Sources of Study

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sources of Study SOURCES OF STUDY BOOKS PUBLISHED IN PERSIAN LANGUAGE Agheli, Bagher, Roozshomar tarikh’e Iran, az moshrouteh ta enqelab eslami [Chronology of Iran, 1896–1979]. 2 vols. Tehran: Namak, 1387/2008. Agheli, Bagher, sharh’e hal’e rejal’e siasi va nezami’e Iran [A comprehensive bio- graphical dictionary of contemporary Iranian political and military personali- ties]. 3 vols. Tehran: Goftar, 1380/2001. Ahmadi, Hamid, Tahqiqi darbareh’e tarikh’e enqelab’e Iran [An essay on the his- tory of the Iranian revolution]. Frankfurt: Enqelah Eslami Zeitung, 1380/2001. Alikhani, Alinaghi, ed., yaddashthay’e Alam [Alam diaries]. 6 vols. Tehran: Maziar- Moin, 2001. Alikhani, Alinaghi, ed., yaddashthay’e Alam [Alam diaries]. 6 vols. Bethesda, MD: Ibex, 2008. Alikhani, Reza, Shariati va Savak [Shariati and the SAVAK]. Tehran: Kavir, 1382/2003. Amini, Iraj, bar bal’e bohran, zendegi siasi Ali Amini [Political biography of Ali Amini]. Tehran: Mahi, 1386/2007. Araghi, Mehdi, nā’gofteh’hā; khāterāt’e Shahid Hāj Mehdi Arāghi [The untold memoirs of Haj Mehdi Araqi]. Tehran: Rasa, 1370/1991. Bakhtiar, Shapour, Si’ o haft rooz pas az si’o haft sal [Thirty-seven days after thirty- seven years]. Iran: Entesharat’e Radio, 1982. Bani-Sadr, Abolhassan, Dars’e Tajrobeh [Lessons drawn from experience], in con- versation with Hamid Ahmadi. Frankfurt: Englelab Eslami Zeitung, 2001. Bani-Sadr, Abolhassan, Khianat be Omid [The betrayal of hope]. Paris, 1982. © The Author(s) 2019 407 D. Bayandor, The Shah, the Islamic Revolution and the United States, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96119-4 408 SOURCES OF STUDY Bazargan, Mehdi, enqelab Iran dar do harakat [The revolution in two move- ments]. Tehran: Bonyad Farhangi Bazargan, 1984. Bazargan, Mehdi, shast sal khedmat va moqavemat; khaterat’e mohandes Mehdi Bazargan dar goftegu ba sarhang Gholam-Reza Nejati [Sixty years of service and resistance: Memoirs of Eng. Mehdi Bazargan, in conversation with Gholam-Reza Nejati]. Tehran: Rasa, 1995. Besharati, Ali-Mohammad, and Ahmad Rashidi, obour az shatt’e shab [Crossing the night’s river, a memoir]. Tehran: Markaz Enqelab Eslami, 2004. Chubineh, Bahram, ed., Posht Pardeh’hay’e Enqelab Eslami: Eeterafat’e Hossein Boroujedi [Behind curtains of the Islamic Revolution: Confessions of Hossein Boroujerdi]. Germany: Nima, 2002. Chubineh, Bahram, ed., Yaddashha va yadmandeh’hay parakandeh Iraj Eskandari [Miscellaneous notes and reminiscence by Iraj Eskandari]. Berlin: Mard- Emrouz, 1986. Dalatabadi, Yahya, Hayat’e Yahya. 4 volumes, Tehran: Atar, 1361/1982. Davani, Ali, Nehzat Rohaniat Iran [A history clerical movement]. 10 vols. Tehran: Center for Documentation of Islamic Republic, 2015. Englelab be ravayat asnad savak (compendium of [selected] SAVAK archive files on the Islamic Revolution; Ministry of Information). Tehran: Soroush, 1376/1997. Fardoust, General Hossein (in conversation with Abdollah Shahbazi), Zohur va soqout’e saltanat’e Pahlavi; khaterat’e arteshbod sabeq Hossein Fardoust [The rise and ther fall of Pahlavi reign: Memoirs of ex-General Hosssein Fardoust]. Hashemi, Mohsen, ed., doran’e mobarezeh, khaterat’e Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani [The period of struggle: Memoirs of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]. 