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Linking Population Trends of Antarctic Shag (Phalacrocorax Bransfieldensis) and Fish at Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands (Antarctica)

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Linking Population Trends of Antarctic Shag (Phalacrocorax Bransfieldensis) and Fish at Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands (Antarctica) Linking population trends of Antarctic shag (Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis) and fish at Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands (Antarctica) Ricardo Casaux & Esteban Barrera-Oro Polar Biology ISSN 0722-4060 Volume 39 Number 8 Polar Biol (2016) 39:1491-1497 DOI 10.1007/s00300-015-1850-5 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Polar Biol (2016) 39:1491–1497 DOI 10.1007/s00300-015-1850-5 SHORT NOTE Linking population trends of Antarctic shag (Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis) and fish at Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands (Antarctica) 1,2,3 2,3,4 Ricardo Casaux • Esteban Barrera-Oro Received: 26 August 2015 / Revised: 26 November 2015 / Accepted: 26 November 2015 / Published online: 9 December 2015 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract This study aims to provide consistent infor- the population trends of this bird. In line with these pre- mation to explain the steady declining trend in the number mises, the declining trend observed in shag colonies on the of breeding pairs of Antarctic shag Phalacrocorax brans- South Shetland Islands appears to have been influenced by fieldensis in two colonies on Nelson Island, South Shetland the concomitant decrease in abundance of two of their main Islands, southern Atlantic sector of Antarctica, which was prey, the nototheniids Notothenia rossii and Gobionotothen observed during the 1990s up to the mid 2000s over an gibberifrons, due to intensive industrial fishing in the area overall monitoring period of over two decades. It addresses in the late 1970s. In comparison, no such pattern occurred correspondence between long-term population trends of for the Danco Coast colonies. inshore demersal fish and inshore-feeding Antarctic shags of this area, where an intensive commercial fishery for shag Keywords Antarctic shag Á Inshore fish Á Notothenioids Á prey once operated. The analysis also includes comparable Population trends Á South Shetland Islands information on diet (by examination of regurgitated pel- lets), foraging patterns, and breeding output of shags from the Danco Coast, western Antarctic Peninsula, an area Introduction where no commercial finfish fishery has ever existed. Integral study of these parameters there showed that, in In Antarctica, the only flying bird species that feed chiefly Antarctic shags, low breeding success and high foraging on demersal coastal fish are the Antarctic shag Phalacro- effort might imply low recruitment and high adult mor- corax bransfieldensis, which inhabits the Antarctic Penin- tality, respectively, with both factors adversely affecting sula and the South Shetland Islands, and the South Georgia shag P. georgianus, which inhabits the South Orkney Islands and the sub-Antarctic South Sandwich Islands, & Ricardo Casaux South Georgia, and Shag Rocks (Orta 1992). The diving [email protected] ability of these shags (maximum diving depth and time: Esteban Barrera-Oro 120 m and 5.35 min, respectively) is similar to the diving [email protected] abilities of the small Antarctic penguins (Pygoscelis spp.) 1 (summarized in Casaux and Barrera-Oro 2006). CIEMEP (CONICET-UNPSJB), Roca 780, 9200 Esquel, Analysis of pellets (=regurgitated casts) has been Chubut, Argentina extensively used for shags and cormorants, and is an ade- 2 ´ Instituto Antartico Argentino, Balcarce 290, quate method to estimate their diet qualitatively and 1064 Buenos Aires, Argentina 3 quantitatively, reflecting differences in fish availability Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicas between years, seasons, and areas (Ainley and Boekelheide (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina 1990; Casaux and Barrera-Oro 1993; Ainley et al. 1995). Caveats in applying this methodology have been identified 4 Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Angel Gallardo 470, 1405 Buenos Aires, (Barrett et al. 2007) with errors that can be minimized by Argentina means of adequate techniques (Casaux 2003). The diet of 123 Author's personal copy 1492 Polar Biol (2016) 39:1491–1497 the Antarctic shag P. bransfieldensis in colonies on the Point (62°180S, 59°110W) in 1988–1989, 1995–1996, South Shetland Islands agrees qualitatively and in relative 2000–2005, and 2009–2010 (Fig. 1). The feeding ecology numbers with the composition of fish regularly caught by of the Antarctic shag in this area and the sampling proce- bottom trammel/gill nets in the same area (Casaux and dures are described in Casaux and Barrera-Oro (2006). Barrera-Oro 