An Ethnobotanical Survey of Wild Edible Plants of Campania (Italy)

Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021 ISSN 2724-4393

An ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants of Campania (Italy) Antonino De Natale, Bruno Menale, Serena Di Lecce and Antonino Pollio* DOI: https://doi.org/10.6092/2724-4393/7584

*Correspondence: Abstract [email protected] A survey of the knowledge on edible wild plants in Campania https://orcid.org/ (Italy) is presented. The checklist is based not only on literature 0000-0003-3018-7921 data but also on unpublished results coming from archives of Affiliations: Dipartimento di Biologia, the authors. 639 records of alimentary uses related to 198 taxa Università Federico II di are listed. Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae and Rosaceae Napoli, Complesso are the most represented families. The predominant biological Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 26, 0126, forms are Hemycriptophytes, Terophytes and Phanerophytes. Naples, Italy The parts of plant used as food mainly include leaves and Conflict of Interest:The aerial parts, followed by flowers, fruits and seeds, whereas authors declare that they have roots and other underground parts are less frequently used. no conflict of interest. Financial Disclosure Many species are consumed in salads or soups and served in Statement: The Authors mixtures. The alimentary uses of most species are widespread declare that no specific in Campania, but the uses of 28 species are strictly linked to funding was received for this work. limited territories. Accepted: 30 November 2020 Keyword: Ethnobotany, Campania, edible wild plants

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Riassunto Viene presentata una rassegna delle conoscenze sulle piante selvatiche commestibili in Campania (Italia). La checklist non si basa solo su dati di letteratura ma anche su risultati inediti provenienti dagli archivi degli autori. Sono stati elencati 639 record di usi alimentari relativi a 198 taxa. Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae e Rosaceae sono le famiglie più rappresentate. Le forme biologiche predominanti sono: Emicriptofite, Terofite e Fanerofite. Le parti delle piante utilizzate come cibo sono principalmente foglie e parti aeree delle piante, seguite da fiori, frutti e semi, mentre radici e altre parti sotterranee sono usate meno frequentemente. Molte specie si consumano in

BORNH 45 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021 ISSN 2724-4393 insalate o zuppe e si usano in combinazione con altre. La maggior parte delle specie sono adoperate in tutto il territorio Campano, ma gli usi di 28 specie sono strettamente legati a territori circoscritti. Parole chiave: Etnobotanica, Campania, piante selvatiche commestibili

How to cite A. De Natale, B. Menale, S. Di Lecce & Antonino Pollio (2021). An ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants of Campania (Italy). Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH), Bollettino della Società dei Naturalisti in Napoli. Vol.1, no.1, pp. 45-110. ISSN 2724-4393.

Introduction herbaceous species are used as food The use of edible wild plants in southern (Biscotti et al. 2018), whereas in Sicily about Europe is still lively, albeit on decline. 300 native edible wild plants were identified Throughout the Mediterranean region these in a recent study, based on a review of the plants played a role in the surviving strategy extant literature and on recent field of rural communities for centuries, and there investigations (Pasta et al. 2020). is a diffused awareness that such a heritage As far as concerns the Campania Region, should be preserved as it represents a numerous ethnobotanical reports have been source of untapped information about published in the last decades, frequently numerous neglected species (Vanzani et al. including information on local uses of edible 2011). wild plants. The present study provides the Wild food plants differ among regions of the first compilation of ethnobotanical data Mediterranean basin. Yet, as a general rule, collected in this territory, aiming to delineate wild greens are largely consumed, having a a comprehensive picture of the geographical seasonal usage (Hadjichambis et al. 2008). distribution of these data. This contribution Often, edible wild plants are weeds, could promote future field investigation, considered noxious to crop cultivation. For focusing the attention on the Campanian this reason, they are controlled by using territories where information on edible wild herbicides and mechanical eradication, even plants is scanty or worse lacking. though weeds also play important ecological roles, as sources of biodiversity, as key Material and Methods components of seminatural edge habitats The list of the edible wild plants of and preventing soil erosion (Turner et al. Campania was based on a critical review of 2011). The first report on Italian wild edible recent literature available on this topic, plants dates back to 1980s (Aliotta 1987). namely: De Natale et al. (2009); De Natale Recent research confirms that in Italy, and and Pollio (2007); De Rosa et al. (2008); Di particularly in southern regions, numerous Novella et al. (2012); Guarino et al. (2008); La wild edible species are still commonly Palometa and Grieco (2003); Mautone et al. consumed. In Apulia more than 220 wild (2019); Menale et al. (2016); Menale and

BORNH 46 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021 ISSN 2724-4393 Muoio (2014); Motti et al. (2009); Motti and family, as reported by Pignatti (2017-2018). Motti (2017); Salerno and Guarrera (2008); Local names, Province, Locality, Part of the Savo et al. (2015); Savo et al. (2019); Scherrer plant used, and Food uses are the other et al. (2015). fields included in the check list, that provide The recent ethnobotanical bibliography was an updated information about the uses of integrated with information coming from the edible wild plants in Campania. Life form archives of Antonino De Natale (ADN) and and chorotypes were recorded in keeping Bruno Menale (BM), that further includes with Pignatti (1982). The taxa are listed in unpublished data (u.d.), collected during alphabetical order according to their fieldworks carried out in different areas of scientific name. the Campania region. As basic references from neighboring regions we considered: Results Biscotti et al. (2018), for Apulia; Menale et al. In the Supplementary Table S1 we list 639 (2006), for Molise; Guarrera et al. (2006), for records of alimentary uses, that are related to Basilicata; Passalacqua et al. (2006), Nebel et 198 different taxa. The most represented al. (2006), for Calabria; Pasta et al. (2020), for families are Asteraceae (25.2%), Lamiaceae Sicily. (9.4%), Brassicaceae (7.9%) and Rosaceae The checklist of edible wild plants reports for (6.4%) (Fig. 1).

Figure 1: Families of food plants used in Campania. The families with a score < 2% are not represented in the ﬁgure. each taxon the scientiﬁc name and the plant

BORNH 47 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021 ISSN 2724-4393 The biological spectrum highlights a represent some 37% of the taxa included in predominance of Hemicryptophytes, the checklist, yet only 2.48 % are endemic to followed by Terophytes and Phanerophytes Campania (Fig. 3). (Fig. 2), whereas the chorological spectrum The parts of plant most frequently used are

Figure 2: Frequency of growth forms among Campanian food plants expressed as percentage (Ch = Chamaephytes, G = Geophytes, H = Hemicryptophytes, P = Phanerophytes, T = Therophytes). shows the prevalence of Euroasiatic (22.77%) leaves and Cosmopolitan (21.29%) taxa, that and tender twigs, followed by seeds, fruits account for almost half of the species overall. and ﬂowers. The hypogean organs, either Steno- and Euri-mediterranean taxa roots or bulbs are less represented. On a

BORNH 48

Figure 3: Chorological distribution of food plants in Campania. Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021 ISSN 2724-4393 gastronomic level, plants are mainly uses common to different territory of the consumed in salads or soups, frequently region account for more than 50% of the mixing more species (as in the case of the total, but for 26 plants (28%) an alimentary very frequently cited “minestra maritata”, or use was reported only for small territories “minestra terrana”). Plants and gastronomic (Table 1).

Table 1: Edible wild plants whose use was reported only for small territories.

Species / Family Locality

Anthemis arvensis L. s.l. Montecorvino Rovella

Asphodeline liburnica (Scop.) Rchb. Montecorvino Rovella

Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirt. Ischia

Cardamine hirsuta L. Montecorvino Rovella

Carlina acanthifolia All. subsp. acanthifolia All. Sanza

Centaurea calcitrapa L. Baselice, S. Giorgio la Molara Roccabascerana

Colchicum autumnale L. Montecorvino Rovella

Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link subsp. scoparius Montecorvino Rovella

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Castel San Lorenzo

Ficaria verna Huds. Montecorvino Rovella

Fraxinus ornus L. Cava de' Tirreni

Fumaria ofﬁcinalis L. s.l. Montecorvino Rovella

Lamium purpureum L. Cirignano

Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort. s.l. Ascea

Mentha aquatica L. s.l. Montecorvino Rovella

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn s.l. Monti Picentini Regional Park

Quercus ilex L. Acerra, Aversa

Rumex acetosa All. San Mauro Cilento

Sanguisorba ofﬁcinalis L. Cava de’ Tirreni

Senecio vulgaris L. s.l. Ischia

Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke s.l. Montecorvino Rovella

Sisymbrium ofﬁcinale (L.) Scop. Acerra

Sixalix atropurpurea (L.) Greuter et Burdet Montecorvino Rovella

Taxus baccata L. Monti Picentini Regional Park

BORNH 49 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021 ISSN 2724-4393

Tussilago farfara L. Montecorvino Rovella

Ulmus minor Miller s.l. Monti Picentini Regional Park

Discussion and Conclusion Rosaceae are more frequently used in The data collected in this survey show a non- Northern Italy (Biscotti et al. 2018). The high homogeneous distribution of knowledge on frequency of Lamiaceae is due to their large wild edible plants in Campania. The use as ﬂavoring spices. information is mainly concentrated over The frequency of biological forms shows a Naples and Salerno provinces, whereas it is prevalence of Hemicryptophytes and still scanty in the remaining parts of the Terophytes, together with a relevant region (Fig. 4). It is noteworthy the occurrence of Phanerophytes, that could be occurrence of food taxa belonging to related to the widespread occurrence in Lamiaceae and Rosaceae that ranks second Campania of hillslopes, where woody plants and third, after Asteraceae. The prevalence represent a relevant proportion of species of species belonging to the latter is common

Figure 4: Distribution of ethno-alimentary information in Campania region during the XX and XXI Century. Points (red circle) designate local information (territories up to 10 km). Colored areas are related to data generically attributed to large territories.

to the rest of Italian regions, whereas spectrum.

BORNH 50 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021 ISSN 2724-4393 The predominance of food plants belonging Aliotta G., 1987. Edible wild plants of Italy. to Cosmopolitan and Eurasiatic chorological Informatore Botanico Italiano, 19: 17-30. groups over the Mediterranean ones is Biscotti N., Bonsanto D., Del Viscio G., 2018. another remarkable trait of alimurgic flora of The traditional food use of wild Campania that could be explained under an vegetables in Apulia (Italy) in the light of ecological perspective. Italian ethnobotanical literature. Italian Among the species whose edible utilization Botanist, 5: 1. is restricted to a single or few locality, De Feo V., Aquino R., Menghini A., Ramundo Centaurea calcitrapa is worthy of mention. E., Senatore F., 1992. Traditional The aerial parts of the plant are boiled and phytotherapy in the Peninsula Sorrentina, consumed in Sicily (Lentini and Venza 2007), Campania, Southern Italy. Journal of and in Cyprus (Della et al. 2006), and a Ethnopharmacology, 36(2): 113-125. similar use in Campania is reported only for De Natale A. and Pollio A., 2007. Plants three municipalities of the Benevento species in the folk medicine of Province. Montecorvino Rovella (inland Campania, An interesting trait showed by the Picentini Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, edible flora (Savo et al. 2019) is the use of 109: 295-303. some potentially toxic plant species (i.e., De Natale A., Pezzatti G.B., Pollio A., 2009. Pteridium aquilinum and Taxus baccata). The Extending the temporal context of presence of these species in the list of edible ethnobotanical databases: the case study plants could represent a trace of a “famine of the Campania region (southern Italy). diet” exploited by local people in times of J o u r n a l o f E t h n o b i o l o g y a n d food shortage. Ethnomedicine, 5(7): 1-18. De Rosa P., Napolitano B., Picariello G., 2008. Author contributions Piante alimurgiche del Baianese e del Conceptualization: Antonino De Natale and Lauretano. Imago Media, Dragoni (CE). Antonino Pollio; Data curation and Formal Della A., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi D., analysis: Serena Di Lecce, Bruno Menale, H a d j i c h a m b i s A . C . , 2 0 0 6 . A n Antonino De Natale, Antonino Pollio. ethnobotanical survey of wild edible Investigation: Bruno Menale, Antonino De plants of Paphos and Larnaca countryside Natale. Project Administration: Antonino of Cyprus. Journal of Ethnobiology and Pollio and Antonino De Natale; Writing – Ethnomedicine, 2(1): 34. original draft: Antonino De Natale and Di Novella R., Di Novella N., De Martino L., Antonino Pollio; Writing – final draft Mancini E., De Feo V., 2013. Traditional preparation: Serena Di Lecce, Bruno Menale, plant use in the National Park of Cilento Antonino De Natale, Antonino Pollio. and Vallo di Diano, Campania, southern Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, References 145(1): 328-342.

