Sources of Study

Books Published in Agheli, Bagher, Roozshomar tarikh’e , az moshrouteh ta enqelab eslami [Chronology of Iran, 1896–1979]. 2 vols. : Namak, 1387/2008. Agheli, Bagher, sharh’e hal’e rejal’e siasi va nezami’e Iran [A comprehensive bio- graphical dictionary of contemporary Iranian political and military personali- ties]. 3 vols. Tehran: Goftar, 1380/2001. Ahmadi, Hamid, Tahqiqi darbareh’e tarikh’e enqelab’e Iran [An essay on the his- tory of the ]. Frankfurt: Enqelah Eslami Zeitung, 1380/2001. Alikhani, Alinaghi, ed., yaddashthay’e Alam [Alam diaries]. 6 vols. Tehran: Maziar-­ Moin, 2001. Alikhani, Alinaghi, ed., yaddashthay’e Alam [Alam diaries]. 6 vols. Bethesda, MD: Ibex, 2008. Alikhani, Reza, Shariati va Savak [Shariati and the SAVAK]. Tehran: Kavir, 1382/2003. Amini, Iraj, bar bal’e bohran, zendegi siasi [Political biography of Ali Amini]. Tehran: Mahi, 1386/2007. Araghi, Mehdi, nā’gofteh’hā; khāterāt’e Shahid Hāj Mehdi Arāghi [The untold memoirs of Haj Mehdi Araqi]. Tehran: Rasa, 1370/1991. Bakhtiar, Shapour, Si’ o haft rooz pas az si’o haft sal [Thirty-seven days after thirty-­ seven years]. Iran: Entesharat’e Radio, 1982. Bani-Sadr, Abolhassan, Dars’e Tajrobeh [Lessons drawn from experience], in con- versation with Hamid Ahmadi. Frankfurt: Englelab Eslami Zeitung, 2001. Bani-Sadr, Abolhassan, Khianat be Omid [The betrayal of hope]. , 1982.

© The Author(s) 2019 407 D. Bayandor, The , the Islamic Revolution and the , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96119-4 408 SOURCES OF STUDY

Bazargan, Mehdi, enqelab Iran dar do harakat [The revolution in two move- ments]. Tehran: Bonyad Farhangi Bazargan, 1984. Bazargan, Mehdi, shast sal khedmat va moqavemat; khaterat’e mohandes dar goftegu ba sarhang Gholam-Reza Nejati [Sixty years of service and resistance: Memoirs of Eng. Mehdi Bazargan, in conversation with Gholam-Reza Nejati]. Tehran: Rasa, 1995. Besharati, Ali-Mohammad, and Ahmad Rashidi, obour az shatt’e shab [Crossing the night’s river, a memoir]. Tehran: Markaz Enqelab Eslami, 2004. Chubineh, Bahram, ed., Posht Pardeh’hay’e Enqelab Eslami: Eeterafat’e Hossein Boroujedi [Behind curtains of the Islamic Revolution: Confessions of Hossein Boroujerdi]. Germany: Nima, 2002. Chubineh, Bahram, ed., Yaddashha va yadmandeh’hay parakandeh Iraj Eskandari [Miscellaneous notes and reminiscence by Iraj Eskandari]. Berlin: Mard- Emrouz, 1986. Dalatabadi, Yahya, Hayat’e Yahya. 4 volumes, Tehran: Atar, 1361/1982. Davani, Ali, Nehzat Rohaniat Iran [A history clerical movement]. 10 vols. Tehran: Center for Documentation of Islamic Republic, 2015. Englelab be ravayat asnad (compendium of [selected] SAVAK archive files on the Islamic Revolution; Ministry of Information). Tehran: Soroush, 1376/1997. Fardoust, General Hossein (in conversation with Abdollah Shahbazi), Zohur va soqout’e saltanat’e Pahlavi; khaterat’e arteshbod sabeq Hossein Fardoust [The rise and ther fall of Pahlavi reign: Memoirs of ex-General Hosssein Fardoust]. Hashemi, Mohsen, ed., doran’e mobarezeh, khaterat’e [The period of struggle: Memoirs of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]. 2 vols. Tehran: Daftar Nashr Ma’aref Enqelab, 1376/1997. Homayoon, Daryoush, dirooz va farda [Yesterday and tomorrow]. Washington, DC: Homayoon Foundation, 1981. Homayoon, Daryoush, Man va rouzgaram [Me and my times, memoirs]. Hamburg: Homayoon Foundation, 2008. Houshang-Mahdavi, Abdolreza, Tarikh’e ravabet’e khareji iran az payan’e jang jahani dovom ta soqout rezhim Pahlavei [’s foreign policy from the end of the Second World War to the fall of Pahlavi regime]. Tehran, 1988. Jazani, Bijan, cheguneh mobarezeh’e mosallahaneh tudeh’ei mishavad [How armed struggle becomes a mass movement]. Tehran: Maziar, 1358/1979. Jazani, Bijan, Jam-bandi’e mobazerzat si saleh’e akhir dar iran [Balance sheet of political struggles in Iran during previous thirty years]. Pamphlet written in prison in 1974. Katouzian, Homa, and Pishdad Amir, nameh’hay [A collection of Khalil Maleki’s letters]. Tehran: Nashr Markaz, 1381/2002. SOURCES OF STUDY 409

Kianouri, Nureddin, Khaterat’e Nureddin Kianouri [Memoirs of Nureddin Kianouri]. Tehran: Didgah, 1371/1992. Mir-Ferdos, Ali, ed. [in conversation with Amir-Aslan Afshar], Kahterat Amir Aslan Afshar Akharin Ra’eis Kol Tashrifat Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi [Memoirs of A. A. Afshar the last “Grand Marshal of Ceremonies” in the Shah’s court]. Montreal: Farhang, 2012. Mirfendereski, Ahmad [in conversation with Ahmad Ahrar], diplomacy va siasat khareji iran az sevom sharivar ta 22 bahman 1357 [Diplomacy and foreign pol- icy of Iran from August 1941 to 11 ]. Tehran: Elmi, 1382/2003. Mirmohammad-Sadeqi, Alaeddin, Panjereh’i be gozashteh [A window to the past]. Tehran: Karafarin, 1392/2013. Mohammad, Turkman, Asrar’e qatl’e Razmara [Secrets of the Razmara assassina- tion]. Tehran: Rasa, 1370/1991. Montazeri, Hossein-Ali, Khaterat, a two-volume memoire of Ayatollah Montazeri. https://amontazeri.com/book/khateratin. Mosaddeq, Mohammad, Khaterat va Ta’alomat [Mosaddeq memoirs, prefaced and edited by Iraj Afshar]. Tehran: Elmi, 1986. Moshir, Morteza, Khaterat’e arteshbod Fereydoun Jam [Memoirs of General Djam]. , CA: Sherkat Ketan, 2008. Naderi, Mahmoud, Cherik’hay fada’ei khalq az nakhstin konesh’ha ta bahman 57 [The Fadaiyan Khalq from inception to February 1979]. Tehran: Moasseseh Motale’at va Pazhohesh’hay Siasai, 2008. Najafi, Hossein,nehzat arba’een; nazari bar qiam 29 bahman mardom [The fortieth-day memorial movement: A look at the 18 February uprising by Tabriz people]. Tabriz, 1380/1991. Naraghi, Ehsan, Ancheh khod dashat [What he possessed]. Tehran: Amir-Kabir, 1976. Naraghi, Ehsan, qorbat’e qarb [Estrangement with the West] (Tehan: Amir-Kabir, 1974. Nejati, Gholam-Reza, Tarikh’e bisto panj sal’eh Iran, az coudeta ta enqelab [Twenty-five years history of Iran from the coup d’état to the revolution]. Tehran: Rasa, 1992. Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza, be souy’e tamadon bozurg [Toward the Great Civilization]. Tehran: Pahlavi Library, 1977. Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza, Pasokh be Tarikh (self-published, original version of ). Paris: Imprimérie Aubin, 1979. Pirnia, Mansureh, Khanoum Vazir, Khaterat va dastneveshteh’hay’e Farokh-Roy’e Parsa [Madame Minister: The memoirs and writings of Farokh-Roy’e Parsa]. Potomac, MD: MehrIran, 2007. Proceedings of Meetings of the High Command Council, mesl’e barf ab khahim shod, mozakerat shuray’e farmandahi artesh [We shall melt like snow]. Tehran: Ney, 1366/1987. 410 SOURCES OF STUDY

Rahnema, Ali, Nirouha’ye Maz’habi dar Bestar’e Harekat’e Nehzat’e Melli [Religious forces in the background of the national movement]. Tehran: Gam’e-no, 1384/2005. Razmi, Mashaullah, va jenbesh’e tarafdaran’e Ayatollah Sariatmadari dar sal 1358 [Azerbaijan and pro-Shariatmadari Movement in 1979]. Stockholm, 2000. Rouhani, Seyyed Hamid, Nehzat’e Imam Khomeini [Imam Khomeini’s move- ment]. 3 vols. Tehran: Orooij, 1381/2002. Sabeti, Parviz (in conversation with Erfan Qanee-Fard), dar damgah’e hadeseh; barresi elal va avamel’e forupashi’ye hokumat’e shahanshahi [Reminiscences of Sabeti ex-chief of Internal Security Bureau of the SAVAK]. Los Angeles, CA: Sherkat Ketab, 2012. Samakar, Abbas, man yek shooreshi hastam, khaterat zendan [I am a rebel, prison memoirs], 2nd ed. Los Angeles, 2001. Sanjabi, Karim, Khateran Siasi [Political memoirs]. Tehran: Sadeday’e Moaser, 1381/2002. Sazeman’e Mojahedin Khalq az Peyda’i ta Farjam, 1344-1384 [People’s Mojaheddin Organization, MKO from inception to the end; 3-volume compilation of archive documents and history of the MKO]. Tehran: Center for Historical Studies and Research. Shahbazi, Abdollah, Khaterat siasi Iraj Eskandari, dabir aval hezb’e tudeh Iran, 1349–1357 [Memoirs of Iraj Eskandari, the First Secretary of the , 1960–1978]. Tehran: Mo’assesseh Motale’at va Pazhuheshhay Siasi, 1372/1993. Shariati, Ali, Tashyuee Alavi va tashyuee’e Safavi [Shiism under Imam Ali caliphate and under the Safavid dynasty]. First published in Tehran: Chapkhash, 1351/1972. Shirkhani, Ali, hemaseh’e 29 bahman [The 18 February epic]. Tehran: Markaz’e Asnad’e Enqelab Eslami, 1999. Shokat, Hamid, parvaz dar zolmat, zenegi siasi [Bakhtiar’s polit- ical biography]. Köln: Forooq, 2016. Tabari, Ehsan, Kazh Raheh; khaterati az tarikh hezb’e tudeh [Going astray: Reminiscences from the history of Tudeh Party]. Tehran: Amir-Kabir, 1386/2007. Tajbaksh, Gholam-Reza, and Farokh Najmabadi, eds., yaddashthay’e Fuad Ruhani, nakhostin dabir kol’e sazeman’e keshvarhay’e sader konandeh naft [opec] va na- gofteh ha’ei darbareh’e siasat’e nafti iran dar daheh pas az melli shodan naft [Diaries of Fuad Ruhani, the first Secretary General of OPEC, and some com- mentaries about Iran’s oil policy in the post-nationalization era]. Bethesda, MD: Foundation of Iranian Studies, 2013. SOURCES OF STUDY 411

