dhaoine agus bhuidhnean aig a bheil ùidh choitcheann ann a bhith a’ dìon ar fiadh-bheatha agus na sochairean a tha sinn a’ faighinn bhuaithe. Tro Published by Cairngorms National Park Authority chonaltradh agus cho-obrachadh, nì sinn cinnteach gum 14 The Square bi àm ri teachd a bhios seasmhach aig ar nàdar. Tha mi an Grantown-on-Spey Duncan Bryden Moray PH26 3HG Convener, Cairngorms National Park Authority dòchas gun cluich sibhse ur pàirt fhèin ann cuideachd.

Email: [email protected] Tel: 01479 873535 Fax: 01479 873527 www.cairngorms.co.uk Duncan Bryden © CNPA 2013. All rights reserved Convener, Cairngorms National Park Authority ISBN 978-1-906071-72-1 6 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 7

1. introduction

From extensive tracts of ancient The National Park has more high-level mountain woodlands and the sparkling, clean ground than anywhere else in Britain and Ireland, waters of its rivers and lochs, to offering vital habitat for rare mountain plants and the high Arctic-style mountainous other scarce wildlife. It has the largest Caledonian A special landscape and species-rich lowlands, forests and is home to many uncommon species like the Cairngorms National Park is the Scottish crossbill. Some of the UK’s purest and a haven for nature and wildlife. cleanest rivers and high-quality wetlands support place for stocks of Atlantic salmon, lampreys and other fish. National Parks across the world are renowned Whether it’s a simple walk with the dog, a bike ride icons of global significance. The Cairngorms by a loch, or extreme mountaineering, being in the National Park is no exception. It is of great value people and National Park’s high-quality, natural environment, and significance to Scotland, to the UK and as stimulates our senses and make us fitter, happier one of the international family of protected areas. and healthier. nature Planning for biodiversity is essential for the future conservation, enhancement and enjoyment of The exceptionally high quality of the nature and one of the country’s most important assets. landscapes, the opportunities to enjoy them, and the multiple benefits they deliver are important To put this in perspective, whilst the National reasons why the Cairngorms National Park was Park covers less than two per cent of the UK’s created, guiding both current work and our visions landmass, it is home to a remarkable 25 per cent for the future. of its threatened animal, insect, lichen, fungi and plant species. Some of these are found nowhere else in the UK. Almost half of the National Park is designated within the Natura 2000 network as being of European importance for specific nature conservation features. These range from river systems to forests, moorland and the highest arctic- like summits; and from species such as wildcat and otter, to golden eagle and capercaillie. 77 per cent of the designated features are in favourable condition. Covering less than two per cent of the UK’s landmass, it is home to a remarkable 25 per cent of its threatened animal, insect, lichen, fungi and plant species 8 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 9

a cultural forest management, deer stalking, grouse landscape shooting, fishing, crofts and farms are all fundamentally important to the biodiversity, culture and economy of the national park

The work of generations of land The way such work benefits biodiversity can be managers has produced the blend of obvious at a very small scale, such as one wood, moor different habitats and landscapes we or farm. Together, the work in many woods, moors see today. With the possible exception and farms creates the cumulative and significant result of the highest parts of the plateau, the of high quality habitats that makes the Cairngorms landscapes of the National Park are a National Park internationally important for nature product of human action. conservation. The history of land management in the Park has seen the forests ebb and flow, moorlands Managing for biodiversity is not something additional contract and expand, and farming systems change. to the work of many land managers, but part of As we manage our land for different means and in their everyday activity. For generations it has been different ways, the fortunes of our nature rise and fall. recognised that it is possible to deliver biodiversity Whilst the National Park is still undoubtedly one of gain at no extra cost or detriment to the business. the best areas in the UK for biodiversity, we need Forest management, deer stalking, grouse shooting, action to halt the biodiversity loss that is taking fishing, crofts and farms are all fundamentally place. We need to make sure that all of our land important to the biodiversity, culture and economy management practices help to enhance biodiversity of the National Park. as much as they can, and focus our efforts in the many areas where we are leading the way in positive, productive land management. 10 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 11

Nowhere else in Britain can you find such a collection of different Red deer, our largest living habitats of very high quality and native land mammal, are exceptional size and scale. And, consistently voted amongst unlike many other National Parks the top favourite animals in around the world, people live and Scotland. They have a major work in British national parks. influence on habitat and on the local economy, drawing in wildlife watchers All of this means that there are, inevitably, potential and hunters from all around the world. Unless conflicts of interest and difficult issues that we, deer numbers are proactively controlled, their collectively, need to grapple with. For example, habitat can become degraded, woodland cannot high densities of deer can inhibit and prevent scrub regenerate, shallow upland soils are eroded and tree regeneration; woodland and wetland and the condition of the deer will deteriorate. expansion will be at the expense of other habitats. The successful establishment and regeneration It is crucial that we acknowledge these and of woodlands depends upon the right ground many more, similar issues in any plans we make conditions and control of grazing. Deer grazing for the future. The Cairngorms Nature Action is controlled by culling, translocation and Plan focuses on biodiversity. It is not a land-use exclusion using fences. From an ecological, strategy and therefore does not highlight how our landscape and deer welfare point of view, landscapes deliver all four aims of the National Park. fencing is considered a last resort but, in However, we must clearly recognise and consider some circumstances, it is the most practical any proposed changes to land use in the light of solution to enable woodland expansion in the competing demands and make sure they prioritise immediate term. The Cairngorms National biodiversity and productivity in equal measure. Park is one of the few places in the UK where regeneration is taking place without fencing. The many estates involved in deer management around the National Park work together collaboratively in six deer management groups. The Cairngorms Deer Advisory Group brings together all with an interest in deer management and has produced the Deer Framework for the red deer have a major National Park. a unique influence on habitat and on the local mosaic economy, drawing in wildlife watchers and hunters from all around the world 12 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 13

Some of the most important Birches are the principal trees in most of the woodlands in Britain dapple the broadleaved woods in the Park. Birchwoods are hills and cloak the low ground of the very rich in insects, including the large and attractive Cairngorms National Park. Native Kentish glory moth, and are nationally important for tree species comprise 79 per cent fungi. Stands of aspen trees, some strikingly gold of the National Park’s woodlands, and yellow in early autumn, support several of the representing a quarter of the UK’s rarest and most threatened lichens, and the first British discovery of the parasitic fungus, Aspen entire Scottish native woodland bracket, was made here in 1999. Grazing management, resource. The historic loss of native habitat loss, lack of regeneration and fragmentation woodland has largely been halted in are the key issues for birch and aspen woodlands. recent years. However, some native woodland types have not fared so The Park holds Scotland’s largest extent of well and need particular attention. bog woodland, a European priority for For example, in some woodlands conservation. These are excellent habitats for there is a significant gap in the age dragonflies, spiders, amphibians and mosses. The trees, held in check by the wet conditions, structure and a lack of regeneration. are very slow growing and are centuries old. More than half of the surviving Caledonian forest, including the largest remaining remnants, is in the National Park. Boosted by recent perfect pine needles expansion schemes, this globally important The conifers of the habitat is a western variety of the huge boreal Cairngorms National forests that girdle the northern world. Through Park and their healthy focusing on quality improvements, expansion woodlands ground cover of native and connectivity in suitable and strategic places, shrubs provide a vitally there are significant opportunities to minimise important refuge for loss and fragmentation, further enhancing the largest grouse in the world – the habitat networks and the outstanding national capercaillie – which has declined in significance of the Park’s Caledonian forest. recent years. About 80 per cent of the More than one-third of the conifer plantations UK’s capercaillies now live in the Park. are on Ancient Woodland Sites; these plantations The name capercaillie comes from the Gaelic comprise nearly half the woodland in the Park. ‘capull-coille’, meaning ‘horse of the wood’, In some cases, the biodiversity value of well- referring to the turkey-size males. In summer, managed plantations can almost equal that of native chicks feed on moth caterpillars feeding on pinewoods. Some of the priority species associated blaeberry plants that grow in sunnier parts of the with this habitat are present when management forests. Adults and older chicks also feed on the tends to mimic that of Caledonian pine forests. berries and leaves. This nutritious diet early in life Therefore, the appropriate management of existing helps the capercaillie reach its large size. During planted conifer woodlands for biodiversity could winter, capercaillie feed almost exclusively on potentially benefit a range of nationally rare species. pine needles. No other Scottish bird makes such heavy use of conifer needles as food. 14 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 15

The waters of the National Park, both Rivers in the Park, of which 70 per cent are considered flowing and still, are major assets to be in good ecological status, have nationally and a huge reservoir of biodiversity. important populations of Atlantic salmon and three The rivers flowing from the Park are species of lampreys. They also have healthy populations among the longest, cleanest and most of many kinds of invertebrates, including insects and natural in Scotland. Add dozens of the globally endangered freshwater pearl mussel. lochs, numerous smaller lochans and Large wetlands with their associated bogs peaty pools, and the importance of and fens are havens for wintering wildfowl and water to the overall biodiversity is for creatures such as rare water beetles to thrive. clear. Some of the highest-altitude Two of the major wetlands in the Park are globally- standing waters in the UK support recognised RAMSAR sites. populations of Arctic charr, probably Some of the UK’s best breeding populations of the first species to colonise the wading birds such as redshank, lapwing, curlew freshwaters of Scotland after the and snipe are in the wet grasslands that form last ice age. part of the low-intensity mixed farming which is so important for the National Park. Well-managed wetlands bring benefits to people Wetland and wet grassland habitats have been as well as nature. Climate change has significant considerably reduced in area by drainage to improve potential to increase the number and severity the quality and potential of land for farming. Many of flood events. Work needs to be done to re- remaining wetlands are in need of enhancement naturalise our freshwater systems, reconnecting our or restoration. Threats still exist to the freshwater rivers with their floodplains and slowing the flow of environment from a variety of pressures including water in our catchments so that we can cope with development, pollution, abstractions, nutrient run-off the pressures that climate change will bring. and drainage. The numbers of some wader species have reduced significantly in recent years. Mosaics of well-managed freshwater, wetland and wet grassland habitats are essential for the long-term survival of some of the most special wildlife in the Park. By focusing on these essential habitats, there is the potential for us to buffer against future changes, while enabling the mixed farming freshwater , system to thrive. wetlands and wet grassland 16 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 17