BORNH 51 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021 ISSN 2724-4393 Guarino C., De Simone L., Santoro S., 2008. medicinal plants in the Vesuvio National Ethnobotanical study of the Sannio area, Park (Campania, southern Italy). Journal of Campania, southern Italy. Ethnobotany Ethnopharmacology, 192: 320-349. Research and Applications, 6: 255-317. M o t t i R . a n d M o t t i P. , 2 0 1 7 . A n Guarrera P.M., Salerno G., Caneva G., 2006. ethnobotanical survey of useful plants in Food, flavouring and feed plant traditions the Agro Nocerino Sarnese (Campania, in the Tyrrhenian sector of Basilicata, Italy. Southern Italy). Human Ecology, 45: J o u r n a l o f E t h n o b i o l o g y a n d 865-878. Ethnomedicine, 2: 37. Motti R., Antignani V., Idolo M., 2009. Hadjichambis A.C., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi Traditional plant use in the Phlegrean D., Della A., Giusti M.E., De Pasquale C., fields regional park (Campania, southern Lenzarini C., Censorii E., Gonzales-Tejero Italy). Human Ecology, 37: 775-782. M.R., Sanchez-Rojas C.P., Ramiro-Gutierrez Nebel S., Pieroni A., Heinrich M., 2006. Wild J.M., Skoula M., Johnson C., Sarpaki A., edible greens used in the Graecanic area Hmamouchi M., Jorhi S., El-Demerdash in Calabria, Southern Italy. Appetite, 47: M., El-Zayat M., Pieroni A., 2008. Wild and 333-342. s e m i - d o m e s t i c a t e d f o o d p l a n t Passalacqua N.G., De Fine G., Guarrera P.M., c o n s u m p t i o n i n s e v e n c i r c u m - 2006. Contribution to the knowledge of Mediterranean areas. International the veterinary science and of the Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, ethnobotany in Calabria region (Southern 59(5): 383-414. Italy). Journal of Ethnobiology and La Palometa P. and Grieco C., 2003. La flora Ethnomedicine, 2: 52. officinale nel Parco Nazionale del Cilento Pasta S., La Rosa A., Garfì G., Marcenò C., e Vallo di Diano. Plast Sud, Agropoli. Gristina A.S., Carimi F., Guarino R., 2020. Lentini F. and Venza F., 2007. Wild food An updated checklist of the Sicilian native plants of popular use in Sicily. Journal of edible plants: preserving the traditional Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 3(1): ecological knowledge of century-old 15. agro-pastoral landscapes. Frontiers in Mautone M., De Martino L., De Feo V., 2019. Plant Science, 11: 388. Ethnobotanical research in Cava de’ Salerno G. and Guarrera P.M., 2008. Ricerche Tirreni area, Southern Italy. Journal of etnobotaniche nel Parco Nazionale del Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 15(50). Cilento e Vallo di Diano: il territorio di Menale B. and Muoio R., 2014. Use of Castel San Lorenzo (Campania, Salerno). medicinal plants in the South-Eastern area Informatore Botanico Italiano, 42(2): of the Partenio National Park (Campania, 165-181. S o u t h e r n I t a l y ) . J o u r n a l o f Savo V., 2010. Usi delle piante in Costiera Ethnopharmacology, 153(1): 297-307. Amalfitana. Esplorando il rapporto tra le Menale B., De Castro O., Cascone C., Muoio piante e l’uomo. Officine Zephiro, Amalfi. R., 2016. Ethnobotanical investigation on

BORNH 52 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021 ISSN 2724-4393 Savo V., Joy R., Caneva G., McClatchey W.C., 2015. Plant selection for ethnobotanical uses on the Amalﬁ Coast (Southern Italy). J o u r n a l o f E t h n o b i o l o g y a n d Ethnomedicine, 11(58). Savo V., Salomone F., Bartoli F., Caneva G., 2019. When the local cuisine still incorporates wild food plants: the unknow traditions of the Monti Picentini regional park (Southern Italy). Economic Botany, 73: 28-46. Scherrer A.M., Motti R., Weckerle C.S., 2005. Traditional plant use in the areas of Monte Vesole and Ascea, Cilento National Park (Campania, Southern Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97: 129-143. Turner N.J., Łuczaj L.J., Migliorini P., Pieroni A., Dreon A.L., Sacchetti L.E., Paoletti M.G., 2011. Edible and tended wild plants, traditional ecological knowledge and agroecology, critical reviews. Plant Sciences, 30(1-2): 198-225. Vallariello G., 2003. Etnobotanica dell’isola d’Ischia (Napoli, Italia). Delpinoa, n.s., 45: 233-243. Vanzani P., Rossetto M., De Marco V., Sacchetti L.E., Paoletti M.G., Rigo A., 2011. Wild Mediterranean plants as traditional food: A valuable source of antioxidants. Journal of Food Science, 76(1): 46-51. Z a z o A . , 1 9 7 6 . C u r i o s i t à s t o r i c h e beneventane. De Martini, Benevento.

BORNH 53 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

2008 2008 References La Palometa and Grieco 2003 Mautone et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. Savo et al. 2019 u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013 Salerno and Guarrera 2008

Ornithogalum

human human consumption. Food uses with potatoes and

finely chopped to flavor salads, salads, to flavor chopped finely

uman uman nutrition. ally fried, for

omelette Leaves omelettes and fresh cheeses. Flowering tops used to make pancakes. For the preparation of spirits. Spice or salads and dishes. Usu Spice or salads and dishes. boiled. or salads In Spice. In sp. For h

Part(s) used Flowers, leaves Flowering tops Leaves, bulbs Bulbs Bulbs, stems Leaves Bulbs, stems Bulbs Leaves

Locality / toponimo National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Cava de' Tirreni Baianese and Lauretana areas Castel San Lorenzo Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park Sanza National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Castel San Lorenzo

(u.d.: unpublished data) (u.d.: unpublished

Provinc Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno

Local name

Stagnasango Troneto - Agliardièddu Porro selvatico - Agliustro, Aglio selvatico Agliardieddo Jetìddu ild edible plants of Campania of plants edible ild

(M. (M. list of w of list

EAE

sp. C

Check

millefolium petiolata sp. pl. 1. S

Botanical name s.l.

Achillea L. ASTERACEAE Alliaria Bieb.) Cavara et Grande BRASSICA Allium AMARYLLIDACEAE Allium ampeloprasum AMARYLLIDACEAE Allium ursinum AMARYLLIDACEAE Allium vineale AMARYLLIDACEAE Amaranthus AMARANTHACEAE Table

BORNH 54 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

De Rosa et al. 2008 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. Motti et al. 2009 Savo et al. 2019 Savo 2010 u.d. Savo et al. 2019

''. '' with: with: ''

pizza

sp. pl.,

. minestra maritata 'minestra cotta 'minestra Urtica dioica. with other herbs. ,

soup preparation. soup pizza d'erbe" ingredients for pizzas (" pizzas for ingredients

"), vegetable. as a cooked component of component the '' ngredient for oups. In salads, soups or boiled. or soups salads, In s In boiled. or salads In to holidays Pasqua during Used salads. In prepare the " To flavor chicken and pork broth. As i As a component of the ' Borago officinalis, Plantago Taraxacum officinale as salads, In irpina As aromatic herb. mixed also salads, In As aromatic herb. Raw, as component of salads. As a salads. and soups In salads. and soups In

Leaves, young shoots Young shoots, young leaves Leaves Young shoots, young leaves Fresh roots Leaves Leaves Aerial part Whole plant Leaves Roots, stems Aerial part Leaves, shoots Leaves, shoots

Regional

Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park Aversa Baianese and Lauretana areas National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Montecorvino Rovella Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea Sanza Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Monti Picentini Regional Park Amalfi Coast Foiano Valfortore Monti Picentini Park

Avellino Salerno Napoli Avellino Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Benevento Salerno

- Amaranto - Rarrica addirosa Campumilla salvatica - Accio Sedano Accio selvatico Scavoune, Crescione, Scavouni, Scaioni, Ascaiuoli

L. s.l. L. s.l.

Lag.

Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARANTHACEAE Angelica sylvestris APIACEAE Anthemis arvensis ASTERACEAE Anthriscus cerefolium Hoffm. (L.) Apium graveolens APIACEAE Apium nodiflorum (L.) APIACEAE

BORNH 55 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 Menale et al. 2016 u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 De Feo et al. 1992 Mautone et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008

alcoholic beverages, jams.

salads or cooked to make to make or salads cooked vino di sorba reparation of digestive liqueurs. digestive of reparation resh, resh, resh aten fresh or used to an make alcoholic E beverage " Eaten fresh Eaten f Eaten f Eaten raw; mashed and put in hot water for was that beverage a to make days few preserved in fridge; as fodder for goats. fried. salads, In For the p Turions in omelettes, souces, salads, pasta, etc.

Fruits Roots, stalks Aerial part Fresh leaves Roots, stalks

Sorrentina Tirreni

Monte Vesole e Ascea Roccabascerana Castel San Lorenzo National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Cava de' Monti Picentini Regional Park Vesuvio National Park San Mauro Cilento Baianese and Lauretana areas Peninsula Cava de' Tirreni Baianese and Lauretana areas

Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Avellino Napoli Salerno Avellino

pelose

Sorbe, Sorba pelosa Sovr' Sòrva, Sòrva pelosa Suorvo piluso Sovera pelosa Fraolaro, Fragola d’albero, Corbezzolo, Musina di montagna, Fragola d’inverno, Sorbo peloso, Fragola pelosa, Sorola pelosella, Sorole peloso, Sorolo peloso Sovera pelosa Sovera pelosa - Nascienzo -

L. L.

L. (Hill)

Arbutus unedo ERICACEAE Arctium minus Bernh. ASTERACEAE Artemisia absinthium ASTERACEAE Asparagus acutifolius ASPARAGACEAE

BORNH 56 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d.

marinated or

o prepare omelettes.

t omelettes. prepare to

pasta or eggs.

before blooming before blooming Eaten with eggs or rice. Turions in salads or cooked to make omelettes, souces, etc. Turions, called spagàri, in omelettes. Cooked with Added to omelettes, salads, pickled vegetables, pasta, soups. Turions used in the preparations of many dishes. Boiled turions or in omelettes. with raw eaten or risotto omelettes, In vinegar. With pasta and especially in omelettes. Used Roasted, in omelettes or soups. Used

part

Shoots Shoots Aerial part Shoots Shoots Whole plant Stems before flowering Aerial

Casoria

Monte Vesole e Ascea Sanza Castel San Lorenzo Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park Montecorvino Rovella Cirignano Acerra, Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania Montecorvino Rovella Baianese and Lauretana areas Sanza

Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Taburno Napoli Caserta Salerno Avellino Salerno

Asparago selvatico Apannaro, Sparaci Spagarògna Spalice Sparaci selvatici, Spalici selvatici, Sparici selvatici, Asparago di montagna, Spairi, Spauri, Spalaci selvatici, Asparago selvatico Aspaligi Spalice Liembr' - Lembari

(L.) (L.)