Tavakoli-Neyshapouri, Colonel Nasrollah, Akharin soqout’e arya’ha; khaterat ava- lin raêis setad kol’e artesh pas az engelab [The final collapse of Arians; memoirs of the first post-revolution chief of general staff of the armed forces]. Bethesda, MD: IBEX, 2014. Touluei, Mahmoud, Pedar va Pesar, nagofteh’haei az zendegi va roozgar pahlaviha [Father and son, untold accounts from the life and times of Pahlavis]. Tehran: Elmi, 1372/1992. Yazdi, Ebrahim akharin talash’ha dar akharin rouzha [Memoirs of Neauphle le Château]. Tehran: Qalam, 1379/2000. Yazdi, Ebrahim, shast sal sabouri va shokuri [Three-volume memoir of Dr. ]. electronic version, Tehran, 2009. Zand-Fard, Fereydoun, khaterat’e khedmat dar vezarat’e omour kharejeh, simay’e diplomacy nevin Iran, [memoirs of service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a picture of modern Iranian diplomacy]. Tehran: Abi, 1393/2014. Zandian, Mandana, ed., baz’khani’e dah shab [Re-reading of the ten nights (of poetry-reading at Goethe Institute, Oct 1977)]. Hamburg: Homayoon Foundation Publication, 2013.

Archive Material

United States Government

CREST, CIA Research Tool Department of History, Foreign Relations of the United States, 450 Volumes 1861–1980 [FRUS] Digital files seized from the US Embassy in Tehran [Den of ] [DSFDS] Digital National Security Archive, George Washington University [DNSA] The Carter Administration and the Arc of Crisis: Iran, Afghanistan and the ‘’ in Southwest Asia, 1977–1981 Iran: Making of US Foreign Policy, 1977–1980 State Department files declassified in 2014, released by WikiLeak [DSWL]

British

British National Archive, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, N.E. Browne, British Policy on Iran 1974–1978, Foreign and Commonwealth Office 412 SOURCES OF STUDY

Islamic Republic of Iran

Asnad Nehzat Azadi, 1982–1984 [Documents of ], 11 vols., digital. http://www.mizankhabar.net/asnad/ مرکز اسناد انقالب اسالمی ,Documentation Center of Islamic Revolution, Tehran http://www.irdc.ir/ Parliamentary Records, Proceedings of 24 sessions of Majles Shuray’e Melli, 1907–79, from Loh’e Mashruh Application Sahifeh Emam Khomeini, 22-volume compilation of statements by Ayatollah , digital version, http://www.askquran.ir/thread12150. html Center for Study of Historical Documents, Ministry of Information, Tehran. Declassified SAVAK files published by several official and semi-official research organs of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Web Material in Persian Language

“Emam dar madraseh Refah” [Khomeini at Refah School], testimony of engineer Ali Danesh-Fard. Tehran: Political Studies and Research Institute http://revo- lution.pchi.ir/show.php?page=contents&id=11564. “Interview with ex-revolutionary officer, colonel [Rt.] Mohammad-Ali Sharafalnasab”. Mashreq News, 20 Bahman 1393/11 February 2014. http:// www.qarar57.ir/fa/pages/81155. “Qiam khunin dar-al-ebadeh” [Bloody revolt in Yazd]. Khatshekanan.ir no. 2480, 10 Farvardin 1393/30 March 2014. http://www.khatshekanan.ir/news/ 2480-3199. “Qiyam mardom yazd be monasebat arbaeen shohaday tabriz 1357” [The Yazd popular uprising to mark the fortieth-day memorial of Tabriz martyrs, 1357]. Anhar.ir no. 8498. 8 Fervardin/ 28 March [publication year unknown]. http://portal.anhar.ir/node/10235#gsc.tab=0. “Sepahbod Teymur Bakhtiar be ravayat asnad’e savak” [Compilation of the SAVAK files on Gen. Bakhtiar]. Tehran: Ministry of Information, 1378/1999. https:// www.ketabrah.ir Ahmadzadeh, Masud, mobarezeh’e Mosallahaneh, ham strategy ham tactic [Armed struggle: Both a strategy and a tactic], written in 1349/1971. http://iran-archive. com/sites/default/files/sanad/cherikha_ta_1357-mobarezeh_masud.pdf Ala’ei, Admiral [Rtd], Hossein, ‘khatereh’i az qiam hamegani 29 bahamn Tabriz, no. 6211, 28 Bahman 1393 (recollections of Tabriz uprising, 17 February 2014), Center for Islamic Revolution Documentation Center. http://tabriz.nahad.ir SOURCES OF STUDY 413

Ansari, Hamid, “hadis’e bidari, zendeginameh emam Khomeini” [Tale of awaken- ing: the (authorized) biography of Imam Khomeini], chapter 2, in Jamaran website. www.jamaran.ir/fa/NewsContent-id_12959.aspx. Ashraf, Hamid, Jambandi yek saleh and Jambandi seh saleh, (a one year and a three year balance sheet) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1d51whLVrPxpKNEhS JiMibJxHq1geDnkR/view Dashtbani, Davoud, “hameh dostan irani’e ghazafi; barrasi’e jenahbandihay’e dakheli bar sar’e rabeteh ba libi” [All Iranian Friends of Gadhafi…]. Tarikh’e Irani. http://www.tarikhirani.ir/fa/files/All/bodyView/137/. Hassanzadeh, Esmail, “tahlili bar vaqeeh’e 19 dey” [An analysis of the 9 Jan. 1978 incident]. Center of Islamic Revolution Documentation, 1387/ 2008. https:// library.tebyan.net/a/Viewer/Text/81961/1. Khaterat tasvirgar fajeeh 17 shahrivar, (reminiscences of Abbas Maleki, photogra- pher of Kayhan) in hamshari online. http://hamshahrionline.ir/print/62872 Rafsanjani, Ali-Akbar Hashemi, “na’gofteh’hay Ayatollah Rafsanjani az ta’sis’e madreh’e Refah” [Rafsanjani’s untold account of Refah School foundation], no. 5989, 17 Bahman 1390/6 February 2011. http://www.hashemirafsanjani.ir. Rais-Sadati, Seyyed Ehsan, “baz’khani’e eetesab’e karkonan’e sanat’e naft dar sal 1357” [The 1978 oil strikes revisited], no. 118061, 13 Sharivar 1389/4 September 2010, Tabnak.ir, http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/118061/%D8% A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7 %D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D A%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA- %D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84- 1357. Saba, Ali, “chera ayatollah Khomeini dar marg farzandash geryeh nakard?” [Why Khomeini did not weep over the death of his son?]. Radio Farda, 23 October 2013. https://www.tribunezamaneh.com/archives/34644?tztc=1. Shakeri Zand, Ali in Iran Pazhval. http://www.pezhvakeiran.com/maghaleh-62123. html. Tabra’ian, Safauddin, “jarraqeh’e enqlab”, (the spark of the revolution), hamshari, no.2979 21 bahman 1381/ 10 February 2003. http://www.hamshahrionline. ir/hamnews/1381/811121/world/intep.htm Yaghma, Ahmad, “bohran dar tashakol’haye siasi chap” [Crisis in leftist move- ments (in Iran)]. http://ahmadyaghma.blogfa.com/cat-84.aspx 414 SOURCES OF STUDY

Daily Newspapers and Magazines

Christian Science Monitor Enqelab Eslami, Paris Ettela’at, Tehran Guardian, UK Kayhan, Tehran Le Monde, Paris Libération, Paris New York Times New Yorker Rahavard, Los Angeles, CA Rastakhiz, Tehran Time Magazine

Periodicals, Encyclopedias

“Mosabbebin’e Vaqeei fajeeh’e cinema rex che kesani hastand?” [Who were the real perpetrators of Rex Cinema tragedy?]. Enqelab Eslami Daily (Paris) (27 September–11 October 1985). Ali-Sufi, Alireza,“ Elat-shenasi’e eetessab’e matbou’at dar doreh dolat jafar sharif emami mehr 1357” [A probe on reasons for press strike under Sharif-Emami in October 1978]. pazhoheshnameh enqelab eslami 4, no. 13 (2015). Allameh, Yahya Nouri, “Ellal va anguizehay’e qiam 17 shahrivar”, (the causes and motives of the uprising on Setember 8, 1978), pazhuhesh’nameh’e enqelab’e eslami (University of Esfahan) (Autumn 1998). Alvandi, Roham, “ Reza Pahlavi and the Question [1968– 1970]”, British Journal of Middle East Studies, vol.37, issue 2, 2010. Ashraf, Ahmad, “kalbod’shekafi enqelab: naqsh’e kargaran san’ati dar enqelab iran” [An anatomy of the revolution: The role played by industrial workers in the Iranian Revolution], Goftegu, no. 55 (1389/2010). Batatu, Hanna, “’s Underground Shi’a Movements: Characteristics, Causes and Prospects.” Middle East Journal, 35, no. 4 (1981). Beheshti-Seresht, Muhsin, and Rasul Sabir-Zamir, “Jaraqeh’e enqelab, barasi tahlili az maqaleh’e rashidi-moltaq” [The spark of the revolution: A critical review of Rashidi-Molaq article]. Motale’at’e enqlab eslami quarterly, no. 14 (2009). Cooper, Tom, and Farzad Bishop, “ War: Iraqi Invasion of Iran”. Lancaster, PA: Schiffer Military History, September 1980. Ghani-Yari, Mohsen, roozshomar tarikh’e mo’aser Iran; Islamic Republic of Iran, (chronology of Iranian contemporary history, Islamic Republic) Vol. I, February 11 to March 29, 1979. Tehran: Political Studies and Research Institute, 2013. Goli-Zavareh, Gholamreza, “qorub’e sepideh gosha; ta’sir’e shahadat haj aqa mostafa Khomeini dar gostaresh nehzat eslami Iran” [The impact of Mostafa SOURCES OF STUDY 415