The mountains at its core give the After hundreds of years of decline, montane scrub Cairngorms National Park its name, is so impoverished in the UK that many people and it is the uplands that provide some do not even realise that it is missing. The National of the most exceptional aspects of the Park has some of the last few remaining, scattered Park’s biodiversity. The sheer expanse fragments, particularly in the northern Cairngorms of higher altitude ground, combined and Glen Doll. They offer a glimpse of a more with the near natural conditions found natural transition that was once widespread. These fragments, including the highest natural montane there, helps to shape the communities scrub and the most natural treeline in Britain, at of scarce plants, lichens, mosses, fungi, around 640m on Creag Fhiaclach, are excellent insects and birds. foundations for landscape-scale change, leading the Birds such as dotterel and snow bunting, with links to way in the restoration and rejuvenation of one of Arctic tundra communities, give the National our most threatened habitats. Park exceptional UK value for scarce birds. There are Some montane and moorland habitats and species in extensive tracts of montane (alpine-like) plant the Park are in good health and these can be used to communities, including plants, insects and primitive demonstrate good management practice. However, organisms, such as slime moulds and rare lichens, not all upland management is delivering biodiversity associated only with snowbeds. The Park has the gain. Only 65 per cent of designated upland features highest tracts of blanket bog in the UK and wide are in favourable condition, significantly less than expanses of wet heath, significant bog mosses, the national average. The two biggest pressures on insects and more. the favourable status of upland designated sites are Climate change is likely to have considerable grazing and burning. effects on many montane species. The Cairngorms National Park is an ideal place to conduct research and demonstrate the actions needed to help Scotland’s key Slippery at the top habitats and species adapt. By restoring peat-forming Slime moulds may have you habitats and increasing forest cover we can ‘lock up’ fooled into thinking they are carbon and secure healthy ecosystems and help us to fungi or even soft-bodied adapt more easily to the effects of climate change. animals, but these single-celled creatures (like amoebas) have Heather moorland in the uplands plays a huge astonishing abilities to work part in the look and life of the National Park. It together with others of their own kind to covers around 40 per cent of the land. The tones of form complicated structures, which move, very ling, bell heather, other woody shrubs, grasses and slowly, over different surfaces. sedges that grow in the moors are a fundamental aspect of the seasonal shifts of colour in the Park. They also have a knack of ‘shape-shifting’, changing These moors support animals like the economically appearance from a flat mass to a fruiting body that important red grouse, rare netted mountain moths, looks like a kind of fungus. A high proportion of and reptiles like the adder. the entire UK population of alpine slime moulds live high up in the Cairngorms National Park where snowbeds provide them with the ideal conditions uplands for their weird, but undoubtedly wonderful, lives. 18 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 19

The low ground of the Cairngorms National Park is of enormous buzzing biodiversity importance for nature because of The Scabious mining bee the diversity of species living there. Andrena marginata was thought The great majority of residents of the National extinct in Scotland from 1949 Park live on the low ground. It is where more of until found in Boat of Garten them have first-hand experience of nature and, in 2002. Since it was re- importantly, where they have a strong influence on discovered, it has been found it. Farming and forestry are key parts of how people at several sites in the Highlands, including new use these lowlands. Both allow a wide range of records in the National Park. species to live near and within settlements across Listed as endangered in seven other European the National Park. countries, this mining bee is an internationally The farmland and grassland habitats in the Park have important part of the Park’s brilliant insect often been managed less intensively than in other biodiversity. It prefers lowland meadows with parts of the UK. Their current value for biodiversity sun-warmed banks and, as its name suggests, is due in no small measure to this history of low- is closely associated with its only know pollen intensity management and the mixed farming system. source recorded in Scotland, Devil’s-bit Scabious. The economic pressures placed on modern-day farming, however, often result in an intensification of farming and a decline in the biodiversity value. tracking highland tigers It is important that farming systems in the Park One of the most elusive and remain the well-managed, productive systems that iconic species of Highland deliver biodiversity gain and that we avoid the forests is the Scottish wildcat. intensification that we have seen in other parts Also known as the ‘Highland of Scotland. tiger’, this bushy-tailed feline The lowlands are vitally important areas for grazing is very scarce, with the entire and often include flower-and-insect-rich grasslands Scottish population thought to number only a on base-rich soils. Older grasslands are also few hundred. important for scarce fungi, such as waxcaps. There has been much research work on wildcats in the Cairngorms National Park in recent years, including surveys using camera traps that trigger when an animal walks past. Thanks to such work, we now know that the mosaic of woods and open ground in the Cairngorms is a stronghold for this lowlands, rare species. including farms and croft land 20 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 21

2. vision

Together, we are strong Cairngorms Nature – The Cairngorms National Park is already the the next steps most important single area in the UK for nature Cairngorms Nature is a new partnership, open to all conservation – it has both European and global who want to contribute. All it takes to be a partner is importance. The quality, variety and extent of a desire and commitment to help deliver the Action species and habitats are exceptional, many of which Plan. The Action Plan describes where we want to be are internationally rare and all are set within world- in five years, the partnership will get us there. famous landscapes. This Cairngorms Nature Action Plan (CNAP) builds Across large parts of the National Park, the existence of on the foundations laid by the Cairngorms Local these havens for biodiversity is thanks to actions by past Biodiversity Action Plan (CLBAP) 2002 – 2012. The and present generations of land and water managers, CLBAP described in some detail the habitats and who have helped to shape and conserve them. species in the National Park, their local, national Furthermore, many organisations, individuals and and international significance and outlined key agencies from a range of sectors are all committed threats, issues and opportunities. It guided work in to, and undertaking sterling work for, the benefit of the National Park for over ten years and delivered biodiversity in the National Park. considerable biodiversity gains. Many of the issues and opportunities highlighted in developing and delivering The positive impact of this work is enormous, the CLBAP have been continued into the work of the helping to underpin both many aspects of the Park’s Cairngorms Nature Action Plan. biodiversity and the economic benefits that flow from it – whether directly in the use of resources The plan does not cover everything to do with such as timber, fish and game, or indirectly through biodiversity in the National Park, nor does it include the massive benefits linked to clean water, tourism, everyone who is doing a great deal of valuable work. recreation, health and wellbeing. The four aims describe the priorities. Those priorities reflect the National Park Partnership Plan and This is a great starting point for this new Cairngorms the quality, variety and extent of commonly agreed areas of immediate need. The list Nature Action Plan. Together we can make an even of key partners identifies agencies and groups that will species and habitats are exceptional, greater difference to this special place for biodiversity. provide the drive and support, but is not meant to many of which are internationally represent all those who are doing work in the area. rare and all are set within world The Cairngorms Nature Strategy Group will provide strategic leadership of Cairngorms Nature, famous landscapes overseeing the development of the partnership and the delivery of the Action Plan. Members of the Strategy Group are listed in Section 3: Strategy. 22 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 23

Our vision is that… …nature in the Cairngorms National Park will be cared for and treasured by all who live and work here and all who visit. Natural habitats, rich in distinctive species, will be even more diverse, even more resilient and even better connected than they are today. 24 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 25

Where we are now and where Wetlands, wet grasslands and freshwater we want to be in 50 years 2013 2063

The National Park contains some of the most Rivers naturally meander and waters rise and fall Land Management important wetlands in Europe and the most seasonally across land grazed by livestock. Large, 2013 2063 important area of natural floodplain in Britain. interconnected wetlands help prevent damaging Away from the Insh Marshes, there are only flood events in the Park and further downstream. small areas of wetland. Many lowland wetlands An active land management community based The land management community is thriving. Natural processes in river catchments do not affect have been drained. fundamentally around conservation, food It receives strong public support for the services the productivity of land. production, timber, woodfuel, energy production it provides. Nature conservation is incorporated Strathspey is the most important UK mainland Farmland wader populations have recovered and and sport is vital to the management and within all land management activities. Land breeding site for farmland waders, though numbers increased throughout the National Park, and enhancement of habitats supporting biodiversity. management is tailored to ensure that the are declining. the area is nationally recognised as a model of patchwork of habitats is even more diverse wet farmland management for conservation on In a UK context, rivers and lochs in the National and rich in native species, encouraging the productive land. recovery of those that have been in decline. Park have a high degree of naturalness and are largely of good ecological status. Most of the area’s The high water quality status has been maintained water is of excellent quality and internationally or increased. FORESTS AND WOODS recognised for important habitats and species. 2013 2063 Montane The largest remaining areas of semi-natural Patches of forest and woodland, some miles across, woodlands in Britain are concentrated in the main some as small as football fields, link together 2013 2063 river valleys of the National Park. They include 25 through farmland and open ground. They are per cent of the entire Scottish resource of native expanding up hillsides and into quiet areas, providing The Cairngorms plateau is the largest and most The plateau supports healthy plant and animal woodlands; the greatest extent of Caledonian refuges for species to flourish, like the once critically important example of montane habitat in the communities and are even more widely regarded pinewood; some of the best surviving fragments endangered but now flourishing capercaillie. UK. The area is of high national and European as the most significant area of montane habitat in of ancient floodplain forest in the UK; and some of They are made up almost entirely of native trees: significance for many arctic-alpine specialist species. the UK. the largest remaining stands of Aspen. a patchwork of different woodlands, including People regard the Cairngorms as one of the The Cairngorms are renowned for wild land The woodlands are nationally and internationally productive plantations, all with rich understories, UK’s last great wild areas. The mountains attract qualities, which visitors continue to enjoy important for many rare species of birds, mammals, trees of all ages, clearings, bogs and deadwood thousands of climbers and walkers each year; responsibly. A network of sensitively managed invertebrates, lichens, plants and fungi. scattered throughout. trampling and erosion are issues on some of the paths in popular areas protects fragile soils and In places, the forests are fragmented, and The UK’s largest natural forests are considered an more popular routes. rare species. regeneration is restricted by overgrazing by deer. exemplar of woodlands managed for multiple benefits. Climate change threatens many of our rarest and The National Park is a focus for research into the most fragile species. effects of climate change, and a range of mitigation and adaptation trials and approaches are under-way. 26 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 27

moorlands people 2013 2063 2013 2063

Nearly half of the National Park is moorland, Moorlands have structural diversity and Some residents place a high value on their People who live in the National Park are including upland heath and blanket bog. Many link habitats together sympathetically. surroundings and are keen to get involved in proud of the nature around them and are of the designated upland habitats, including A natural transition from woodland to discussions about how to manage them. The more widely involved in its management. blanket bog, are in unfavourable condition. montane scrub to upland heath is developing national and international significance of habitats Small, isolated patches of montane scrub throughout the National Park. and species is understood by many specialists and Land-based and tourism businesses thrive are some of the finest remnants of a habitat interested individuals. by looking after the environments they rely Raptor persecution ended decades ago and that has virtually disappeared in the UK. on; and contribute to conservation and a full complement of native raptors lives Visitors come to the National Park motivated by enhancement of biodiversity. Visitors respect Uplands are important breeding areas for red and breeds across the National Park. the landscapes and wildlife. Wildlife watching is a the landscapes and wildlife they come to see grouse and species such as merlin and golden burgeoning tourism industry that complements the Productive grouse moors and high-quality and want to contribute to protecting them. plover. Moorland management, stalking and already substantial sporting and recreational offerings. stalking remains a mainstay of life, contributing grouse shooting are fundamental parts of the environmentally, economically and socially. Opportunities for non-residents to volunteer or land use, economy and culture of the Park. contribute in some way are site and organisation- Most of the blanket bog is in favourable Much of the area was recently designated specific and relatively small scale. condition, retains water and acts as a as being of European importance for golden carbon sink. The contributions it makes to eagle, although raptor persecution and high- ecosystem services are widely recognised. intensity management have a detrimental effect on biodiversity in many areas.

