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Istanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyoloji Anabilim Dali

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Istanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyoloji Anabilim Dali T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZİ İRAN MODERNLEŞMESİ BAĞLAMINDA SOSYOLOJİNİN DOĞUŞU VE KURUMLAŞMASI SABOUR KABİRİ 2502120402 TEZ DANIŞMANI DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ AYNUR ERDOĞAN COŞKUN İstanbul-2019 TEZ ONAY SAYFASI i ÖZ İRAN MODERNLEŞMESİ BAĞLAMINDA SOSYOLOJİNİN DOĞUŞU VE KURUMLAŞMASI SABOUR KABIRI Bu çalışmada, İran’da Meşrutiyet Dönemi’nden, İslam Devrimi’ne kadar olan tarihi süreçte modernleşme bağlamında ortaya çıkan sosyal bilimsel düşüncenin ve sosyolojinin gelişimi ele alınmaktadır. İran’da sosyal bilimsel düşünce bir yandan modernleşme politikalarıyla birlikte gelişmiş, diğer yanda sosyolojinin ana konuları modernleşme olmuştur. Bu sebeple modernleşmenin, sosyal bilimsel düşüncenin gelişimindeki merkezi konumundan hareketle, Meşrutiyet Dönemi, I. Pehlevi ve II. Pehlevi dönemlerinde modernleşmenin yönelimleri ve modelleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Nedensel analitik tarihsel sosyolojik yöntemle modernleşme süreci dönemsel olarak incelenerek çıkarılan modernleşme tipolojileri üzerinden sosyal bilimsel düşünce tartışılmaktadır. Her bir tipin kendi içinde, bir sonrakinin çekirdeğini taşıyor oluşu, modernleşme sürecini ve bu sürece tekabül eden sosyolojik düşünce akımlarının nedensellik ilişkisi içinde ele alınmasını kolaylaştırmıştır. Meşrutiyet dönemi terakki ve teceddüt, I. Pehlevi Dönemi Batılılaşma ve devlet-milletleşme ve II. Pehlevi dönemi modernizm ideolojisi tipolojilerinden hareketle incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, bu modernleşme tipolojilerine paralel olarak, entelektüellerin modernleşmeye olan tutumları, sosyal bilimsel düşünce alanında ortaya çıkan akımlar ve ekoller tespit edilmeye gayret edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, modern eğitim kurumlarının kuruluşu, entelektüellerin modernleşme politikalarına karşı tutumları, toplumsal değişim talepleri, geri kalmışlık, yerelleştirme ve tersten şarkiyatçılık gibi öne çıkan söylemlerin sosyal bilimsel düşüncenin ve sosyolojinin gelişmesine etkisi gösterilmiş ve sosyolojinin kurumlaşma koşulları ele alınmıştır. Sosyolojinin, en çok yurtdışında eğitim gören ii öğrenciler vasıtasıyla ülkeye girmesinden hareketle İran eğitim tarihi ve yurtdışına öğrenci olarak giden aktörler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Modernleşme, Sosyoloji, Batılılaşma, Devlet-millet, Tersten Şarkiyatçılık, Yerel Sosyoloji. iii ABSTRACT EMERGENCE AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SOCIOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF IRAN MODERNIZATION SABOUR KABİRİ In the present study, the development of social scientific thought and sociology emerged in the context of modernization in the historical process from the Constitutional Period to the Islamic Revolution in Iran are discussed. In Iran, social scientific thinking developed on the one hand with the policies of modernization, on the other hand the main subjects of sociology were modernization. For this reason, modernization, the central position in the development of social scientific thought, Constitutional Monarchy Period, I. Pahlavi and II. The trends and models of modernization were tried to be determined in Pahlavi periods. The process of modernization with causal analytical historical sociological method is examined periodically and social scientific thinking is discussed through the typologies of modernization. The fact that each type bears the nucleus of the next one in itself has facilitated the process of modernization and the process of sociological thought that corresponds to this process in a causal relationship. Progress in the Constitutional Monarchy period and the doubt, Westernization and state-nationalization in the period of Pahlavi I and II. The Pahlavi period was studied from the typologies of modernism. In this study, in parallel with these typologies of modernization, the attitudes of intellectuals towards modernization, trends and schools emerged in the field of social scientific thought were tried to be determined. In this context, the establishment of modern educational institutions, the attitudes of intellectuals towards modernization policies, demands for social change, backwardness, localization, and the effect of prominent discourses such as orientalism on the development of social scientific thought and sociology were discussed and the conditions of institutionalization of sociology were iv discussed. In the light of the fact that sociology entered the country mostly through the students studying abroad, information was given about the history of Iranian education and the actors who went abroad as students. Keywords: Modernization, Sociology, Westernization, Nation-state, Reverse Orientalism, Local Sociology. v ÖNSÖZ Sosyoloji, Batı’yla kıyasta İran’da çok daha geç gündeme gelmesine rağmen