Khomeini’s martyrdom in the flourishing of the Islamic movement in Iran]. Pasdar Eslaam Journal, no. 324 (Azar 1387/December 2009). Goode, James F., “Assisting Our Brothers, Defending Ourselves: The Iranian Intervention in , 1972–75”, Iranian Studies, 47, no. 3 (2014). Guerrero, Javier Gil, “Human Rights and Tear Gas: The Question of Carter Administration Officials Opposed to the Shah”.British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, online (25 November 2015). Khosrow-Panah, Mohammad-Hossein, “bizhan jazani, zendegi va fa’aliat’hay ou” [Bizhan Jazani, his life and activities]. Negah-e-Nou, no. 11 (Bahman 1381/ February 2002). Khosrow-Panah, Mohammad-Hossein, “Nameh’ha’ei dar da’vat az diktator baray’e paziresh’e hoquq’e siasi’ye mardom [Letters inviting the dictator to accept peoples political rights]. Negah’e No, 23rd year, no. 100 (1392/2014). Mansoor, AL-Jamri, “Shia and the State in Bahrain: Integration and Tension”. Alternative Politics, Special Issue (November 2010). Mehrju, Habibollah “Faje’eh atashsouzi masjed’e ja’mee Kermān” [The fire catastro- phe in Kerman Ja’mee Mosque]. Resalat Daily, no. 7634 (19 Sharivar 1394/2012). Nabavi, Shayda, “Abadan, Mordad 1357, Cinema Rex”. Chashm’andaz Quarterly, no. 20 (1378/1999). Reprint in http://www.gozargah.com/wp-content/ themes/gozargah/library/cinema-rex.pdf Noqrehkar, Masud, “hezb tudeh va kanun’e nevisandegan” (The Tudeh party and the ‘Writers Association’), BBC Persian, 31 January 2012. Qassempour, Davoud, “Rahpayma’ei tarikhi mardom Tehran dar tasu’ā va āshurā’ye 57” [The historical march of people of Tehran in Tasua va Ashura of 1357/ 1978]. Ketab’e Oloum’e ejtemaei (Bahman 1387/February 2008). Salehi-Esfahani, Hadi, and Pesaran, Hashem “Iranian Economy in the Twentieth Century: A Global Perspective”, Economic Research Forum [Toronto University] (2008). Sheikh-ol-Islami, M. J. “Army V. Pahlavi Era”, Encyclopaedia Iranica. Shnahan, Roger, “The Islamic Da’wa Party: Past Development and Future Prospects”, Middle East Review of International Affairs (June 2004). Stork, Joe, “Arms Industries of the Middle East”, Middle East Research and Information Project. http://www.merip.org/mer/mer144/arms-industries- middle-east. Tabra’ian, Safauddin, “enfejar yek maqaleh va paslarzeh’hay’e an” [Implosion caused by an article and its post-seismic effects]. Tarikh Mo’aser Iran 6. no. 24 (1381/2002). Encyclopaedia Iranica, Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University.

Oral History

Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project, Department of State, Washington, DC 416 SOURCES OF STUDY

Foundation of Iranian Studies, Bethesda, MD Harvard Iran Oral History Project, Harvard University Library of Congress, Washington, DC

Books Published in the West

Abdulghani, Jasim, Iraq and Iran, the Years of Crisis. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1982. Abrahamian, Ervand, The Iranian Mojahedin. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989. Afary, Janet, and Kevin B. Anderson. Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Afkhami, Gholam-Reza, The Life and the Times of the Shah. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Ahmadi, Kourosh, Islands and International Politics in the Persian Gulf: The Abu Musa and Tunbs in Strategic Context. Durham Modern Middle East and Islamic World Series. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2008. Akhavi, Shahrough, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran. Albany: University of New York, 1980. Al-Baharna, Husain, Iran’s Claim to Sovereignty over Bahrain and The Resolution of Anglo Iranian Dispute over Bahrain. Manamah, 2008. Al-Sadr, Muhammed Baqir, Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. London: ICAS, 2003. Al-Saud, Faisal bin Salman, Iran, and the Gulf: Power Politics in Transition. London: I.B. Tauris, 2003. Alikhani, Alinaghi, trans. and ed., The Shah and I: The Confidential Diary of Iran’s Royal Court, 1969–1977, Assadollah Alam. London: I.B. Tauris, 1991. Alvandi, Roham, Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Amouzegar, Jahangir, Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis' Triumph and Tragedy. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991. Amouzegar, Jahangir, Iran's Economy under the Islamic Republic. London: I.B. Tauris, 1993. Avery, Peter, Modern Iran. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 1965. Axworthy, Michael, Revolutionary Iran, a History of the Islamic Republic. London: Penguin Books, 2013. Bakhash, Shaul, The Reign of the : Iran and the Islamic Revolution. London: I.B. Tauris, 1985. Bakhtiar, Chapour, Ma Fidélité. Paris: Albin Michel, 1982. Bani-Sadr, Abol-Hassan, My Turn to Speak; Iran the Revolution and Secret Deals with the U.S. Lincoln, NE: Brassey’s, 1991. SOURCES OF STUDY 417

Bayandor, Darioush, Iran and the CIA: The Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited. New York: Palgrave, 2010. Behruz, Maziar, Rebels with a Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. Bill, James, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989. Boroujerdi, Mehrzad, Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1996. Bostock, Frances, and Geoffrey Jones, Planning and Power in Iran; Ebtehaj and Economic Development under the Shah. London: Frank Cass, 1989. Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Power and Principle: Memoirs of National Security Advisor. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983. Buchan, James, Days of God, The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012. Bullard, Sir Reader, Letters from Tehran. New York: I.B. Tauris, 1991. Carter, Jimmy, Keeping Faith, Memoirs of a President. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1995. Carter, Jimmy, What House Diary. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. Chubin, Shram, and Zabih Sepehr, The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-power Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Cooper, Andrew Scott, The Fall of Heavens, the Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran. New York: Henry Holt, 2016. Cooper, Andrew Scott, The Oil Kings; How the U.S., Iran and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War. Vol. 2 of the The Iran-Iraq Conflict. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. Curzon, Lord George, Persia and the Persian Question. London: Longmans, Green, 1892. Djalili, Mohammad-Reza, and Thierry Kellner, L’Iran en 100 Questions. Paris: Tallendier, 2016. Efraim, Karsh, The Iran-Iraq War 1980–1988. Oxford: Osprey, 2002. Farmanfarmaian, Manucher, Blood and Oil, Memoirs of a Persian Prince. New York: Random House, 1997. Ganji, Manoucher, Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002. Gasiorowski, Mark, and Byrnes Malcolm, eds., Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2004. Ghani, Cyrus, Iran and the Rise of the : From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power. London: I.B.Tauris, 2001. Gharabaghi, General Abbas, Vérités sur la crise iranienne. Paris: La Pensée Universelle, 1985. 418 SOURCES OF STUDY

Gheissari, Ali, Iranian Intellectuals in the 20th Century. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998. Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, Le Pouvoir et la Vie. 3 volumes, Paris: Compagnie, 1988. Graham, Robert, Iran, the Illusion of Power. New York: St. Martin’s, 1979. Gruder, Vivian R., The Notables and the Nation: The Political Schooling of the French, 1787–1788. Harvard University Press, 2008 Guerrero, Javier Gil, The Carter Administration and the Fall of Iran’s : US-Iran Relations on the Brink of 1979 Revolution. New York: Palgrave, 2016. Hasanli, Jamil, At the Dawn of the Cold War: The Soviet-American Crisis over Iranian Azerbaijan, 1941–1946, Harvard Cold War Series. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein, Khomeini et sa Révolution. Paris: Jeune Afrique, 1983. Homayoon, Daryoush, Life, After Dying before Death, unpaged web version, http://www.d-homayoun.net/English/htfile/Life.htm Hooglund, Eric, and Curtis, Glenn, Iran, a Country Study. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2008. Hoveyda, Fereydoun, Chute du Shah. New York: Wyndham Books, 1980. Huyser, General Robert E., Mission to Tehran. New York: Harper and Row, 1986. Issawi, Charles, The Middle East Economy Decline and Recovery, Selected Essays. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1995. Karanjia, R. K., The Mind of a : Biography of the Shah of Iran. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwi, 1977. Katouzian, Homa, State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. Keddie, Nikki, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran; Shi’ism from Quietism to Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983. Keddie, Nikki, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003. Kimche, David, The Last Option after Nasser, Arafat and Saddam Hussein. New York: Charles Scribner’s Son, 1991. Kissinger, Henry, The Complete Memoirs E-book Boxed Set: White House Years; Years of Upheaval, Years of Renewal. New York: Simon & Shuster, 2011. Kurzman, Charles, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. Kuzichkin, Vladimir, Inside the KGB, Myth and Reality. Translated by T. W. Beattie. London: Andre Deutsch, 1990. Looney, Robert E., Economic origins of the Iranian Revolution. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982. Marenches, Comte Alexandre de, and Christine Ockrent, Dans le Secret des Princes. Paris: Stock, 1986. Marr, Phebe, The Modern History of Iraq. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004. SOURCES OF STUDY 419