2 vols. Tehran: Daftar Nashr Ma’aref Enqelab, 1376/1997. Homayoon, Daryoush, dirooz va farda [Yesterday and tomorrow]. Washington, DC: Homayoon Foundation, 1981. Homayoon, Daryoush, Man va rouzgaram [Me and my times, memoirs]. Hamburg: Homayoon Foundation, 2008. Houshang-Mahdavi, Abdolreza, Tarikh’e ravabet’e khareji iran az payan’e jang jahani dovom ta soqout rezhim Pahlavei [History of Iran’s foreign policy from the end of the Second World War to the fall of Pahlavi regime]. Tehran, 1988. Jazani, Bijan, cheguneh mobarezeh’e mosallahaneh tudeh’ei mishavad [How armed struggle becomes a mass movement]. Tehran: Maziar, 1358/1979. Jazani, Bijan, Jam-bandi’e mobazerzat si saleh’e akhir dar iran [Balance sheet of political struggles in Iran during previous thirty years]. Pamphlet written in prison in 1974. Katouzian, Homa, and Pishdad Amir, nameh’hay Khalil Maleki [A collection of Khalil Maleki’s letters]. Tehran: Nashr Markaz, 1381/2002. SOURCES OF STUDY 409 Kianouri, Nureddin, Khaterat’e Nureddin Kianouri [Memoirs of Nureddin Kianouri]. Tehran: Didgah, 1371/1992. Mir-Ferdos, Ali, ed. [in conversation with Amir-Aslan Afshar], Kahterat Amir Aslan Afshar Akharin Ra’eis Kol Tashrifat Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi [Memoirs of A. A. Afshar the last “Grand Marshal of Ceremonies” in the Shah’s court]. Montreal: Farhang, 2012. Mirfendereski, Ahmad [in conversation with Ahmad Ahrar], diplomacy va siasat khareji iran az sevom sharivar ta 22 bahman 1357 [Diplomacy and foreign pol- icy of Iran from August 1941 to 11 February 1979]. Tehran: Elmi, 1382/2003. Mirmohammad-Sadeqi, Alaeddin, Panjereh’i be gozashteh [A window to the past]. Tehran: Karafarin, 1392/2013. Mohammad, Turkman, Asrar’e qatl’e Razmara [Secrets of the Razmara assassina- tion]. Tehran: Rasa, 1370/1991. Montazeri, Ayatollah Hossein-Ali, Khaterat, a two-volume memoire of Ayatollah Montazeri. https://amontazeri.com/book/khateratin. Mosaddeq, Mohammad, Khaterat va Ta’alomat [Mosaddeq memoirs, prefaced and edited by Iraj Afshar]. Tehran: Elmi, 1986. Moshir, Morteza, Khaterat’e arteshbod Fereydoun Jam [Memoirs of General Djam]. Los Angeles, CA: Sherkat Ketan, 2008. Naderi, Mahmoud, Cherik’hay fada’ei khalq az nakhstin konesh’ha ta bahman 57 [The Fadaiyan Khalq from inception to February 1979]. Tehran: Moasseseh Motale’at va Pazhohesh’hay Siasai, 2008. Najafi, Hossein,nehzat arba’een; nazari bar qiam 29 bahman mardom Tabriz [The fortieth-day memorial movement: A look at the 18 February uprising by Tabriz people]. Tabriz, 1380/1991. Naraghi, Ehsan, Ancheh khod dashat [What he possessed]. Tehran: Amir-Kabir, 1976. Naraghi, Ehsan, qorbat’e qarb [Estrangement with the West] (Tehan: Amir-Kabir, 1974. Nejati, Gholam-Reza, Tarikh’e bisto panj sal’eh Iran, az coudeta ta enqelab [Twenty-five years history of Iran from the coup d’état to the revolution]. Tehran: Rasa, 1992. Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza, be souy’e tamadon bozurg [Toward the Great Civilization]. Tehran: Pahlavi Library, 1977. Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza, Pasokh be Tarikh (self-published, original version of Answer to History). Paris: Imprimérie Aubin, 1979. Pirnia, Mansureh, Khanoum Vazir, Khaterat va dastneveshteh’hay’e Farokh-Roy’e Parsa [Madame Minister: The memoirs and writings of Farokh-Roy’e Parsa]. Potomac, MD: MehrIran, 2007. Proceedings of Meetings of the High Command Council, mesl’e barf ab khahim shod, mozakerat shuray’e farmandahi artesh [We shall melt like snow]. Tehran: Ney, 1366/1987. 410 SOURCES OF STUDY Rahnema, Ali, Nirouha’ye Maz’habi dar Bestar’e Harekat’e Nehzat’e Melli [Religious forces in the background of the national movement]. Tehran: Gam’e-no, 1384/2005. Razmi, Mashaullah, Azerbaijan va jenbesh’e tarafdaran’e Ayatollah Sariatmadari dar sal 1358 [Azerbaijan and pro-Shariatmadari Movement in 1979]. Stockholm, 2000. Rouhani, Seyyed Hamid, Nehzat’e Imam Khomeini [Imam Khomeini’s move- ment]. 3 vols. Tehran: Orooij, 1381/2002. Sabeti, Parviz (in conversation with Erfan Qanee-Fard), dar damgah’e hadeseh; barresi elal va avamel’e forupashi’ye hokumat’e shahanshahi [Reminiscences of Sabeti ex-chief of Internal Security Bureau of the SAVAK]. Los Angeles, CA: Sherkat Ketab, 2012. Samakar, Abbas, man yek shooreshi hastam, khaterat zendan [I am a rebel, prison memoirs], 2nd ed. Los Angeles, 2001. Sanjabi, Karim, Khateran Siasi [Political memoirs]. Tehran: Sadeday’e Moaser, 1381/2002. Sazeman’e Mojahedin Khalq az Peyda’i ta Farjam, 1344-1384 [People’s Mojaheddin Organization, MKO from inception to the end; 3-volume compilation of archive documents and history of the MKO]. Tehran: Center for Historical Studies and Research. Shahbazi, Abdollah, Khaterat siasi Iraj Eskandari, dabir aval hezb’e tudeh Iran, 1349–1357 [Memoirs of Iraj Eskandari, the First Secretary of the Tudeh Party of Iran, 1960–1978]. Tehran: Mo’assesseh Motale’at va Pazhuheshhay Siasi, 1372/1993. Shariati, Ali, Tashyuee Alavi va tashyuee’e Safavi [Shiism under Imam Ali caliphate and under the Safavid dynasty]. First published in Tehran: Chapkhash, 1351/1972. Shirkhani, Ali, hemaseh’e 29 bahman [The 18 February epic]. Tehran: Markaz’e Asnad’e Enqelab Eslami, 1999. Shokat, Hamid, parvaz dar zolmat, zenegi siasi Shapour Bakhtiar [Bakhtiar’s polit- ical biography]. Köln: Forooq, 2016. Tabari, Ehsan, Kazh Raheh; khaterati az tarikh hezb’e tudeh [Going astray: Reminiscences from the history of Tudeh Party]. Tehran: Amir-Kabir, 1386/2007. Tajbaksh, Gholam-Reza, and Farokh Najmabadi, eds., yaddashthay’e Fuad Ruhani, nakhostin dabir kol’e sazeman’e keshvarhay’e sader konandeh naft [opec] va na- gofteh ha’ei darbareh’e siasat’e nafti iran dar daheh pas az melli shodan naft [Diaries of Fuad Ruhani, the first Secretary General of OPEC, and some com- mentaries about Iran’s oil policy in the post-nationalization era]. Bethesda, MD: Foundation of Iranian Studies, 2013. SOURCES OF STUDY 411 Tavakoli-Neyshapouri, Colonel Nasrollah, Akharin soqout’e arya’ha; khaterat ava- lin raêis setad kol’e artesh pas az engelab [The final collapse of Arians; memoirs of the first post-revolution chief of general staff of the armed forces]. Bethesda, MD: IBEX, 2014. Touluei, Mahmoud, Pedar va Pesar, nagofteh’haei az zendegi va roozgar pahlaviha [Father and son, untold accounts from the life and times of Pahlavis]. Tehran: Elmi, 1372/1992. Yazdi, Ebrahim akharin talash’ha dar akharin rouzha [Memoirs of Neauphle le Château]. Tehran: Qalam, 1379/2000.
