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FOCUS on SUDAN Report THE HUMANITARIAN HRIRESPONSE 2011INDEX FOCUS ON SUDAN MUCH OF THE SAME, IF NOT WORSE CRISIS AT A GLANCE SUDAN 66,000 internally 300,000 internally displaced or severely displaced or severely affected people (out of a affected people (from a total of 200,000 affected 1.9 million people in total of 1 million affected by fighting) to South 153,000 refugees IDP camps in Darfur by fighting) Sudan from Sudan. in Sudan LIBYA Red Sea Northern Access extremely restricted/denied North Nile Access possible but within restrictions Darfur Non-priority area for humanitarian response IDP and refugee returns SUDAN Kassala ERITREA CHAD KHARTOUM People newly displaced in 2011 16,000 35,000 Number of Southerners in transit or who have North Kordofan returned to South Sudan 15,000 12,000 Population movements Gedaref West White Major fighting in 2011 Darfur Sennar 80,000 Nile 45,000 Source: OCHA, UNHCR, Natural Earth, USGS South South Blue Darfur Kordofan Nile 37,000 ETHIOPIA CENTRAL 30,000 AFRICAN 20,000 REPUBLIC 110,000 357,000 SOUTH SUDAN Warrap TOTAL FUNDING TO SUDAN IN 2010: 468,000 new internally displaced persons (IDPs) US$ 1.4 BILLION and refugees have been created in the past year due to the ongoing violence in the border states of Blue Nile and South Kordofan. These new IDPs 74 % INSIDE THE CAP and refugees are supplementary to the 110, 000 refugees in South Sudan from the oil-rich region of Abyei. Meanwhile, 1.9 million people still reside in THE CRISIS AND THE camps in Darfur. RESPONSE Humanitarian access in some areas of Darfur and The Republic of South Sudan was born on 9 July of South Kordofan is denied by the Sudanese Armed 2011 in a context of instability due to increased fighting Forces, leaving hundreds of thousands of civilians between the Sudanese Army and the Sudan People's without assistance. Humanitarian actors disagree Liberation Movement-North rebels in the border region over how to address the rift and to coordinate of South Kordofan. assistance in border areas. Cover photo: A family arrives in Bentiu with all of their belongings piled onto a donkey cart. Returnees passing through Bentiu can rest in a primary school before completing their journey. / UNHCR / A. Coseac / November 2010 #02 CRISIS AT A GLANCE SUDAN TOTAL HUMANITARIAN FUNDING TO SUDAN HRI DONOR PERFORMANCE BY PILLAR FIELD PERCEPTION SCORES US$ MILLION 2,000 RESPONDING TO NEEDS 7.48 1,800 1,746 1,651 1,600 PREVENTION, RISK 1,400 REDUCTION AND RECOVERY 5.84 1,200 1,455 WORKING WITH HUMANITARIAN 1,000 1,384 PARTNERS 7.26 800 PROTECTION AND 600 INTERNATIONAL LAW 7.38 400 200 LEARNING AND ACCOUNTABILITY 6.55 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: DARA OECD/DAC average pillar score 6.90 Funding committed and/or contributed inside and outside an appeal Colors represent performance compared to donor's average Humanitarian Response Index score: Good Mid-range Could improve 2010 SUDAN CAP COVERAGE UNCOVERED DONOR PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 35% The Common Humanitarian Fund (CHF) provided approximately 10% of funding in 2010. Although it has contributed to some improvements in coordination, greater effort is needed to streamline management and improve monitoring. Few donors advocate for safe humanitarian access FUNDING despite agreement over this need. Donors should TO THE CAP TOTAL CAP take advantage of the High-Level Committee for REQUIREMENTS 65% US$ 1.8 BILLION Darfur to advocate towards the Sudanese authorities for access to Darfur, and consider expanding the mechanism for other regions. MAIN HUMANITARIAN DONORS IN 2010 US$ MILLION D Donors consider protection and gender important 600 TE NI U STATES N issues in programme design, but could do more O 556.5 I SS to advocate to the Sudanese authorities to ensure MMI partners are able to implement these activities. 400 CO N M EA P O O R EU 200.7 D KINGD 200 TE NI A RK Y N U D A A A A P N A NM RW E 92.7 J O CA D N 44.2 34.5 33.4 32.6 Source:OCHAUN FTS, accessed January in 2012 0 46% 17% 8% 4 % 3 % 3% 3 % % OF TOTAL NEW FUNDING Total funding inside and outside the appeal. Total new funding excludes carry-over. #03 DARA / HRI 2011 / FOCUS ON SUDAN MUCH OF THE SAME, IF NOT WORSE 2011 will go down in Sudan’s history as the year deployed in July. These new conflicts accompanied that saw a new independent country emerge: an already debilitated environment due to the dire the Republic of South Sudan. Following decades situation in Darfur, where 1.9 million people remain in of armed conflict, South Sudan celebrated its camps (OCHA, 2011). Independence Day on 9 July 2011. The founding of Much of the occurrences in Sudan fall under the the world’s newest state was seen as a great step radar. In 2011, most international attention has forward in Africa’s most recent history. The divorce, been on the monumental however, may