Matin-Asgari, Afshin, Iranian Student Opposition to the Shah. Santa Ana, CA: Mazda, 2001. Milani, Abbas, Eminent , the Men and women who Made Modern Iran [1941–1979]. 2 vols. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2008. Milani, Abbas, The Persian Sphinx Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution. Washington, DC: Mage, 2000. Milani, Abbas, The Shah. New York: Palgrave, 2011. Mirsepassi, Ali, Political Islam, Iran, and the Enlightenment: Philosophies of Hope and Despair Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Moin, Baqer, Khomeini, Life of the Ayatollah. London: I.B. Tauris, 1999. Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz, Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography. London: Psychology Press, 1999. Murray, Williamson, and Kevin M. Woods, The Iran-Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Nahavandi, Houchang, and Yves Bomati, , le Dernier Shah. Perrin, 2013, Paris. Nahavandi, Houchang, Carnets Secrets: Chute et Mort du Shah. Paris: Editions Osmondes, 2004. Nahavandi, Houchang, Choc d’Ambitions. Paris: Aquilion, 2006. Naraghi, Ehsan, Des Palais du Chah aux Prisons de la Révolution. Paris: Ballant, 1991. Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008. Nobari, Ali-Reza, Iran Erupts, Iran-America Documentation Group, Stanford University, 1978 Pahlavi, (Queen) Farah, An Enduring Love, My Life with the Shah, A Memoir, Translation from French by Patricia Clancy, Los Angeles, CA: Miramax Books, 2004. Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza, Answer to History. Xs Books, 1980. Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza, Mission for my Country. Hutchinson, London, 1961. Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza, Réponse à l’Histoire. Paris: Albin Michel, 1979. Parham, Ramin, and Michel Taubmann, Histoire Secrète de la Révolution irani- enne. Paris: Denoël, 2009. Parsi, Trita, The Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealing of , Iran and U.S. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. Parsons, Anthony, The Pride and the Fall: Iran 1974–1975. London: Penguin Random House, 1984. Patrikarakos, David, Nuclear Iran: The Birth of an Atomic State. London: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Pollack, Kenneth M., The Persian Puzzle, the Conflict Between Iran and America. New York: Random House, 2004. Quinn, Slobodian, Foreign Front, The Third World politics in 1960’s West Germany. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012. 420 SOURCES OF STUDY

Radji, Parviz, In the Services of Peacock Throne: The Diaries of the Shah’s Last Ambassador to London. London: Trafalgar Square Publishing, 1983. Rahnema, Ali, An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariati. London: I.B. Tauris, 1998. Ramezani, Rouholla, Iran’s Foreign Policy 1941–73; A Study of Foreign Policy in Modernizing Nations. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1975. Richard, Yann, L'Iran de 1800 à nos jours. Paris: Flammarion, 2007. Rubin, Barry, Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. Salinger, Pierre, America Held Hostage; Secret Negotiations, Paris: Bushet Chastel, 1981. Schofield, R., ed., Near & Middle East Titles: Iran–Iraq Border 1840–1958. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Archive Editions online, 1989. Shahabi, Houchang (ed), Distant Relations: Iran and in the Last 500 Years. I.B. Tauris, 2006. Shawcross, William. Quality of Merci; Cambodia, Holocaust and Modern Conscience. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985. Shawcross, William, The Shah’s Last Ride. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988. Sick, Gary, All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran. London: I.B. Tauris, 1985. Sick, Gary, and Lawrence Potter, eds., Iran, Iraq, and the Legacies of War. New York: Palgrave, 2004. Skeet, Ian, OPEC: Twenty-Five Years of Prices and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Smith, Alan, Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2002. Sreberny, Annabel, and Masumeh Torfeh, Persian Service: The BBC and British Interests in Iran. London: I.B. Tauris, 2014. Stemple, John, Inside the Iranian Revolution. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981. Sullivan, William, Mission to Iran. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981. Tripp, Charles, A History of Iraq. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Vance, Cyrus, Hard Choices: Critical Years in American Foreign Policy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983. Ware, Lewis B., Low Intensity Conflicts in the Third World. Tuscaloosa, AL: Air University, 1988. Zabih, Sepehr, The Iranian Military in Revolution and War. New York: Routledge, 1988. Zonis, Marvin, The Political Elite of Iran. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971. Index1

A Ala, Hossein, 12, 27 Abadan Alam, Amir-Assadollah, 13, 31, 33, Abadan Moslem Youth, 196 35, 37, 38, 46, 58, 79n114, fire disaster, 195–199 91–93, 101, 102, 135, 136, 138, refinery workers’ strike, 195, 240–241 147, 149, 170 “Abadan Muslim Youth,” 196 Alavi, Bozurg, 15 Abolpour, Mahmud, 198 Alavi School, 381, 383–387, 389 Abu Musa, 60–63, 82n175 Algiers Agreement, 1975, 68–69, Achaemenid dynasty, 101 116, 225 Afkhami, Mahnaz, 207 Ali, Imam, 111 Afshar, Amir-Aslan, 92, 259 assassination of, 397 Afshar, Amir-Khosrow, 227 Allen, George, 8 Ahmadzadeh, Masud, 118 AMAL, Shii militia in Lebanon, Al-e-Ahmad, Jalal, 16–17, 152 122–123 Ahwaz, 285 Ameri, Nasser, 98 AIOC, see Anglo-Iranian Oil Company American Consul in Shiraz report, 274 Airborne warning and control system American Embassy, 177, 179, 209, (AWACS), 137, 155 214–216, 275, 277, 278, radar systems, 60 280, 286 Air Force Training Center, American Military Assistance and 383, 386, 388 Advisory Group (MAAG), 53, Air , 373, 374, 383, 396 307, 333, 336, 394

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© The Author(s) 2019 421 D. Bayandor, The Shah, the Islamic Revolution and the United States, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96119-4 422 INDEX

American missionaries, 45 B Amin, Parviz, 122 Baader-Meinhof group, 122 Amini, Ali, 12, 134, 147, 181, 234, Baathist authorities in Baghdad, 235, 275, 276, 283 112, 114 Amir-Entezam, Abbas, 234, 357, 358, Baccarat Cabaret, 200 376, 377, 379, 386 Badrehi, Gen. Abdol-Ali, 335, 378, Amnesty International (AI), 131, 155 385, 387, 388, 390 Amouzegar, Jahangir, 36, 76n71, Badyzadegan, Seyyed Ali-Asqar, 119 77n73, 196, 197, 203, 207 Baghdad Pact, 63 Amouzegar, Jamshid, 34, 35, 133, Baheri, Mohammad, 219n5 148–150, 165, 166, 168–170, Bahonar, Hojat-al-Islam Mohammad-­ 181, 183, 235, 239 Javad, 187, 241 Anglo-American Ajax coup, 367 Bahrain dispute, 58–60 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Bakhshi-Azar, Gen.Khalil, 367 (AIOC), 10 Bakhtiar, Shapour, 32, 148, 235, 236, Annenberg, W., 309 238, 240, 246n73, 282, 286, Ansari, Houshang, 34, 71, 166 287, 301, 306–309, 315n76, Apple, R. W., Jr., 397 347–353, 358–363, 367, 373, Arafat, Y., 165 375–379, 381, 382, 386–388, Aragon, L., 153 390, 392, 393, 396 ARAMCO, 37 appointment by Shah, 287, 325 Ardalan, Ali-Qoli, 209 army as a bargaining chip, Arif, Abdul-Rahman, 64, 66, 113 331, 338, 377 Arif, Abdul-Salam, 64, 113 “Bird of Storm,” 331 Armageddon, 383–384 blocking Khomeini’s return, 362 Armed forces, see under Imperial conditions of acceptance, 328–229 Armed Forces constitution minus , Army neutrality declaration, 392 363, 386 Arya, Iranian cargo vessel, 65 and crisis resolution strategy, ASEAN, 30 328–329, 359 Ashur, Hashem Abdolreza, 197 early lobbying with court, Ashura, 13, 277, 279–281, 284, 285 235, 282, 286 al-Assad, Rifaat, 227 final face-off with revolutionaries, AWACS, see Airborne warning and 386–388 control system flight to Paris of, 396 Ayadi, Karim, 92, 93, 181 forming a cabinet, 330 Azarakhshi, Ra’adi, 330 government platform of, 329 Azarbarzin, Abdollah, Lt. Gen., lifting ban on Khomeini’s return, 363 367, 371n69 lamenting army betrayal, 391 Azerbaijan crisis, 7–8, 318 lone town marshal, 381–382 Azhari, Gholam-Reza, 271–287, 295 losing innocence, 362–363 Azmoun, Manouchehr, 209, 213 media savviness, 330, 381 INDEX 423

meeting Queen Farah, 286 and oil strike, 241–242, 285 myth of resignation, 361, 396 post-Mosaddeq militancy, 327 ostracized by opposition, 329–230 rivalries with , overtures to Khomeini, 353, 360–362 148, 177, 235–237 political bargaining with Bazargan, setting up headquarters at Refah 358, 379 school, 385, 387 pro-constitution rallies, 353, 361, 362 shedding constitutionalism, 179, 233 relations with Gharabaghi, strategy to dethrone Shah, 177–179 341, 360, 363, 376–378, 390 supporting 15 Khordad uprising, 14 seeking credit for Shah’s departure, televised victory proclamation, 395 325, 329, 360 touted by Carter, 394 a sketch, 327 visiting Khomeini in France, 233, 237 staying his ground, 331, 362, 381 Al-Bazzaz, Abd al-Rahman, Premier, 64 Bakhtiar, Teymur, 13, 66, 114 BBC Persian Service, 185, 229, 271 al-Bakr, Ahmad Hassan, 65, 114–116 Begin, Menachem, 218 Ball, George, 298–300 Behbahani, Ayatollah Seyyed Bani-Ahmad, Ahmad, 231 Mohammad, 11 Bani-Sadr, Abol-Hassan, 54, 113, 115, Behbahanian, Seyyed Ja’far, 180 228, 375, 398 Beheshti, Ayatollah Mohammad, Baqa’ei, Mozafar, 100 186–188, 229, 236, 237, 296, Barzani, Mulla Mustafa, 64 350, 351, 358, 365, 376 Batatu, Hanna, 117 Behrangi, Samad, 20, 152 Bazargan, Mehdi, 14, 148, 151, 153, Belgian constitution, 4, 5 154, 177–179, 210, 215–218, Bell Helicopter, 52 229, 230, 233–237, 241, 242, Bereges, Yves-Guy, 214 272, 282–285, 288n14, 296, Bernard, Prof.Jean, 92–93, 99 306, 357–359, 361, 363, Bhutto, Z. A., 184 365–367, 376, 377, 379–381, massacre, 208, 210–211, 383, 385–389, 392–396, 398 216–217, 238, 240, 242, 385 activism in 1977, 148, 151, game of numbers, 215–216 153–154, 210 , 211–213 appointed interim revolutionary reaction by Washington, 217–218 premier, 380–381 tales of carnage, 213–215 approach to armed forces, 365–367 Blumenthal, Michael, 296, 298, 299 and Bakhtiar, 358, 361, 379 Bonnet, Christian, 232 differences with Khomeini, 178 Boroujerdi, Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Fardoust-Gharabaghi connection, 392 Hossein, 7, 11, 12, 199, 205n36 founding the Freedom Movement, 14 Boumédiène, Houari, 19, 232 inspired the MKO founders, 119 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 19 maintaining dialogue with US Brandt, Willy, 236 embassy, 272, 296, 327 Brezhnev, Leonid, 297, 318 meeting with Sullivan, 358–359 Brown, Harold, 352 424 INDEX