Recommended publications
  • The Basics and Functions of Putinism in Russia
    International Journal of Political Science ISSN: 2228-6217 Vol 9, No 1, Spring 2019, (pp.1-15) The Basics and Functions of Putinism in Russia Jahangir Karami 1*, Mahin Niroomand 2 1 Department of Russian and Eurasian Studies, Faculty of World Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Political Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Received: 24 May 2018 ; Accepted: 20 Feb 2019 Abstract: The present Russian political system is tied up with Putin's name; and Putin is consi- dered as a full-fledged political reality. Today's powerful Russia, which has got a new life after the Cold War and the weak collapse period, and has a major impact on global developments including the Middle East, is not understandable except under this title. What inspired writers to analyze Putin's performance is to study the causes of the exis- tence of a personality such as him and the formation of Putinism in today's Russian so- ciety. Knowing the performance of Putin and Putinism requires a clear answer to some questions like, why the phenomenon of Putinism in the 21st century whit democratic structure has emerged and persisted, and what is Putinism at all? The hypothesis that will be presented to understand this issue is that the long-standing political culture of Russia and the geographical and historical imperative of Russian nation have led to the emergence and continuation of Putinism in today's Russian society, as well as the secu- rity and economic problems of the 1990s, humiliation, pressure, and blockade of the west against Russia is the mainstay of the emergence and continuation of Putinism.
    [Show full text]
  • Genealogies of Theo-Politics, Sovereignty and Coloniality in Iran
    Jalal’s Angels of Deliverance and Destruction: Genealogies of Theo-politics, Sovereignty and Coloniality in Iran and Israel Eskandar Sadeghi-Boroujerdi and Yaacov Yadgar Introduction Without doubt Jalal Al-e Ahmad (1923-69) is one of twentieth-century Iran’s towering activist- intellectuals. Both in life and following his premature death he was seen to embody those pristine attributes of the engagé calling power to account.1 During his history of activism, Al-e Ahmad saw what he took to be the Soviet Union’s pernicious designs on Iran in the course of the Red Army’s occupation of northern Iran between 1941-1946, provoking him along with his longstanding mentor and leading socialist activist and thinker, Khalil Maleki (1901-69), to secede from the communist Tudeh Party in 1948. A mere five years later, he experienced in all its immediacy the MI6-CIA orchestrated overthrow of the nationalist prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddeq, who pioneered the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, today known as British Petroleum.2 As a member of the Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation (Hezb-e zahmatkeshan-e mellat-e Iran), which too suffered divisions and ultimately broke into two distinct groups, one for, and another antagonistic to Mosaddeq, Al-e Ahmad once more sided with the elder Maleki in favor of the beleaguered Mosaddeq. The Mosaddeq government faced severe pressure due to a British- 1 Reza Baraheni, The Crowned Cannibals: Writings on Repression in Iran, With an Introduction by E.L. Doctorow ed. (New York, 1977)., Chapter 5. 2 Ervand Abrahamian, The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern U.S.-Iranian Relations (New York & London, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Sunnis Resist Extremism, but for How Long?
    Atlantic Council SOUTH ASIA CENTER ISSUE BRIEF Iran’s Sunnis Resist Extremism, but for How Long? APRIL 2018 SCHEHEREZADE FARAMARZI ome fifteen million of Iran’s eighty million people are Sunni Muslims, the country’s largest religious minority. Politically and economically disadvantaged, these Sunnis receive relatively lit- tle attention compared with other minorities and are concen- Strated in border areas from Baluchistan in the southeast, to Kurdistan in the northwest, to the Persian Gulf in the south. The flare up of tensions between regional rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran over Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen would seem to encourage interest in the state of Iranian Sunnis, if only because the Saudis present them- selves as defenders of the world’s Sunnis, and Iran the self-appointed champion of the Shia cause. So how do Iran’s Sunnis fare in a state where Shia theology governs al- most every aspect of life? How have they been affected by this regional rivalry? Are they stuck between jihadist and other extreme regional Sunni movements on the one hand, and the Shia regime’s aggres- sive policies on the other? Is there a danger that these policies could push some disgruntled Iranian Sunnis toward militancy and terrorism? A tour of Turkmen Sahra in the northeast of Iran near the Caspian Sea, and in Hormozgan on the Persian Gulf in 2015 and 2016 revealed some of the answers. More recent interviews were conducted by phone and in person in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and with European-based experts. “Being a Sunni in Iran means pain, fear, anxiety, restrictions,”1 said a young The Atlantic Council’s South woman in a southern Hormozgan village.
