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Highlands and Islands Woodland Handbook (Croft Woodlands Project, 2019) Publication Date: May 2019 ISBN: 978-1-5272-4061-2 CONTENTS

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Highlands and Islands Woodland Handbook (Croft Woodlands Project, 2019) Publication Date: May 2019 ISBN: 978-1-5272-4061-2 CONTENTS THE CROFT WOODLANDS PROJECT HIGHLANDS & ISLANDS WOODLANDS HANDBOOK for crofters, communities and small woodland owners Bernard Planterose HIGHLANDS & ISLANDS WOODLANDS HANDBOOK for crofters, communities and small woodland owners Main author: Bernard Planterose Section 13 author: Duncan Halley Photography: largely by John McPherson and Bernard Planterose (All photographs are acknowledged in captions) Drawings and cartoons: Chris Tyler Main editor: Fi Martynoga The Croft Woodlands Project Manager and co-ordinator of this publication: Eleanor Garty Case studies: authors are acknowledged below but special thanks are due to Iona Hyde and Viv Halcrow for organising site visits and the crofters and managers who gave up their time to host visits and either write or help with their case studies (their names are in their case studies). Thanks and acknowledgments The Croft Woodlands Project comprises the following partners: Woodland Trust Scotland, Scottish Crofting Federation, Scot- tish Forestry (formerly Forestry Commission Scotland), Point and Sandwick Trust, Coigach & Assynt Living Landscapes, Argyll Small Woods Cooperative, Shetland Amenity Trust, Orkney Woodland Project and Highland Small Communities Housing Trust. This book contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 Many thanks are also due for advice generously given by the following: Jamie McIntyre, Iona Hyde, Viv Halcrow, Donnie Chisholm, Richard Tipping, Scott Wilson, Brendan O’Hanrahan, Peter Cunningham, Diana Gilbert, Simon Dakin, Les Bates, Emma Chapman, Bill Ritchie, Duncan Halley and James Merryweather. There are thirteen sections to this handbook with coloured headings that are also used in the cross referencing boxes through- out the text. Sections 2 to 4 utilise the same blue colour as they all focus largely on silvicultural advice. Sections 5 to 9 utilise the same green colour as they all look at integration of woodland with other land uses. Climate change implications are given in coloured boxes at the start of 7 of the 13 sections and are a thread that runs throughout. There are also 19 case studies that are distributed throughout the handbook, several of which could have been placed within a number of sections on account of the diversity of activities they describe. Feedback Please provide feedback on any aspect of this handbook to the Woodland Trust Scotland at [email protected] or Bernard Planterose at [email protected] Cover photograph: © Eleanor Garty/WTML Disclaimer: All web links correct at time of publication. Printed by: Strath Print, Skye Design and layout: Lou Taylor Joint copyright: Bernard Planterose, Woodland Trust Scotland and Scottish Crofting Federation Citation: Bernard Planterose, The Highlands and Islands Woodland Handbook (Croft Woodlands Project, 2019) Publication date: May 2019 ISBN: 978-1-5272-4061-2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION by Bill Ritchie 1 FOREWORD by Iain Thomson 2 SECTION 1: WOODLANDS FOR THE FUTURE 3 Reforestation for rural development: from community woods to woodland crofts introduction key themes of this handbook a Scottish woodland culture new models for rural development croft woodlands and woodland crofting – beginnings woodland crofting – a vision of the future woodland crofting for rural development SECTION 2: WOODLAND ESTABLISHMENT 23 climate change and woodlands introduction site and species selection natural regeneration of native woodland planting native woodland treeline and montane woodlands planting broadleaved and conifer woodland for high value timber protection against grazing and browsing damage stock selection site preparation planting basics early maintenance of woodlands Table: woodland NVCs found in the Highlands and Islands SECTION 3: WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND HARVESTING 63 climate change and woodlands introduction low impact silvicultural systems – some principles continuous cover forestry – some principles and sub-types managing existing conifer plantations managing existing broadleaved woods – in general managing oak woods managing birch planted ancient woodland sites (PAWS) pruning to improve timber quality harvesting woodlands small machinery horse logging SECTION 4: COPPICE WOODS 81 climate change and coppice products short rotation coppice ‘traditional coppice’ – the history managing and restoring coppice in the 21st century conservation of Atlantic woods and epiphytes Table: coppice species with site requirements, longevity, etc SECTION 5: WOODLANDS FOR ENERGY 99 climate change and trees for energy introduction – history and resurgence woodland types for fuel short rotation forestry (SRF) woodland management types for firewood (other than coppice) calorific values processing solid firewood marketing firewood – commercial opportunities key points – a summary SECTION 6: GRAZING ANIMALS AND WOODLANDS 113 definition of terms climate change and grazing animals “traditional” or historic silvo-pastoralism woodlands and grazing : finding a new balance in the 21st century silvo-pastoralism – fundamental precepts deer and woodlands – a summary SECTION 7: WOODLANDS AND FRESHWATER 133 Riparian and gorge woodlands introduction from deep history to more recent trends reversing declines in fish and forests salmon and woodland nutrition improving riparian wildlife habitats reducing flooding and ground saturation protection of remnants planting new riparian woods SECTION 8: AGROFORESTRY AND NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFP) 143 wild harvesting, food forests, forest gardens, edible landscapes definition of terms climate change, farming and food introduction horticulture wild harvests: (A) forest berries and other fruit (B) hazel nuts (C) seeds (D) birch sap (E) fungi pigs, chickens and other fowl bees designed forest ecosystems and forest gardens modification and enrichment of existing woodlands SECTION 9: SHELTERBELTS AND HEDGES 165 introduction a range of functions and benefits the additional benefits of drainage and warmth hedges the principles of shelter belt design species choices and mixes example scheme (establishment and design) maintenance, replanting or regeneration Table: species suggestions for shelterbelts and hedges SECTION 10: HOME-GROWN TIMBER – MARKETS AND USES 183 climate change and timber introduction primary processing (saw-milling and air drying) of local timber secondary processing use of local timber in construction building standards, structural engineering and strength grading post and beam structures (including oak and softwood pole framing) floorings, linings and internal joinery timber cladding hutting and hut building furniture making and crafts key points Table: qualities and uses of Highland grown timber SECTION 11: PLANNING WOODLANDS AND GRANT APPLICATIONS 199 introduction forestry consultants/agents site constraints and site surveys woodland design consultation setting objectives mapping grant applications employing contractors – carrying out the works softwood plantations SECTION 12: WOODLAND ECOLOGY 213 from deforestation to reforestation, from mycorrhiza to trophic cascades (a selection of topics) global deforestation there never was a ‘virgin’ forest : vegetational history from the Ice Age to the Romans a note on ‘native’ and ‘natural’ herbivores and woodlands – finding the elusive balance ecosystem nutrition – nutrient cycling and acidification the nitrogen fixers mycorrhiza shifting baseline syndrome – a useful concept oligotrophic and eutrophic states peat trophic cascades rewilding pollen analysis – by Prof Richard Tipping SECTION 13: WOODLAND REGENERATION AND FARMING 237 IN SOUTH WEST NORWAY an epilogue by Duncan Halley climate and geology comparison how woods arrived in Norway some comparative insights trees and peat Norwegian style woodland crofting conclusion afterword TABLE OF TREE AND SHRUB SPECIES WITH SITE REQUIREMENTS 245 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 253 terminology and acronyms included in this glossary appear in brown text although, if relating to coppice, they appear in green text. SELECTED REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY (BY SECTION) 263 LIST OF CASE STUDIES (BY SECTION) section 1 Community-owned woodland crofts by Jamie McIntyre Coigach and Assynt Living Landscape (CALL project) by Elaine MacAskill section 2 Isle Martin by Bernard Planterose Croft at Back, Lewis by Bernard Planterose and Boyd Mackenzie section 3 The horse in the forest by Simon Dakin section 4 All about willow by Iona Hyde, Catherine Davies and Pascal Carr Musings of a coppicer by Mike Ellis North Harris Trust: coppice trial by Bernard Planterose and Gordon Cumming section 5 Corrary Farm by Neil Hammond and Amy Floweree Cogle Wood croft by Ros Nash and Rab Egerton section 6 Strath Halladale crofts by Sandy Murray Lynbreck Croft by Sandra Baer and Lynn Cassells section 8 Hebridean baskets by Dawn Susan Baleveolan Croft by Iona Hyde, Clare Haworth & Mike Hyatt Lagandorain Croft by Iona Hyde & John Maclean section 9 Woodlands in Shetland overview by James Mackenzie Woodlands in Orkney overview by Jenny Taylor section 11 Western Isles overview by Viv Halcrow Knockfarrel Produce by Jo Hunt & Lorna Walker GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE OF THIS HANDBOOK This handbook refers primarily to what are known as the Crofting Counties which include the whole of the Highland Council area plus Moray, Argyll, Shetland, Orkney and the Western Isles. It also refers to all the Inner Hebrides or Small Isles. Its south eastern boundary is deliberately vague as there are crofts in the central Highlands to which much of the content applies. There are aspects of climate, soils and relatively
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