Brown, Jerry, 134 Khomeini message to, 352–353 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 29, 218, 293, liberalization and myth of, 133 296, 299, 300, 304, 306, 308, message to Ayatollah Ruhollah 309, 311, 347, 348, 352 Khomeini, 348–349 advocacy of ‘Iron fist,’ 294, 308, 333 message to Khomeini, 348–349 Carter annoyed by, 309 mutual policy readjustments, 137–139 geostrategic outlook, 254 names Gen. Husyer to chaperone goads Carter to play hardball, 334 military leaders, 310, 331 last-ditch quest for military coup, 394 new-year eve stopover in Tehran, 161 at loggerheads with State nuclear deals, 137 Department, 254–255, 303, 333 offering policy options to Shah, 305 resentful of George Ball, 299 opens a dialogue channel with takes Zahedi to Oval Office, 296–297 Khomeini, 338, 349 telephone call to Shah, 258 perceptions of ambiguity towards and unreserved support for Shah, Shah, 134, 147–148, 154 257–258, 294, 304–305 policy incoherence in administration Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 293 of, 254–255, 293–294, 304, Bush, President George, 170 351, 358 Byrnes, James, 7 post-victory remarks about Bazargan, 394 pushing Shah to act decisively, 296–298 C quandary, 293–312 Callahan, Prime Minister, James, 218 receiving a direct message from Carrel, Alexis, 18, 24n53 Khomeini, 352–353 Carter, President Jimmy, 40, 72, 131, receiving royal couple at White 133, 134, 155, 161, 162, 164, House, 155–157 165, 184, 217, 218, 287, refuses to soften Husyer’s mandate, 334 348–352, 358, 381, 394 rejects Ball’s recommendations, 300 administration, 282, 293–300 sale of AWACS flying radars, 137, advent of, 133–137 155, 379 arms sale guidelines, 137 support of Bakhtiar, 309–310, on asking Shah to leave Iran, 308–310 332, 351 campaign rhetoric, 72, 131, 133–134 telephone call to Shah, 218 carping about quality of turning away from Shah, 305–306 intelligence, 296 Carter, Rosalynn, 139, 156, 161 distracted by Camp David, 217 “Carter factor,” 147, 154 fading enthusiasm for Bakhtiar, Carter White House, 155–157 352, 381 Ceausescu, Nikolai, 284, 312 and George Ball policy review, Central Treaty Organization, 381 298–299 Chamran, Mostafa, 122, 123 at Guadeloupe summit, 311–312 Chayet, Claude, 231 human rights guidelines, 138 Chirac, J., 70 island of stability toast, 162 Chomsky, Naom, 130 INDEX 425

Christopher, Warren, 293, 297, Dhofar, 53 299, 300 Djam, General Fereydoun, 376 Churchill, W., 40 Doa’i, Sheikh Mahmoud, 115 CIA, 11, 12, 30, 94, 130, 137, 184, Dobrynin, Anatoly, 318 234, 318 Domestic armament industries, 51–52 Cinema Rex, 195, 199, 240 Douglas-Home, A., 37, 61, 62 Clavel, Maurice, 153 Dowshan-Tappeh revolt, 392 Cohen, Stephen, 272 Duncan, Charles, 310 Communist Party of , Dutch disease economic theory, 19, 319 96, 105n31 Confederation of Iranian Students, 121 Constitutional Movement, 4 Corruption, 29, 33, 41, 102–103, E 133, 202, 203, 208, 209, 231, , 319 235, 258, 302 Ebadi, Shirin, 46 Council of Revolution, 209, 230 Ebtehaj, Abolhassan, 41, 152 , 318 Ebtehaj, Houshang, 152 Eid’e Fetr, 210 Eid’e Ghadir, 274 D Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 10 Daheh’ye fajr, 397 Eliot, Theodore, 347–348 Daneshvar, Simin, 17, 20, 214 Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI), 70 Daoud Khan, Mohammad, 184 Ennals, Martin, 132 Dashti, Ali, 15 Entezam, Abdollah, 27, 31, 234 Dassault, M., 136 Ensha, Dr. Fereshteh, 395 Dastqeib, Ayatollah Abdul-Hossein, 187 Eqbal, Manouchehr, 34, 35, 263 Davani, Ali, 125n32 Esfahan Nuclear Technology Center Davoud Khan, Mohammad, 184 (ENTEC), 70 al-Dawa (The Call) movement, 116 Eshkol, Levi, 65 de Beauvoir, S., 153, 230 Eskandari, Iraj, 320, 321 de Gaulle, General, 30, 395 Etemad, Akbar, 70, 72, 86n243 de Marenches, Alexandre, 130, 183, 217 Etemad-Zadeh, Mahmoud, 152 Debray, Régis, 117, 126n51 EURODIF, 70 Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar, 15 , 392 Delaye, Ambassador Raoul, 230, 232 Department of State Bureau of Human Rights, 293 F Bureau of Intelligence and F-14 Tomcat, 50, 51, 54 Research, 293 Fada’ian Eslam, 4, 6, 12, 13, 15, 196 Derakhshesh, Mohammad, 330 leadership, 12 Derian, Patricia, 138, 183 terrorist group, 186 d’Estaing, President Valery Giscard, Fadaiyan Khaleq (FK), 322, 363 93, 230–232, 300–302, 311, Fadlallah, Sheikh Muhammad 312, 348 Hussein, 399 426 INDEX

Fallaci, Oriana, 39, 112 and the army declaration of Family Protection Law, 46, 276 neutrality, 389–391 Fanon, Frantz, 18 career background, 376–377 Fardid, Seyyed Ahmad, 16, 225, counteracting Bakhtiar, 360, 377–378 228, 303 facing insurrection and armed Fardoust, Gen. Hossein, 34, 366, 376, assault, 385–387 390, 392 friends with Sullivans, 377 Farland, Joseph, 37, 38 handover of power to Bazargan, Fellinger, Karl, Dr., 92, 93 395, 396 Flandrin, Georges, Dr., 92, 307 and issue of loyalty, 376–378 Fokuda, Takeo, 212 links with Bazargan, 366, 392 Ford, President Gerald, 40, 53, 70, a message from Khomeini, 376 71, 130, 133, 134, 136 religiosity, 377 Foucault, Michel, 153, 215, 222n65, 231 resignation threat, 360, 378 Franco, F., 135 spared by post-revolution purges, 378 François-Poncet, Jean, 231 support of constitutionality, 377 Fraser, Donold, 130 Gharani, General Mohammad-Vali, 367 Fraser, William II, 75 Ghashghaei, Bahaman, 118 Free Democratic Party, 303 Ghotbzadeh, Sadeq, 122, 151, 227, Freedom Movement, 14, 19, 119, 228, 398 122, 148, 169, 179, 187, 208, Goethe Institute, 152, 153 215, 236, 279 Golpaygani, Grand Ayatollah in 1961, 151 Mohammad-Reza, 154, 202, 363 in Europe, 151 Golsorkhi, Khosrow, 25n64 National Front and, 184 Grant Duff, Sir Evelyn Mountstuart, 185 political platform of, 179 Griffin, George, 272 French Communist Party, 197 Grimm, Paul E., 285 Frouhar, Dariush, 148, 272, 286 Grumman, 50–51 Guadeloupe Summit, 282, 310–312, 347 Guam doctrine, 47, 57 G Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Gadhafi, Muammar, 151, 227 Corps (IRGC), 365 Gandhi, Mahatma, 234 Guevara, C., 117, 120 Satyagraha, 238 Guicciardi, V. W., 59 Ganji, Manuchehr, 132 Gurvitch, Georges, 18 Gast, General Philip, 307, 367, 394 Genscher, H.D., 303 Gharabaghi, General Abbas, 276, 360, H 363, 366, 367, 376–378, Habibollahi, Admiral Kamal, 388, 391 384–393, 395, 396 Hadafiyoon, 151 accusation of connivance with Ha’eri, Mehdi, 109 Bazargan, 391–392 Haile Mariam, M., 317 appointed to top military post, 327 Haj-Seyyed-Javadi, Ali-Asghar, 133, 147 INDEX 427

