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American Missionaries in Yokohama American Missionaries in Yokohama Noriyoshi Kobayashi Yokohama, one of the most important port-cities in Japan, has been the gateway to Western civilization, and the base of missionary activities since the opening of Japan's seclusion at the end of the Tokugawa period (1603-1867). Just after the port of Yokohama was opened in June, 1859, some Christian missionaries came, and stayed in Kanagawa, three miles away to the east of Yokohama beyond an inlet, because Kanagawa was designated as one of the foreign settlements in the treaty of 1858 between Japan and the United States. However, the Tokugawa Goverment regarded Yokohama, a small village at that time, as a good port of defence for foreigners against Japanese attackers rather than Kanagawa which was a resting place on the Tokaido Highway near to the Capital Yedo, now Tokyo, where there were many anti-foreign samurai. Therefore, the Government intently built the foreign settlement in Yokohama, insisting that Yokohama was a part of Kanagawa, but the treaty powers•\Britain, France, the United States and Holland•\placed their con- sulates in some Buddhist temples in Kanagawa according to the treaty, and the missionaries stayed at two Buddhist temples there, too. On October 17, 1859, Dr. James Curtis Hepburn (1815-1911) of the American Presbyterian Mission landed at Kanagawa, and stayed at the Jobutsuji Temple. He was born in Milton, Pennsylvania, studied Greek and Latin classics at Princeton University and medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. After his graduation, he left for China as a medical missionary in 1841, but because of his wife's illness, he came back to the United States in 1845 and opened a clinic in New York, where he worked as a successful doctor for fourteen years. Dr. - 35 - 英 学 史 研 究 第18号 Hepburn, however, could not give up his desire for mission work abroad, so he closed his clinic and left for Japan. On December 1st, 1859, two weeks after Dr. Hepburn's arrival in Japan, Samuel Robbins Brown (1810-1880) of the Reformed Church of America landed at Kanagawa and stayed at the Jobutsuji Temple, too. He also had had experi- ence in mission activities in China. After his graduation from Yale University and the Union Theological Seminary, he was appointed the principal of the Morrison School in Hong Kong and served there from 1839 to 1846. But on ac- count of his wife's illness, he had to return to the United States. After that, he became the pastor of a church in New York. In 1858, a treaty was made between Japan and the United States, in whcih Christain worship would be permitted in the foreign settlements. The Reformed Church of Amer- ica sent three missionaries to Japan in 1859. Two of them•\S. R. Brown and Dr. Duane B. Simmons•\came to Kanagawa, and Guido Herman Fridolin Verbeck (1870-1898), the other one, was sent to Nagasaki. In Kanagawa, Dr. and Mrs. Hepburn lived in the main building of the Jobu- tsuji Temple, next to the Buddhist priests' living quarters, where Brown and his family lived. Dr. Simmons, as a medical missionary, lived in the Sokoji Temple in the neighborhood of the Jobutsuji Temple. These three missionaries began to study Japanese immediately in preparation for mission work in future. Early the next year, Dr. Simmons left the Reformed Church of America for some reason. It is said that his wife, a Unitarian, influenced him so strongly that he was forced to resign the missionary post. He moved his residence from the Sokokoji Temple to Yokohama Foreign Settlement, where he became a fa- mous doctor in 'Semen-en', internal medicine for children. On April 1st, 1860, Jonathan Goble (1827-1898) of the Free Baptist Mission landed at Kanagawa and lived in the Jobutsuji Temple just as the two mission- aries did. He had once come to Japan as a sailor in Commodore Perry's fleet in 1853 to see Japan with his own eyes for the purpose of becoming a mission- ary in future. Then he returned to the United States to enter a theological - 36 - American Missionaries in Yokohama school where he studied theology and, after becoming a missionary, came to Japan again. At the Jobutsuji Temple, he lived in a small house but he did not keep company with other two missionaries. The three missionaries studied Japanese very well. Dr. Hepburn, about one year after his arrival in Japan, was able to read books in easy Japanese. He wrote in a letter, 'I have mastered almost all Japanese. Now I am making a Japanese dictionary. I am reading some books in Japanese, awaiting the day when I can translate the Bible into Japanese.' S. R. Brown said, 'As I did not understand Japanese, I could not tell the truth of Christianity to the Japanese people. Now I am learning