Asparagus acutifolius ASPARAGACEAE Asphodeline liburnica Rchb. (Scop.) ASPHODELACEAE Asphodeline lutea Rchb. ASPHODELACEAE

BORNH 57 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

2013

Di Novella et al. Savo et al. 2019 u.d. Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 Vallariello 2003 De Rosa et al. 2008 Savo et al. 2019 , ,

''. , , mnesta ,

rhoeas Borago officinalis Rapistrum rugosum , minestra terrana ,

Senecio vulgaris soups. , Cichorium intybus

. , Papaver ,

bituminosa

Beta vulgaris

". For the of preparation the soup vesicaria ooked vegetables. ooked vegetables. Before blooming eaten in soups. As c Used for both nutritional and medicinal properties. omelettes. In As c As a component of the " As a component of the soup called " salvagioia were used: Centranthus ruber Eruca Bituminaria Reichardia picroides Sonchus oleraceus Cooked, preferibly in Cooked, preferibly in soups.

part August

- Aerial Bulbs Seeds collected in June Bulbs Leaves Aerial part Leaves Leaves Shoots, young leaves

Lauretana

National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monti Picentini Regional Park Castelvetere in Val Fortore Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and areas National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Ischia Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park

Salerno Salerno Benevento Salerno Avellino Salerno Napoli Avellino Salerno

Liémbari Cipolla selvatica Viena Aliuolo bianco - Margaritella Fasolara - Spinacio selvatico

(L.) (L.) (L.)

henricus L. s.l. -

Asphodeline lutea Rchb. ASPHODELACEAE Asphodelus macrocarpus Parl. s.l. ASPHODELACEAE Avena sativa POACEAE Bellevalia romana Sweet ASPARAGACEAE Bellis perennis ASTERACEAE Bituminaria bituminosa Stirt. (L.) FABACEAE Blitum bonus Rchb. (L.) CHENOPODIACEAE

BORNH 58 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 La Palometa and Grieco 2003 Vallariello 2003 u.d. u.d. u.d. Motti and Motti 2017 Salerno and Guarrera 2008

'' with: with: ''

mnesta "

sp. pl.,

minestra 'minestra cotta 'minestra Urtica dioica. ,

seven herbs of ''herbs seven ". preferibly in soups. '', a soup with meat broth broth meat with soup a '',

a component of a component the soup called

sed to prepare soups with beans. with soups to sed prepare Cooked, As a component of the ' Anthriscus cerefolium, Plantago Taraxacum officinale Shoots and young leaves boiled and fried, occasionally used as stuffing in bread pizza, with ricotta. Flowers sucked or eaten for their sweetness; also added to sweet omelettes. The most tender leaves used to prepare soups. Leaves used raw in salads, omelettes, for ravioli. and pizzas filling rustic of Large leaves stuffed with eggs, flour, grated cheese. As salvagioia Tender leaves used for the preparation of a in the oven. cooked stuffed pizza U Leaves used to prepare soups with beans. One of the maritata Easter. at eaten traditionally Basal rosette of leaves for human (inconsumption soup mixed or fried with batter).

, shoots, , shoots,

young leaves Leaves Flowers young leaves Leaves Young leaves Young leaves Leaves Leaves

Cilento

Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea National Park of and Vallo di Diano Ischia Montecorvino Rovella Roccabascerana Cirignano Agro Nocerino Sarnese Castel San Lorenzo

Avellino Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Avellino Benevento Napoli Salerno

- Vorraina, Vurraina Vurraina, Lengua re voie Vorraccia Vurraina antica Vurraccia Vurraccia Vurròina, vurraggine Vurràina

Borago officinalis BORAGINACEAE BORNH 59 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Di Novella et al. 2013 Mautone et al. 2019 Motti et al. 2009 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013 Di Novella et al. 2013

”.

'minestra 'minestra

oil and lemon and as minestra maritata

. or soups and omelettes. f s

''. aten raw in salads or in cooked soups or Used for the preparation of ' terrana eggs. with cooked or salads In Young leaves soups pasta, snack, pies, vegetable salads, In and as vegetables.cooked E omelettes; boiled leaves used for fillings or pies with vegetables. Young leaves in pancakes, salads, vegetable minestrone, boiled with filling. ravioli Young stems, leaves and flowers in salads; soup in leaves salads. In As ingredient of the “ soups. In soups. In

Aerial part, leaves Aerial part Leaves Basal leaves, flowers Leaves Young stems/leaves/flowers Leaves Aerial part Leaves Leaves

Carinola,

Tirreni

National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Cava de' Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Monti Picentini Regional Park San Mauro Cilento Pietrastornina Acerra, Casalnuovo, Pomigliano, Aversa Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Cellole, Conca della Campania Boscoreale, Boscotrecase, Trecase, Terzigno National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano

Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Avellino Napoli Caserta Napoli Salerno Salerno

Borracina,

Vurraina Verracine, Vurraina Borraggine Borragine, Burraina, Buraine, Borraine, Boragine, Burragine, Vurraina, Burraine, Borraina, Vorraina, Burrasca, Borracine Verraina Burraina Vorraccia Vorraccia Cavulicieddo Cavulicieddo

Ten.

s.l.

Borago officinalis BORAGINACEAE Brassica fruticulosa Cyr. BRASSICACEAE Brassica incana BRASSICACEAE

BORNH 60 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

al.

2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 Savo et al. 2019 Di Novella et al. 2013. Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 De Rosa et al. 2009 Mautone et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. Savo et 2019 De Rosa et al. Savo et al. 2019

'. ”

''. Cooked

that of mustard is mustard of that

minestra maritata like

The roots used to make candied. ".

component of component '' minestra Boiled with other herbs. Eaten boiled and fried. Ingredient of " soups. or omelettes In salads. In soups. In As a component of ''minestra di campagna Leaves with roots thin cut as a seasoning for pizzas. As a herbs. other with mixed salads In vegetables. salads. In cooking. after alone eaten or salads, soups, In The unripe inflorescences eaten like artichokes. A sauce obtained. As snack.

, roots

Leaves Shoots Leaves Basal leaves Leaves, roots Basal leaves Leaves Leaves Young plants Young leaves Inflorescences Flowers, roots

Picentini Regional Picentini Regional

Monte Vesole e Ascea Monti Park National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monti Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Baianese and Lauretana areas Cava de' Tirreni Baianese and Lauretana areas Montecorvino Rovella Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park

Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Avellino Avellino Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno

Broccoli di rapa Taggicieddo, Puntirole Aruchèdda Foglia di Laceno - - Zeppolelle sarvatiche - Cardilli santi Carduni, Cardone - Cardo selvaggio, Scopetta

(L.) (L.)

pastoris

Jacq. -

L. subsp.

(L.) Clapham (L.)

s.l.

Brassica rapa campestris BRASSICACEAE Bryonia dioica CUCURBITACEAE Bunias erucago BRASSICACEAE Campanula rapunculus L. CAMPANULACEAE Capsella bursa s.l. Medik. (L.) BRASSICACEAE Cardamine bulbifera Crantz BRASSICACEAE Cardamine hirsuta BRASSICACEAE Carduus pycnocephalus L. s.l. ASTERACEAE Carlina acanthifolia All. ASTERACEAE

BORNH 61 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. kind

pan 7 cm and - to make a make to

with laurel and ingredient of of ingredient

. l

“pastorella”, a in soups soups in

differently;

roasted, preserved in olive oil to in olive preserved roasted,

Cilento. ". pasticelle

in soups with beans. with soups in ". flour sed to prepare traditional desserts to sed prepare the “pasticelle”, typical to sed prepare minestra After being be consumed during the year. row. eaten stem tender the of part Inner Young leaves and shoots " Cooked in the stew, heated with the " cotto Peeled stems cut for a length of 6 boiled. eaten then Fruits dried for conservation, used as flour cooked or bread for beans. Used U honey, sugar, chocolate, with (“panzerotti”), cinnamon, and orange pee U desserts of Flour used with chocolate and vermouth to prepare the dough of Christmas cake. Fruits roasted or boiled and used during Christmas holidays to prepare small cakes, called " The fruits cooked of

ruits ruits Unripe inflorescences Stems, young leaves Leaves before blooming Young stems collected in spring F Fruits Fruits Fruits Fruits F Fruits (chestnuts)

Cervati (Ceraso, -

Sanza Monte Vesole e Ascea Cirignano Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea Roccamonfina Bisaccia, Sant’Andrea di Conza San Mauro Cilento Comunità Montana Gelbison Vallo della Lucania, Novi, Cannalonga, Gioi, Salento, Moio della Civitella, Perito, Orria), Castelnuovo Cilento Montecorvino Rovella Sanza

Salerno Salerno Benevento Avellino Salerno Caserta Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno

Carcioffola servaggia Cardo, Savone (M. Vesole) Scardesse, Evra e' muntagna - Castagno Castagna

All.

L. s.l. Mill.

acanthifolia Carlina acanthifolia subsp. ASTERACEAE Carlina corymbosa ASTERACEAE Carlina vulgaris ASTERACEAE Castanea sativa FAGACEAE

BORNH 62 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Mautone et al. 2019 Motti et al. 2009 Savo 2010 u.d. Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. Vallariello 2003 Savo 2010 u.d. La Palometa and Grieco 2003 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Di Novella R. et al.

leaves or roasted. or leaves

cooked.

Laurus nobilis

. eaten before blooming. .

or s .

. ups. leaves uits oiled with mnesta salvagioia Dried fruits consumed with beans, or mixed with fruits to prepare cakes. For the preparation of pasta and cakes. B Dried fruit Fr Fresh fruit The so In Eaten as a component of the soup called " boiled. or raw eaten salads In Boiled in salads. Eaten raw Dry pods for human consumption. Used as food; used as food for horses.

September

Fruits Seeds Fruits Fruits Fruits Fruits Leaves collected in August Leaves, aerial parts Leaves Leaves Young shoots Fruits Pods Fruits

Tirreni

Castel San Lorenzo Cava de' Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Amalfi Coast Foiano Valfortore Monti Picentini Regional Park Baselice, S. Giorgio la Molara Roccabascerana Ischia Amalfi Coast Aversa National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Castel San Lorenzo National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano

Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Benevento Salerno Benevento Avelino Napoli Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno

Castagna Castagno Castagna Cirasiello Pipilipì Occhi lucenti Cardogni Cannocchiara Cannaviello Valeriana Sciuscella Sciuscella, Erbacavalli Sciuscella

(L.) (L.)

Mill.

L. s.l.

Castanea sativa FAGACEAE Celtis australis CANNABACEAE Centaurea calcitrapa ASTERACEAE Centranthus ruber DC. s.l. VALERIANACEAE Ceratonia siliqua FABACEAE

BORNH 63 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

al.

2019 2005 Mautone et al. Menale et al. 2016 Savo 2010 u.d. u.d. Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Savo et 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 u.d. u.d. Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al.

minestra ''

preparation of

substitute.

''. aten dried. aten raw or human consumption (tender shoots). minestra Food for children. Eaten raw. E E As coffee Flower base sucked (especially by children) juice. sweet the for Cooked, preferibly in soups. F Cooked in salads or in consommé. soups. In Used in the maritata cooked a as pasta, soups, salads, In vegetable. boiled. or salads In raw. eaten stem tender the of part Inner Young leaves and shoots as ingredient of "

Fruits Fruits and seeds Flower base Flowers Leaves Leaves Seeds Aerial part Basal leaves, stems Young leaves and shoots Young leaves and shoots

Lauretana

Cava de' Tirreni Vesuvio National Park Amalfi Coast Serramezzana, San Mauro Cilento Acerra Castel San Lorenzo Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Castel San Lorenzo Pomigliano, Acerra Aversa Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and areas Monte Vesole e Ascea

Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Napoli Napoli Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno

Sciuscella Sciuscella Sciuscella Suscella Campanelle - - Jetìddu Lattarulo Lattarole Corla, Lattaruli, Lattarulo - Cicoria

L. L.

L. s.l.

s.l.

