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Canu Llywarch Hen ^'^ '^ Ka.^i /r^*^^ /AîÈtí^^ CANU LLYWARCH HEN ^'^ '^ nLQ'f» CANU LLYWARCH HEN GYDA RHAGYMADRODD A NODIADAU IFOR WILLIAMS CAERDYDD GWASG PRIFYSGOL CYMRU 1935 Dymunir cydnabod yn ddiolchgar gyfraniad gan Gyngor Prifysgol Cymru allan o Gronfa Goffa'r diweddar Thomas Edward EUis, A.S., at y gwaith hwn. NRV 0» GWNAETHPWYD AC ARGRAFFWYD YNG NGHYMRU GAN WILLIAM LEWIS [aRGRAFFWYR] CYF., CAERDYDD RHAGAIR NiD yw'r Uyfr hwn ond ymhelaethiad ar ddariith a draddodais Chwefror 1, 1933, o íiaen yr Academi Brydeinig yng nghyfres Darlithiau Coffa Syr John Rhys. Yn wir yr oeddwn eisoes wedi rhoi cnewyllyn y ddamcan- iaeth newydd ar yr hen ganu hwn wrth drafod ein Barddoniaeth Gynnar mewn cyfres o ddarUthiau cyhoeddus yng Ngholeg y Gogledd, Bangor, ddechrau term y gwanwyn, 1932. Ond er bod tair blynedd bellach wedi llithro ymaith, ni fedraf honni i mi ddehongli pob llinell i'm bodlonrwydd fy hun heb sôn am eraill. Erys nifer go fawr o eiriau yn bur dywyll. Oherwydd hynny rhois yn y Nodiadau yr amryfal ystjn-on a ymgynigiai i mi, gan obeithio y buasai rh^rw un ohonynt, efallai, yn gymorth i ymchwilydd arall gael y gwir. Yn y Rhagymadrodd fy amcan oedd egluro'r cyfar- wyddyd Cymraeg i Gymro. Buasai amryw o'r adrannau ynddo yn gryfach o gynnwys ynddynt gymhariaeth â llên Iwerddon, canys gwaith y Gwyddel gynt yw'r help gorau i ddeall gwaith y Cymro gynt. Y crynodeb gorau o'r chwedlau Gwyddelig yw Die irische Helden- und Rönigsage gan Thurneysen, a dysgais lawer am eu han- sawdd oddi wrth Iyfrau Kuno Meyer. Heddiw y mae cyfrol werthfawr H. M. ac N. K. Chadwick, The Ancient Liíeratures of Euroe, Caergrawnt, 1932, mor hollol ar y pwynt fel mai ffôl fuasai i mi wthio mân nodion i mewn yma ac acw a thrafodaeth gyíìawn yng nghyrraedd ein myíyrwyr. IFOR WILLIAMS. Porthaethwy, lonawr 8, 1935. CYNNW^S RHAGYMADRODD Yn 1792 cyhoeddodd William Owen (Pughe) The Heroic Elegies and Other Pieces of Llywarch Hen, Prince of the Cumbrian Britons, ac yn ei ragair dywed iddo daro ar ddethohad o waith y bardd gan Richard Thomas, B.A., Coleg yr lesu, Rhydychen/ sef wyth o'r cerddau hanes, gyda chyfieithiad i'r Saesneg o'r pump byrraf a rhannau o'r tair hwyaf. Gan fod y cyfieithiad rhannol hwn yn rhy íìodeuog ganddo, penderfynodd Pughe drosi'r cyfan oU o ganu Llywarch mor llythrennol ag y medrai, ond am hanes y bardd ymfodlonodd gan mwyaf ar yr am- Hnelhad a roesai Thomas. Newidiodd orgrafí y llaw- ysgrifau i'w orgraff ei hun. Ar waelod y ddalen dyry ddarlleniadau amryudol mewn modd penagored iawn {Un llyfyr ; Ll. arall ; Neu), a dyfynna o ryw Lyfr Du a Llyfr Coch ddarlleniadau nas ceir yn Llyfr Du Caer- fyrddin nac yn Llyfr Coch Hergest. Yn ddiweddarach (1801-7) cyhoeddwyd unwaith eto holl waith tybiedig Llywarch gan Pughe ac eraill yn y ^ Gw. WiUiams, Eminent Welshmen, 487, am ei waith fel hynafiaethydd ac achwr. Bu farw 1780. Hefyd, gw. Pen. 