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Japan Studies Review JAPAN STUDIES REVIEW Volume Eighteen 2014 Interdisciplinary Studies of Modern Japan Steven Heine Editor Editorial Board John A. Tucker, East Carolina University Yumiko Hulvey, University of Florida Matthew Marr, Florida International University Ann Wehmeyer, University of Florida Hitomi Yoshio, Florida International University Copy and Production Alexandra Dvoriantchikova María Sol Echarren Maria Magdaline Jamass Kristina Loveman Ian Verhine Kimberly Zwez JAPAN STUDIES REVIEW VOLUME EIGHTEEN 2014 A publication of Florida International University and the Southern Japan Seminar CONTENTS Editor’s Introduction i Re: Subscriptions, Submissions, and Comments ii ARTICLES Misleading Yanagita Kunio: A Neglected Intellectual Lineage between Enlightenment Thought and Japanese Folklore Takehiko Kojima 3 Of kamikaze, sakura, and gyokusai: Misappropriation of Metaphor in War Propaganda Kimiko Akita, Rick Kenney 27 Western Contributors to the Modernization of Meiji Japan: Hepburn and Verbeck Hideo Watanabe 47 The Japanese History Textbook Controversy amid Post-War Sino-Japanese Relations Gabriela Romeu 67 Constituents of a Global Mindset: An Empirical Study with Japanese Managers S. Ananthram, R. Grainger, H. Tominaga 91 ESSAYS An Elderly Ainu Man’s Story: Ethnography Kinko Ito 117 The Escalating Japan–China Island Dispute and the Potential for War in East Asia Daniel A. Métraux 135 TRANSLATION Selected Translations from the Path of Dreams by Kurahashi Yumiko S. Yumiko Hulvey 151 BOOK REVIEWS Defining Engagement: Japan and Global Contexts, 1640-1868 By Robert I. Hellyer Reviewed by Martha Chaiklin 175 Establishing the Revolutionary: An Introduction to New Religions in Japan. By Birgit Staemmler and Ulrich Dehn, eds. Reviewed by Daniel A. Métraux 178 The Aesthetics of Japanese Fascism By Alan Tansman Reviewed by Laura Specker Sullivan 181 CONTRIBUTORS/EDITORS i EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION Welcome to the eighteenth volume of the Japan Studies Review (JSR), an annual peer-reviewed journal sponsored by the joint efforts of the Asian Studies Program at Florida International University and the Southern Japan Seminar. JSR continues to be both an outlet for publications related to Southern Japan Seminar events and a journal that encourages submissions from a wide range of scholars in the field. This year’s journal features five original articles. Takehiko Kojima explores the correlation between Enlightenment ideals and Japanese folklore while offering an alternative analysis of Yanagita Kunio’s thought. Kimiko Akita and Rick Kenney discuss the misuse of metaphors in Japanese war propaganda in relation to the history of Japanese State Shinto. Hideo Watanabe gives an account of the lives of James Curtis Hepburn and Guido Verbeck in terms of their contributions to the modernization of Meiji Japan. Gabriela Romeu sheds light on the heated debate over the Japanese history textbook controversy in relation to World War II. Subramaniam Ananthram, Richard Grainger, and Hideo Tominaga together present the results of a study on Japanese business managers engaged in globalized business affairs. This issue also includes two featured essays. Kinko Ito presents her research on ethnographic characteristics of the Ainu, the indigenous peoples of Northern Japan. Daniel Métraux discusses the possible threat of war over the Senkaku Island dispute between Japan and China. Additionally, a special section of translation is featured in this issue for the first time. S. Yumiko Hulvey has translated from Japanese into English selections from the Path of Dreams written by contemporary author Kurahashi Yumiko. Included in this issue are three book reviews. Martha Chaiklin reviews the revisiting of the matter of isolation in Edo Japan in Defining Engagement: Japan and Global Contexts, 1640-1868 by Robert Hellyer. Daniel Métraux discusses waves of new Japanese religions in his review of Establishing the Revolutionary: An Introduction to New Religions in Japan by Birgit Staemmler and Ulrich Dehn. Laura Sullivan highlights Alan Tansmann’s idea of the power of aesthetics to transform a culture in her review of The Aesthetics of Japanese Fascism. Steven Heine ii This year’s Japan Studies Review is supported by the Japan Foundation Institutional Support Grant for a collaborative project called The South Florida Partnership in Japanese Studies (SFPJS) Housed at Florida International University. FIU Asian Studies Program greatly appreciates their contribution. Re: Submissions, Subscriptions, and Comments Submissions for publication, whether articles, essays, translations or book reviews, should be made in electronic formats, preferably Word for Windows via email attachment (please inquire about other formats). The editor and members of the editorial board will referee all