Ceratonia siliqua FABACEAE Cerinthe major BORAGINACEAE Chenopodium album L. CHENOPODIACEAE Chondrilla juncea ASTERACEAE Cichorium intybus ASTERACEAE

BORNH 64 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

La Palometa and Grieco 2003 La Palometa and Grieco 2003 Vallariello 2003 u.d. u.d. u.d. Motti and Motti 2017 Di Novella et al. 2013 Mautone et al. 2019 Motti et al. 2009 Savo et al. 2019 Savo 2010 u.d. u.d.

''.

". ''. ''.

minestra maritata mnesta salvagioia

minestra terrana minestra maritata '' '' pizza cù l'erba

onent of

stuffed stuffed or fried. omponent of " Eaten cooked in soups, boiled, fried. As a of component the " a as used usually root 1900s, early the In coffee substitute. As a c Cooked, soups. In salads. In soups. In As a comp As a component of Used in the preparation of soups vegetable. cooked a as or salads soups, In As a component in the '' As coffee substitute. soups. In

oots Leaves, roots R Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Aerial part Aerial part Leaves Leaves Leaves Roots Leaves

Cilento Cilento

Cervati (Ceraso, -

National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park of and Vallo di Diano Ischia Sanza Cirignano Roccabascerana Agro Nocerino Sarnese National Park of and Vallo di Diano Cava de' Tirreni Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Monti Picentini Regional Park Amalfi Coast Comunità Montana Gelbison Vallo della Lucania, Novi, Cannalonga, Gioi, Salento, Moio, Perito, Orria), Castelnuovo Cilento Roccarainola, Cicciano

Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Taburno Avellino Napoli Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli

Cecoria Cicoria Cecoria Cicorie Cicorie é bosco Cicoria Cicoria selvatica, Cicoria pazza Cicoria Cicoria Cecoria

Cichorium intybus ASTERACEAE

BORNH 65 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Savo et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. u.d.

like like -

or in vegetable. s

salads or salads boiled.

aten like asparagus. As coffee substitute or in soups. salads. In salads. and soups In boiled. or salads In As soup ingredient, or as a cooked As soup ingredient, or as a cooked vegetable. Raw in Leaves without thorns eaten raw in salads or boiled. E Young shoots eaten like asparagus. Sprouts appreciated for their asparagus salad in eaten generally and taste, omelettes. The tender shoots as ingredients for omelettes.

hoots Leaves Young leaves and shoots Basal leaves, shoots Basal leaves, shoots Leaves Young shoots S Shoots

Casalnuovo, Acerra, Pomigliano Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania S. Giovanni a Teduccio Bisaccia, Aquilonia, Calitri, Andretta, Lacedonia, Monteverde, Sant’Andrea di Conza, Conza della Campania Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park Monti Picentini Regional Park San Mauro Cilento Acerra Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea Montecorvino Rovella Sanza

Napoli Caserta Napoli Avellino Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno

Cecoria Cicoria Cecoria Cicoria - Matronnola, Cardogne Cardone Cardoncello - Vitosa Vitaglia Vitosa

L. (Savi) (Savi)

Scop.

Cichorium intybus ASTERACEAE Cirsium arvense (L.) ASTERACEAE Cirsium vulgare Ten. s.l. ASTERACEAE Clematis vitalba RANUNCULACEAE

BORNH 66 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. Motti and Motti 2017 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. Motti et al. 2009 Motti and Motti 2017 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013

reserved in vinegar and eaten in winter in winter eaten and in vinegar reserved The tender shoots as ingredients for omelettes and pancakes. Boiled sprouts eaten in salads or fried. Young sprouts for human consumption. Young twigs in omelettes. omelettes. or salads In in oil, soups in vinegar, pickled omelettes, In or cooked vegetables. omelettes. In Eaten roasted. To flavour fish dishes. salads. In Used to flavour dishes. Used to replace saffron. P salads.

(stamina)

Shoots Leaves Leaves Leaves Flowers Fruits

Diano

Nocerino Sarnese

Roccabascerana Agro Nocerino Sarnese Castel San Lorenzo National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park San Mauro Cilento Aversa Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Agro Monti Picentini Regional Park Montecorvino Rovella National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano

Avellino Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Napoli Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno

Vitajo,

Vitacchie, Viticelle Vtaulo, Vetusa Vetaglia Vitosa Vitaglia Butalva, Vetalva, Vutaleva, Butaleve, Vtosa, Vtose, Vtalve, Vitaje, Vitaleve, Vetaleva, Vitaleva, Vetaleve, Vetaje, Vtaje, Vitaja, Vetalica Vetaglia Vetaglia Mentuccia, Nèpeta Mentuccia Mentastra Zafferanone Curnàlo

(L.) (L.) (L.)

nepeta

Clematis vitalba RANUNCULACEAE Clinopodium nepeta Kuntze s.l. LAMIACEAE Clinopodium nepeta Kuntze subsp. LAMIACEAE Colchicum autumnale COLCHICACEAE Cornus mas CORNACEAE

BORNH 67 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Savo et al. 2019 La Palometa and Grieco 2003 u.d. Savo et al. 2019 u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2007 De Rosa et al. 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 De Rosa et al. 2009

fridge.

to flavour flavour to

''.

preserved in

minestra ''

to prepare prepare to

use

eaten as a fresh fruit. minestra terrana ''

Branches and flowers raw or raw

''.

salads and soups. and salads sed to prepare a wine. 1 l a wine. to of sed prepare red wine, As a liqueur or as fresh fruit. Cilento, of countries some In vinegar and then used as a condiment, in place of capers. Fruits eaten marmalades. soups. Used as a spice U of a handful and peel, cloves sugar, lemon hawthorn fruits are boiled. Then, the wine has cooled, filtered and preserved in Used in the preparation of terrana In vegetables. cooked or salads In vegetables. cooked or salads In As ingredient of vegetables. cooked or salads In

Fruits Buds Branches, flowers, fruits Fresh fruit Aerial part Basal leaves Young basal leaves, buds flower Young basal leaves, buds flower Aerial part Young basal leaves, buds flower

Monti Picentini Regional Park National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Montecorvino Rovella Monti Picentini Regional Park San Mauro Cilento National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Baianese and Lauretana areas National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Baianese and Lauretana areas

Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Avellino Avellino Salerno Avellino

Cornale, Crugnale, Crugnali Spina servateca Biancospino Biancospino, Spina calaurice, Cerasieddi, Biancospino, Cerasieddi, Ciccispini, Spinaianca, Ceraselle, Spinulella, Spinulelle, Spinaporci, Uva spinunella Peraino Margarita - - - Margarita -

L. s.l.

Ten.

Cornus mas CORNACEAE Crataegus monogyna Jacq. ROSACEAE Crepis bursifolia ASTERACEAE Crepis lacera ASTERACEAE Crepis leontodontoides All. ASTERACEAE Crepis neglecta ASTERACEAE

BORNH 68 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

2008 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. De Rosa et al. 2007 De Rosa et al. Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008

''.

rhizomes were were rhizomes

roasted

minestra maritata '' substitute

cooked.

replace saffron. replace ads or vegetable.cooked l alads or vegetable. cooked a s

n Eaten in soups or as a cooked vegetable. soups. In I s In Eaten in soups or as a cooked vegetable. vegetables. cooked or salads In As ingredient of Eaten in soups or as a cooked vegetable. Used to parts outer without stems and Inflorescences eaten raw or dried, were rhizomes the famine of times In ground and mixed with other flours to make bread. In the past, the used as a coffee

Basal leaves Basal leaves Young basal leaves, buds flower Young basal leaves, buds flower Basal leaves Young basal leaves, buds flower Aerial part Basal leaves Flowers (stamina) Inflorescences stems Young rhizomes

Lauretana

Monti Picentini Regional Park Foiano Valfortore Baianese and areas Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania Baianese and Lauretana areas

Salerno Benevento Avellino Avellino Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Avellino Caserta Avellino

Spaccapreti Lattarulo - - Occhi neureddi, Occhineurelli, Occhi neurelli, Occhineurella, Occhineurello, Occhi purcello Ragno rossi, - Lattarole Cicurioni, Scazzuoppoli, Occhi rossi - Carcioffola servaggia -

L. s.l.

L. s.l. L. subsp.

L. (L.) (L.)

Haller f.

(Ten.) Nyman (Ten.)

s.l. Pers.

s.l.

Crepis neglecta ASTERACEAE Crepis neglecta corymbosa ASTERACEAE Crepis pulchra ASTERACEAE Crepis setosa ASTERACEAE Crepis vesicaria ASTERACEAE Crocus vernus Hill IRIDACEAE Cynara cardunculus L. ASTERACEAE Cynodon dactylon (L.) POACEAE

BORNH 69 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Novella u.d. u.d. Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Di et al. 2013 Savo et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013 u.d.

aten in salads. aten raw, boiled or fried. ried in batter. ried omelettes. make to used then and boiled irst omelettes. make to used then and boiled irst E E F Used as food. Eaten in soups, salads or as a cooked vegetable. Eaten in soups, with pasta or as a cooked vegetable. Tender shoots eaten like asparagus. F F salads. In

Flowers Roots Roots Roots Roots, young leaves Shoots Shoots Young shoots Leaves

onti Picentini Regional Montecorvino Rovella Montecorvino Rovella Castel San Lorenzo National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monti Picentini Regional Park M Park Apollosa, Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore Sanza National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore

Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Benevento Salerno Salerno Benevento

Ginestra Pastenaca salvatica Pastenaca selvàteca Pastinaca Pastinaca, Pastinaca selvatica, Carota selvatica, Pastenaca Spalaci selvatici, Spalici selvatici, Vitarelle, Asparagi di serpe, Spairi di serpa, Spairi di serve, Sparaci selvatici, Puntirole, Viticelle, Viticielli, Verdicelle, Virdicelli, Sparici selvatici, Vituzzelle Vitucella Spannaro fauzo, Vitacchi Rapesta

(L.) (L.) (L.) (L.)

(L.) (L.)

L. s.l.

scoparius erucoides

Cytisus scoparius Link subsp. FABACEAE Daucus carota APIACEAE Dioscorea communis Caddick et Wilkin DIOSCOREACEAE Diplotaxis DC. BRASSICACEAE

BORNH 70 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

De Rosa et al. 2008 De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. u.d. Motti et al. 2009 Savo et al. 2019 Menale et al. 2016 Savo 2010 u.d. u.d. u.d. Motti et al. 2009 Motti et al. 2009

soups. vegetables.

with fish.

salads. sed, alone or with other species, to prepare species, to other prepare or with sed, alone In salads or cooked cooked or salads In vegetables. cooked or salads In Eaten as salad or salads. In U salads. In a as pizzas, for ingredients as salads, In vegetable. cooked Eaten raw. salads. In with or cheese sheep with eaten or salads In pasta. salads. In Commonly used as a substitute for borage. Tender shoots also appreciated raw, seasoned with a few drops of lemon. Leaves for soups and boiled leaves and for or sprouts salads soups. Leaves for soups and boiled leaves and for or sprouts salads

Leaves Leaves Leaves Young leaves, shoots Young leaves, shoots Leaves, shoots

Baianese and Lauretana areas Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea Apollosa, Cautano, Foiano Valfortore Cirignano Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Monti Picentini Regional Park Vesuvio National Park Amalfi Coast Pomigliano Pompei, Boscoreale, Trecase Monteruscello Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Phlegrean Fields Regional Park

Avellino Avellino Salerno Benevento Benevento Napoli Salerno Napoli Salerno Napoli Napoli Napoli Napoli Napoli

- - Rucola, Ruchetta Rucola Rucola Rucola, rughetta Rucola selvatica, Rugola selvatica, Rucola, Aruncolo Arucola Rucola Rucola Buglossa Buglossa

(L.) (L.) (L.) (L.)