201, R.W.M. i, 1027, ac yn arbennig B.M. 56, Addl. 14,884, td. 117, lle ceir "Richardus Thomas, A.B. Coll. Jesu apud Oxoniên Scholaris 1777. Some Account of the Life of Llywarch Hen, the Brit. Bard". Ar ôl y fuchedd daw'r canu a'r cyfieithiad, gyda nodiadau ar rai pwyntiau yma ac acw. Yr englyn olaf yw XI, 40, ac ar yr ymyl ceir "Rd. Morris Junior Script. a.d. 1778". Dyry Panton 30, R.W.M. ii, 839, "Translations of Llywarch Hen's Songs, with notes thereon" : llofnodwyd gan rjrw R.D. ond newidiwyd hyn, medd Dr. Evans, i R.T. X RHAGYMADRODD Myyyrian Archaiology (M.A.^ 83-103), ond heb gyf- ieithiad ; ac yn Four Ancient Books of Wales Skene (1868), rhoes Silvan Evans destunau'r Llyfr Du a'r Llyfr Coch gyda chyfieithiad. I'r awduron hyn, ac eraill o'u blaen ac ar eu h.ò\} nid oedd fawr amheuaeth am gyfnod y bardd nac am ddilysrwydd a gwerth hanesyddol ei ganiadau. Tywysog o'r Gogledd ydoedd, medd Pughe ; ganed ef tua dechrau'r chweched ganrif, a bu fyw hyd ganol y seithfed, pryd y bu farw yn yr oedran tra theg o gant a hanner mlwydd oed. Ei sail dros hyn yw perthynas Llywarch ag Arthur, a laddwyd (meddai) yn 542, a'i englynion i Gadwallon, a laddwyd tua 646. Dyfynna'r Trioedd i brofi fod Llywarch unwaith yn un o dri thrwyddedog llys Arthur (R.M. 306); ategir hyn trwy briodoli iddo hefyd yr englynion i un o filwyr Arthur, Geraint ab Erbin, a geir yn y Llyfr Coch a'r Llyfr Du. Tystia englynion eraill ddarfod i Lywarch wylo ar ôl Urien Rheged a'i feibion, ac wedi colh'r noddwyr hyn, tybir iddo ffoi o'r Gogledd i Gymru, a chael noddfa ym Mhowys dan gysgod Cynddylan ap Cyndrwyn, nes i hwnnw hefyd gwympo mewn rhyfel. Encihon olaf y bardd oedd Aber Cuawg, ger Machyn- Uaith, a Llanfor, ger y Bala, ac yn y lle olaf, medd tra- ddodiad, y bu farw ac y claddwyd ef, yn hen r unig wedi goroesi ei noddwyr, ei gyfeiUion, a'i blant. Truan o dynged ! Wrth dderbyn yr englynion oll fel gwaith dilys Llywarch, ac fel canu cyfamserol â'r digwyddiadau, cafwyd digon o ddefnydd i lunio'r fuchedd ddiddorol uchod i'r bardd, a llwyr gyfiawnhau yr Hen ar ôl ei enw. O graffu ar eu hiaith a'u cynnwys, ni fedrir, fodd bynnag, eu priodoH i Lywarch nac i oes Llywarch. 1 Evan Evans, Specimens,^ 62-3 ; Lhwyd, Arch. Brit. 259-61, dyíyniadau o'r canu, enwau personau a lleoedd, a nodion. Printiodd J. D. Rhys amryw englynion yn ei Ramadeg (1592) td. 178-84. §1. OED Y TESTUNAU. Pa gyn belled yn ôl y gellir eu holrhain mewn llawys- grifau ? Ceir y corff mawr ohonynt gyda'i gilydd yn Llyfr Coch Hergest, llawysgrif a ysgrifennwyd oddeutu 1400, peth yng nghynt, a pheth yn ddiweddarach. O ben colofn 1026 hyd golofn 1049, 11. 6, ceir nifer o gan- iadau mewn mesurau englyn o'r hen ddull cynteíìg. Ag eithrio'r gân g^mtaf, Ymddiddan rhwng dau sant, Ll^Twelyn a Gwrnerth, fe'u priodolwyd oll^ i Lywarch er bod rhai yn dal mai mab iddo biau'r un a roir isod fel Rhif VI, Claf Ahercuawg. Nid oes deitlau yn y llaw- ysgrif , ac felly rhof y dechreuadau yn eu trefn, a'r rhifau yn yr argraffiad hwn : 1. Eiry mynyd gwynn pob tu. 2. Bit goch crib lceilyawc. 