People working in the Cairngorms National Park An integrated habitat network will extend across grassland and farmland will have easy access to the latest knowledge, the Cairngorms National Park, allowing species and thinking and research and use it to realise further ecosystems to respond and/or be robust enough to 2013 2063 biodiversity benefits; to deal with the effects adapt to climate change. Peatlands and woodlands and impacts of climate change; and to tackle the will function as carbon sinks and wetlands will Farmland and grassland in the National Park have A patchwork of productive land uses is good threats posed by invasive species. mitigate against the worst impacts of extreme weather events. Designated sites will act as key often been managed less intensively than in most for wildlife. It supports thriving communities Our knowledge of biodiversity and ecosystems nodes within wider integrated habitat networks. other parts of the UK. The economic pressures of and reflects centuries of tradition. Delivering will continue to grow through proactive research. modern farming in a global market are leading to a biodiversity benefit is an integral part of high- Habitat and species mapping and monitoring will be Monitoring and management of invasive species demand for higher output systems of farming than quality food production and does not impact even more comprehensive and up to date; policy will be more proactive, preventing and limiting in the past, impacting on grassland biodiversity. on profitability. makers and practitioners will have access to current the spread of the most damaging species so they Some grasslands and river banks support many High-quality grasslands support a healthy range information and advice via a centralised database. do not have negative impacts upon the effective rare plants, invertebrates and fungi. of nationally and locally important species. functioning of ecosystems. 28 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 29

3. strategy

Cairngorms Nature Action Plan Cairngorms Nature is a partnership for people The Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 2013 - 2018 and organisations to come together, regardless of describes the most important things to do over the sector or background, with a common desire to next five years and provides a focus for the work of safeguard and enhance the outstanding nature of the partners. It is an active plan that will react to changes Cairngorms National Park. Working together, we are in circumstances and make the most of other more likely to achieve and share success - positive opportunities to deliver the aims effectively. change for biodiversity in the Park. The aims of the Plan reflect the consultation on The partnership is informal, open to all. Any and commitment to the National Park Partnership individual or organisation is welcome. Being a partner Plan 2012-2017; the pressing need for action on is simply about contributing to the delivery of the threatened and endangered habitats and species; and Action Plan. This can range from being a key delivery the need to empower and enable people to engage partner to adding a sighting to a biological recording more closely with their natural heritage. scheme. Cairngorms Nature is steered by a strategy Actions in the Plan identify the key partners involved group made up of representatives from: with delivery. This list is not exhaustive. It is only Cairngorms National Park Authority with a collective effort that we will be able to deliver Community Development Officer much of what we are trying to achieve. Key partners Dee Fisheries Trust are not solely responsible for delivery; they build the Forestry Commission Scotland foundations for success: championing, supporting, and National Farmers Union Scotland encouraging delivery. National Trust for Scotland Through the development of more specific work Royal Society for the Protection of Birds plans and monitoring procedures, the Cairngorms Scottish Land and Estates Nature Strategy Group will oversee delivery of the Scottish Gamekeepers’ Association Action Plan. The partnership will produce annual Scottish Natural Heritage reports highlighting progress towards targets, urgent The objectives and functions of Cairngorms Nature needs and key achievements. Strategy Group are to provide strategic leadership A critical issue is the need to ensure the Action Plan is of Cairngorms Nature to make a measurable adequately resourced to make a meaningful difference. difference to biodiversity in the Cairngorms National The coordination and effective use of partners’ joint Park; to inspire and provide support to individual resources is vital, as is financial support through the and community involvement in local conservation Scotland Rural Development Programme. Funding projects; and to co-ordinate and maintain an from external sources such as Trusts, the Heritage overview of progress in biodiversity management Lottery, EU LIFE+, voluntary donations, and corporate across the whole National Park. sponsors will all need to be pursued. 30 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 31

3.1 aims The Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 2013 – 2018 outlines how, through the collective and co-ordinated efforts of partners over the next five years, it aims to:

» Improve the quality and connectivity of woodlands and wetlands for biodiversity » Implement priority actions for other habitats » Conserve and enhance key species through focused conservation action » Encourage, support, and provide opportunities for people to realise the benefits from, and help to look after, nature 32 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 33

Woodlands and Wetlands Species Latin name Group Involving people The importance for concerted effort on woodlands The interactions between people and nature and wetlands has been highlighted through extensive Wildcat Felis silvestris mammal play crucial roles in the way nature is valued. It is consultation with key partners as part of developing Mountain hare Lepus timidus mammal therefore vitally important to engage people with the the Cairngorms National Park Partnership Plan. In Red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris mammal natural world, for the health and wellbeing benefits this regard, the Cairngorms Nature Action Plan is a that this brings, to support their spirit of inquiry, and key delivery mechanism for the Partnership Plan. Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos bird to empower them to have a say in decisions about Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus bird their environment, reflecting national strategies and Other priority habitat actions policies, the National Park Partnership Plan and the Some issues not encompassed by other areas of Lapwing Vanellus vanellus bird Scottish Biodiversity Strategy. habitat and species work in the Action Plan have Small dark yellow Anarta cordigera invertebrate been identified as needing immediate and direct underwing action. As well as the focused action on the priorities Mining bee Andrena marginata invertebrate of woodlands and wetlands, it is also important that we maintain our efforts in other areas; for example Pine hoverfly Blera fallax invertebrate on blanket bog restoration. Pearl bordered fritillary Boloria euphrosyne invertebrate Key species Northern February red Brachyptera putata invertebrate The Cairngorms National Park is a stronghold stonefly for biodiversity and supports a quarter of the Northern damselfly Coenagrion hastulatum invertebrate UK Biodiversity Action Plan species as well as Kentish glory Endronis versicolora invertebrate many others that are nationally and internationally important. Consultation with local and national Dark bordered beauty Epione vespertaria invertebrate experts identified a long list of approximately 1200 Freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera invertebrate species in the National Park considered to be Violet oil beetle Meloe violaceus invertebrate important for nature conservation. Northern silver stiletto fly Spiriverpa lunulata invertebrate This ‘long list’ was the primary source of information Wood ants (4 species) invertebrate for further determining the key species for focused action and will later be developed as a Cairngorms Alpine blue sow thistle Cicerbita alpina vascular plant Nature Action Plan List, essentially a review of the Twinflower Linnaea borealis vascular plant Cairngorms LBAP list, to inform advice and guidance One flowered Moneses uniflora vascular plant relating to planning applications. Further detail on the wintergreen long list and criteria for inclusion in the Action Plan Tufted saxifrage Saxifraga cespitosa vascular plant will be made available as an on-line annex. Green shield moss Buxbaumia viridis bryophyte The habitat actions are likely to bring benefits for many of these species. However, some species are Scarlet splash Cytidia salicina fungi in need of urgent conservation action and have very Crimson waxcap Hygrocybe punicea fungi specific management needs. From this long list the 26 Powdered sunshine lichen Vulpicida pinastri lichen species listed were selected for focused action over the next five years of this action plan: 34 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 35

3.2 policy context Designations Scottish Biodiversity Strategy – Scottish Land Use Strategy The National Park is of extremely high importance The 2020 Challenge The Scottish Land Use Strategy is a strategic Scotland’s National Parks are national assets that for nature conservation. Designated sites, and the The (draft) Scottish Biodiversity Strategy ‘2020 framework bringing together proposals for getting showcase the very best of Scotland’s environment national target of 80 per cent in favourable condition Challenge for Scotland’s Biodiversity’ is Scotland’s the best from Scotland’s land resources. Public and the multiple benefits of landscape-scale by 2016, play a crucial role in delivering the CNAP. response to the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy for 2020 sector bodies are expected to take a leading role integrated land use. Their collective management These sites have been designated to protect their and to the Aichi Targets set by the United Nations by utilising its principles in managing their own land; contributes directly to Scottish Government qualifying features, which can be habitats or species. Convention on Biological Diversity to halt the loss of developing and implementing plans and strategies; Outcomes and National strategies. The Cairngorms Natura sites are a network of protected areas – biodiversity and to restore the essential services that and promoting partnership working. Nature Action Plan 2013 – 2018 has been developed Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Special a healthy natural environment provides. Scotland Rural Development Programme in harmony with, and contributes to the delivery of, Protection Areas (SPAs). the following policies, plans and strategies. The Nature Conservation (Scotland) Funding opportunities identified in the 2014-2020 Water Framework Directive Act 2004 programme will have a significant impact on the Cairngorms National Park Partnership Plan The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is a piece The Act places a statutory duty on all public bodies delivery of parts of the Cairngorms Nature Action 2012 – 2017 (CNPPP) of EU legislation which aims to improve and protect to further the conservation of biodiversity. The duty Plan. Options in the new scheme to support The CNPPP identifies the direction and priorities the water environment on a catchment scale. is aimed at connecting people and their environment habitat creation and enhancement and species to which partners agree to direct their effort and The WFD requires the production of River Basin and managing biodiversity in the wider environment, conservation will be an important source of funding resources in the National Park. The Cairngorms Management Plans (RBMPs) covering all types of not just protecting specific sites or species. The for implementing actions in this plan. Nature Action Plan is a key delivery mechanism for water body. Cairngorms Nature Action Plan is a means to fulfil the National Park Partnership Plan and reflects many this act. Climate Change Act of the supporting policies and frameworks, notably ACTION the Forest and Woodland Framework, the Deer The Climate Change Act sets in statute the Scotland’s Wild Deer: a National Approach Framework, and the Sustainable Tourism Strategy. Government Economic Strategy target to reduce This is an approach to the sustainable management All partners seek to influence changes in policies Scotland’s emissions of greenhouse gases by 80 per of wild deer. Developed by land managers and public to support delivery of the CNAP; notably Cairngorms National Park Local Plan cent by 2050, with an interim target of 42 per cent bodies, it guides actions on the ground and informs expansion and enhancement of woodlands and The Cairngorms National Park Local Plan and by 2020. strategic thinking to, amongst other principles, manage wetlands/ wet grasslands in suitable areas proposed development plan set out the policies deer as an integral and essential part of biodiversity. against which planning applications are assessed. Both Scottish Government Outcomes specifically refer to the CLBAP and the CNAP. As Delivering biodiversity gain will directly contribute Scottish Forestry Strategy an iteration of the CLBAP, the CNAP is a material to the delivery of three of the Scottish Government The core principles of the Scottish Forestry Strategy consideration that will add weight to the existing outcomes and support the delivery of all others. are based on sustainable development and social inclusion, achieved through a culture of ‘forestry legislation that protects habitat and species. It is UK Biodiversity Framework for and with people’ and delivered in well-managed expected that the Action Plan will be considered The UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework has forests and woodlands that integrate effectively with by the planning authority when determining an succeeded the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK other land uses and businesses. application, and in any on and off-site mitigation BAP). Much of the work previously carried out under or compensation measures. the UK BAP is now focused at a country level. All UK BAP species found in Scotland are on the Scottish Biodiversity List. 36 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 37