toplum ve toplumsal ilişkiler ile ilgili düşünceler çok daha öncesinden vardı. İlk başlarda toplumsal meseleleri inceleyenler daha çok toplumsal durumu iyiye götürmekle devleti güçlendirmeye çalışan ve genelde Aydınlanma düşünürlerinden etkilenen siyasi entelektüellerden bahsetmek mümkündür. Meşrutiyet sonrasında Meşrutiyet döemi sosyal düşüncenin merkezinde yer alan “değişim” yerine “düzen” daha çok önem kazanmıştır. Dünyada yükselen ulus-devletleşme yöneliminin etkisiyle adem-i merkeziyetçi bir yönetim yapısına sahip olan Memalik-i Mahruse-i Kaçar’ın yerine güçlü merkezi bir devlet sistemi savunulmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada modernleşmenin farklı modellerinden hareketle, toplumsal düşünce ve sosyolojinin İran’da nasıl gündeme geldiği, sosyolojik akımlar, ortaya çıkan kavramlar ve kuramlar araştırılmıştır. Bu tez çalışması, giriş ve üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş’te çalışmanın yöntemi olarak belirlenen nedensel analitik tarihsel sosyolojiye dair kısa bilgi verildikten sonra bu yöntemin çalışmaya kazandırdığı “yaklaşım biçimi” hakkında değerlendirilmelerde bulunulmuştur. Birinci bölümde Meşrutiyet dönemi modernleşmesi ve bu modernleşme tipi bağlamında sosyal bilimsel düşüncenin gelişimi incelemeye çalışılmıştır. Meşrutiyet döneminde, reformist devlet adamlarının yeni düzen inşa etme çabalarından yola çıkarak dönemin modernleşme tipolojisi, “teceddüt ve yenileşme” şeklinde kavramlaştırılmıştır. Entelektüellere gelince Meşrutiyet döneminde değişim için Aydınlanma döneminin düşünürlerinin fikirleri ve sosyal demokrasi fikri belirleyici ve yönlendirici olmuştur. İkinci bölüm, Batılılaşma ve devlet-milletleşme çabalarını içeren Meşrutiyet sonrası ve I. Pehlevi dönemini kapsamaktadır. Devletin modernleşme politikası, entelektüellerin modernleşmeyi nasıl yorumladıkları ve devletin modernleşme politikasına karşı tutumları ve değerlendirmeleri incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde devletin modernleşme politikaları modernizm ideolojisi olarak kavramlaştırılmış bu dönemde ortaya çıkan akademik ve akademi dışı sosyoloji yaklaşımları ele alınmıştır. vi Bu çalışmayı gerçekleştirirken birçok kişinin yardımından faydalandım. Burada isimlerini sayamasam da hepsine teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Ancak bu çalışmanın başından beri, desteklerini esirgemeyen hoca, aile ve arkadaşlarıma ayrıca şükranlarımı sunmak isterim. Öncelikle güleryüzlü ve içten karşılamaları ile bilgi ve deneyimlerini paylaşmaktan geri durmayan bölüm hocalarıma en derin duygularımla teşekkür ederim. Tezin danışmanlığını yürüten değerli hocam, Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Aynur Erdoğan Coşkun’a cömert paylaşımlarından dolayı minnettarım. Çalışma konusuna dair belgeleri elde etmeme yardımcı olan ve yardımlarını benden esirgemeyen Dr. İbrahim Tevfik’e şukranlarımı sunuyorum. Bu tez çalışması boyunca daima yanımda olan sevgili eşim Hojjat’a teşekkür ve minnetimi özellikle belirtmek istiyorum. vii İÇİNDEKİLER Öz………………………………………………………...………………………………ii ABSTRACT…………………………………………….………………………………iv ÖNSÖZ………………………………………………………….………………………vi GİRİŞ……………………………………………………….…………………………...1 Çalışmanın Konusu………………………………...………….……………..…………4 Çalışmanın Modernleşme Yaklaşımı………………………..……………………..…13 Çalışmanın Yöntemi…………………………………………………………………...24 Araştırmanın Zorlukları………………………………………..…….………………30 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM MEŞRUTİYET DÖNEMİ MODERNLEŞMESİ: TERAKKİ VE TECEDDÜT SÖYLEMİ 1. Meşrutiyet Dönemi Modernleşmesi: Terakki ve Teceddüt Söylemi……………….....34 1.1. Modernleşmenin Eğitime Yansıması……………………………………...…....43 1.1.1. Yabancı ve Misyoner Modern Okullar…………………………………....43 1.1.2. İlk Yerli Modern Okullar………………………………………………....44 1.1.3. Yurtdışına Öğrenci Göndermek…………………………………….…….47 1.1.4. Modern Yüksek Okullar…………………………………………….….....48 1.2. Meşrutiyet Döneminde Sosyal Bilimler…………………………………….......51 1.2.1. Modern Kurumların ve Teknolojinin Aktarımı: Reform Medcezirleri....54 1.2.1.1. Mirza Taki Han Emir Kebir (1807-1852)…………………………...55 1.2.1.2. Mirza Hüseyin Han Kazvini Sipehsalar (1826-1881)………….…...56 1.2.1.3. Mirza Malkom Han (1833-1908) ve “Kanun”, İttifak, Adalet, Terakki……………………………………………………………………...58 1.2.1.4. Mirza Yusif Han Tebrizi Müsteşarüddevle (1232-1311 H.K/1823- 1895): Örfi Hukukun İslam’a Uyarlanması………………………….….…..63 1.2.2. Modern Kurumların ve Düşüncenin Aktarımı: Toplumsal Değişim Çözümlemeleri………………………………………………………….…….65 1.2.2.1. Mirza Fethali Ahundzade (1812-1878): Toplum, Eğitim, Düşünce Özgürlüğü ve Kritika………………………………………………..….…..66 1.2.2.2. Seyit Cemaleddin Esedabadi /Afgani (1838-1897): İttihad-ı İslam……………………………………………………………………….72 1.2.2.3. Mirza Ağa Han Kirmani (1854-1896/97): “Öteki” Üzerinden Yapılan İran Milliyetçiliğinin İlk Kıvılcımları……………………………………...74 viii 1.2.2.4. Abdürrahim Talıbov (1834-1911): Avrupa Tarzı Genel Eğitim……………………………………………………………………...77 1.2.2.5. Meşrutiyet Dönemi Sosyal Demokrasi Düşüncesi ve Toplumsal Örgütlenmeler………………………………………………………..…….79 1.2.3.
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