3. Gnawt gwynt o'r deheu. 4. Ralangaeaf kalet grawn. 5. Baglawc bydin bagwy onn. 6. Gorwyn blaen onn. 7. Goreiste ar vrynn (Rhif VI). 8. Kynn bum kein vaglawc (Rhif II ; Rhif I). 9. Dymkywarwydyat unhwch (Rhif III). 10. Maenwynn tra vum yth oet (Rhif IV). 11. Panet anet gereint. 12. Ratwallawn kynnoedyuot. 13. Sefwch allann vorynnyon (Rhif XI). Canu natur a chanu diarhebol yn gymysg yw 1-6, ac nis printiais yma, er bod enwau Llywarch Hen a Mapclaf ap Llywarch i'w cael wrth rai ohonynt mewn llawysgrifau.^ ' Ond cf. Lhwyd, A.B. 259a, Lomarchi Longaevi Epicedia, etc, quibus alia quaedam praemissa, incerto authore, proverbialia carmina . Lomarchi ode prima est de cuculis juxta Aber Kîog. « Cí. Pen. 98 b 51 ; Pen. 111, 86-98 ; Pant. 13, 119-22, testun gwahanol. xii RHAGYMADRODD Math arbennig o hengerdd ydynt, a pherthyn iddynt eu problemau eu hunain. Y mae lUnell yn Rhif 3 (i degwch gwr Gwynedd) sy'n peri i mi feddwl na chanodd neb o Bowys mohoni. Petrusa'r llawysgrifau parthed awdur- iaeth rhif 7. Y mae 8-10 yn bendant yn perthyn i'r hyn a elHd ei alw yn Gylch Llywarch. Nid felly 1 1-12 ; ac y mae rhif 13 hefyd yn Gylch gwahanol, sef Cylch Heledd a theulu Cynddylan Powys. Eithr nid y Llyfr Coch yw'r unig darddell, na'r hynaf, a chan na wyddai Thomas Wright hynny, methodd yn ddybryd wrth gynnig mai cynnyrch oes Owain Glyndr yw canu Llywarch, ac mai ei amcan oedd ffyrnigo cas Cymro at Sais i bwrpas Rhyfel Owain {Mont. Coll. iii, 175). Bu'r englynion hyn unwaith yn rhan o Lyfr Gwyn Rhydderch, Peniarth 4 a 5, a amserir gan Dr. Evans mewn rhan cyn 1300, ac mewn rhan tua 1325-40. Yngln wrth Peniarth 12, rhwymwyd dryll o'r Llyfr Gwyn (gw. R.W.M. i, 324, Y Cymmrodor, 1884, 123-54), a'r gân olaf yn y dernyn amherffaith hwn yw dechrau Englynion gereint vah erbin, sef rhif 11 uchod. Yn y llinell gyntaf ceir gwall amlwg o eiddo'r copîwr : yn lle Pan anet ysgrifennodd Panet anet, enghraiíît dda o'r bai a elwir achub y blaen, h.y. wrth gopîo'r gair cyntaf rhoes gynfíon yr ail air iddo, un o'r beiau mwyaf cyffredin mewn llawysgrifau. Wrth wneud hynny creodd air newydd disynnwyr, a thorrodd y mesur. Eto dyna'r dechrau yn y Llyfr Coch hefyd, a buasai hynny arno'i hun bron yn ddigon i brofi fod y Coch yma yn tarddu o'r Gwyn, cf. B.B.C. 73, 9, am y darlleniad cywir. Ond y mae tystiolaeth uniongyrchol ac annibynnol fod y canu hwn rywdro yn rhan o'r Llyfr Gwyn. Llawysgrif ^m llaw John Jones, GelH Lyfdy, yw Peniarth 111. Yno, td. 117, ceir a ganlyn : Urddassol ddarlleydd llyma hen gerdd a ysgrifen- nodd yr hen Risiart Langfíord o Drefalyn allan o §1. OED Y TESTUNAU xiii Lyfr Gwynn Rrydderch yn oed lcrist 1573, ag a ysgrifennais ine oi law ynte yn oed krist 1607, ag edrach yn dda pa wedd y darlleir hwynt.
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