L. s.l.

Diplotaxis erucoides DC. BRASSICACEAE Diplotaxis tenuifolia DC. BRASSICACEAE Echium plantagineum BORAGINACEAE Echium vulgare BORAGINACEAE

BORNH 71 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Novella De Rosa et al. 2008 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Vallariello 2003 u.d. u.d. u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. Di et al. 2013 u.d. u.d. Savo 2010 Scherrer et al. 2005 Salerno and Guarrera

mnesta taste like like -

almond an an

ith ith w lone or with other species, to prepare prepare to species, other with or lone

aten like Asparagus. aten as peanuts. dible dible. E The cones of fertile shoots eaten fried with batter. Component of the soup called " salvagioia Eaten a salads, as it a has taste similar to rocket. E E E As snack. salads. In As dessert.

Young stems Cone Leaves Leaves Fruits (faggiole) Fruits (fagiole) Seeds Seeds Leaves (before blooming season) Fruits

Baianese and Lauretana areas Castel San Lorenzo Ischia Cirignano Sanza Roccabascerana National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monti Picentini Regional Park Montecorvino Rovella Sanza National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Montecorvino Rovella Piano di Sorrento Amalfi Coast M. Vesole e Ascea Castel San Lorenzo

Avellino Salerno Napoli Benevento Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno

- Curivulpi, Spezzagghjungi Rucola Rucola Fahu Faio Fàhu, Fàho, Faùsto Faggio, Faustro Cupputielli Fica Fica, Ficucèdde Fico Ficozze Ficu Ficu

Ehrh.

(L.) Cav. (L.) L. s.l.

Huds.

verna

Equisetum arvense EQUISETACEAE Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. EQUISETACEAE Eruca vesicaria BRASSICACEAE Fagus sylvatica FAGACEAE Ficaria RANUNCULACEAE Ficus carica MORACEAE

BORNH 72 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

2008 u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. u.d. La Palometa and Grieco 2003 u.d. Motti and Motti 2017 Salerno and Guarrera 2008

dishes.

'' obtained from from obtained '' ". minestra

finocchietto used in broth, or to wrap the

. in the preparation of some some of preparation the in

used s ingredient of " s ingredient figs dried and sausages, to sed flavour eeds with cooked used leaves the of bases leshy Flavouring in bread, dried figs, salami and sausages. As spice or in salads and other A For the preparation of the liquour called finocchietto S they which to dishes Mediterranean typically give a spicy aroma and flavour. F other vegetables. Widespread food use of the fleshy bases of cooked. and raw both leaves the Seeds used to flavor olives, cheese, sausages, biscuits, etc. Fresh leaves barbecued. is then which fish Raw to flavour olives, dried to flavour salami. Liquor called '' alcohol. pure in seeds of infusion the Seeds used to flavour dried figs and taralli. U biscuits.

October October - -

the first year in in year first the Seeds Whole plant Leaves Seeds Fruits collected in September when ripe; roots collected by the end of September Leaves Leaves, seeds Fruits Seeds Fruits

Valfortore

Piano di Sorrento Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea Monte Vesole e Ascea Apollosa, Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore Foiano National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Sanza Agro Nocerino Sarnese Castel San Lorenzo

Napoli Avellino Salerno Salerno Benevento Benevento Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno

Funucchiello - Fenucchio, Fenucchio selvatico, Finucchiello Finocchio di vigna Pipolo Fenucchio Fenucchio Fnucchiu Fenucchiu salevatecu

Mill.

Foeniculum vulgare APIACEAE

BORNH 73 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Di Novella et al. 2013 Mautone et al. 2019 Motti et al. 2009 Savo et al. 2019 Menale et al. 2016 Savo 2010 Savo 2010 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d.

''.

for marmalades. for

minestra maritata

flavouring during the cooking of broad broad of cooking the during flavouring

s alcohol, (with a liqueur to sed prepare o flavor meat, taralli, ricotta, dried figs and aten raw or used to prepare sorbets. n salads or in omelettes. Used in the preparation of seasoned meat and as a flavouring for marinated olives. To flavor foods or liqueurs. Biscuits prepared with seeds and maize flour. Used as a spice, or in the preparation of cooked soups, beverages, salads, alcoholic vegetables. Eaten raw. T other dishes. '' the In Young shoots or leaves in soups together with endive. I A beans. U water and sugar). Eaten fresh Eaten fresh or E

, leaves

ots o h Seeds, fresh stems Fresh leaves Seeds Fruits, flowers, young leaves Seeds Fruits Various parts S Leaves Leaves Fruits Fruits Fruits Fruits

National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Cava de' Tirreni Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Monti Picentini Regional Park Vesuvio National Park Amalfi Coast Amalfi Coast Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania Aversa San Mauro Cilento Sant'Andrea di Conza Montecorvino Rovella Roccabascerana Sanza

Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Caserta Napoli Salerno Avellino Salerno Avellino Salerno

Finucchio Finucchiello Finocchio Finucchio, Fnocchio selvatico, Fnucchio selvatico, Fenocchio, Fnocchiello, Finocchietto, Finocchio selvatico Fenucchiello Finocchietto Finocchietto Fenucchiello Fenucchio Fenucchio Fragola Fraula servaggia Fraula

Mill.

L. s.l.

Foeniculum vulgare APIACEAE Fragaria vesca ROSACEAE

BORNH 74 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo et al. 2019 Mautone et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. u.d. Motti et al. 2009 De Rosa et al. 2008 Mautone et al. 2019 s

''.

Component

''. , alcoholic beverage , alcoholic minestra maritata

. s

jam minestra di radichelle For the preparation of ice creams. Eaten raw or to prepare and Water macerate used as a refreshing drink. Raw, accompanied by other herbs, to make salads. salads. In Raw, accompanied by other herbs, to make salads. Used as ingredient for pizza and soups. vegetables. cooked or salads In of '' Component of ''

Fruits Fruits Bark Stems, young leaves Leaves (collected in June) Aerial part Young stems, leaves Leaves Aerial part

Regional

National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monti Picentini Park Cava de' Tirreni Montecorvino Rovella S. Gregorio Matese Montecorvino Rovella Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Cava de' Tirreni

Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Caserta Salerno Napoli Avellino Salerno

Fraula Fragola di bosco, Fragola di montagna, Fragola selvatica, Fragola selvaggia, Fragoline di bosco, Fragolina, Fragolina di bosco, Fragole Fraole selvagge, Uorn Campanielli misti Olatro Campanielli Carduognolo - Lattarole

L. s.l.

L. L. s.l.

(L.) Holub (L.)

officinalis

capreolata Fragaria vesca ROSACEAE Fraxinus ornus OLEACEAE Fumaria capreolata subsp. PAPAVERACEAE Fumaria PAPAVERACEAE Galactites tomentosus Moench ASTERACEAE Helminthotheca echioides ASTERACEAE

BORNH 75 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Savo et al. 2019 u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Savo et al. 2019 Di Novella et al. 2013 De Rosa et al. 2008 Savo et al. 2019

''.

vegetables, minestra terrana

In salads, soups, cooked vegetables, vegetables, cooked soups, salads, In vegetable pie. soups. In The tender shoots as ingredients for omelettes. vegetable. cooked as or omelettes In Component of '' vegetables. cooked or salads In cooked soups, salads, In vegetable pie.

Basal leaves Leaves Shoots Shoots Aerial part Young leaves Basal leaves

Cervati (Ceraso, -

Monti Picentini Regional Park Comunità Montana Gelbison Vallo della Lucania, Novi, Cannalonga, Gioi, Salento, Moio della Civitella, Perito, Orria), Castelnuovo Cilento Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park

Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno

Cicorione de ciuccio, Sprunia, Sprunia, Sporone, Sprunia grassa, Spurunia, Aspurunia di ciuccio, Spredda, Asprelle, Aspredda, Aspredda di vigna, Cicoria selvatica Aspredde - Asparago selvatico, Luparo, Lupulo, Lupili, Lupiri, Lupuli, Uvarella, Arucolo, Viticelle, Aruncolo Lattuchedda - Foja, Pere e voje, Cicoria, Ingrassapuorci, Cicurioni, Spaccapreti, Spaccapietre, Spaccaprete

cretensis (L.) Holub (L.)

Helminthotheca echioides ASTERACEAE Humulus lupulus CANNABACEAE Hypochaeris et Chaub. Bory (L.) ASTERACEAE Hypochaeris radicata ASTERACEAE

BORNH 76 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo et al. 2019 Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. Savo 2010 Savo et al. 2019 Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 Savo et al. 2019 Savo 2010 De Rosa et al. 2008

spice. Edible. As For drinks / dessert. To prepare soups or as cooked vegetable. soups. In soups. vegetables, cooked salads, In Cooked vegetables, in soups. Eaten boiled and fried. in soups. vegetables, cooked salads, In salads. In vegetables. cooked or salads In

Cones Cones Husk Basal leaves Aerial part Basal leaves Leaves Leaves Basal leaves Leaves Leaves

Cilento Lauretana

National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monti Picentini Regional Park Monte Vesole e Ascea Sanza Amalfi Coast Monti Picentini Regional Park National Park of and Vallo di Diano Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea Monti Picentini Regional Park Amalfi Coast Baianese and areas

Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Avellino

Lattuga

Citrieddi, Paddocule Ginepro Noce Occhi neura, Occhi neuri, Occaneura, Occhi neri, Uocchi neura Lattuchedda Lattuca, Lattuga selvatica - Scarola Lattuca, selvatica Cicoria campestre -

(L.) (L.)

L. s.l. L. subsp.

Galasso,

(L.) (L.) Juniperus communis JUNIPERACEAE Juglans regia JUGLANDACEAE Knautia integrifolia Bertol. s.l. DIPSACACEAE Lactuca saligna ASTERACEAE Lactuca sativa serriola Banfi, Bartolucci et Ardenghi ASTERACEAE Lamium album LAMIACEAE

BORNH 77 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Novella u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 Di et al. 2013 Motti et al. 2009 u.d. u.d. De Feo et al. 1992 De Feo and Senatore 1993 Salerno and Guarrera 2008

taste -

''.

for their honey their for

minestra terrana sucked shoots eaten boiled and and boiled eaten shoots

flowers flowers losed losed Fresh spring omelettes. oil,and with in soups seasoned vegetables. cooked or salads In C vegetables. cooked or salads In As ingredient of '' soups. In As spice.

t collected t collected

Aerial par to May from August. Leaves Flowers Young leaves Aerial part Aerial part, seeds Leaves

Apollosa, Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore Baianese and Lauretana areas Cirignano Baianese and Lauretana areas National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Montecorvino Rovella Sanza Penisola Sorrentina Amalfi Coast Castel San Lorenzo

Benevento Avellino Benevento Avellino Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno

Falsa ortica - Miele - Lattuchedda Cicerchia Alloro Lauro Lauro, Lauriello Lauru

L. L. L. s.l.

L. s.l.

L. s.l. L.

Lamium album LAMIACEAE Lamium maculatum LAMIACEAE Lamium purpureum LAMIACEAE Lapsana communis ASTERACEAE Lathyrus sylvestris FABACEAE Laurus nobilis LAURACEAE

BORNH 78 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. La Palometa and Grieco 2003 Mautone et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. u.d. called

alcoholic beverage

”. laurino As spice. To prepare an “ As spice. As spice / drinks. As spice.