Hakamizadeh, Ali-Akbar, 15 mandate of, 333–334 Hakim, Grand Ayatollah Seyyed on military dialogue with clerics, Mohsen, 112–114, 119, 164 338–339 Hamilton, Sir Denis, 132 mission to Tehran, 310, 332–333 Hammadi, Sa’dun, 68, 227 and Sullivan’s influence, 336–338 Hanifnezhad, Mohammad, 119 Hatam, General Houshang, 367, 390, 391 I Hatefi, Rahman, 239, 321, 322 IACI, see Iran Aircraft Industries Hay, General Alexander, 132, 133 Ibrahim, Youssef, 384 Hazhir, Abdul-Hossein, 9 IEI, see Iran Electronics Industry Heath, Sir Edward, 61, 66 IGAT-I, 42 Hedayat, Sadeq, 15, 16 Imperial Armed Force, 47–55 Heidegger, Martin, 16 Air Force, 49–51 Helms, Richard, 66, 71, 93, 99 in Armageddon, 384–389 Heshmatieh base, 393 Bazargan charm offensive, 366–367 Homafars, 364, 382–385 declaration of neutrality, 389–392 Homayoon, Daryoush, 165, 239, 395 domestic armament industry, 51–52 Horn of Africa, 317 flaws and drawbacks, 52–53 Hosseinieh Ershad, 18, 188 ground force doctrine, 48 Hoveyda, Amir-Abbas, 14, 31, 32, 34, homafar insurrection, 382–383 45, 61, 100, 102, 123, 147, 149, Islamist ring, 364 209, 217, 321 Khomeini attitude towards, 276, appointed court minister, 149 339, 351, 365–366, 375–376 dismissal of, 209 making of, 47–55 failing a crucial test, 166 military spending, 48–49, 51 handicapped by Baha’i roots, 209 Navy, 48 made scapegoat, 263–265 post-revolution purges, 378, 398 opting to face the revolutionary redeeming value, 54–55 justice, 395–396 rift in, 364–368 persona, 31–33 , 281, 362, 364, 365, Hoveyda, Fereydoun, 132, 150 385, 387, 389 Hungary, 318 Industrialization drive, 43–44 Hussein ibn Ali, Imam, 151 International Atomic Energy Agency, 72 Husyer, Airforce General Robert, International Committee of the Red 307, 310, 350, 352, 362, Cross (ICRC), 132, 170 376–378, 381, 391, 394 International Court of Justice in The complicity with Sullivan, 337–338, Hague, 10 349–350, 352 International Day of Human Rights, 276 on contingency planning, 336 Iran Air, 209, 272 departure, 376 Iran Aircraft Industries (IACI), 51 on doubts about Gen. Gharabaghi, 376 Iran–American Society, 285 interface with military leaders, 335–336 Iran Electronics Industry (IEI), 51 428 INDEX

Iranian Committee for Defense of Kashf al-Asrar, 6, 15 Freedom and Human Rights, 148 Kasraei, Siamak, 25n64 Iran-Novin Party, 98, 99 Kasravi, Ahmad, 6, 15 Iran–Iraq War, 319, 399 Kennedy, J. F., 12, 35, 134, 147 Iraq Khademi, Ali-Mohammad, 263 Baathist regime, 113–116 Khademi, Ayatollah Hossein, 189 post-Algiers period in, 116–117 Khalatbari, Abbas-Ali, 68 Iraqi Kurds, 64 Khalee-yad mission, 241 Iraq-USSR Treaty of Friendship, 66 Al Khalifa, Isa bin Salman, 82n164 IRIAF, see Islamic Republic of Iran Khamenei, Ali, 120, 186, 187, 205n36 Air Force Khatami, General Amir-Mohammad, Irwin, John, 36 49, 91 Islamic Front for the Liberation of Khmer Rouge, 189 Bahrain (IFLB), 399 Khoi, Grand Ayatollah, 112, 182 Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 3, 6, 7, (IRIAF), 54 12, 13, 16, 17, 100, 109, 163, Islamic society of school teachers, 188 167, 168, 177, 179, 180, 185, Islamic solar calendar, 101 186, 190, 196, 198, 199, 201, 207–210, 215, 217, 271, 273–277, 280–283, 285, J 288n17, 296, 299, 301–303, Jackson, H., 134 306, 312, 314n51, 321, 322, Jafrudi, Kazem, 396 348–352, 357, 359, 361–363, Jaleh Square, 210–214, 216, 274 365–368, 375, 397 Jameeh’e Rohaniat Mobarez, 187–188 advent of, 13–14 Jami, Gholam-Hossein, 187, 200, 240 appointing rival government, 380–381 Jamieson, Ken, 39 Armageddon, 383–396 Jamshidieh garrison, 395 and the armed forces, 276, 339, Javits, Jacob, 131 351, 365–366, 375–376 Javits, Marian, 131 and Bazargan, 230, 233, 237, 241, Jazani, Bijan, 118, 119, 146 380, 398 Jericho missiles, 155 Behesht-zahra sermon, 375 Johnson, Lady Bird, 55–57, 170 calling for martyrdom, 274, 277–278 Jordan, Dr.Samuel, 45 camp, 349, 352, 353 Jordan, William Hamilton, 318 Carter’s message to, 348–349 Juan Carlos, King of Spain, 135 challenging , 13–14 and choice of Paris, 227–228 coalition option, 234–235 K concept of Velayat Faqih, 112 Kafi, Sheikh Ahmad, 188 and death of son, 153 Kahrubi, Mehdi, 151 defying curfew hours, 386 Kashani, Ayatollah Seyyed departure from Najaf, 225–227 Abolqassem, 4, 7, 9 early militancy, 6–7 INDEX 429 embracing victory, 395 and theosophist influences, 109–110 enigma of General Gharabaghi, ties with Iraqi Baathist regime, 376–378 113–116 exile to , 14 transfer to Najaf, 14, 113 and 15 khordad uprising, 13 triumphal return of, 373–375 gasping days of, 378–379 and Tudeh Party, 229, 321–322 Giscard d’ and the United States, 112, Estaing, V., 230–232 154–155, 348–349, 351–353 hegira from Najaf, 225–227 Khomeini, Seyyed Ahmad, homafars, 382–383 225, 228, 303 intransigence against existing order, Khomeini, Seyyed Mostafa, 114–116, 179, 207, 233, 282, 379 153, 165 Iraq’s Baathist Regime, 113–116 Khosrowdad, Manouchehr, 387 isolation in Najaf, 113–114 Khrushchev, N., 319 Kuwait interlude, 227 Kianouri, Nureddin, 320–322 leader of Islamic movement, 154 Kiavosh, Seyyed Mohammad, 198 lone town marshal, 381–382 Kimiyaei, Masud, 195 message to Carter, 352–353 King Faisal, 38, 39, 56, 57, 59, and Muharram face-off, 277 60, 68 Neauphle-le-Château, 228–230 King Hussein, 162 origins of Velayat’e Faghih, 112–113 , 362 in Paris, 227–228 Kissinger, H., 29, 30, 36, 39, 40, political deadlock, 233–238 47, 130 post-Algiers period in Iraq, 116–117 Kolahdouz, Captain Yusef, 365 pro-Khomeini circle in Iran, Korniyenko, Goergi, 318 186–187 Kraft, Joseph, 136, 142n54, 166 public opinion swing, 242–243 Kraftwerk Union, 70 resort to arms, 117–121 Kramer, Stanley, 382 return from exile, 373–383 Krupp Steel, 42 return to limelight, 154–155 Kurdish insurgency, 67–68 and Sanjabi, 235–237, 282 Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, 64 season of strikes (fall 1978), Kurdish Saga, 129 238–242 Kuusinen, Otto Wilhelm (Wille), 319 shadow cabinet, 380–381 Kuzichkin, V., 278, 319, 321 Shii revivalist thoughts of, vii–viii, 111, 397–398 Shii rule of Taqiah, 7 L standoff with Bakhtiar, 379, 381 Lambrakis, George, 184, 367 street plebiscite for, 279–281 Lavizan Base, 364 on strikes, 240–241 Lazard, Gilbert, 18 student activism abroad, 121–123 League of Nations, 58 theory of uninterrupted street Lehman Brothers, 298 protest, 211 Leipzig, 20, 150, 319–322 430 INDEX

Liberalization policy, 149, 209, 218, McAuliffe, Brigadier Anthony, 382 239, 397 McDonnell, Douglas, 50 Lippmann, Walter, 142n54 Meftahi, Abbas, 118 London, 280 Mesbahzadeh, Mostafa, 239 Lorqaba, Abdullah, 198 Metrinko, Mike, 168 Luce, William, 61 Meyer, Armin, 57 Miklos, Jack, 72 Milani, Abbas, 99 M Millani, Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad-­ MAAG, see American Military Hadi, 367 Assistance and Advisory Group; Miller, Arthur, 123, 131 US military advisory mission Minatchi, Nasser, 233, 273, 296, 386 MacArthur, Douglas II Jr., 36, 61 Mirfendereski, Ahmad, 43 Madani, Ahmad, 200, 366 Mirlohi, Seyyed Mujtaba, 6 Mahabad Kurdish Republic, 8 Mirpanj, Reza Khan, 5 Mahdavi-Kani, Mohammad-Reza, 120 Mitterrand, F., 230 Majidi, Abdol-Majid, 73n18, 95, 96, al-Modarresi, Sheikh Hadi, 399 149, 395 Mofatah, Hojatal-Islam Mohammad, 188 Majles, 6, 9, 14, 27, 58, 60, 98, Moghadam, General Nasser, 170, 171, 107n83, 147, 180 202, 226, 241, 276, 287, 363, Maleki, Abbas, 213 368, 377, 390, 396 Maleki, Khalil, 12, 16 Moin, Baqer, 112 Manian, Haj Mahmoud, 231, 237 Moinian, Nosratollah, 102 Mansour, Ali, 29 Mojaheddin Khalq Organization Mansur, Hasan-Ali, 14, 31, 133, 186 (MKO), 119, 120, 122, 151, Mao’s Cultural Revolution, 100 158n29, 187, 214, 280, 342, 385 Mao Zedong, 117 “Moment of Truth,” dispatch, Marad al-Ras, 116 307–308 Marashi, Grand Ayatollah “The momentum strategy,” 211 Shahabuddin, 202, 273 Monotheist cells, 187 Marchais, Georges, 230 Montazeri, Ayatollah Hussein-Ali, Mardom Party, 98–99 109, 150, 151, 186, 229, 282 Marighella, Carlos, 117, 120 Montazeri, Sheikh Mohammad, 151 Marshall Plan, 298 Montreux, 59 Martial law, 211–214, 385 Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 4, 5, 8–10, regulations, 386 14, 19, 97, 148, 153 units, 385 fall of, 196 Maslennikov, A, 218 and National Movement of Iran, Massignon, Luis, 18, 24n51 9–12 Masudi, Abbas, 239 Motahari, Ayatollah Morteza, 18, 148, Masudi, Farhad, 166 154, 186, 188, 229 Mattei, Enrico, 34, 92 Motalefeh group, 186 INDEX 431

