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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76555-8 - Diving Physiology of Marine Mammals and Seabirds Paul J. Ponganis Index More information Index Adélie penguin aorta dive behavior, 18 aortic bulb aerobic dive limit anatomy, 122 ADL, 172 windkessel, 123 variability, 179 aortic windkessel ADL calculation, 175 coronary perfusion, 123 assumptions and limitations, 175 ascending aorta and arch diving metabolic rate, 175 windkessel in whales, 123 oxygen stores, 175 ascending aortic compliance behavioral ADL, 175 ventricular impedance, 123 calculated ADL, 175 descending aorta definition, 172 noncompliant structure, 124 diving lactate threshold, 176 Arnoux’s beaked whale measured ADL, 172 dive behavior, 9 Baikal seals, 173 arterialization beluga whales, 173 effect on blood O2 store calculation, 53 bottlenose dolphins, 173 elephant seals – free dives, 92, 184 California sea lions, 173 emperor penguins – free dives, 107 emperor penguins, 172 arterio-venous (A-V) anastomoses Weddell seals, 172 brood patch, 128, 157 physiological basis duck, 100 muscle oxygen depletion – emperor penguin, feet and eyelids 177 birds, 128 African darter skin, 76, 121 dive behavior, 17 sympathetic innervation – bowhead whales, 77 African penguin arterio-venous (A-V) shunts dive behavior, 18 arterio-venous anastomoses, 76 air exhalation emperor penguins Antarctic fur seals, 189 free dives, 194 air sacs, 40 emperor penguins – free dives, 107 ama forced submersion – duck, 100 dive performance, 22 forced submersions, 76, 150 nitrogen levels, 27 in foreflipper of seals, 76 oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, 23 free dives – elephant seals, 76 American coot Atlantic puffin dive behavior, 20 dive behavior, 15 Antarctic fur seal Atlantic white-sided dolphin dive behavior, 7 dive behavior, 9 Antarctic prion atmospheres absolute dive behavior, 13 definition, 27 Antarctic shag Audubon’s shearwater dive behavior, 16 dive behavior, 13 321 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76555-8 - Diving Physiology of Marine Mammals and Seabirds Paul J. Ponganis Index More information 322 Index Australasian grebe blood volumes dive behavior, 19 avian divers, 53 Australian fur seal marine mammals, 53 dive behavior, 7 blue petrel Australian sea lion dive behavior, 13 dive behavior, 7 blue whale avian hemodynamics – forced submersion controlled exposure study, 218 central venous pressure, 131 dive behavior, 10 left ventricle distention, 131 blue-eyed shag pulmonary vascular resistance, 131 dive behavior, 16 right atrium and ventricle distention, 131 blue-footed booby ventricular contractility, 131 dive behavior, 17 body mass Baikal seal advantage of increased size dive behavior, 3 basal metabolic rate, 70 Baird’s beaked whale cost of locomotion, 70 dive behavior, 9 bottlenose dolphin Balearic shearwater dive behavior, 9 dive behavior, 13 bowhead whale bar-headed goose dive behavior, 10 hemoglobin, 46 Boyle’s Law, 25 Barolo shearwater bradycardia, 71 dive behavior, 13 duck – forced submersion, 98 barotrauma, 205 spontaneous dives – Baikal seals, 83 air-filled cavities, 207 break point cranial sinuses, 207 physiology, 23 middle ear cavities, 207 bronchiolar sphincters, 35 bearded seal Bryde’s whale dive behavior, 3 dive behavior, 10 beaver Bulwer’s petrel dive behavior, 12 dive behavior, 13 Beluga whale dive behavior, 9 California sea lion black-browed albatross dive behavior, 7 dive behavior, 13 canvasback duck black-vented shearwater dive behavior, 19 dive behavior, 13 cape cormorant Blainville’s beaked whale dive behavior, 16 controlled exposure study, 217 cape gannet dive behavior, 9 dive behavior, 17 blood lactate concentrations capybara forced submersions, 199 dive behavior, 12 free dives – emperor penguins, 199 carbon dioxide free dives – seals, 199 end tidal, 198 sleep apnea, 181 forced submersion – ducks, 197 blood pH forced submersion – seals, 196 forced submersion – ducks, 197 free dives – emperor penguins, 198 forced submersion – seals, 196 free dives – Weddell seal, 197 free dives – emperor penguins, 198 sleep apnea, 197 free dives – seals, 197 storage in humans, 24 post-dive in seals, 200 trained submersion – cetaceans, 197 stationary submersions – cetaceans, carbon monoxide 197 dissociation curve shift, 46 blood pressure hemoglobin affinity, 45 forced submersion, 75 in seals, 53 forced submersion – duck, 98 mitochondrial biogenesis, 47 formula, 77 reperfusion injury, 46 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76555-8 - Diving Physiology of Marine Mammals and Seabirds Paul J. Ponganis Index More information Index 323 cardiac output bubble gas content, 214 tissue distribution at rest – humans, 73 dysbaric osteonecrosis – sperm whales, 213 Caspian seal fat emboli – necropsy, 213 dive behavior, 3 intravascular bubbles – necropsy, 213–14 Cassin’s auklet tissue bubbles – stranded dolphins, 214 dive behavior, 15 pathological mechanisms, 206 chinstrap penguin periarticular tissues, 206 dive behavior, 18 rectified diffusion, 206 chromium 51 label spinal cord white matter, 206 red cell volume technique, 52 supersaturation, 206 common diving petrel tissue N2 solubility, 214 dive behavior, 13 tribonucleation, 206 common dolphin digestion dive behavior, 9 delay in gray seals, 6, 147 common eider, 19 dive reflex, 71, 79 common goldeneye dive response, 71 dive behavior, 19 forced submersion – birds, 97 common loon forced submersion – seals, 71 dive behavior, 19 forced submersion vs. exercise, 74 common murre free dives – birds, 101 dive behavior, 15 free dives – marine mammals, 85 common pochard simulated dives – penguins, 100 dive behavior, 19 simulated dives – seals, 79 common scoter sleep apnea, 83 dive behavior, 19 surface swimming compression hyperoxia cardiac response – birds, 100 emperor penguins, 192–3 cardiac response – marine mammals, 83 countercurrent exchange trained submersion – seals, 80 flukes, flippers, and dorsal fins, 121 diving metabolism manatee fluke, 149 basal metabolic rate reproductive organs, 122, 150 allometric equations, 165 tongues of mysticetes, 122, 151 definition, 165 vascular anatomy, 121 diving metabolic rate wings and feet in birds, 127 emperor penguins, 170 crabeater seal gray seals, 169 dive behavior, 3 Humboldt penguins, 170 Crozet shag sea otters, 169 dive behavior, 16 Steller sea lions, 169 Cuvier’s beaked whale tufted ducks and lesser scaups, 170 controlled exposure study, 218 Weddell seals, 168–9 dive behavior, 9 diving metabolic rate determinants, 162 cytoglobin field metabolic rate function, 44 elephant seals, 168 forced submersion Dall’s porpoise duck muscle metabolic rate, 163 dive behavior, 9 O2 debt of seals, 162 decompression sickness, 205 seal muscle metabolic rate, 163 arterial gas emboli, 213 metabolic rate at rest asymptomatic bubbles, 205 marine mammals, 166 autochthonous bubble formation, 206 oxygen consumption measurements bubble formation, 206 doubly labeled water, 167 bubble formation thresholds, 205 Fick method, 166 disseminated intravascular coagulation, heart rate, 168 206 respirometry, 166 fat, 206 possible mechanisms of metabolic suppression humans, 26 acidosis, 203 marine mammals carbon monoxide, 204 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76555-8 - Diving Physiology of Marine Mammals and Seabirds Paul J. Ponganis Index More information 324 Index diving metabolism (cont.) flightless cormorant hydrogen sulfide, 164 dive behavior, 16 hypoxia-linked, 163 forced submersion arrest of protein synthesis, adrenal blood flow, 76 163 adrenal gland – duck, 99 ion channel arrest, 163 angiography and Doppler flow probes, 75 reverse Pasteur effect, 163 arterio-venous shunts, 76 nitric oxide, 164 arterio-venous shunts – duck, 100 standard metabolic rate, 165 blood pressure, 75 drift dives, 6 brain blood flow, 76 ducks brain blood flow – duck, 99 divers vs. dabblers, 21 brain temperature, 150 dugong catecholamine levels, 76 dive behavior, 11 catecholamine levels – duck, 99 dusky dolphin cortisol levels, 76 dive behavior, 9 dive reflex bradycardia and vasoconstriction, ear 74 ear squeeze, 31 duck, 97 mechanisms of hearing, 31 duck – muscle blood flow, 98 venous plexuses, 31 heat loss – A-V shunts, 76 emperor penguin lactate wash out, 75 dive behavior, 18 mesenteric blood flow, 75 Eurasian otter muscle blood flow – Baikal seal, 78 dive behavior, 12 myocardial blood flow, 78 European shag myocardial blood flow – duck, 99 dive behavior, 16 penguin, 97 Evan’s blue dye renal blood flow, 75 plasma volume technique, 52 tissue perfusion – microspheres, 76 exercise response various diving birds, 99 mechanisms, 74 free dives – birds muscle blood flow eiders – heart rate, 102 local mechanisms, 74 emperor penguins neuroregulation heart rate and stroke rate, 110 baroreceptor reflex, 115 heart rate at isolated dive hole, 106 cardiac sympathetic nerve, 115 heart rates at sea, 109 central command, 114 muscle temperature, 107 exercise pressor reflex, 115 myoglobin saturation, 107 renal sympathetic nerve, 115 venous Hb saturation, 107 extradural vein heart rate, 103–4 anatomy, 120 Humboldt penguins – heart rate, 104 direction and magnitude of flow, 120 king penguins negative inspiratory pressures, 121 heart rate, 104 eye muscle temperature, 107 cornea, 29 macaroni penguins – heart rate, 104 lens and pupil, 29 redhead ducks – heart rate, 101 photoreceptors, 30 rhinoceros auklets – heart rate, 103 tapetum lucidum, 30 South Georgian shags – heart rate, 103 tufted ducks false killer whale chest muscle
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