submissions. Annual subscriptions are $35.00 (US). Please send a check or money order payable to Florida International University to: c/o Steven Heine, Professor of Religious Studies and History Director of the Asian Studies Program Florida International University Modesto A. Maidique Campus, SIPA 505 Miami, FL 33199 Professor Heine’s office number is 305-348-1914. Submissions for publication should be sent to [email protected]. Visit our website at http://asian.fiu.edu/jsr. PDF versions of past volumes are available online. All comments and feedback on the publications appearing in Japan Studies Review are welcome. ISSN: 1550-0713 Articles MISLEADING YANAGITA KUNIO: A NEGLECTED INTELLECTUAL LINEAGE BETWEEN ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT AND JAPANESE FOLKLORE1 Takehiko Kojima Florida International University The purpose of the article is twofold. The first aim is to offer an unconventional interpretation of the texts of Yanagita Kunio (1875–1962), an influential Japanese intellectual popularly known as the founder of the discipline of folklore (minzokugaku). I argue that, notwithstanding the popular conception of Yanagita as a chief advocate of Japanese exceptionalism, he can be characterized as an intellectual heir to the European—especially British and French—Enlightenment tradition. Such a suggestion certainly sounds either mistaken or banal. It seems mistaken because Yanagita is often conceived of as one of the conservative nationalists with Romantic inclination who emerged precisely in reaction to tendentious claims of Enlightenment universalism. It appears banal because no serious modern Japanese thinker, regardless of his or her ideological orientation, is totally free from the sway of the Enlightenment tradition that profoundly transformed the global intellectual landscape. However, I believe that the influence of Enlightenment thought on his intellectual project is substantial and consequential to the extent that, without taking the former into consideration the nature of the latter cannot be fully grasped. 1 This article was originally presented as “Misreading Yanagita Kunio: A Neglected Intellectual Lineage between Enlightenment Thought and Japanese Folklore” at the Southern Japan Seminar and Midwest Japan Seminar Joint Meeting, February 18, 2012. I changed the part of the title from “Misreading” to “Misleading” at the suggestion of Steven Heine to capture the double sense of the latter term—that is, Yanagita’s texts are misleading, which results in many misleading interpretations of his intellectual project. The revised manuscript was finalized in April of the same year, but my further research has revealed a less straightforward intellectual lineage from the Enlightenment idea of human sciences to Yanagita’s minzokugaku, mediated by the philosophies of science and history underlying Victorian anthropology and German cultural sciences that emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century. 4 TAKEHIKO KOJIMA Not only the methodology but also the substance of Yanagita’s minzokugaku reveals an influence, direct or indirect, from the thoughts of such Enlightenment luminaries as Montesquieu, Rousseau, Adam Smith, Malthus, John Stuart Mill, and Marx. That is not to say that his thought is merely a reflection or refraction of European Enlightenment thought. Rather, it is noteworthy that Yanagita critically and selectively appropriates those thinkers’ ideas and weaves them into his own.2 The second aim of this article is to consider, if the connection indeed exists between Yanagita and Enlightenment thought, the question as to why it has long been underemphasized, if not entirely missed, by his followers and critics alike. The lapse is even more perplexing, given the fact that probably few Japanese thinkers’ texts are so meticulously, if somewhat uncritically, studied by their followers and are constantly subjected to critical scrutiny by critics, both Japanese and international. The second purpose, therefore, is to give a plausible answer to the question. To anticipate the answer, it is because both his followers and critics often read his texts partially in both senses of the term. In other words, it may be the case that the vast body of his texts have been selectively read and interpreted to cram his equivocal voice into neatly demarcated but interconnected geocultural (“Japanese”), ideological (“conservative” or “nationalist”), and disciplinary (“folklore” or “ethnology”) categories. As a result, a dialectical aspect of his thought tends to be underappreciated. In fact, one can plausibly argue that his minzokugaku is precisely a self- conscious attempt to relativize various boundaries that divide humanity, human life, and human science into discrete compartments. Many of his followers and critics alike misread his texts,
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