Cervati (Perito, -

Polvica Aversa Pomigliano, Aversa, Acerra, Casalnuovo Piano di Sorrento Monte Vesole e Ascea Apollosa, Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Cava de' Tirreni Comunità Montana Gelbison Orria, Salento, Gioi, Moio della Civitella, Cannalonga, Vallo della Lucania) San Mauro Cilento Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania

Napoli Napoli Napoli Napoli Salerno Benevento Cilento Salerno Salerno Salerno Caserta

Laur’ Lauriell’ Lauriell’ Lauro Lauro

Laurus nobilis LAURACEAE

BORNH 79 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013 Scherrer et al. 2005 De Rosa et al. 2008 Savo et al. 2019 Savo 2010 La Palometa and Grieco 2003 De Rosa et al. 2008 La Palometa and Grieco 2003 Savo et al. 2019

salty salty taste.

for its for

salads, salads,

As spice. vegetables. cooked or salads In soups. and salads In soups. In In Boiled or in soups. soups. In Raw in salads. To make a liqueur. vegetables. cooked or salads In spirits. beverages, salads, In As spice.

Aerial part Leaves Leaves Leaves Young leaves Young leaves Flower buds Flowering heads, whole plant Young leaves before flowering Flowers Young leaves

Diano

Bisaccia, Sant’Andrea di Conza Baianese and Lauretana areas Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Ascea Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park Amalfi Coast National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Baianese and Lauretana areas National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monti Picentini Regional Park

Avellino Avellino Benevento Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno

cedrata,

Lauro - Lattucaina Cicuriona Critami - Malva Cambumilla, u' Camumillo - Erba Limunina Melissa

L. s.l.

crithmoides

s.l.

Laurus nobilis LAURACEAE Leontodon hispidus L. ASTERACEAE Leontodon tuberosus ASTERACEAE Limbarda s.l. Dumort. (L.) ASTERACEAE Malva sylvestris MALVACEAE Matricaria chamomilla L. ASTERACEAE Melissa officinalis LAMIACEAE BORNH 80 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Savo 2010 Menale and Muoio 2014 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. De Feo and Senatore 1993 De Feo et al. 1992 Mautone et al. 2019

. with garlic.

mixed

; fresh juice juice ; fresh raw

sed as flavouring agents. as sed flavouring aten To make a liqueur. As flavouring. To make a liqueur. E snails land to flavour and salads In (maruccas). Flavouring of the Cilento pizza, that is prepared using origan and anchovies too. As flavouring of many dishes that, due to appetizing too not are composition, their U Fresh leaves are used as flavouring agents. Main ingredient of a typical dish based on veal or pork spleen.

Leaves Leaves Aerial part Leaves Leaves and parts flowering collected in July October Whole plant, leaves Leaves Leaves

Castelnuovo

Cervati (Ceraso, - San Mauro Cilento Castel San Lorenzo Amalfi Coast Partenio Regional Park Montecorvino Rovella Cirignano Comunità Montana Gelbison Vallo della Lucania, Novi Velia, Cannalonga, Gioi, Moio della Civitella, Perito, Orria), Cilento e Salento Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore Amalfi Coast Peninsula Sorrentina Cava de' Tirreni

Salerno Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Benevento Salerno Benevento Salerno Napoli Salerno

Melissa Menta Mentuccia, Mentella Menta Menta Menta servaggia, Mentastra Amenta

L. s.l.

L. s.l. L. s.l.

officinalis sp. pl. Melissa LAMIACEAE Mentha LAMIACEAE Mentha aquatica LAMIACEAE Mentha pulegium LAMIACEAE Mentha spicata LAMIACEAE

BORNH 81 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

2013

De Feo and Senatore 1993 De Rosa et al. 2008 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Di Novella et al. Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d.

used after oil vegetables,

- . s

vegetables, also used as fried and dressed with with dressed and fried

, pickled and in and , pickled

s onion substitute te . They are pleasant in salad, as a side side a as salad, in pleasant are . They aten with salad or n omelettes. n salads. Fresh leaves used as flavouring agents. cooked or salads In an onion substitute. I omelettes. In Omelet vegetables.cooked Used as The bulbs, even if slightly bitterish boiling dish and in omelettes, but especially in pickled preserves. E sauce. sour and sweet I Used as onions. -

Leaves Bulbs Bulbs Bulbs Bulbs Bulbs Fresh bulbs collected in March April Bulbs Bulbs

Amalfi Coast Baianese and Lauretana areas Castel San Lorenzo National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Castelvetere in Val Fortore Apollosa, Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore Montecorvino Rovella Roccabascerana Roccamonfina, Ponte, Cescheto, Valogno

Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Benevento Benevento Salerno Avelino Caserta

Amenta sarvatica, Nepetone - Cipullu Cipoddone Cipudde, Aliuolo, Agliuoli, Aiuoli, Agliuoli rossi, Aiuoli Agliustrelli, rossi, Cipoduzze selvatiche, Mammalone, Lampascioni, Lampacione, Cipolline selvatiche, Cipuddi, Agliustreddi Cipollino Ciupullino Erba di Santa Maria, Fili fini Lampascione

s.l.

Mill.

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. LAMIACEAE Muscari comosum (L.) ASPARAGACEAE

BORNH 82 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. Scherrer et al. 2005 Scherrer et al. 2005 La Palometa and Grieco 2003 u.d. Mautone et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013

a flavouring

sausage.

or e iqu burnt to make smoke that

acerated in white wine for 10 days to special perfume to the bread. perfume special aten raw or used to prepare jams. ut in the baskets where milk products were Without outer tunic eaten boiled. Burned in the oven before fuel wood to give a Branches put around fresh cheese to give aroma. Fruits also used to perfume meat and soups. To make a l The leaves of laurel, myrtle, mastic and rosemary addressed on sausages both as and as an adjuvant in storage. To make a liqueur P them. stored, for flavouring M obtain, after filtration, the wine myrtle; fruits as flavouring of the pork E salads. In s,

, s

Bulbs Leaves, branche frutis Leaf, fruit branche Fruits Leaves Fruits leaves Fruits, leaves Fruits Plant

Cervati (Ceraso, -

Monteverde Monte Vesole e Ascea Monte Vesole e Ascea National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Piano di Sorrento Cava de' Tirreni Comunità Montana Gelbison Vallo della Lucania, Novi, Cannalonga), Castelnuovo Cilento San Mauro Cilento Acerra National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano

Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno

Lampascione Mortella, Murtedda Mortedda, Murtedda Mortella Murtella Mirto Sanacciuolo

L. s.l.

Mill.

Br.

Muscari comosum (L.) ASPARAGACEAE Myrtus communis MYRTACEAE Nasturtium officinale R. BRASSICACEAE

BORNH 83 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 Di Novella et al. 2013 u.d. Savo et al. 2019 Motti et al. 2009 Di Novella et al. 2013 Di Novella et al. 2013 Scherrer et al. 2005 Scherrer et al. 2005

minestra

''.

sects during the drying made to obtain the to obtain made the drying sects during In salads, or as component of ''of component as or salads, In maritata salads. In Flavouring for food, especially goat's cheese. The decoction of the aerial parts cooled and bunches of grapes were put in it. Thus, the grape took a flavour that kept away the in raisin. Cooked vegetable, as snack. Roasted seeds as a coffee substitute. soups. In Edible. Fruits eaten fresh. To make a liqueur

ruits ruits Leaves Young leaves, aerial shoots, part Aerial part dryed Aerial part Roots, young leaves Seeds Leaves Fruits, whole plant F F

Diano Cervati (Ceraso, -

Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Comunità Montana Gelbison Vallo della Lucania, Novi, Cannalonga, Gioi, Salento, Moio della Civitella, Perito, Orria), Castelnuovo Cilento Monti Picentini Regional Park Phlegrean Fields Regional Park National Park of Cilento and Vallo di National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monte Vesole and Ascea Ascea

Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno

Auriuli, Crescione Mentastro Mentastro Raparunzoli Lupinella Cardone Ficurenia Ficu d'india

alba

(Waldst. (Waldst.

indica -

officinale

Desv. subsp.

Mill.

Br. s.l.

Nasturtium R. BRASSICACEAE Nepeta cataria LAMIACEAE Oenanthe fistulosa APIACEAE Onobrychis alba et Kit.) FABACEAE Onopordum illyricum L. ASTERACEAE Opuntia ficus (L.) CACTACEAE

BORNH 84 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

2017

Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Menale et al. 2016 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 u.d. Motti and Motti ”, a

pizza arreghenata

raw or boiled in salads. boiled or raw

s flavouring of the Cilento pizza, that is of the Cilento s flavouring of the “ s flavouring Fruit for human consumption. Peeled without the for stored and sun the in dried thorns, winter to be fried together with potatoes as a for substitute peppers. dried Eaten raw. Eaten A prepared using mint and anchovies too. Dried flower buds used as a spice. Dried flower buds used as a spice. Dried flower buds used as a spice. As flavouring. As flavouring for food, especially goat's cheese. A tomatoes salt and with seasoned flat bread too. As flavouring for food.

erial part

Fruits, peel Fruits Young cladodes Shoots Flowers Flowers Flowers Leaves Dried a Shoots Leaves

Lorenzo

Castel San Lorenzo Vesuvio National Park Aversa, Acerra San Mauro Cilento Acerno Montecorvino Rovella Cirignano Castel san National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monteverde Agro Nocerino Sarnese

Salerno Napoli Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Benevento Salerno Napoli Avellino Napoli

Fecurìnia Ficurinie Figurine Areana Arètica Arecheta Aregana Harigana rossa Regano -

L. s.l. L.

indica -

Donos) Nyman - viridulum Mill.

Opuntia ficus (L.) CACTACEAE Origanum vulgare LAMIACEAE Origanum vulgare subsp. (Martrin LAMIACEAE

BORNH 85 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Novella Savo et al. 2019 Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo 2010 Di et al. 2013 u.d. Motti et al. 2009 De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 Vallariello 2003 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 ),

". ) and eggplants eggplants ) and

onion substitute.

Solanum lycopersicum ). mnesta salvagioia

Solanum tuberosum

As a component of ''minestra di Solanum melogena As flavouring for food, especially goat's cheese. As flavouring for meat and vegetables especially tomatoes ( potatoes ( ( soups. In Used in salads as an onion and leek substitute. as salads for Ingredient vegetables, cooked salads, omelettes, In soups. campagna'. Eaten boiled and fried. They can be added as an ingredient to soup. Component of " Used as a cooked vegetable.