    [Show full text]
  • Dire Straits for Commercial Shipping Understanding Insurance Coverage in Potential Choke Points
    INSIGHTS NOVEMBER 2018 Dire straits for commercial shipping Understanding insurance coverage in potential choke points Concerns with the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and the Strait of Hormuz The Bab el-Mandeb Strait (or “Gate of Tears”) is at the southern entrance to the Red Sea. This narrow waterway must be navigated by all commercial vessels trading between Europe and Asia in order to avoid the far longer, time-consuming, and thus more costly routes around southern Africa or through the Panama Canal. Perim Island is situated close to the Yemeni side of the strait, which means that most international shipping, both north and southbound, keeps to designated shipping lanes to the west, or Djibouti With over 90% of international trade being carried by sea, side, of this island. The water there is much the safety of commercial maritime shipping is essential deeper, but the channel is only about 16 miles (25 kilometers) wide at its to the global economy. Much of the world’s trade travels narrowest point. However, the entire along maritime highways between Asia, Europe, and North strait is easily within range of land-based America. Most of these routes are sailed through wide missiles and of small, attacking boats. open waters, but there are a few places where narrows, Although complete closure of the strait is straits, or other restricting features must be navigated. considered unlikely, threats on commercial vessels using it may be enough to quickly produce far-reaching economic effects that could have serious implications for Should safe navigation through these vital waters become continued insurance cover.
    [Show full text]
  • BR IFIC N° 2683 Index/Indice
    BR IFIC N° 2683 Index/Indice International Frequency Information Circular (Terrestrial Services) ITU - Radiocommunication Bureau Circular Internacional de Información sobre Frecuencias (Servicios Terrenales) UIT - Oficina de Radiocomunicaciones Circulaire Internationale d'Information sur les Fréquences (Services de Terre) UIT - Bureau des Radiocommunications Part 1 / Partie 1 / Parte 1 Date/Fecha 30.11.2010 Description of Columns Description des colonnes Descripción de columnas No. Sequential number Numéro séquenciel Número sequencial BR Id. BR identification number Numéro d'identification du BR Número de identificación de la BR Adm Notifying Administration Administration notificatrice Administración notificante 1A [MHz] Assigned frequency [MHz] Fréquence assignée [MHz] Frecuencia asignada [MHz] Name of the location of Nom de l'emplacement de Nombre del emplazamiento de 4A/5A transmitting / receiving station la station d'émission / réception estación transmisora / receptora 4B/5B Geographical area Zone géographique Zona geográfica 4C/5C Geographical coordinates Coordonnées géographiques Coordenadas geográficas 6A Class of station Classe de station Clase de estación Purpose of the notification: Objet de la notification: Propósito de la notificación: Intent ADD-addition MOD-modify ADD-ajouter MOD-modifier ADD-añadir MOD-modificar SUP-suppress W/D-withdraw SUP-supprimer W/D-retirer SUP-suprimir W/D-retirar No. BR Id Adm 1A [MHz] 4A/5A 4B/5B 4C/5C 6A Part Intent 1 110106403 ARG 7470.0000 VILLA PARANACITO ARG 58W40'03'' 33S42'52'' FX 1 ADD
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating the Centenary of the Communist Party of Iran
    Celebrating the Centenary of the Communist Party of Iran Document of the Enlarged Plenary Meeting of Central Committee (Feb. 2020) Dear Comrades, June 2020 marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of Iran. Although the seeds of the labour and social democracy movement in our homeland were planted and grown during the Constitutional Revolution (1906) - and had a decisive impact on its development and victory - the Iranian labour and communist movement in the form of an organised and cohesive party formally began in June 1920 with the founding of the Communist Party of Iran led by the prominent figure of the Constitutional Revolution, Haydar Amo-Oghli (also known as Haydar Khan). The history of the left and Marxist ideas in Iran dates back to the late 19th century and early 20th century. With the rapid growth of industry and the development of the capitalist mode of production, Marx’s teachings found their way to Iran. The social and political arena of that period could be summarised, within the historic development of Iranian society, as the transition from feudalism to capitalism. The nascent capitalism of that time was growing, albeit sluggishly, while in parallel the birth and formation of the working class was taking shape. In the late 19th century, under the influence and impact of progressive left-wing views, the anti- dictatorship struggle grew significantly, and a growing number of people began to join the revolutionary struggle. Abdolhossein Agāhi, our martyred comrade and a prominent historian, wrote in his book, “The History of [political]Parties in Iran”, about the growth of socialism in Iran: “For the first time in Iran, in [an edition Figure 1: Haydar Amo- Ogghli, Leader of the of] the newspaper “Iran” (March 1917) an article from Communist Party of Iran, 1920 “Akhtar” newspaper (printed in Istanbul) - [originally published] on the occasion of the 9th anniversary of the Paris Commune (March 18, 1871) - [was reprinted] in which socialist ideas were introduced [to Iran].