turn out to be not so peaceful. Air changes in North Africa INSTEAD OF A raids and attacks by the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Arab world, while (SAF) against the Sudan's People Liberation REDUCTION IN humanitarian agencies Movement-North on South Sudanese villages, and HUMANITARIAN focused their efforts on even a refugee camp in November, have dashed NEEDS, SUDAN the food crisis in the Horn hopes that Sudan and its new neighbour would co- of Africa. Under these exist peacefully. HAS SEEN NEW circumstances, the HRI Meanwhile, the unity of the new state is equally under WARS ERUPTING field research team found threat. Tensions within South Sudan among different a humanitarian community ethnic groups and communities have existed for a long that appeared to be addressing the new Sudanese time. The attacks on villages, burning of homes and crises as “business as usual” when it should be of cattle raids, however, became increasingly vehement pressing importance. The sense of urgency seemed in late 2011 and may be the prelude to future internal, to be lacking, especially on the part of the UN. armed conflict. The United Nations (UN) Emergency Years of painful, almost fruitless negotiations with Relief Coordinator (ERC), Valerie Amos, has identified the Sudanese authorities over humanitarian access the humanitarian crises in the two Sudans as a priority may be one reason for this passivity. Humanitarian of the international community. assistance is not popular in Sudan and the In 2010, the Humanitarian Response Index (HRI) authorities have become highly skilled in restricting asked the rhetorical question whether or not Sudan the operational environment for international was seeing a humanitarian mission without an end agencies. At best, the Sudanese authorities accept (DARA 2011). Looking at the events of 2011, this humanitarian response in the form of service- question would be answered with a resounding yes. delivery, while limiting visas and work permits for Instead of a reduction in humanitarian needs, Sudan international staff. However, they have gone as far has seen new wars erupting. According to the UN as to seal off a war-torn area and declare it unsafe Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs for humanitarian agencies, a condition currently (OCHA), fighting in the border states of Blue Nile and seen in much of Blue Nile and South Kordofan South Kordofan created 468,000 newly internally states. This pattern has been in place for decades displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees by the end and there is little doubt that these limitations to of the year. Prior to this, 110,000 refugees had fled humanitarian assistance will remain in the near to South Sudan from the disputed oil-rich region future unless the country makes monumental of Abyei, where a new UN peacekeeping force was changes similar to those in Northern Africa. #04 DARA / HRI 2011 / FOCUS ON SUDAN UNHCR’s partner agencies register the returnees who stop to rest in Bentiu. / UNHCR / A. Coseac / November 2010 LEADERSHIP Addressing the restrictive operational environment is a matter that highly depends on effective humanitarian leadership and coordination. Improving leadership and coordination have been the two key priorities for the ERC in 2011. In Sudan, however, many of the people interviewed by the HRI, including donor, UN, and non-governmental organisations (NGO) representatives, noted the lack of leadership from the Humanitarian Coordinator (HC), the UN’s top humanitarian official in Sudan. His particular silence on the Sudanese authorities' practices of obstructing humanitarian response is considered highly problematic. In June 2011, aid A CLOSE agencies in the town ASSOCIATION WITH of Kadugli, the capital the industry, wanting to keep people in camps, THE GOVERNMENT of South Kordofan, having no interest in rebuilding Darfur, and pushing OF SUDAN MAY BE TO found their supplies the agenda of regime-change.” He felt constructive THE DETRIMENT OF and offices looted engagement with the authorities was more effective and ransacked. at delivering results. One example of such a result, THE HUMANITARIAN Humanitarian he pointed out, was his achievement to reverse the AGENDA, WHICH officials estimated government's decision regarding the expulsion of an REQUIRES A MORE that rebuilding American NGO several months earlier. their presence and The approach of the then HC raises the question of INDEPENDENT programmes would whom, and on what basis, is the HC’s performance COURSE OF ACTION take weeks, if not monitored and appraised? In Sudan, the HC months. Meanwhile, had multiple reporting lines, including one to the violence and mass atrocities leading to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) displacement of thousands of civilians continued Administrator.
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