Young leaves, aerial part Dried aerial part Leaves Bulbs Bulbs Bulbs Young plants Young plants Leaves Leaves

Monti Picentini Regional Park National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Amalfi Coast National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monteruscello Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea Ischia Castel San Lorenzo

Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Napoli Avellino Salerno Napoli Salerno

Oregano, la Regana, Oregono, Oreano, Areono, Pilievo, Areano, Origano, Aregana, Aregano, Arecana Harigana janca Arechete Aglirieddo zico Giglio di mare, Porro Giglio di mare - Papagne Papagnu

L. L. s.l.

L. Donos) Nyman - viridulum

Origanum vulgare subsp. (Martrin LAMIACEAE Ornithogalum umbellatum ASPARAGACEAE Pancratium maritimum L. AMARYLLIDACEAE Papaver rhoeas PAPAVERACEAE

BORNH 86 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Savo et al. 2019 Motti et al. 2009 u.d. u.d. u.d. Menale and Muoio 2014 Motti et al. 2009 De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 Savo et al. 2019 Scherrer et al. 2005

''.

minestra di radichelle minestra

omponent of '' ngredient of " c In omelettes, salads, cooked vegetables, vegetables, cooked salads, omelettes, In soups. Used in bean soup before they germinate. salads. and soups In salads. In minestrone. in vegetable or salads In salads. In Used in bean soup before they germinate. soups. In soups. and omelettes In Used as a cooked vegetable. As soups. vegetables, cooked salads, In As i

Young basal leaves Seeds Flowery tops Tops Young leaves Whole plant Seeds Aerial parts Young levaves Leaf stem Young stems leaves, basal leaves Basal leaves Leaves

Monti Picentini Regional Park Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Ercolano, Torre del Greco Pompei, Boscoreale, Terzigno Acerra, Casalnuovo Partenio Regional Park Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Acerra, Casalnuovo Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park Monte Vesole e Ascea

Salerno Napoli Napoli Napoli Napoli Avellino Napoli Avellino Napoli Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno

Papagna, Papagno Papagna Papagno Papagn Papagna - Erva de muro Lappazzi - Cicorione de ciuccio, Asprella, Cicoria Asperella, Spredda

L. s.l. L. DC.

L. (L.) G. G. (L.)

L. s.l. L. subsp.

s.l.

hieracioides

hieracioides Papaver rhoeas PAPAVERACEAE Papaver rhoeas rhoeas PAPAVERACEAE Papaver setigerum PAPAVERACEAE Parietaria judaica URTICACEAE Petasites hybridus Gaertn., B. Mey., Scherb. ASTERACEAE Picris ASTERACEAE Picris hieracioides subsp. ASTERACEAE

BORNH 87 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Savo 2010 Di Novella et al. 2013 Motti et al. 2009 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. La Palometa and Grieco 2003 De Rosa et al. 2008 Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019

''.

used to flavour

minestra maritata ''

flavouring. laurel, myrtle, mastic and and mastic myrtle, laurel,

sausage.

oups. In salads. In As cookie As dessert. blood In sausage. blood and cakes In sausage. blood In Leaves of that smoke to make burnt rosemary addressed on sausages both worked as a in storage. adjuvant an as and flavouring Fruits preserved in salt and meat. Oil obtained from the seeds by pressure. in soups. herbs, other with mixed salads In Component of S

Basal leaves Seeds Seeds Leaves Fruits, seeds Leaves Leaves Young leaves

Cervati (Perito, -

Amalfi Coast National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Comunità Montana Gelbison Orria, Gioi, Salento, Castelnuovo) San Mauro Cilento Cellole, Piedimonte di Sessa Aurunca, Carano Piano di Sorrento National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Baianese and Lauretana areas Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park

Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Caserta Napoli Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno

Cicoria selvatica Cimmusella Pigna Pignoli Pinuoli Lentisco Lestringo - Cincheniervi Cinquenervi

hieracioides hieracioides Picris subsp. ASTERACEAE Pimpinella anisoides Briganti APIACEAE Pinus pinea PINACEAE Pistacia lentiscus ANACARDIACEAE Plantago lanceolata PLANTAGINACEAE

BORNH 88 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Motti and Motti 2017 Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d.

''.

Often sun

minestra maritata ''

omponent of salads mixed with other herbs, in other soups. with mixed salads In salads or in vegetable minestrone. in vegetable or salads In soups. In In soups. In As c soups. In minestrone. in vegetable or salads In food. as used parts aerial past, the In in herbs, other with mixed salads In omelettes, preserved in vinegar. dried for winter use. Eaten as salad. Aerial part or tender leaves used as a tasty to complement raw or salads.cooked

Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves Young leaves Leaves Aerial parts Leaves Leaves Bark

Acerra Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania Baianese and Lauretana areas Agro Nocerino Sarnese Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park Acerra Ercolano, Portici, Torre del Greco Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea Apollosa, Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore

Napoli Caserta Avellino Napoli Salerno Salerno Napoli Napoli Avellino Salerno Benevento

vasciulella

Cinquenervi Lengua re cane - Cinchenierve, Centonierve Cinchenierve Centounerbe, Piantaggine, Cinquenervi Piantaggine Cientnureche - Pucchiacchella, Erba vasciulella Erba

Plantago lanceolata PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago major PLANTAGINACEAE Polygonum aviculare POLYGONACEAE Portulaca oleracea PORTULACACEAE

BORNH 89 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. u.d. u.d. Motti and Motti 2017 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019

Today used as a salad

shoots added to mixed salads. to mixed added shoots Eaten in mixed salads. cooked. or raw salads In Fresh and tender leaves in salads with lettuce and tomatoes. growing in the raw consumed past, the In (sometimes in dried winter and season preserved in olive oil). ingredient. Soft salads. In salads. In soups. vegetables, cooked salads, In

ves a Whole plant Leaves Leaves Whole plant Shoots Leaves Le Aerial part, young leaves

Montecorvino Rovella Roccabascerana Sanza Agro Nocerino Sarnese Castel San Lorenzo National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park

Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno

Purcacchielli,

Purchiacchiella Pucchiacchielli Purchiacchieddo - Purchjacca Purchiacchieddo Pucchiacchella, Erba vasciulella Picchiacca, Picchiacchiella, Pucchiacchiella, Picchiacche, Pricchiacca, Pricchiacchiedda, Pricchiacca, Centofoglie, Pricchiacchieddi, Erba vasciulella, Pirchiacchiedda, Purcacchiedda, Erba chiatta, Purcacchielle, Erva chiatta, Prucchiacca, Pucchiacchielli, Centofrunelle

Portulaca oleracea PORTULACACEAE

BORNH 90 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. Savo 2010 De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. u.d. left to to left Flowers and and

November -

arvested in October ucked. In salads. In Aerial parts in salads or dried parts eaten pepper. oil, salt and with fried herbs. other with mixed salads In salads. mixed In Raw in salads. herbs. other with mixed salads In used in infusion. H they colour brown a reached they when ripe, were put in water and vinegar and preserved winter. in salads prepare to S

Leaves Leaves and young stems Aerial parts Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves, flowers Fruits Flowers

Cervati (Perito, -

Ceraso, Novi,

Comunità Montana Gelbison Orria, Cannalonga, Moio della Civitella), Castelnuovo Cilento Casalnuovo, Acerra, Aversa, Pomigliano Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania Ercolano, San Giovanni a Teduccio, Torre del Greco, San Giorgio a Cremano Pompei, Boscoreale, Boscotrecase, Trecase, Terzigno Baianese and Lauretana areas Montecorvino Rovella Amalfi Coast Baianese and Lauretana areas Sanza Cirignano

Salerno Napoli Caserta Napoli Napoli Avellino Avellino Salerno Avellino Salerno Benevento

Precchiacca Erva porchiacchella Purcacciuoli Ever’ pucchiacchella, Ever’ vasciulella Ever’ purchiacchiella, Ever’ casciulella, Ever’ vasciulell’ - Pimpinella Pane 'e noce - Piraino pane é 'Siur

balearicum s.l.

s.l.

Portulaca oleracea PORTULACACEAE Poterium sanguisorba L. ROSACEAE Poterium sanguisorba subsp. Stace Nyman) ex (Bourg. ROSACEAE Primula vulgaris Huds. PRIMULACEAE

BORNH 91 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Savo et al. 2019 u.d. Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. Savo et al. 2019 Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo 2010 u.d.

with extremely sour , " trigne "

sought after the boys. by sought

or used to prepare a liqueur with

are ms aten raw or used to prepare a liqueur. ucked. mall drupes n ja S S taste, Eaten raw, to make jams. I distillate. alcoholic and sugar E soups. In Harvested in October and preserved in vinegar; eaten in winter salads. As dried fruit. coffee as fruits used minced past, the In substitute.

Flowers Fruits Young shoots Unripe fruit Fruits Fruits

Regional

Mauro Cilento Monti Picentini Park Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore Monti Picentini Regional Park San Monteverde Monti Picentini Regional Park National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Amalfi Coast Acerra, Aversa

Salerno Benevento Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli

Viole di pane, Fiori di pane, Erba di S. Antonio, e’ Primule, Fiore di S. Giuseppe, Lacrime della Madonna, Fiore di S. Antonio, Primula di S. Giuseppe, Primula gialla, Viola bianca Trigna (fruit) Trigne, la Spina, Prugna selvaggia, Trigna, Ciccispini, Spino, Uvo spinoso, Ceraselle selvatiche, Cessauoi, Biancospino, Prunelle selvatiche Pruno Trigna, Spina trigna Felece Piràino - Cierro

(L.) (L.)

Ehrh.

L. L. s.l. (L.) (L.)

pyraster s.l.

Primula vulgaris Huds. PRIMULACEAE Prunus spinosa ROSACEAE Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn s.l. DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pyrus communis subsp. ROSACEAE Quercus ilex FAGACEAE

BORNH 92 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

2017

Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. u.d. u.d. Salerno and Guarrera 2008 u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 Motti et al. 2009 Savo et al. 2019 Motti and Motti u.d.

Component

The basal part of

Flour of the acorns used to make bread. coffee as fruits used minced past, the In substitute. Roasted fruits used as coffee substitute. In food. as used fruits roasted past, the During World War II, roasted fruits used as a coffee substitute. Dried acorns ground to make bread. Roasted fruits as coffee substitute. vegetables. cooked or salads In of ''minestra di radichelle''. and peeled is cut, one, thicker the stem, the eaten raw with plates of sausages. soups. In Grazed young shoots as an ingredient for salads. pie, vegetable vegetables, cooked salads, In soups. Fresh grated root on spaghetti. soups. vegetable In

leaves, stems leaves,

Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruits and wood Fruits Fruits Young Aerial part Shoots Roots, young leaves, stems Roots Leaves

Lorenzo

Vallo di Diano Monte Vesole e Ascea Acerra, Aversa San Mauro Cilento Sanza Castel San San Mauro Cilento Baianese and Lauretana areas National Park of Cilento and Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Monti Picentini Regional Park Agro Nocerino Sarnese Apollosa, Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore

Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Benevento

Roverella Cercula Cerza - Rafano Ràrice Rapesta, Rapa selvatica, Rapesta bianca, Foja, Rapa Foglia selvaggia, vecchia Rafano Lossena

All.

Quercus pubescens Willd. s.l. FAGACEAE Raphanus raphanistrum L. s.l. BRASSICACEAE Rapistrum rugosum (L.) BRASSICACEAE

BORNH 93 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Novella Vallariello 2003 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 Vallariello 2003 Di et al. 2013 Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 Savo 2010 u.d. u.d. Savo et al. 2019

". ". ''. ''. ''.

soups. vegetables. mnesta salvagioia mnesta salvagioia minestra terrana minestra maritata minestra maritata

'' '' , in , in

called "

In the soup soup the In soups. In cooked or salads In " called soup the In '' called soup the In called soup the In pie, vegetable vegetables, cooked salads, In soups. called soup the In substitute. coffee as or salads In soups. or salads In Cooked vegetable

leaves Leaves Young leaves Young basal leaves Leaves Aerial part Leaves Basal Leaves Young plants, leaves Aerial parts Basal leaves

Ischia Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Ischia National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park Amalfi Coast Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania Ercolano, Torre del Greco, San Giovanni a Teduccio Monti Picentini Regional Park

Napoli Salerno Avellino Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Caserta Napoli Salerno

Rapesta - Paparastiello Lattuchedda Lattecielle Musso e’ lepre, Caccialiepri, Scaccialiepri, Scaccialiepre, Scaccialepre Lattarola Caccialepre Scazzaliepr’ Ruca, le Ruche, Cannavella

L. s.l.

All. Roth

Rapistrum rugosum (L.) BRASSICACEAE Reichardia picroides (L.) ASTERACEAE Reseda alba RESEDACEAE

BORNH 94 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013 Mautone et al. 2019

macerated in red wine. or

to prepare a cream cream a prepare to

m or

omelettes, salads and as a cooked sed to prepare pancakes to sed prepare a ja to sed obtain a jam. to sed obtain as flavouring. and salads to sed decorate n omelettes. I In vegetable. Fried in batter. U wine to obtain the robinia Spice, fresh fruit, jam. Exsiccated accessory fruit eaten raw. U and removal seeds boiling, pulp (after blending with sugar, two beaten yolks and marsala wine). U U To make jams. omelettes. In

ruits

etals Flowers Flowers Flowers Flowers Accessory f P Fruits Tender tops

Cervati (Novi -

Cirignano Monti Picentini Regional Park Aversa, Pomigliano San Mauro Cilento Monti Picentini Regional Park Comunità Montana Gelbison Velia, Moio della Civitella, Cannalonga) San Mauro Cilento Acerra Monteverde National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Cava de' Tirreni

Benevento Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Avellino Salerno Salerno

Acacia Caggi, Acacia, Gaggia Gazza Spinacacia Rosa canina, Spina cagazzara, Ruvaina, Rosa cagazzara, Spennapulici Rosa canina Frammisalo Rusto

caesius Robinia pseudoacacia FABACEAE Rosa canina ROSACEAE Rubus ROSACEAE

BORNH 95 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Savo et al. 2019 Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. u.d. u.d. sp.