    [Show full text]
  • Disintegration of Iranian National Front: Causes and Motives
    World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 2 (4): 237-245, 2012 ISSN 2225-0883 © IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjihc.2012.2.4.2406 Disintegration of Iranian National Front: Causes and Motives 11Masoumeh Banitalebi, Kamaruzaman Yusoff and 2Zahra Khajeh Department of Political History, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia School of Language Studies and Linguistics, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Abstract: National Front was a unique self-motivated political process whose main goal was considered as observing Iranians certain rights, manipulating free elections and preventing foreign forces from their negative influence on national benefit and interests and running regulations. This front was formed in 1949 by the leader of Dr. Mosaddeq. It was the most significant front against dictatorship and colonialism.1949 until 1979 the National Front was formed within four periods of times. The causes of National Front frustration can be accounted as weakness of organization and ideology, mistakes made by its leadership and different branches with the National Front. What were the reasons that National Front leaders could not pursue the same aim and it failed to form a coherent party? And it could not unite the political parties, unions, national communities and social groups? Why did not they learn anything from Mosaddeq’s failure and after 25 years, Bakhtiar experienced the same failure? The main purpose of this paper will be introducing the National Front’s leaders and their aims and that all these leaders followed the same route to achieve the countries benefits. Through a variety of mottos, Shah, U.S and Britain were not eager to give the National Front the power.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iranian Revolution, Past, Present and Future
    The Iranian Revolution Past, Present and Future Dr. Zayar Copyright © Iran Chamber Society The Iranian Revolution Past, Present and Future Content: Chapter 1 - The Historical Background Chapter 2 - Notes on the History of Iran Chapter 3 - The Communist Party of Iran Chapter 4 - The February Revolution of 1979 Chapter 5 - The Basis of Islamic Fundamentalism Chapter 6 - The Economics of Counter-revolution Chapter 7 - Iranian Perspectives Copyright © Iran Chamber Society 2 The Iranian Revolution Past, Present and Future Chapter 1 The Historical Background Iran is one of the world’s oldest countries. Its history dates back almost 5000 years. It is situated at a strategic juncture in the Middle East region of South West Asia. Evidence of man’s presence as far back as the Lower Palaeolithic period on the Iranian plateau has been found in the Kerman Shah Valley. And time and again in the course of this long history, Iran has found itself invaded and occupied by foreign powers. Some reference to Iranian history is therefore indispensable for a proper understanding of its subsequent development. The first major civilisation in what is now Iran was that of the Elamites, who might have settled in South Western Iran as early as 3000 B.C. In 1500 B.C. Aryan tribes began migrating to Iran from the Volga River north of the Caspian Sea and from Central Asia. Eventually two major tribes of Aryans, the Persian and Medes, settled in Iran. One group settled in the North West and founded the kingdom of Media. The other group lived in South Iran in an area that the Greeks later called Persis—from which the name Persia is derived.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Eyes of the Iranian Intellectuals of The
    “The West” in the Eyes of the Iranian Intellectuals of the Interwar Years (1919–1939) Mehrzad Boroujerdi n 1929, after a lecture by Arnold Toynbee (from the notes of Denison Ross, the fi rst director of the School of Oriental and African Studies) on the subject of the modern- ization of the Middle East, a commentator said, Persia has not been modernized and has not in reality been Westernized. Look at the map: there is Persia right up against Russia. For the past hundred years, living cheek by jowl with Russia, Persia has maintained her complete independence of Russian thought. Although sixty to seventy percent of her trade for the past hundred years has been with Russia, Persia remains aloof in spirit and in practice. For the past ten years, Persia has been living alongside the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, and has remained free from any impregnation by their basic ideas. Her freedom is due to her cultural independence. For the safety of Persia it is essential, if she is to continue to develop on her own lines, that she should not attempt modernization, and I do not think that the attempt is being made. It is true that the Persians have adopted motor-cars and in small way railways. But let us remember that the Persians have always been in the forefront in anything of that sort. The fi rst Eastern nation to enter the Postal Union and to adopt a system of telegraphs was Persia, which country was also among the fi rst of the Eastern nations to join the League of Nations and to become an active member.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Social Reasons for Defeating Political Parties in Iran Between the Years of 1942-1954
    EVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL REASONS FOR DEFEATING POLITICAL PARTIES IN IRAN BETWEEN THE YEARS OF 1942-1954 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Mottov of $t|iIos;opIip IN SOCIOLOGY BY Naser Haghi Ghareh Darvishlou UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Dr. Mohammad Akram DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (IIMOIA) 2012 -S5LM9 Political parties appeared on the scene when actions of an erstwhile political system attained a point of complexity that needed the introduction of a new political setup. Usually, political parties emerge when different classes of society become aware of their own interests, and the people of a country want the right to take part in political issues. The nineteenth century was an important phase in Iranian history, wherein political, social and economic corruption were the most obvious problem that Iranians faced. Tremendous increases of such problems have been the reason for the occurrence of all revolutions and reforms in Iran. With the allied occupation of Iran and the exile of Reza Shah, social chaos increased in the 1940s. Also, as a resuU of the Second World War, and because of the lack of a steady government, the country was led to anarchy. This problem offended Iranians more when they became aware of the degree and speed of development in the western countries. When Iranian intellectuals came into direct contact with western countries, they tried to regenerate the political structure of their own country to bring about political stability. After Reza Shah, especially between 1942 and 1954, there came a unique historical opportimity for Iranian elites to form a democratic political structure, whereas during the reign of Reza Shah, political parties and other active groups had been inactive.
    [Show full text]
  • KHERAD-DISSERTATION-2013.Pdf
    Copyright by Nastaran Narges Kherad 2013 The Dissertation Committee for Nastaran Narges Kherad Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: RE-EXAMINING THE WORKS OF AHMAD MAHMUD: A FICTIONAL DEPICTION OF THE IRANIAN NATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY Committee: M.R. Ghanoonparvar, Supervisor Kamran Aghaie Kristen Brustad Elizabeth Richmond-Garza Faegheh Shirazi RE-EXAMINING THE WORKS OF AHMAD MAHMUD: A FICTIONAL DEPICTION OF THE IRANIAN NATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY by Nastaran Narges Kherad, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2013 Dedication Dedicated to my son, Manai Kherad-Aminpour, the joy of my life. May you grow with a passion for literature and poetry! And may you face life with an adventurous spirit and understanding of the diversity and complexity of humankind! Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation could not have been possible without the ongoing support of my committee members. First and for most, I am grateful to Professor Ghanoonparvar, who believed in this project from the very beginning and encouraged me at every step of the way. I thank him for giving his time so generously whenever I needed and for reading, editing, and commenting on this dissertation, and also for sharing his tremendous knowledge of Persian literature. I am thankful to have the pleasure of knowing and working with Professor Kamaran Aghaei, whose seminars on religion I cherished the most.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: the Rise of the Revolutionary Guards
    Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Rise of the Revolutionary Guards Ali Alfoneh Political Succession in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Rise of the Revolutionary Guards Ali Alfoneh February 5, 2018 Issue Paper #1 2019 The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington (AGSIW), launched in 2015, is an independent, nonprofit institution dedicated to providing expert research and analysis of the social, economic, and political dimensions of the Gulf Arab states and how they impact domestic and foreign policy. AGSIW focuses on issues ranging from politics and security to economics, trade, and business; from social dynamics to civil society and culture. Through programs, publications, and scholarly exchanges the institute seeks to encourage thoughtful debate and inform the U.S. policy community regarding this critical geostrategic region. © 2019 Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. All rights reserved. AGSIW does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of AGSIW, its staff, or its board of directors. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from AGSIW. Please direct inquiries to: [email protected] This publication can be downloaded at no cost at www.agsiw.org. Cover Photo Credits: Khamenei.ir/Wikimedia Commons About the Author Ali Alfoneh is a senior fellow at the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. He is the author of Iran Unveiled: How the Revolutionary Guards are Transforming Iran from Theocracy into Military Dictatorship, published by AEI Press in April 2013.
    [Show full text]