3.3 Research and data 3.4 Bio-security There is a lot of high-quality data collected, and Non-native species, pathogens and diseases could, and research undertaken, in the Cairngorms National in some cases already do, have a considerable impact Park, by a variety of different organisations and upon the nature of the Cairngorms and subsequently individuals. These data are frequently sporadic and on a range of environment-based economic activities, localised. It is often challenging to establish the such as fishing, forestry and farming. current knowledge base, access information and Whilst not all non-native species pose a threat to realise the whole picture across the National Park. the biodiversity some can kill, harbour disease, or It is important that we do not try to invent compete with native species. Several non-native more systems for recording, but rather that we species have been introduced to the National Park, co-ordinate the existing ones and make sure there either deliberately or accidentally, and have become are opportunities for a wide range of people and established. These are currently at low densities organisations to get involved, working closely and pose relatively low threats; for example, giant with the National Biological Network, recorders, hogweed is only present on parts of the River Don, national recording schemes and local Biological and Japanese knotweed is restricted to a handful of Record Centres. small sites. As a principle, Cairngorms Nature will focus Dothistroma, red band needle blight, is of considerable efforts on co-ordinating research, surveying and concern in the Caledonian pinewoods of the Park monitoring that will directly help deliver actions and may impact on aspirations for connectivity as and monitor progress. Key research actions are planting next to existing pinewoods is discouraged in listed here. Specific work is identified as actions order to prevent spread of the disease. throughout the plan. It is crucial that we consider bio-security implicitly in the delivery of all actions and continue to survey, monitor and support eradication programmes. KEY RESEARCH ACTIONS ACTION KEY PARTNERS

Co-ordinate biological recording schemes in the National Park to collate and CNPA, Biological ensure easy access to data Record Centres, LA’s BIO-SECURITY ACTIONS ACTION KEY PARTNERS Progress recommendations in the CNP species restoration report CNPA, SNH

Compile a CNP rare species dataset to inform land management CNPA, Plantlife, Promote understanding of issues relating to non-native species and the remedial SNH, FCS, SEPA RBGE, Buglife, SNH measures that can be taken at a local and landscape level

Promote the National Park as a key area for monitoring climate change impacts CNPA, SNH Support new and existing eradication and prevention programmes with direct CNPA, CMPs, SEPA, on montane habitats and species relevance to the Cairngorms National Park SNH, RAFTS

Include Cairngorms Nature research needs in the Cairngorms National Park CNPA Review existing plans and policies, identify gaps and duplications, and formulate CNPA, SNH, FCS, Partnership Plan research strategy, notably on climate change a Park-wide strategic approach SEPA 38 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 39

4.1 WOODLAND Native pinewoods are disproportionately valuable for biodiversity and comprise a characteristic plant, The woodlands of the Cairngorms are of national fungal and animal community that includes many rare and international importance. They contain the and uncommon species found nowhere else. This largest remaining areas of semi-natural woodland includes the critically endangered capercaillie, found habitats and the most extensive area of boreal forest almost exclusively in Caledonian pinewoods. in Britain. The Cairngorms National Park occupies just less than 6 per cent of Scotland’s land mass, yet The pinewoods are, however, at threat from habitat contains nearly 25 per cent of the entire Scottish loss, lack of regeneration, impoverished field layer, resource of native woodlands. Associated with these fragmentation, limited deadwood and poor structural woodlands are a number of species found nowhere diversity. The original pine woodlands would have else in Great Britain. contained varying amounts of birch and other broadleaved trees with an important understory of The forests and woodlands of the Park are a juniper. Past management has reduced much of this major asset because of the multiple benefits their species diversity in all but a few woods. management delivers, ranging from biodiversity to marketable timber, wood fuel, recreation, tourism and Improving the existing resource and encouraging carbon sequestration. Overall, a large-scale mosaic of expansion into areas of high strategic value for different woodland types will deliver a valuable mix of improved connectivity and resilience will not benefits for biodiversity, economic land-use, climate only mitigate against any further loss, but also change mitigation, recreation and landscape. enhance the existing habitat to halt the decline, and encourage the growth, of species of extremely high Woodland expansion is identified in the National 4. action conservation value. Park Partnership Plan as a high-level outcome we, collectively, want to achieve by 2017; as such it is Conifer plantations an important focus for the work of partners in the Conifer plantations are an important woodland Actions are described for the next five years. It is National Park. In promoting woodland expansion, type in the National Park as an economic resource recognised that many of them are already ongoing, it is vital to recognise that all land-uses and habitat and a natural asset. They are a mixture of native and that many are steps towards outcomes that types must, and will, be considered in any proposals. Scots Pine and introduced species such as Sitka will be achieved after decades of sustained effort. Habitats included under this category are Caledonian and Norway spruce, Lodgepole pine, Douglas fir However, it is important to acknowledge the areas pinewoods (UKBAP) & conifer plantations (local and larch. Many plantations are of a single species of work that underpin progress towards the vision. priority), upland birchwoods – incorporating aspen and their structure varies with the age of the stand More detailed delivery plans will be developed that ‘woodlands’– (UKBAP), upland oak (UKBAP) and and management - these can be of limited value for will identify priorities, timescales, resource needs, wet woodland (UKBAP). biodiversity in general. monitoring and reporting processes. Caledonian pinewoods Conifer plantations make up nearly 50 per cent of Key partners are identified as groups and The Caledonian pinewoods in the National Park are the total woodland resource in the Cairngorms, organisations that will act as champions for greater in total area and individual size and better more than a third of these are on Ancient Woodland particular actions. Key partners will often work in connected than anywhere else in Scotland. Native Sites. This continuity of forest cover and the high a support role as well as directly deliver. The list of pine woodlands of self-sown Scots pine are relicts proportion of Scots pine have resulted in some well- key partners is by no means exhaustive. Many others of the ancient Caledonian Forest believed to have managed plantations resembling the early stages of are already doing sterling work in delivery areas, covered much of the Scottish Highlands. In the past, native pinewoods, though they are still less diverse and a wide range of partners will contribute to these indigenous forests may have covered more and have a short felling rotation. implementing the plan. A glossary provides the full than 1.5 million ha of Scotland, but today they cover names for the abbreviations used in the tables below. less than 1 per cent of their former range. 40 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 41

Significant biodiversity benefits are possible if such flies, fungi, lichen and mosses that occur nowhere TARGETS productive woodlands can be enhanced by increasing else in the UK. Few aspen woods are protected, structural diversity, adopting Continual Forest Cover however, and many require targeted management INDICATOR MILESTONES (Cumulative) KEY MONITORING management, retaining more trees to enable them to to encourage regeneration and increase the 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 PARTNER become veterans and increasing species diversity. deadwood resource. New native woodland (ha) 500 1000 2000 3500 5000 FCS, CNPA Birch and aspen woodland Wet & riparian woodland New native woodland adjacent 100 200 300 600 1000 FCS, CNPA Birch is the dominant tree species in almost all Wet and bog woodlands occur on poorly-drained to existing resource (ha) Cairngorms broadleaved woodlands, and birch or seasonally wet soils, usually with alder, birch woodland is by far the most extensive broadleaved and willows as the predominant tree species, but Designated woodland features 80 95 SNH woodland type in the Cairngorms. Birch woodland sometimes pine on drier areas. They are found on in favourable condition (%) commonly includes other tree species such as oak, floodplains; as successional habitat on fens, mires and aspen and hazel. Birch often grows in association bogs; along streams and hill-side flushes; and in peaty Woodland under Woodland 250 1000 2000 FCS with Scots pine in mixed woodlands. hollows. Wet woods frequently occur in mosaic with Improvement Grants (ha) other important habitats and play an important role A more dynamic approach to the management in flood management. Woodlands (> 5ha) certified (%) 75 FCS of birch woods is required, particularly the encouragement of vigorous regeneration and the Fragments of ancient floodplain forest are rare in PAWS under restoration (%) 30 FCS long-term retention of trees to allow them to reach the UK. Some of the best surviving examples are Number of new aspen stands 20 50 HAG veteran status. Appropriate management of deer in the Cairngorms. The high ecological quality and and domestic livestock is essential to ensure the importance of riparian and bog woodland in the By 2018 there will be no reduction in the populations of key species as per specific actions continuity of many neglected birchwoods. Retaining Cairngorms, especially in Strathspey and Deeside, is deadwood and old trees is also important, especially probably unsurpassed in a UK and, in some cases, with the increased demand for firewood. European context.

Although aspen as a species is widely distributed Upland oak in Great Britain, it is a very rare component of Upland oak is a component of the broadleaved woods. The National Park is the UK stronghold woodland in the Park. Although widely distributed for aspen, which is usually associated with birch throughout Great Britain, the combination of poor woods or mixed woodlands. Almost uniquely, in soils, harsh climate, the value of the timber, and the Cairngorms, aspen can be the dominant species livestock grazing has made this type of woodland forming a rare type of ‘aspen woodland’ usually with rare in the Cairngorms. Most of the oak woodlands other broadleaved species, particularly birch. These in the National Park occur in Deeside and sparingly stands of aspen woodlands are small: their total area in Strathspey and Atholl, and are mostly the result is probably less than 350 hectares, concentrated on of historical planting. Lack of regeneration, poor the low ground of Strathspey and Deeside. structural diversity and grazing pressure has reduced The aspen stands are a remnant of the ancient their biodiversity value. boreal woodlands that colonised the area at the end of the last glaciations; many have a history of continuity going back hundreds of years. These woods support many rare and scarce moths, 42 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 43

AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT WORK PARTNERS WORK PARTNERS

Planning and 1.1 Identify CNPA, SNH, 1.1(a) Conduct spatial targeting exercise Expanding 1.3 Caledonian SNH, FCS, 1.3(a) Increase the connectivity of core promoting strategic expansion FCS to identify strategic and priority areas for woodlands pine RSPB capercaillie habitat and expand into areas of strategic and enhancement expansion and enhancement of different and improving quiet recreation opportunity areas woodland types, taking into account other connectivity habitats, open ground, designated sites/features, 1.4 Wet and Fisheries Trusts, 1.4(a) Plant riparian woods in upper river landscape and land use riparian SEPA, WTS, catchments, ensuring new schemes do not CMP’s, RAFTS, impact on designated features or important CNPA, 1.1(b) Create, and maintain, an inventory of NTS riparian grassland SNH, FCS woodlands with high biodiversity value 1.5 Birch and HAG, 1.5(a) Promote aspen conservation and work CDAG, SNH, 1.1(c) Review deer management plans and Aspen CMP’s, SNH, with landowners to link existing aspen stands, NTS burning regimes in strategic areas to enable Coille Alba particularly in riparian areas expansion and enhancement

1.2 Encourage and SLE, CNPA, 1.2(a) Promote opportunities and encourage Improving 1.6 Encourage FCS, CNPA, 1.6(a) Promote UKWAS certification and support delivery SNH, FCS, land managers to consider woodland expansion biodiversity value land managers to SLE, NFUS, recommended in-forest management via advice, SEPA, WTS, and enhancement in priority and strategic areas actively implement CONFOR, consultations, site visits, training, events and NFUS, CMP’s, good forestry ICF amongst members CONFOR, ICF practice guidelines

CNPA, FCS 1.2(b) Establish external funding opportunities SNH, FCS, 1.6(b) Showcase NNRs and the NFE as for native woodland creation and enhancement, RSPB, NTS exemplars of forest management, in particular in addition to the SRDP scheme encouraging a diverse field layer, creating deadwood, managing rides and open areas, FCS, SNH, 1.2(c) Support land managers in making funding enrichment planting, retaining veteran trees, WTS, CNPA applications enhancing wet areas