1993). Notably, among the fish species caught The information on the Antarctic shag from the Danco inshore, only Notothenia rossii and Gobionotothen gib- Coast, west Antarctic Peninsula, was collected from the 20 berifrons were absent or scarcely represented in the pellets December 1997 to 20 February 1998 breeding season at (Barrera-Oro et al. 2000). For the South Shetland Islands three colonies: Primavera Island (PI, 64°090S, 60°590W, 9 this was not unexpected, since both fish species have breeding pairs), Midas Island (MI, 64°100S, 61°050W, 23 decreased markedly in trammel-net catches over the last breeding pairs), and Py Point (PP, 64°130S, 61°000W, 22 three decades due to commercial exploitation at the end of breeding pairs) (Fig. 1). The distance between the two the 1970s (Barrera-Oro et al. 2000; Marschoff et al. 2012). farthest colonies (Primavera Island and Py Point) is 9.2 km. A steady declining trend in the number of breeding pairs Diet was determined by analysis of 465 pellets (PI, 151 of Antarctic and South Georgia shags has been reported for pellets; MI, 165 pellets; PP, 149 pellets) using the methods several colonies in the southern Scotia Arc region (Casaux described in Casaux et al. (2002). Detailed information on and Barrera-Oro 1996; Naveen et al. 2000; Woehler et al. the methodology used for the study of foraging effort, 2001; see summary in Ainley and Blight 2009). This brood size, and breeding success at the three shag colonies demographic phenomenon in the South Shetland Islands is described in Casaux (2013). was studied in detail at two colonies located at Duthoit Point and Harmony Point, Nelson Island, and Casaux and Barrera-Oro (2006) proposed that it was related to the low Results and discussion contribution of the two nototheniids targeted by the com- mercial fishery. Regular sampling of coastal fish populations can reveal As a further test of this premise, the current study pro- changes in species prevalence within offshore marine vides an analysis of the population trends of the two ecosystems, owing to ontogenetic movement of size classes colonies of P. bransfieldensis on Nelson Island, monitored between these habitats (Casaux and Barrera-Oro 2002). for a total period of 23 years. For comparison, the diet, Juvenile specimens of N. rossii and G. gibberifrons inhabit foraging patterns, and breeding output of shags breeding at littoral waters, but the reproductive portion of the stock colonies on the Danco Coast, western Antarctic Peninsula, occurs offshore. Major changes in the offshore reproduc- are also provided; the Danco Coast was not part of the tive stock will be reflected in the inshore populations commercial fishery. through recruitment processes. Associated with these spe- cies, the black rockcod Notothenia coriiceps is a species that was not commercially fished but has ecological habits Materials and methods in the fjords exploited by shags similar to the exploited species. The three species are demersal nototheniids that The data of fish sampled in the South Shetland Islands were spend at least part of their life cycle in inshore waters taken from the study of Marschoff et al. (2012). Samples (\120 m deep) but move ontogenetically to offshore shelf were collected in Potter Cove, King George Island/Isla 25 waters at depths down to 200–550 m (Barrera-Oro 2002). de Mayo, close to the Carlini Scientific Station (62°140S Earlier research during 1983–1990, comparing catches and 58°400W) from 1983 to 2010 (Fig. 1). Data from among the three nototheniid species, showed a sharp around 18,500 specimens caught in trammel nets belonging decline in the abundance of young N. rossii and G. gib- to the species N. rossii, G. gibberifrons, and Notothenia berifrons but not of N. coriiceps at several inshore South coriiceps were processed. Since sampling did not utilize a Shetland sites (Barrera-Oro et al. 2000). These juvenile fish consistent amount of effort between years, catches per haul are the size suitable for shag predation. Subsequent sam- of N. rossii and G. gibberifrons were represented along pling at Potter Cove, King George Island/Isla 25 de Mayo, time as their values relative to the catches of N. coriiceps up to 2010 indicated that the population of N. rossii obtained in the same haul. Details of the sampling and data showed signs of recovery but is still far off the levels processing methods are described in Marschoff et al. registered before the commercial fishery, while that of (2012). G. gibberifrons remains very low (Barrera-Oro and Monitoring of the number of Antarctic shag breeding Marschoff 2007; Marschoff et al. 2012; for location of sites pairs on Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands, was carried see Fig. 1). out in summer in colonies at Duthoit Point (62°180S, The decline of inshore fish populations appears to have 58°470W) in 1990, 1992–2004, and 2008, and at Harmony affected other components of the food web.
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