Mousavi-Ardebili, Ayatollah Seyyed National Security Decision Abdul-Karim, 279, 358, 359 Memorandum (NSDM), 47 Mousavi-Tabrizi, Hojat-al-Islam, Navid, Tudeh Party cell/magazine, 199, 200, 240 239, 322 Mulla Sadra, 109 Navvab-Safavi, 6, 109 See also under Mirlohi Neauphle-le-Château, 228–230, 236, N 237, 272, 301, 320, 361, 365 Naas, Charles, 170 Neshat, Major General Ali, 368, 385 Nafisi, Saeed, 15 Newsom, David, 293 Nahavandi, Houshang, 34, 170, Newspaper strikes, 239–240 181, 395 Nezamal-Ulama, Mohammad- Najimi-Naeini, General Abdol-Ali, 367 Hassan, 202 Namju, Lt.colonel Seyyed Musa, Niavaran Palace, 91, 137, 161, 162, 364, 365 282, 283, 286, 287 Naraghi, Ehsan, 16 Nikkhah, Parviz, 118 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 170, 283 Nikukhah, Farhad, 165 Nasser, G. A., 12, 55, 60, 61 Nixon, R., 29, 36–38, 40, 47, 57, 61, threat to Iran, 65 67, 81n151, 81n153, 130, 135 Nassiri, General Nematollah, 29, Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) on 170, 393 nuclear weapons, 71 Nateq, Homa, 214 North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Front (NF), 12, 123, 182, (NATO), 162 197, 216, 233, 235–238, 241, Nouri, Allameh Yahya, 211, 213, 215 271, 282, 283, 286, 287, 308, 320 Nozheh coup, 54 allegiance to Khomeini, 235–238 Nuri, Sheikh Fazlollah, 321 leadership, 177 Nushin, Abdul-Hossein, 15 National Front sinks, 235–238 politicians, 27 secular leadership in, 177 O National Iranian Oil Company “Occult Imam,” 7 (NIOC), 34, 166, 234, 240, 241 Ohnesorg, Benno, 122 National Iranian Radio and Television Oil diplomacy, 34–35 (NIRT) network, 146 Battle of Oil, 35–36 National Iranian Steel Company first oil shock, 38–40 (NISCO), 42 “Purchase and Sale Agreement” with Nationalization law Iran, 37 the Consortium, 1973, 37–38 National Resistance Movement, 17 Oil industry strikes, 234, 240–242 National Security Council (US), 212 Oil production, 275, 284 debate, 362 Oil revenues, 29, 35, 41, 42, 47 luncheon, 309 Oil Service Company of Iran meeting, 386 (OSCO), 240 432 INDEX

OPEC, see Organization of the and crisis management, 182–183, Petroleum Exporting Countries 259, 285–286, 326–327 Operation Morvarid (pearl), 55 demonization process of, 12 Orenburg pipeline, 317 departure on exile, 340–342 Organization for the Islamic diagnosis of lymphoma, 92–93 Revolution in the Arabian dynastic concerns, 136 Peninsula (OIR), 399 dynasty, 4, 6, 98, 165 Organization of the Petroleum early reign, 8–9 Exporting Countries (OPEC), gender policies of, 27, 46, 276 34–36, 38, 40, 68, 149 golden age, 31 Ouzegane, Amar, 120 and Great Army, 47–55 Oveissi, Gholam-Ali, 212, 213, 239, and Guadeloupe summit, 310 240, 276, 287, 326 his inner circle, 31–34 Owen, David, 94, 132, 236 hosting Carters on new year eve, 161–163 and Khomeini’s transfer to Paris, P 226, 230 Pahlavi, Ashraf, 103, 132, 182 and Kurdish rebellions in Iraq, 64–68 Pahlavi, Prince Reza, 30, 92, and liberalization policy, 133–134, 135, 137, 254–255, 265, 273, 136, 150 286, 327 looking for scapegoat, 263–265 Pahlavi, Fatemeh, 49 and media blunders, 30–40 Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza Shah, 4–6, and moderate clerics, 180, 182, 202 8, 12–14, 16, 19, 29, 30, 33, 45, monarch, 5, 14, 45, 281, 392, 397 93, 95, 98, 99, 107n83, 149, on November 5 maelstrom in 150, 162, 165, 182, 186, 196, Tehran, 252 197, 201–203, 217, 218, 235, nuclear ambitions, 69–72 243, 271–287, 318, 347–350, obsession with conspiracy theories, 376, 397 183–184 appointing military government, and oil diplomacy, 34–40, 138–139 260–261 and Persian Gulf islets, 60–63 appointment of Shapour Bakhtiar, 285 and politics of despair, 282 assassination attempt against, 14 Ramsar blunder, 95–96 attitude towards Carter, 135–139, 155 and , 98–100 aversion to bloodshed, 285, 302, reforms, 20 305–306 and row of rash decisions, 100–102 and Bahrain issue, 58–60 search for political solution, character assassination attempt 234–235, 282, 286 against Khomeini, 163–166 and Shatt al-Arab settlement, 68–69 character contrasts, 29–31 televised, 271 and , 196 US exile offer in California, 305, 310 and corruption, 102–103 vetoing Khomeini’s deportation, 232 INDEX 433

visiting Carter’s White House, and BBC, 185 155–157 bizarre errand to , 185 “voice of revolution” heard, 261–263 on destruction of Tehran, and White Revolution, 12–14, 147 November 5, 252–253 Pahlavi, Prince Alireza, 340 farewell with Shah, 339 Pahlavi, Princess Leila, 340 on Hoveyda’s arrest, 264 Pahlavi, Queen Farah, 20, 30, 91, 93, pessimism about regime’s 99, 123, 135, 139, 146, 156, survival, 235 157, 163, 170, 171, 181, 196, on Sharif-Emami, 216 216, 283, 286, 287 and Sullivan’s cable traffic appointed regent, 30 manipulation, 254, 257–258, 285 and arrest of Hoveyda, 264–365 on timing of Shah’s liberalization blamed by diaspora moguls, 170 policy, 135 and Gholam-Hossein Sadighi, 283 witnessing Muharram-eve debacle, the inner circle, 170 278, 280 opposition to military government, 261 Pasandideh, Ayatollah Morteza, patron of art and culture, 20, 208, 375 265, 341 Pentagon Papers in 1971, 129 and permanent exile, 341 Persian Gulf, 35, 39, 47, 48, 50, protecting the throne for Crown 54–58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 130, 317 Prince, 265 Pétain, Marshal Philippe, 395 and Shah’s ailment, 92–93, 135, 170 Peyk Iran (“Iran Courier”), 19 and Shapour Bakhtiar, 286–287 Piercey, George, 36 visiting Ayatollah Khoi in Najaf, 275 Pirasteh, Rostam, 381 and ‘voice of revolution’ speech, 263 Pirasteh, Seyyed Medi, 264 volunteering to stay back, 287 Plan Organization, 76n71, 94, 95 Pahlavi, Reza Shah, 5, 6, 8, 9, 14, Pompidou, Georges, 93 15, 29, 30, 42, 49, 58, 63, 101, Poniatowski, Michel, 232, 301, 396 111, 165 Poniatowski Mission, 301–302 secularization measures, 6 Ponomarev, Boris, 320 Pahlavi, Shahnaz, 33 Pravda, 297 Pahlavinia, Shahram, 103 Precht, Henry, 30, 293, 299, 303, 306 Pahlavi Foundation, 102, 202 Pro-constitution rallies, 360–362 Pahlbod, Mehrdad, 158n19, 207 Provisional , 359 Pakravan, General Hassan, 29 Purchase and Sale Agreement with the Palestinian Liberation Organization Consortium, 1973, 37–38 (PLO), 151 Puyan, Amir-Parviz, 118 Pan-Iranist party, 60 Parsa, Dr. Farokhru, 45 Parsons, Sir Anthony, 53, 135, 185, Q 276, 285 , 4 acting in tandem with Sullivan, Qarb’zadegui, 16–17 183, 209, 240, 253, 259 Qasim, Abd-al-Karim, 63, 64 434 INDEX al-Qasimi, Sheikh Khalid bin , 273, 275, 282–284, Mohammad, 62 305, 358, 360, 361 Qasr prison, 392, 396 Reston, James, 311 Qassemi, Reza, 227 Rex Cinema fire disaster Qavam, Ahmad, 7, 207 cabal and cover-up, 198–201 Qazi-Tabataba’ei, Ayatollah Seyyed event, 195, 199 Mohammad-Ali, 167 insiders’ testimony, 200–201 Qazvin battalion, 390 a Kafkaesque tribunal, 198, 201 Qazvin Division, 385 perception vs. reality, 196–197 Qazvini, Allameh Mohammad, 15 Riahi, Major-General Kazem, 388 Qom Jameeh’e Modarresin’e, 187 Rockefeller, Nelson, 184 Qotbi, Reza, 146, 170, 286 Rockwell, Stuart, 43 Queen Elizabeth, 30 Rogers, William, 62 Queen Marie Antoinette, M., 287 Roosevelt, Kermit, 11 Queen Mother, 196 Roozbeh, Khosrow, 321, 324n27 Ross, Gregory, 112 Rouhani, Seyyed Hamid, 114 R Rouleau, Eric, 202 Rabbani-Shirazi, Abdolrahim, 120, 186 Rumi, Molana Jalaloddin, 16 Rabii, General Amir-Hossein, 366, Russell, Bertrand, 123, 131 378, 384, 386, 388, 390 Radji, Parviz, 132 Rafale jetfighters, 136 S Rafsanjani, Ali-Akbar Hashemi, 120, Saadi, 16 151, 187, 241 Sabaghian, Hashem, 198 Rahimi, General Mehdi, 385, 386, 393 al-Sabah, Sheikh Nasser al-jabber, 227 Raja’ei, Mohamad-Ali, 187 Sabeti, Parviz, 154, 182 Ramadan Offensive, 188–190 Sadat, Anwar al-, 99, 161, 218 Ramsar conference, 95, 96, 104n30 Saddam Hussein, 54, 55, 65, 67, 68, Ras al-Khaimah, 56, 61, 62 116, 130, 201 Rashidian, Mohammad, 198, 200, 201 al-Sadeq, Imam Ja’far, 109 Rashidi-Motlaq, Ahmad Sadeq-Vaziri, Yahya, 330 (pseudonym), 163 Sadighi, Gholam-Hossein, 282–287 Rastakhiz Party, 98–100, 147 Sadouqi, Hojat al-Eslam Mohammad, al-Rawi, Abdul-Ghani, 66 169, 187, 191n32 Razmara, Haj Ali, 4, 10, 33 al-Sadr, Ayatollah Seyyed Muhammad-­ Razmara, Manuchehr, 381 Baqer, 115, 116, 399 Razmi, Brigadier Gen. Reza, 196, 197 Sadr, Imam Musa, 115, 122 Reagan, R., 170 Sa’ed government, 9 Refah School, 375, 385, 387, 389, Saeed, Javad, 363, 379 392–395 Safar Intifada, 116 INDEX 435