CNPA, SNH, 1.2(d) Encourage strategic expansion and CNPA, FCS 1.6(c) Work with and support land agents FCS, SEPA, enhancement, provide advice and guidance as in developing forest plans that maximise LA’s part of forest plan and woodland grant scheme enhancement opportunities consultations CNPA, FCS 1.6(d) Produce Cairngorms National Park FCS, HB, 1.2(e) Support conservation nurseries in specific guidance to complement the existing HAG, RSPB, making available indigenous planting stock from national resource Coille Alba local sites, particularly montane scrub species NFUS, FCS, 1.6(e) Trial cattle grazing in woodlands (for SNH, SG, FCS, 1.2(f) Raise awareness and provide advice to RSPB, SNH, appropriate site conditions) to investigate SLE, NFUS land managers on disease threats to woodlands NTS feasibility, establish and share good practice CDAG, SLE, 1.2(g) Promote natural regeneration, with SNH, CNPA, suitable deer management, as an important >> WES, NTS method to enable new woodland establishment 44 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 45

AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT KEY SPECIES FOR FOCUSED ACTION WORK PARTNERS 1.10 Capercaillie RSPB, 1.10(a) Identify the effects of different land 1.7 Conifer FCS, CNPA, 1.7(a) Promote the restoration of Plantations Tetrao urogallus SNH, FCS management practices. Implement current and plantation SNH, LA’s, on Ancient Woodland Sites as part of forest evolving best practice habitat management SEPA plan consultations and continue ongoing recommendations restoration on all FCS conifer plantations CNPA, RSPB, 1.10(b) Produce visitor management strategy CNPA, FCS, 1.7(b) Encourage and provide advice and SNH, FCS and guidance for managing recreation in core CONFOR, ICF guidance on continuous forest cover via capercaillie habitat to minimise disturbance workshops, demonstration projects and events impacts 1.7(c) Promote stand restructuring and thinning RSPB, SNH, GWCT, SGA, 1.10(c) Improve fox and crow control by to create a mosaic of different densities and FCS, CNPA, FCS, RSPB targeting hubs around existing capercaillie structures SLE, NTS, strongholds and investigate the influence of pine CONFOR, ICF martens on productivity 1.8 Bog and wet SNH, FCS, 1.8(a) Identify sites for creating or expanding 1.11 Scottish wildcat RZSS, CNPA 1.11(a) Implement the Scottish Wildcat woodland NTS, RSPB bog and wet woods Felis silvestris Conservation Action Group plan SNH, FCS, 1.8(b) Block drains, re-wet areas and remove NTS, RSPB non-native conifers 1.12 Twinflower CRPP, NTS, 1.12(a) Establish new management trials, Linnaea borealis Plantlife, FRA monitor existing trials and disseminate results 1.9 Birch and Coille Alba, 1.9(a) Encourage and advise land managers to aspen CNPA manage birchwoods for aspen enhancement CRPP, NTS, 1.12(b) Undertake rolling programme of Plantlife, ranger monitoring sites on a 3-5 year rotation FCS, RSPB, 1.9(b) Review grazing management in high services NTS, CDAG nature value areas to encourage vigorous birch and aspen regeneration and a diverse field layer CRPP, NTS, 1.12(c) Identify sites and implement Plantlife translocation trials

1.13 One flowered wintergreen RBGE, BSBI 1.13(a) Find out more about status and Moneses uniflora Plantlife, CRPP requirements via surveys, monitoring and research to inform land management practices

CRPP, Plantlife 1.13(b) Provide site-specific habitat management advice to individual land managers

CRPP, FRA, 1.13(c) Establish and monitor habitat Plantlife management trials and experimental translocations if appropriate 46 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 47

KEY SPECIES FOR FOCUSED ACTION KEY SPECIES FOR FOCUSED ACTION

1.14 Green shield moss Plantlife, BSBI, 1.14(a) Find out more about status and 1.18 Kentish glory BCS, SNH, 1.18(a) Find out more about status and Buxbaumia viridis RSPB, CRPP, requirements via surveys, monitoring and Endromis versicolora RSPB, NTS requirements via surveys, monitoring and BBS research to inform land management practices research to inform land management practices

RSPB, SNH, 1.14(b) Actively manage for deadwood creation BCS, SNH, 1.18(b) Liaise with land managers to encourage NTS, FCS, in sheltered, humid areas Coille Alba management for regenerating birch to support Plantlife current and expanding populations

1.15 Pine hoverfly Malloch Society, 1.15(a) Monitor populations at known and BCS, FCS, 1.18(c) Undertake habitat management at Blera fallax FCS, RSPB recently created sites SNH, RSPB current sites and create habitat next to existing sites RSPB, FCS, 1.15(b) Create artificial breeding habitat, Malloch Society, deadwood and promote the retention of 1.19 Wood ants group UK Woodant 1.19(a) Produce a standardised monitoring AWT veteran trees at current and suitable adjacent Formica aquilonia Group protocol for wood ants sites Formica lugubris Formica exsecta UK Woodant 1.19(b) Find out more about status and Malloch Society, 1.15(c) Continue captive breeding programme Formicoxenus nitidulus Group, RSPB, requirements via surveys, monitoring and RZZS, RSPB and augment new populations with captive- NTS, FCS research to inform land management practices bred larvae UK Wood Ant 1.19(c) Identify key sites and provide site- 1.16 Pearl bordered fritillary BCS, FCS, SNH 1.16(a) Find out more about status and Group specific habitat management advice to individual Boloria euphrosyne requirements via surveys, monitoring and land managers research to inform land management practices FCS, NTS, 1.19(d) Provide deadwood and enhance the BCS 1.16(b) Provide site-specific habitat SNH, RSPB field layer in adjacent sites management advice to individual land managers

SNH, FCS, 1.16(c) Undertake habitat management at RSPB, BCS existing sites and create new habitat adjacent to existing populations

1.17 Dark bordered beauty BCS, RSPB, 1.17(a) Monitor current populations at selected Epione vespertaria Ranger sevices sites annually

BCS, RSPB, 1.17(b) Undertake management to enhance HAG conditions for suckering aspen and create new habitat next to existing populations

BCS, RSPB, 1.17(c) Investigate opportunities for HAG translocations 48 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 49

4.2 WETLAND, Wetlands Wetlands are seasonally or permanently flooded WET GRASSLANDS vegetated areas and would once have been more AND FRESHWATER numerous and extensive. Mosaics of well-managed wetland habitats are essential for the long-term The Cairngorms National Park holds nationally survival of some of our most special wildlife, and internationally important wetland and wet particularly plants and invertebrates. Wetlands also grassland sites. The National Park is one of the bring multiple benefits beyond their intrinsic nature most important UK mainland sites for breeding conservation value such as buffering against flood wading birds due to its combination of wetlands, events, climate change mitigation, diffuse pollution wet grasslands and low-intensity mixed farming. control, aquifer recharge, improvements to landscape Nevertheless, waders such as lapwing and redshank quality, and educational value as well as tourism and have seen their numbers dramatically reduce by Fending off IN HOT WATER recreational benefits. the American invasion over 50 per cent in the last 10 years. Broadleaved riparian woodlands provide Climate change models suggest that rainfall in the Wetland and wet grassland habitats in the Populations of red squirrel are widespread and essential benefits to much more than the autumn months will increase. This may lead to an Cairngorms National Park have been considerably doing well in the forests of the Cairngorms. The obvious species that are regularly seen using increase in flash flooding. There is now a greater reduced by drainage and changes in land use. Many habitat work specified in this plan will benefit them. The links between the trees along the need than ever for a sustainable approach to flood sites are in need of enhancement or restoration to them further, but we need to ensure that their river banks and the biodiversity in the water management using natural river processes to manage improve their benefits for wildlife. Wetlands in the unwelcome cousin doesn’t spoil things. Grey are significant. Trees provide food and shade flooding where it arises. Natural flood management National Park are often small and fragmented. Their squirrels, which are non-native and originally that cools the water to a temperature which using soft engineering options to slow the flow value for biodiversity is affected by development from North America, have been very successful is suitable for young salmonids. With climate of water upstream and increase water storage in pressure, diffuse pollution and resource-use in colonising much of the rest of the UK. They change predictions suggesting that water the whole catchment could provide wide-ranging pressures such as abstractions, impoundments, outcompete our native reds and carry the temperatures on our denuded headwaters benefits for nature and people. squirrel pox virus that is fatal to reds. We must will increase to potentially lethal levels for engineering activities and drainage operations. prevent greys from entering the National Park salmonids, they are at greater risk than ever. Wetland creation and enhancement along with by ensuring they are controlled at strategic pinch The freshwater pearl mussel, one of our rarest Wet grasslands riparian woodland planting and creating new upland points in the south and east of the National species, is also dependent on these salmonids Wet grasslands are the products of agricultural woodlands can help reduce the impacts of flood Park to make sure that it remains a stronghold during the juvenile stage of their lifecycle. management, part of traditional farming systems. events. By focusing efforts on these natural solutions for this charismatic and popular species. A significant new project ‘Pearls in Peril’ is Almost all areas are grazed and some areas are cut upstream we can have significant benefits for people underway to start addressing this problem for hay. Inundated pastures or meadows with ditches living downstream. The Cairngorms National Park and much more planting needs to be done. that maintain the water levels contain seasonal has huge potential to lead the way with these Action water-filled hollows and permanent ponds with tall techniques and deliver Scottish Government targets fen species such as reeds. They are not extensive in from the Flood Risk Management Act and the Water Action the National Park, often in low-lying poorly drained Framework Directive. areas of fields where crop yield and productivity Monitor and control influx of grey is low. The short vegetation, wet mud and shallow squirrels Sciurus carolinensis. pools in damp grassland and water margins provide Reduce the impact of climate change on an ideal habitat for farmland waders and contribute water temperature by creating riparian directly to a wider network of wetland habitats. woodlands along the tributaries and headwaters of river catchments. 50 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 51

Freshwater AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT Rivers and lochs in the Cairngorms are of great WORK PARTNERS importance locally, nationally and internationally. They have numerous conservation designations Enhancing and 2.1 Support RSPB, CNPA, 2.1(a) Write an action plan for the Strathspey for their biodiversity and the high quality of their increasing wet farmers and SNH, SRUC Wetland and Wader initiative (SWWI) freshwater habitats. The main rivers in the National grassland habitat land managers Park are internationally famous for the fishing they to conserve RSPB, CNPA, 2.1(b) Deliver targeted PR campaign to raise offer, and pure water is essential to the whisky populations of SRUC awareness of the value of wet grasslands industry. Invasive non-native species in freshwater breeding waders among land managers and local communities habitats can have a significant detrimental effect on SRUC, 2.1(c) Promote wader/wetland focused their biodiversity and the economic income derived agricultural management when advising and developing from fishing. Rivers are a key vector in the spread agents funding applications of invasive non-native species, and preventive action is vital. NFUS, SLE 2.1(d) Promote wader and wet grassland Habitats included here are Upland flushes, fens & friendly practices to members swamps (UKBAP), Lowland fens (UKBAP), Wet RSPB, CNPA, 2.1(e) Develop and write an action plan for a grassland (local priority for nationally significant SNH wetland and wader initiative in Strathdon and wader populations), Rivers (UKBAP) and Lochs & Glenlivet ponds (UKBAP). RSPB, NTS 2.1(f) Identify, through survey, important wader areas in upper Deeside, Angus glens and Highland Perthshire