Japanese to evangelize in Japanese, talking with one Japanese teacher about the doctrine of Christianity.' About that time, he was also writing a Japanese conversation book titled 'Colloquial Japanese'. Goble learned Japanese from Sentaro called Sampatch, a shipwrecked Jap- anese taken from the United States, but Sentaro was so unintelligent that Goble had a new tutor for learning Japanese. Dr. Hepburn and S. R. Brown began to translate the Bible into Japanese, individually from February, 1861 or so. They kept up with each other in speed and finished translating Mark in several weeks by using Bibles in Chinese. After that, they started translating John in May of the same year. From April, 1861, Dr. Hepburn opened his clinic in the Sokoji Temple which Dr. Simmons had left one year before. Dr. Hepburn's reputation spread in al- most no time. Therefore, lots of patients came there, even from Yedo. He was very busy diagnosing one hundred to two hundred patients a day, but as the English Legation was attacked by several assassins in July, the Japanese Gov- erment restricted his diagnosing to patients who had Goverment certificates, so the number of the patients decreased remarkably and in September the clinic was closed. In the summer of that year, Mrs. Hepburn returned to the United States, be- cause their only son, Samuel, did not make progress at college. Therefore, Dr. - 37 - 英 学 史 研 究 第18号 Hepburn lived alone at the Jobutsuji Temple, studying the Japanese language. Dr. Hepburn, with his Japanese teacher, translated John, Genesis, and a part of Exodus by October, and then translated into Japanese, a small Chinese book '•^—•ˆÕ’m'•\'Shinri-Yichi' (Introduction to the Truth)•\written by Divie Bethune McCartee (1820-1900).1) S. R. Brown also finished translating Mark, John and Genesis, with the help of his Japanese teacher. Besides, he sent his manuscript of 'Colloquial Japanese' to a printing house in Shanghai, where he spent about three weeks overseeing the workmen, after going there in October, 1861. On November 11th, 1861, James Hamilton Ballagh (1832-1929) of the Re- formed Church Mission came to Kanagawa as the successor to Dr. Simmons. He graduated from Rutgers College and the New Brunswick Theological Semi- nary. When he was a college student, he was called to became a missionary to Japan by S. R. Brown. At the Jobutsuji Temple, Ballagh and his wife lived in the main hall, where Dr. Hepburn lived alone after Mrs. Hepburn's return to the United States, and invited them to stay together, while S. R. Brown had gone to Shanghai. Every morning Ballagh got up early to go to a pine tree, called 'Hirao Naizen Monomino Matsu', on a hill one kilometer from the Jo- butsuji Temple and prayed under the tree for the future of Japan. He learned Japanese from Riuzan Yano who was a bald-headed temple doctor about fifty years old. Yano had been sent as a Japanese teacher to S. R. Brown from a minister of the Japanese Government. Ballagh was interested in Buddhism and studied the difference among Buddhist sects, and gained knowl- edge of Daimyo's stations from Yano, whom he tried to lead to the Christian faith by studying Japanese. On September 14th, 1862, an English merchant, Richardson, was murdered by some samurai of the Satsuma clan in a procession on the Tokaido highway at Namamugi near to Kanagawa. Richardson's friends were wounded, and Dr. Hepburn treated them. In the autumn of 1862, the Japanese Government trusted Dr. Hepburn with - 38 American Missionaries in Yokohama nine students to be taught geometry and chemistry. They were more intelligent than American college students, so Dr. Hepburn taught them English at first. He expected them to make use of their high language ability in the future for Christianity. One of them, Zoroku Murata who was later called Masujiro Omura, became famous as m new leader in the Meiji Restoration. On December 29th, 1862, Dr. Hepburn moved to No.39 Yokohama Foreign Settlement. He continued to teach the students from the Government in his new clinic building, but because the Namamugi Incident was not settled between Japan and Britain, the British fleet gathered in Yokohama harbour. The situ- ation in the settlement was so confusing that the students withdrew to Yedo in April, 1863. Dr. Hepburn began to translate the Bible again. Mrs. Hepburn came back from the United States to Yokohama in March and opened a small English school in the autumn. Among her pupils, there was Korekiyo Taka- hashi who later became prime minister and several other ministers. Takaha- shi was shot to death by some young officers in the February 26 Incident in 1936. David Thompson (1835-1915) came to Yokohama in June, 1863, to help with the mission work of the Hepburns.
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