Al-Saffar, Sheikh Hassan, 399 Shariatmadari, Grand Ayatollah Kazem, Sahabi, Ezatollah, 279 163, 167–169, 180–182, 197, 202, Sahabi, Yadollah, 14, 233, 248n112, 211, 215, 216, 272–274, 276, 398 358, 377, 379, 392 Sharif-Emami, Jafar, 34, 197, 202, Saheb-Qaranieh (Niavaran) Palace, 41 203, 207, 208, 212, 216, 226, al-Said, Nuri, 63 233–235, 272, 275, 286, 376 Salimi, Col. Mohammad, 364, 365 Black Friday, 213–214 Samii, Mehdi, 76n71 cabinet of, 207 Sanjabi, Karim, 148, 197, 229, 233, credibility of, 202 235–238, 272, 276, 282, 283, crisis resolution strategy, 208, 262 286, 320, 359, 376, 379 the enigma of appointment, 202–203 Sartre, J.-P., 15, 18, 123, 131, 153 failure and resignation, 217, 233–234 Satyagraha, 238 governing style, 207–208 Saunders, Harold, 293, 299, 349 installing martial law, 211–212 SAVAK, 18–20, 27, 29, 66, 103n3, 115, not keen to dig in Abadan fire, 197 117, 119–121, 129, 130, 137, 146, and opposition’s street prowess, 210 152, 154, 168, 170, 181, 182, 184, politics of appeasement, 208 188, 189, 196, 198, 202, 212, 213, and witch-hunt, 209 217, 239, 241, 242, 246n62, 320, Shatt al-Arab 321, 386, 390, 393, 395 border, 68 agents, 395 crisis, 114 dissolution of, 386 dispute, 65 eagle-eyed censors, 239 “Shia Crescent,” 111 fugitive, 198 Siad Barre, Mohamed, 317 intelligence report, 124n21 Simon, William, 40 Third Directorate, 320 Six-Day War, 54, 55, 65, 118, 122 Sazman’e Mojaheddin Khaleq Socialist-International Summit, 236 (MKO), 119 Society of Militant Clerics, 210 Schlesinger, James, 53, 308 SOFA, see Status of Forces Agreement Schmidt, Helmut, 303, 312 Sohrevardi, Shahabuddin, 374 Schuman Plan, 298 Soltanpour, Saeed, 152 SDP West Germany’s Social Somalia, 317 Democratic Party, 303 Soviet Union, 42, 47, 318, 319, 322 Shadman, Seyyed Fakhruddin, 15, 16 economic zone for, 7 Shah, see Pahlavi, Mohammad-Reza Shah Stalin, 7, 8, 120 Shah, Nasseruddin, 384 State Department, 30, 138, 156, 183, Shahrestani, Javad, 381 218, 233, 254, 257, 273, 293, Shahriari, Abbas-Ali, 66 299, 304, 309, 336, 347, Shahyad monument, 280, 363 349, 351 Shaker, Sa’doun, 225, 226 Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), Shariati, Ali, 17–19, 111, 122, 188 14, 113 436 INDEX

Steel mill saga, 42–43 shortening Bakhtiar interlude, 306 Stemple, John, 184, 232 and spat with Brzezinski, 394 Stewart, Michael, 60 in sync with liberal thread in , 56, 60 Washington, 255, 303–304 Strikes, 238–239 tele-guiding Yazdi-Zimmerman newspaper strikes, 239–240 discussions in France, 349–350 oil industry strikes, 234, 240–242 “Thinking the Unthinkable” Student activism abroad, 121–123 dispatch, 294–296 Sullivan, Ambassador William Healy, victory-day predicament, 394 136, 137, 149, 150, 155, 179, winning over General Husyer, 182–184, 203, 272, 273, 276, 336–337 278, 280, 282, 284, 285, 287, Sulzberger, C. L., 69 293–298, 304–309, 347–350, Sunnite tribes, 242 352, 358–359, 362, 373, 375, Supplemental Oil Agreement, 9 377, 378, 394, 398, 404n137 Supreme Commander’s Staff (SCS), advocacy of US dialogue with 52, 276, 335, 367, 390, 394 Khomeini, 306, 334 Suslov, Mikhail, 319 both ombudsman and umpire, 240, 257, 276 and crowd control equipment, 293 T gambit to force Shah’s early Tabatabaei, Sadeq, 303 departure, 307–308, 331 Tabriz riots, 167–168 hyping abdication tendency in Shah, air base, 364 253–355 Taheri, Seyyed Jalaluddin, 189 impressed by opposition rallies, 217 Takbalizadeh, Hossein, 197–201 Khomeini cast as Gandhi, 234, 239 Takhti, Gholam-Reza, 20 manipulating cable traffic with Taleghani, Ayatollah Mahmud, Washington, 257, 285–286, 14, 151, 158n29, 241, 276, 310, 337–338 363, 367 manipulating General Gharabaghi, 377 Taqizadeh, Seyyed Hassan, 15 on military government option, Taraki, Nur-Muhammad, 398 253, 260–261 Tasua, 276, 277, 279–281 misreporting his encounter with Tavakoli-Neyshabouri, Nasrollah, Bazargan, 358–359 366, 403n96 and moderate opposition, 179, 273 Tehrani, Seyyed Jalal, 360, 361 the persona, 255–256 Tehrani, Sheikh Ali, 201 promoting “Military-Mulla” dialogue, Thatcher, Margaret, 132, 170 295, 332, 338–339, 377 Tizabi, Houshang, 321 a roadmap for regime change, 304, Treaty of Erzurum in 1847, 83n193 306–307 Trudeau, Pierre, 236 on Shah’s liberalization policy, 136, Truman, H. S., 45 182–184, 209, 239 Point Four Program in Iran, 149 INDEX 437

Tudeh Party, 6, 7, 10–12, 15, 16, 19, USSR, the, 42, 47, 56, 64, 317–322 20, 66, 150, 152, 163, 229, 280, hands-off warning to Washington, 319–321, 323n16, 324n26, 297, 318 349, 350 ideology vs. pragmatism, 317 decline in 1960’s and seventies, policy readjustment, 321–322 19–20, 321 preferring Shah to clergy, 317–318 foundation, 6 and steal meal, 42–43 influence in postwar literary circles, 15 Trojan horse approach and its instrument of Soviet policy, 8, 319, 321 failure, 319, 322 military wing dismantled, 367 and Tudeh party, 319–320 under Mosaddeq, 10–11 win-win trade deals, 317–318 post-revolution purges, 322 See also Tudeh Party pro-Khomeini leadership reshuffle, U Thant, 59 321–322 revivalists inside Iran, 321–322 and SAVAK, 66, 320–321 V Shah toying with its legalization, 150 Valian, Abdolazim, 395 Tudeh leadership in exile in Leipzig, Vance, C., 137, 138, 155, 162, 171, 19, 319–320 177, 183, 218, 293, 297, 298, Tufanian, General Hassan, 52, 379, 387 303, 305–309, 347–349, 352 Turner, Adm. Stansfield, 257, 299, Vancouver summit, 236 308, 381 Velaei doctrine, 398 Velayat Faqih, 112–113 Vienna Atomic Agency safeguards, 71 U Vietnam, 37, 55, 69, 117, 129, 133, Ummaya dynasty, 277 256, 298 United Kingdom, 300–301 von Marbod, Eric, 51, 379 UN Security Council, 10, 59, 63, 67 Urban guerrilla groups, 117–121, 150, 363, 384, 392 W US Atomic Energy Commission, 71 Waldenström macroglobulinemia, 93 US Defense Intelligence Agency Wallace, George, 39, 40, 134 (DIA), 318 Watergate, 129 US Embassy Hostage Crisis, 398 Western allies consultation, 300–303 US Embassy, Tehran, 114, 149, West Germany, 303 272–274, 279, 285, 349, 358, White Revolution, 12, 37 362, 365, 367, 386, 389, 393 package of reforms, 43 US–Iran Nuclear Cooperation Whitley, Andrew, 185 Agreement, 72 Wilayat Al-Umma, 116 US military mission, 276 Wilson, Sir Harold, 56, 61 US Military Sales Program in World Bank, 41, 42 Iran, 379 Wright, Sir Denis, 30, 34, 60 438 INDEX

Y Z Yaganeh, Mohammad, 158n19 Zafar, Qobad, 287 Yamani, Zaki, 39, 150 Zahedi, Ardeshir, 33, 276, 280, Yankelovich, Daniel, 131 296–298 Yazdi, Ebrahim, 122, 154, 156, Zahedi, General Fazlollah, 11, 33 225–228, 230, 237, 349–353, 362, Zand-Fard, Fereydoun, 226 365, 370n54, 374, 375, 394, 398 Zia-Zarifi, Hassan, 118 Yazdi, Mesbah, 186 Zimmerman, Werner, 349–353, 357 Yom Kippur War, 38, 67 Zimmerman-Yazdi Channel, Yousheej, Nima, 15 349–352