CNPA, land 2.1(g) Support land managers with advice TARGETS agents about funding options for wetland and wet grassland creation INDICATOR MILESTONES (Cumulative) KEY MONITORING PARTNER 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 RSPB, CNPA, 2.1(h) Deliver a programme of events to SRUC, land demonstrate good practice Area of new wetland (ha) 10 25 CNPA, SRUC , SEPA agents and Length of drains with improved 1 3 5 RSPB, CNPA, SRUC advisors water level management (km) 2.2 Improve RSPB, CNPA, 2.2(a) Work directly with land managers to Number of new wader feeding 10 30 50 RSPB, CNPA, SRUC and restore SRUC draw up farm plans and create new wader areas that follow best practice wet grassland feeding areas through positive RSPB, CNPA, 2.2(b) Work directly with land managers New ponds created to 25 50 CNPA conservation SRUC, SEPA, to reinstate water sources to improve the benefit biodiversity action CMPs Fisheries biodiversity value of wet grassland By 2018 here will be no decrease in the populations of key species as per specific actions Board

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52 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 53

AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT WORK PARTNERS WORK PARTNERS

RSPB, NTS 2.2(c) Remove scrub and coarse vegetation Maintain status 2.6 Continue to SEPA 2.6(a) Improve water bodies so that they to improve sward condition with rush topping and increase area support river meet the SEPA description of ‘good ecological machinery and other methods of wader- of freshwater management status’ friendly management habitat. to maintain and improve good SEPA 2.6(b) Explore potential and initiate trials for SEPA, SNH, 2.2(d) Support and be an active partner in ecological status woodland management to help reduce runoff, RSPB, Fisheries partnerships such as Catchment Management of all water soil erosion, and sediment delivery from Board, CNPA, Groups, Futurescapes and Strathspey bodies agricultural land SRUC, Wetlands and Waders Initiative SLE, NTS CNPA, SEPA, 2.6(c) Ensure that in-stream developments SNH, Fisheries and abstractions do not impact on ‘good Increasing and 2.3 Create new SEPA, RSPB, 2.3(a) Identify potential new wetland sites or Trusts, LA’s ecological status’ and important species protecting wetland areas CMPs sites now lost that can be restored wetland habitats 2.7 Create PCT, ARG UK 2.7(a) Extend the ‘Create a million ponds’ CNPA, LA’s 2.3(b)Create wetland and sustainable new freshwater project into the National Park urban drainage schemes, as mitigation or habitats compensation work CNPA, SRUC 2.7(b) Encourage pond creation as part of Farm Visits Project SEPA 2.3(c) Encourage and fund opportunities for improving wetland areas and restoring areas lost to historic drainage

2.4 Protect CNPA, LA’s 2.4(a) Protect wetland sites from development existing wetland pressure, hydrological and management areas change

2.5 Demonstrate CMPs, RSPB, 2.5(a) Reinstate/naturalise new sections of sustainable flood LA’s, NTS previously modified burns management via the restoration CMPs, RSPB, 2.5(b) Ensure that coarse woody debris in of a natural LA’s burns is maintained and reinstated where it flooding regime will improve river diversity SEPA 2.5(c) Identify where woodland management can be used as part of natural flood management CMP’s, SEPA, 2.5(d) Develop Sustainable Flood LA’s Management demonstration projects and promote the benefits of such work to communities downstream RSPB, CMP’s 2.5(e) Develop and trial innovative floodplain restoration projects, taking account of designated features and potential pollution risks 54 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 55

KEY SPECIES FOR FOCUSED ACTION KEY SPECIES FOR FOCUSED action

2.8 Lapwing RSPB 2.8(a) Continue to monitor populations and 2.12 Freshwater pearl mussel SNH, PAWS, 2.12(a) Continue to raise awareness of the Vanellus vanellus investigate reasons for decline Margaritifera margaritifera RAFTS, Fishery species’ protected status and the impacts of Trusts, LIFE+ wildlife crime RSPB, CNPA, 2.8(b) Provide advice and training to land project SAC, NFUS managers and agricultural agents on appropriate grazing and land management for breeding SNH 2.12(b) Monitor reintroduction sites and lapwing augment populations if necessary

2.9 Scarlet splash fungus local fungus 2.9(a) Find out more about status and SEPA, CMPs 2.12(c) Through CMP and RBMP processes, Cytidia salicina groups, RSPB, requirements via surveys, monitoring and initiate action to reduce erosion and limit the CNPA research to inform land management practices sediment input to water courses

Fisheries Trusts, 2.9(b) Provide site-specific habitat management SNH, Fisheries 2.12(d) Research and promote best practice CMPs, SRUC advice to individual land managers Trusts, SEPA control methods for Ranunculus species

2.10 Northern damselfly BDS, Buglife, 2.10(a) Find out more about status and CNPA 2.12(e) Survey the River Avon to determine Coenagrion hastulatum CNPA requirements via surveys, monitoring and if there are suitable sites for a reintroduction research to inform land management practices project

RSPB, SNH, 2.10(b) Maintain sympathetic management 2.13 Northern February red stonefly Buglife, Fishery 2.13(a) Find out more about status and FCS, BDS, practices at known sites and enhance where Brachyptera putata Trusts, SEPA requirements via surveys, monitoring and SRUC necessary research to inform land management practices

FCS, RSPB, 2.10(c) Create new ponds within 1km of known Buglife, Fisheries 2.13(b) Provide site-specific habitat Froglife, PCT, breeding sites Trusts, SRUC, management advice to individual land managers ARG UK CMPs

2.11 Northern silver-stiletto fly CNPA, SEPA, 2.11(a) Find out more about status and SEPA, CNPA 2.13(c) Take account of this species in response Spiriverpa lunulata Buglife requirements via surveys, monitoring and to applications on riparian planting, river research to inform land management practices engineering, waste water discharge consents and sand/gravel extraction Buglife, Fishery 2.11(b) Provide site-specific habitat Trusts, CMPs, management advice to individual land managers SEPA, SRUC

SEPA, CNPA 2.11(c) Take account of the requirements of this species in response to applications for flood prevention works, water abstraction, or sand/ gravel extraction from rivers 56 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 57

Ecosystem Engineers Beavers are well known for their ability to influence their surrounding landscape, introducing greater variety into watercourses by adapting small streams and ditches into broader, deeper watercourses and ponds through damming. This is beneficial for a range of plants, invertebrates, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Beavers became extinct in Scotland due to over-hunting for their very valuable pelts, probably in the 16th or 17th century. The Eurasian beaver has been High Nature Value (HNV) Ancient Wetland Dancers reintroduced in many locations throughout Europe Farming The common crane is one of the most ancient (at least 157 reintroductions). A trial Scottish HNV Farming is essential for biodiversity, bird species on Earth and has historically been reintroduction in Knapdale will end in 2014. In including the long-term prospects of wading the focus of myths and legends throughout the addition, a population is now established on the birds such as lapwing, rare plants, fungi and world. These huge, elegant birds are famed River Tay catchment. invertebrates. The mixed farming system is for their elaborate courtship dance. Extinct as Public bodies are spending huge sums of money characterised by low-intensity land use and a breeding bird in Scotland since probably the to restore the functions that beavers historically livestock grazing, semi-natural vegetation with 16th century, they are now only a rare visitor. used to provide, in attempts to reduce flood few artificial inputs, and a landscape mosaic of Their extinction was likely due to over-hunting; risk and slow the flow caused by heavy rainfall. habitat features that makes the area important the crane was regarded as good food. The Beavers could potentially serve as innovative for biodiversity. The active land management destruction and drainage of wetland habitats and ‘natural’ partners to our Natural Flood of HNV farming systems is also part of the may also have contributed. A small recolonising Management plans in the Cairngorms. rich cultural heritage of the National Park. It is population is breeding in the Norfolk Broads essential that the Cairngorms Nature Action and the recent ‘Great Crane Project’ in Plan supports farmers to ensure this positive Somerset has seen them reintroduced there. Action land management can thrive. The crane, with its enchanting trumpeting call, could be an inspiring flagship species for the conservation and enhancement of multiple- Action benefit wetlands in the Cairngorms. Further explore the potential for, and the implications of, either a trial or full reintroduction of Eurasian Beaver Action Castor fiber in river catchments in Support HNV Farming and the mixed the Cairngorms National Park. farming system of grasslands (inbye, rushy pasture, hay and silage), wetlands and arable cropping. Further investigate the potential for facilitating recolonisation and, if appropriate, instigate a restoration project for Common Crane Grus grus. 58 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 59

4.3 OTHER HABITATS Blanket bog is extensive across the National Park, species. The habitat mosaics of the Cairngorms result than in the past. Targeted support for biodiversity which supports the highest tracts of montane bog in high populations of several species that use more management is needed more than ever. in Britain. It is the second most extensive habitat than one habitat, and are also important for species Montane and moorland The National Park appears to contain only a very type, after upland heath, with which it often occurs that particularly use edge habitats. The Cairngorms are widely considered to be one of the small proportion of the UK’s calcareous grassland. in close association. Blanket bog grades into wet most spectacular mountain areas in Britain. They are Overgrazing and burning is a significant threat to Nevertheless, these areas do contain several rare upland heath, with the predominant vegetation type a recognised nationally and internationally for the quality the integrity of montane and moorland habitats and plants, which may be significant in a Scottish context. Calluna – Eriophorum-dominated blanket mire typical of their geology, geomorphology and topographic species. Sustainable deer management impacts on The small, fragmented lowland and upland hay of cold wet high plateaux in northern Britain. Healthy, features, and associated soils and biodiversity. Much of many of the actions and targets. Deer Management meadows in the National Park are unlikely to be of active blanket mire vegetation supported by areas the high ground resembles mountain tundra found in Groups will be key partners in many cases. national significance, but are locally important for of peat soil forms an important part of Scotland’s the Arctic. No other part of Britain has so much high biodiversity. The Cairngorms is one of only two areas contribution to carbon storage. Blanket bog erosion is mountain terrain within such a comparatively small area. Grassland in Scotland with Calaminarian grassland pockets on a key issue contributing to the unfavourable condition This dramatic landscape attracts mountaineers and Generally, the farmland and grassland habitats in the natural serpentine debris. of many upland designated sites, and this erosion is visitors from around the globe. Cairngorms have been managed in a less intensive likely to be a significant source of carbon emissions. manner than similar areas elsewhere in the UK. Habitats included under this are Upland heath The most serious threat to this extremely fragile Sustainable deer management and following the Consequently, many of these areas are important (UKBAP), Calaminarian Grasslands and rocky habitat comes from climate change. Trampling, Muirburn Code are fundamental to bringing or exceptional because of their historical human outcrops (UKBAP), Blanket Bog (UKBAP), erosion and disturbance also threaten the integrity designated upland sites into favourable condition. management, not in spite of it. These habitats Arctostaphylos Heath (local priority), montane heaths of the montane habitat and its associated species. and Willow Scrub (UKBAP), Upland Calcareous Montane scrub can be defined as the habitat support the livelihoods of farmers, crofters and Managing recreational pressure throughout the grassland (UKBAP), Upland Hay Meadows (UKBAP), on mountains in which trees and shrubs grow at land managers, providing food and employment. National Park, the Cairngorms Outdoor Access Trust Unimproved neutral grasslands (local priority of altitudes higher than the treeline. It is characterised The economic reality of modern farming in a global constructs high-quality paths on popular mountain national significance), Acid grassland (local habitat). routes. Ranger services, estate staff and wildlife- by a range of shrub and tree species (usually dwarf market is leading to a higher intensity of farming related business regularly promote responsible willows, juniper and birches), growing in a low twisted, wind-pruned form, together with a variety behaviour as per the rights and responsibilities TARGETS outlined in the Scottish Outdoor Access Code. of flowering plants, fungi, lichens, insects, birds, and other species particularly associated with this zone. INDICATOR MILESTONES (Cumulative) KEY MONITORING PARTNER Upland heathland is the most extensive habitat Confined largely to remnant patches on remote 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 type in the Cairngorms National Park, frequently in and inaccessible cliffs in Scotland, montane scrub Number of blanket bogs 1 2 3 5 SNH mosaics with blanket bog. Upland heathland or is present in no more than a few hundred sites, restored heather moorlands comprise non-wooded ground nearly all less than one ha. It most usually occurs as with dwarf shrub vegetation above the tree line. The scattered trees well above any woodland on the Length of historic moorland drains 40 100 SLE, SNH majority of these communities result from human open hill, showing the upper limits of tree-growth blocked on blanket bogs (km) activities: woodland clearance, the prevention of but not forming a continuous treeline. natural tree regeneration by burning and grazing, Area of new montane scrub (ha) 50 200 300 HB, FCS The best example of a continuous treeline in Britain is and drainage to support recreational hunting of red at Creag Fhiaclach, above Inchriach, where a complex Number of demonstration sites 1 2 SLE grouse and deer. Similar communities extend of Scots pine and juniper scrub grows at 550 to 650 showcasing best practice upwards into the montane zone, but the associated metres. This and other fragments in the National Park management for moorland sites plant communities vary according to altitude, offer some of the best opportunities to demonstrate Per cent of features on upland 65 70 SNH exposure and soil type. As moorland covers landscape-scale restoration of the UK’s rarest and designated sites in favourable approximately half of the National Park, this most threatened of native habitat types. condition or recovering maintenance of this cultural landscape for hunting has through assured management dramatic effects not just on the biodiversity of the The links between montane, heath, and bog habitats Park, but also on the economy and the social fabric. and other habitats are extremely important for many By 2018 there will be no decrease in the populations of key species as per specific actions 60 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 61

AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT WORK PARTNERS WORK PARTNERS

Enhancing 3.1 Restore and SNH, SLE, 3.1(a) Promote peatland restoration, identify Enhancing 3.4 Identify key NTS, BCS, 3.4(a) Audit and map Arctostaphylos heath the quality of enhance blanket CDAG sites and restore habitat, including areas with Identifying and moorland, RSPB, CNPA moorland and bog habitats historic moorland drains protecting montane and montane habitats important sites grassland sites for SNH, SLE, 3.1(b) Promote the adoption of, and biodiversity SNH, Plantlife 3.4(b) Audit and assess the condition of SGA, BASC, adherence to, the Muirburn Code and the Calaminarian grasslands NTS importance of avoiding moorland drainage

SNH, SLE, 3.1(c) Showcase examples of best practice RSPB, CNPA, 3.4(c) Research the importance of uplands to CDAG moorland management SRUC wader species, particularly curlew

CNPA, SNH 3.1(d) Source climate change/carbon funding BCS, Buglife 3.4(d) Initiate research on rare upland to support restoration invertebrates, with a focus on Diptera, Lepidoptera and Beetle species 3.2 Montane FCS, CNPA, 3.2(a) Establish a landscape-scale montane scrub SNH, HB, scrub project, taking account of designated Plantlife, 3.4(e) Audit, assess and map key grassland RSPB, CDAG, sites and features CNPA sites NTS 3.5 Encourage CNPA, SNH, 3.5(a) Provide advice and guidance on SNH, CNPA, 3.2(b) Promote and support the creation and and support CDAG, SLE, favourable grazing and burning regimes on SLE, CDAG, restoration of montane scrub in suitable areas management SRUC important sites for montane, moorland and NTS that conserves grassland biodiversity important 3.3 Restore the SLE, SGA 3.3(a) Trial innovative techniques to increase montane, NTS, SRUC 3.5(b) Conduct a feasibility study for an full community of raptor populations moorland and on-demand, roving livestock herd/flock to raptor species grassland sites encourage the retention of open areas Police Service, 3.3(b) Raise awareness and understanding, SLE, SGA, provide advice and training on wildlife BASC legislation

Police service 3.3(c) Monitor wildlife crime in the National Park CNPA, SNH, 3.3(d) Support collaboration to reduce SLE, SGA, conflicts in species and wildlife management RSPB

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KEY SPECIES FOR FOCUSED ACTION KEY SPECIES FOR FOCUSED ACTION

3.6 Golden eagle RSPB, CNPA, 3.6(a) Continue and expand Raptor Track 3.9 Powdered sunshine lichen CRRP, BSBI, 3.9(a) Identify and monitor key areas, search Aquila chrysaetos HFW, SNH project to gather data, raise awareness and Vulpicida pinastri BLS for new sites and identify opportunities for understanding, and provide advice and guidance translocation for land managers FCS, RSPB, 3.9(b) Enhance and expand areas of juniper SLE, SGA, 3.6(b) Work with moorland managers to NTS, Plantlife scrub SNH manage mountain hare populations for the benefit of golden eagle CRRP, Plantlife 3.9(c) Provide site-specific habitat management advice to individual land managers SGA, SLE, 3.6(c) Leave deer carcasses or remains out on CDAG, SNH the hill 3.10 Small dark yellow underwing BCS 3.10(a) Find out more about status and Anarta cordigera requirements via surveys, monitoring and 3.7 Alpine blue sow thistle RBGE, CRPP, 3.7(a) Find out more about status and research to inform land management practices Cicerbita alpina BSBI requirements via surveys, monitoring and research (specifically to identify constraints on BCS, CNPA, 3.10(b) Establish demonstration projects and seed production) to inform land management SLE share best practice practices 3.11 Mining bee Hymettus, 3.11(a) Find out more about status and CRPP, SNH 3.7(b) Provide site-specific habitat management Andrena marginata Buglife requirements via surveys, monitoring and advice to individual land managers research to inform land management practices

RBGE, CRPP, 3.7(c) Reinforce current populations and Hymettus, 3.11(b) Provide site-specific habitat SNH introduce (or reintroduce) the species at SRUC, CNPA management advice to individual land managers new sites 3.12 Violet oil beetle Buglife 3.12(a) Find out more about status and 3.8 Tufted saxifrage RBGE, CRPP, 3.8(a) Find out more about status and Meloe violaceus requirements via surveys, monitoring Saxifraga cespitosa Plantlife requirements via surveys, monitoring and and research (particularly regarding the research to inform land management practices host solitary bee species) to inform land CRPP 3.8(b) Provide site-specific habitat management management practices advice to individual land managers Buglife, 3.12(b) Develop identification skills and identify RBGE, CRPP, 3.8(c) If appropriate, collect seed and grow Rangers potential habitat through work with volunteers Plantlife plants ex-situ to provide stock for reinforcing existing population and creating new Buglife, SRUC 3.12(c) Provide site-specific habitat populations at historic sites Hymettus management advice to individual land managers

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Birds of the Bush Ring ouzels are in severe decline in the UK (over 50 per cent population loss in the last 25 years) and have experienced a very marked contraction in range. In Scotland, they are generally found in open heather moorland. In Scandinavia the same subspecies breeds in a mosaic of montane scrub with patches of grass and rocks, a common habitat that supports a rich biodiversity. Underneath our feet Hare today, gone tomorrow? Montane scrub, the mix of low-lying dwarf willow and birch bushes between the natural Some of the biggest organisms living in our The iconic Scottish mountain hare, also known tree line and the open hill, is essentially missing grasslands are not the sheep on top of the grass, as the blue hare, is perfectly adapted to life from the landscape. This is a result largely of but the fungi underneath it - the mycelia of fungi on the open mountainside and to the harsh centuries of management with grazing and like waxcaps spread far and wide. While the fungi winter climate. The moorland habitat actively only reveal themselves briefly each year, when fire. This natural transition zone is, for most managed for red grouse is also ideal for them. the mushrooms appear like the tips of icebergs, people, missing in our thoughts of what a the mycelia are vital parts of a healthy ecosystem. Burnt strips of heather provide fresh shoots natural landscape should be. Montane scrub is Fungi are critical in carbon and nutrient cycling, to feed on and the taller heather provides among the rarest natural features of the Scottish root function in plants, and as a food source for a shelter from predators such as the golden eagle. landscape, with tiny remnants now often very wide range of organisms. Their ecology and Populations of mountain hares can fluctuate restricted to cliffs, crags and boulder fields away distribution are still relatively poorly understood. dramatically, making it very difficult to assess from grazing pressure. their conservation status. Waxcaps are very sensitive to the high nitrogen Evidence suggests this habitat would also be content of artificial fertiliser and are indicators Mountain hares are widely regarded as tick beneficial for black grouse and could improve of ancient unfertilised grassland. A good site vectors and are controlled on grouse moors may contain a dozen to twenty species. A site breeding prospects for rare breeders such throughout the National Park. It is important that has been treated with artificial fertiliser is as brambling, redwing and fieldfare as well as that we monitor hare numbers to ensure their unlikely to have more than one or two species. species that would probably otherwise be here, status as one of our most loved and distinctive such as bluethroat and Lapland bunting. Many of the grasslands in the National Park have been grasslands for a long time and are montane species continues. important sites for nationally rare species. Action Action Action

Create montane and juniper scrub to help support species like ring ouzel Determine current status and distribution, Determine current status and distribution, Turdus torquatus and identify management needs of Crimson and monitor populations of Scottish waxcap Hygrocybe punicea. mountain hare Lepus timidus. 66 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 67

4.4 INVOLVING PEOPLE Making a contribution Getting the message out And in communicating the following messages: We can all make a difference to the nature of In order to inspire and encourage involvement and • The Cairngorms National Park is an outstanding The National Park is an attractive place: around the Cairngorms National Park and in turn to the highlight the opportunities available, we need to place for biodiversity. It is nationally and 17,000 people permanently live here and 1.3 million good things that we get from it. Paid and un-paid communicate effectively. There is a huge amount of internationally significant and arguably one of the people visit every year. The relationships people have researchers, recorders and enthusiasts already do a good conservation work taking place in the National most important areas in the UK. with the landscapes in which they live, work and huge amount of good work. We would like to see Park, and there will be more. Through targeted and recreate are fundamental to the health of the nature this supported and developed, complementing a focused communications, we can bring this together • Conservation in the Cairngorms National Park of the Cairngorms National Park. wide range of opportunities for people to contribute. to paint a picture of the whole that is greater than is a collective and cumulative effort. Many land the sum of its parts. managers, groups and individuals are doing work Volunteers take a great deal of pride and feel Understanding - Appreciation – Protection for the benefit of nature in the Park. We want people to care intellectually and emotionally a high degree of ownership through seeing the We will focus our actions on working with the about the biodiversity of the Cairngorms National positive changes resulting from their efforts. There following key groups: • We want people to get out and enjoy the nature Park, to feel proud of their natural heritage, and are opportunities for skills development and for • Residents in the National Park, to engage with it and realise become informed and passionate advocates for it. communities to take more control of their natural • Young people the benefits it brings. heritage. Raising awareness and understanding, • Key influencers and communicators Through developing understanding and getting more forming close bonds between people and place • Volunteering, in lots of different ways, makes real involved with our natural heritage and the ways we will lead to more and better informed debates • Tourism-based businesses and positive differences to the health of the nature manage our countryside, people will appreciate it and valuable connections between expert and • Land managers of the Park and our own health. Everyone is welcome and there are many ways to get involved. more. And in appreciating what we’ve got, want to community values. • Rangers do something to safeguard the many benefits we get • Naturalists from it. Citizen science Within the UK, there is a long and rich tradition of Realising the benefits scientific discovery by unpaid volunteers and interest The nature of the Cairngorms National Park defines groups. Indeed our current understanding of UK TARGETS where we live and is a primary part of our shared wildlife and the wider environment is due, in large INDICATOR MILESTONES (Cumulative) KEY MONITORING community identity. Tourism and land-based business part, to the dedication and expertise of the naturalist 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 PARTNER are central to our economy. We want more people community. Over the past decade, there has been to understand and enjoy the social, economic and a rapid increase in the diversity and scale of citizen Number of volunteer days 1500 2000 3000 CNPA, regional environmental benefits nature brings. science representing contributory, collaborative, and per year spent caring for volunteer co-ordinators, co-created projects ranging in size from national crowd Most of us enjoy being in the outdoors, from quiet, nature in the National Park ranger services sourcing activities to small groups of local volunteers. peaceful reflection to adrenaline-fuelled adventure. Number of communities 1 2 4 6 8 CNPA, LA’s, CDO We know that being in nature makes us healthier, directly involved with the both physically and mentally. It is important we are management of their local able to physically and visually access and interact with natural heritage habitats and landscapes. The potential for floods to affect people’s homes depends on how the land is managed in the catchment upstream; food resources depend on clean water and productive soils; and the carbon released as a result of our activities affects our climate. 68 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 69

AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT WORK PARTNERS WORK PARTNERS

Inspiring and 4.1 Create, CNPA 4.1(a) Develop and implement a stakeholder CNPA, NTS 4.3(c) Promote and support skills development engaging support and engagement plan within volunteering opportunities celebrate a

network of CNPA 4.1(b) Produce and manage a communications 4.4 Recognise, CNPA, CBP 4.4(a) Provide training, knowledge and support ambassadors toolkit with supporting resources support and on the biodiversity of the Park strengthen the

CBP 4.1(c) Develop and roll-out ‘Make it Yours’ - a role of key visitor CNPA, CBP, 4.4(b) Produce a code of conduct for programme of training and support for NP attractions and WS responsible wildlife watching based businesses wildlife tourism SNH 4.4(c) Promote NNR’s as flagships for finding operators CNPA, SLE, 4.1(d) Host annual awards ceremony out about Cairngorms nature CBP championing positive work Providing 4.5 Help CNPA, CDO, 4.5(a) Work with communities to assess the CNPA, FCS, 4.1(e) Deliver biennial Celebrating Cairngorms opportunities communities find RSPB, SNH, significance and desired benefits from local SNH, SLE, Nature partnership event ways to engage Rangers, natural heritage assets RSPB, NFUS, with, realise the LA’s, NTS NTS benefits they get from, and CNPA, 4.5(b) Facilitate communities to develop 4.2 Communicate CNPA 4.2(a) Develop and maintain a Cairngorms have a say in the CDO, FCS, management plans for local wildlife sites with the significance Nature website and social media management RSPB, LA’s, other stakeholders including land managers of, the benefits of, local natural community and estate workers SLE, ranger 4.2(b) Improve public understanding and derived from and heritage assets planning officers the work being services perception of estates and of what estate done to protect management can deliver in terms of biodiversity CNPA, 4.5(c) Facilitate awareness raising, and enhance CDO, Land communication and consultation on land CNPA, RSPB, 4.2(c) Joint-brand and position activities and nature in CNP Managers, management plans between communities and SNH, FCS, projects relevant to Cairngorms Nature RSPB, NTS local land managers NTS, SLE, BCS, DFT, CNPA, CDO, 4.5(d) Work with communities on improving ranger services LA’s, NTS, biodiversity within settlements and new community developments 4.3 Further CNPA, RSPB, 4.3(a) Work with schools to actively involve planning officers develop work SNH, WTS, young people in experiencing and conserving with young FCS, LA’s, the biodiversity of the National Park people NTS >> JMA, Junior 4.3(b) Include Cairngorms Nature information Rangers, in programmes of activity Ranger services, NTS

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AREA OF ACTIOn key WHAT WORK PARTNERS

4.6 Provide a Regional 4.6(a) Create volunteering hubs and wide range of volunteer co-ordinate promotion and access to opportunities co-ordinators, volunteering opportunities and campaigns for people to CNPA, ranger contribute to the services, SNH, protection and Plantlife enhancement of biodiversity in the CDO, 4.6(b) Highlight and encourage volunteer Park Rangers, participation in biological recording schemes Local Record The John Muir Award Citizen science Centres, Many education programmes take people to In 2006, the Cairngorms National Park hosted Plantlife the outdoors so they can learn about it. The the largest non-native predator eradication CNPA, SNH, 4.6(c) Support local and regional naturalist John Muir Award is rather different. It’s a flexible programme in Europe as part of a project to Local record groups and biological recording schemes with programme that allows people to make their halt the decline in water vole populations. The centres training and advice own meaning or sense of a place through their project was incredibly successful and volunteers experiences, rather than through teaching or were a fundamental part of that success, CNPA, CBP 4.6(d) Investigate and pursue options for a learning. At the heart of the scheme is the monitoring, reporting mink activity and checking visitor payback scheme that includes options simple power of awakening people to nature. for footprints on the mink rafts. for caring for nature People often see their local woods or hills The initiative provides equipment, support and CNPA, FCS, 4.6(e) Create, develop and support new and differently after doing the John Muir Award. training and, through working closely with local RSPB, NTS, existing large-scale projects to accommodate We are all a little guilty of taking things for groups and volunteers, hopes to develop a long- SNH, Plantlife volunteering efforts, donations and campaigns granted, and the award helps us look again term strategy so the work continues after the at the nature around us. initiative ends.

Action Action

Support the John Muir Award Develop and support a range of programme in further raising awareness opportunities for citizen science. and understanding of the value and importance of nature in the Cairngorms. 72 Cairngorms Nature Action Plan 73

5. glossary JMA John Muir Award With thanks to the Aberdeenshire Council Kenny Taylor LA Local Authority many individuals and Aberdeen University Liz Holden organisations that have NFUS National Farmers Union Scotland Alistair Godfrey Liz Lavery provided invaluable Andrea Britton Malloch Society NTS National Trust for Scotland expertise and advice Andy Acton Mark Young NFE National Forest Estate in developing the ARK UK Amphibian and Reptile Groups UK Andy Amphlett Martin Robinson NNR National Nature Reserve Cairngorms Nature Andy McMullen Mike Davidson AWT Anagach Wood Trust Action Plan: PAWS Plantations on Ancient Woodland Sites Andy Scobie Mike Taylor BAP Biodiversity Action Plan PAWS Partnership for action Against Wildlife Angus Council Moorland Forum BASC British Association for Shooting and Crime Scotland Anna Griffith National Farmers Union Scotland Conservation PCT Pond Conservation Trust Audrey Turner National Museum of Scotland BBS British Bryological Society RAFTS Rivers And Fisheries Trusts Scotland Barry Prater National Trust for Scotland BCS Butterfly Conservation Scotland RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of international Bat Conservation Trust Nick Mardall BDS British Dragonfly Society importance British Dragonfly Society Neil Sanderson BLS British Lichen Society RBGE Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Botanical Society of the British Isles North East Scotland Biological Recording Society Badenoch & Strathspey Conservation Group Pat Batty BSBI Botanical Society for the British Isles RBMP River Basin Management Plan Brian & Sandy Coppins Perth & Kinross Council CBP Cairngorms Business Partnership RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds British Trust for Ornithology Peter Cosgrove CDAG Cairngorms Deer Advisory Group RZSS Royal Zoological Society Scotland Buglife Scotland Plantlife CDO Community Development Officer SAC Special Area of Conservation Butterfly Conservation Scotland Richard Marriott CEH Centre for Ecology & Hydrology SEPA Scottish Environment Protection Agency David Barbour River and Fishery Trusts of Scotland CLBAP Cairngorms Local Biodiversity Action Plan SG Scottish Government David Welch Robin Payne CMP Catchment Management Partnership SGA Scottish Gamekeepers Association Dee Fisheries Trust Roy Leverton Dick Balharry Roy Watling CNAP Cairngorms Nature Action Plan SLE Scottish Land and Estates Ellen Rotheray Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh CNPA Cairngorms National Park Authority SNH Scottish Natural Heritage Ern Emmett Royal Society for the Protection of Birds CONFOR Confor: promoting forestry and wood SPA Special Protected Area Forestry Commission Scotland Royal Zoological Society Scotland CRPP Cairngorms Rare Plants Project SRDP Scotland Rural Development Programme Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust Ruth Mitchell DFT Dee Fisheries Trust SRUC Scotland’s Rural College Garth Foster Scottish Agricultural College EU European Union SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest Gordon Rothero Scottish Environment Protection Agency FCS Forestry Commission Scotland SWWI Strathspey Wetlands and Waders Initiative Hayley Wiswell Scottish Land and Estates Highland Aspen Group Scottish Natural Heritage FR Forest Research UHI University of the Highlands & Islands Highland Biological Recording Group Spey Catchment Initiative GWCT Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust WES Wildlife Estates Scotland Highland Birchwoods Stewart Taylor HAG Highland Aspen Group WFD Water Framework Directive Highland Foundation for Wildlife T Loizou HB Highland Birchwoods WS Wild Scotland Ian Green Tayside Biodiversity Partnerhsip HFW Highland Foundation for Wildlife WTS Woodland Trust Scotland Iain Strachan The Highland Council HNV High Nature Value UKBAP United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan Jenni Stockan Wildfowl & Wetland Trust ICF Institute of Chartered Foresters UKWAS United Kingdom Woodland Assurance John Douglass Wild Media Foundation JHI James Hutton Institute Scheme Jonathan Willet Ken Watt Published by Cairngorms National Park Authority 14 The Square Grantown-on-Spey Moray PH26 3HG Email: [email protected] Tel: 01479 873535 Fax: 01479 873527 www.cairngorms.co.uk © CNPA 2013. All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-906071-72-1