Bromus

cooked in cooked alcohol, as

to prepare jam. prepare to

eaten like asparagus. marmalades.

e resh or used to make jams. to make used or resh

prepar To prepare jams fruit. fresh To To prepare marmalades, as fresh fruit. Eatgen raw or Fruits eaten fresh, to prepare jams. The young shoots eaten like asparagus. As drinks / dessert. Fruits eaten fresh, to prepare jams. The young shoots Fruits eaten fresh. the fruits,are picked with which made Jams and slipped one by one into a dry plant. Eaten f

Fruits Fruits Fruits Fruits, young shoots Fruits Fruits, young shoots Fruits Fruits Fruits

National Park of Cilento Monti Picentini Regional Park National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Monti Picentini Regional Park Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas and Vallo di Diano Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Montecorvino Rovella Sanza Roccabascerana

Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Avellino

russi, russi,

montagna,

Musina, Framoge nere, Murulo di rovo, Muruli, li Rui, Muroli, Muroli niuri Rivitale, R'amore Mura di montagna Mura di Musina di montagna - Frammisalo Carmuciani, Framosge rosse, Carmuciano, Lampone, Framoge Muruli rosse, Muruli rossi, Morula, Muroli rossi - Ruveta (plant), Morena (fruit) Rivitale, Ràmore (fruit) More

DC. Schott

Waldst. et

(group) Rubus caesius ROSACEAE Rubus canescens ROSACEAE Rubus hirtus Kit. ROSACEAE Rubus idaeus ROSACEAE Rubus ulmifolius ROSACEAE

BORNH 96 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. u.d. Savo et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 Di Novella et al. 2013

sp.

fresh fruit, in fresh Dactylis

jams, slushes and syrups. and slushes jams,

or feeding: they were typically ed ed sed to prepare jams and slushes. and jams to sed prepare to sed prepare Us assembled, to be transported, by stabbing of barrel a into them Cooked fruits in alcohol, alcoholic as jams, snack, salads, to make beverage, in soups. U U salads. In As snack. As snack, cooked vegetable, in soups. soups. and salads In

stems

Fruits Fruits Fruits Fruits Young leaves Young leaves, Young leaves, stems Leaves

Castel San Lorenzo Monti Picentini Regional Park Acerra, Aversa, Pomigliano, Casalnuovo Roccarainola, Polvica San Mauro Cilento Monti Picentini Regional Park Monti Picentini Regional Park National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano

Salerno Salerno Napoli Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno

Ruvera Lamòre, Framosge nere, la Mura, le More, Amùra, Lamùra, la Mùre, re More, Ruveto, Ruvetto, Ruiti, Lamore, Borraine, Borraina, le Musine, Borràina, Borràine, Framoge nere, Murulo di spina, Muruli, Muroli niuri, Muroli neri, Muruli neri, Murulu, More di Muroli selvagge, spina More Acetosa Cefescola, Lingua di cane, Facetola Lingua di cane, Lapazi Lapazzo

Schott

All. L. s.l. All.

Rubus ulmifolius ROSACEAE Rumex acetosa POLYGONACEAE Rumex arifolius POLYGONACEAE Rumex crispus POLYGONACEAE Rumex scutatus POLYGONACEAE

BORNH 97 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Motti and Motti 2017 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d.

olive oil

like asparagus. like

iqueur.

with eggs.

shoots eaten cooked like asparagus. cooked eaten shoots

aten like asparagus. aten like asparagus. n omelettes. E Young shoots eaten like asparagus or cooked i put then and vinegar and water in conservation. for E I Young shoots eaten in omelettes. or salads In Vegetables cooked or marinated in oil, in omelettes. Young shoots used Young shoots eaten boiled as asparagus. Cooked shoots in soups. Young Young shoots used as asparagus or eaten boiled. To prepare a l Today used to flavor grape brandy.

s s Young shoots Shoot Young shoots Shoot Shoot Aerial part Shoots Leaves Leaves

Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea Sanza Agro Nocerino Sarnese Castel San Lorenzo Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park San Mauro Cilento San Lupo, San Lorenzo Maggiore, Ponte, Casalduni, Pontelandolfo Pietrastornina Aversa Carinola, Casale di Carinola Monte Vesole e Ascea Pietraroja

Avellino Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Benevento Napoli Napoli Caserta Salerno Benevento

- Pungitopo Frusci Pungitopo Frusci Scacciasurece Pungitopo, Ciecasurici, Arusci, Avruscio Pungizoccule Pungitopo Frusci Pungitopo Piscialietto Ruta, Aruta, Ruta capuzza Ruta

Ruscus aculeatus ASPARAGACEAE Ruta graveolens RUTACEAE

BORNH 98 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. Savo 2010 u.d. u.d. Scherrer et al. 2005 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Di Novella R. et al u.d. u.d. u.d. Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Motti et al. 2009 Menale et al. 2016 Scherrer et al. 2005

dishes.

dishes

especially for goat's chees.

, meat

eat flavouring. avouring lavouring. lavouring. sed as flavouring of grappa. as sed flavouring In small quantities, used to give an unusual unusual an to give used quantities, small In aroma to fresh cheese, eggs and fish To aromatize the grappa and then used like digestive. Crushed aerial parts eaten fried. U To flavour As f As fl Leaves of laurel, myrtle, mastic and that smoke to make burnt rosemary, addressed on sausages both worked as a in storage. adjuvant an as and flavouring To flavour mainly meats. As a flavouring in numerous dishes. As f As m Eaten raw. Flowers dipped in egg and fried.

erial part

Leaves Branches Aerial parts Shoots Leaves Leaves Dried a Leaves Flowers

Boscoreale,

Pietraroja Amalfi Coast San Mauro Cilento Pompei, Terzigno Monte Vesole e Ascea Castel San Lorenzo National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Piano di Sorrento Sanza Cirignano Castel San Lorenzo Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Vesuvio National Park Monte Vesole e Ascea

Benevento Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Benevento Salerno Napoli Napoli Salerno

Ruta Ruta Salva Sàlevia Addori ri costa, Sarvia Rosamarina Rosamarina Rosmarina Rosmarino Rosmarina Saùco

L. L. s.l.

Ruta graveolens RUTACEAE Ruta chalepensis RUTACEAE Salvia officinalis LAMIACEAE Salvia rosmarinus Schleid. LAMIACEAE Sambucus nigra ADOXACEAE

BORNH 99 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019 Menale et al. 2016 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d.

flowers to flowers

prepare a liqueur. armalades.

sed to prepare a jam; to sed prepare syrups. and jams to sed prepare ruits ruits u n beverages. I The leaves eaten with eggs; the fruits used in jams. of preparation the To make alcoholic and analcoholic drinks; as consumed everyday food. To prepare m Fruits u prepare pancakes. F Fruits used to Fruits used to prepare jams.

Fruits

Flowers Fruits, leaves Fruits, leaves Flowers,

Apollosa, Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore Cave de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park Boscoreale, Boscotrecase, Ercolano, Massa di Somma, Ottaviano, Pollena Trocchia, San Giuseppe Vesuviano, San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Sant’Anastasia, Somma Vesuviana, Terzigno, Torre del Greco and Trecase San Mauro Cilento Acerra, Aversa Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania Bisaccia

Benevento Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Napoli Caserta Avellino

Sambuco Saùco Savùco Savuco, Sauco, Sambuco, Pastaccera, Savuci, Savucio Sammuco Savuco Saucio Sammucio

Sambucus nigra ADOXACEAE

BORNH 100 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Mautone et al. 2019 Scherrer et al. 2005 Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo 2010 De Rosa et al. 2008 De Rosa et al. 2008 Vallariello 2003 De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. Mautone et

''. mnesta

''.

soups. used in salads or

minestra maritata

especially for goat's cheese. , with meat and artichokes. and meat , with minestra maritata

deprived ribs ". -

Flowers eaten in salads. lavouring lavouring cooked for especially lavouring s flavouring In salads or in the '' in the or salads In A As f As f vegetables. herbs. other with mixed soups or salads In The spine vegetables.cooked As a component of the soup called " salvagioia and omelettes salads, In salads. In Leaves gathered in springs and used in soups. salads. In The tender shoots, harvested long before and leaves young the edible, are flowering, cooked or raw eaten are still closed heads the recall. they taste whose artichokes like Used in the ''

erial part

, leaves, , leaves,

Leaves Leaves Dried a Branches Young leaves and shoots Roots, ribs Leaves Young shoots Tops Leaves, flowers Young shoots Shoots heads Flowering heads

Cava de' Tirreni Monte Vesole e Ascea National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Amalfi Coast Baianese and Lauretana areas Baianese and Lauretana areas Ischia Mugnano del Cardinale Pompei, Boscotrecase, Terzigno Montecorvino Rovella Baianese and Lauretana areas Apollosa, Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore Cava de' Tirreni

Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Avellino Avellino Napoli Avellino Napoli Salerno Avellino Benevento Salerno

Pane 'e noce Timo Harihanedda Scirvuglio - - Cardillo - Silene Garufulielli - Cardone

L. s.l.

veneris

(Moench) (Moench) Poir. -

montana montana Gaertn.

Sanguisorba officinalis L. ROSACEAE Satureja subsp. LAMIACEAE Scandix pecten APIACEAE Scolymus hispanicus ASTERACEAE Senecio vulgaris ASTERACEAE Silene latifolia CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene vulgaris Garcke s.l. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silybum marianum (L.) ASTERACEAE

BORNH 101 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

al. 2019 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013 Di Novella et al. 2013 u.d. u.d.

and and

fried in the in the fried

Cichorium intybus used as wild broccoli in all

, to prepare a dish obtained obtained dish a prepare , to

”.

pancotto In soups. In Raw or cooked in salads. thorns without leaves young past, the In used, together with Urtica dioica heating them and frying with potatoes. Receptacles without outer parts in soups or eaten boiled. Fruits eaten raw; leaves and tender shoots as cooked vegetables. soups. In Flowering tops to even fried, or in salad boiled recipes: pasta. season salads. In soups. In or soups and omelettes salads, In “ Young leaves eaten as a cooked vegetale.

ender

Stems, shoots, young leaves Tops, young shoots and leaves without thorns Young leaves Receptacle Leaves, t fruitsshoots, Leaves Flowering tops Top plants Leaves Leaves Young leaves

Paoli, Ponte,

Cervati (Ceraso, -

della Civitella, Perito,

S. Gregorio Matese Corigliano, Li S. Andrea del Garigliano, Valogno, Fontanaradina Comunità Montana Gelbison Vallo della Lucania, Novi, Cannalonga, Gioi, Salento, Moio Orria), Castelnuovo Cilento Monteverde Castel San Lorenzo National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Sanza National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Acerra Montecorvino Rovella

Caserta Caserta Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno

Cardo Cardone Làssana Vuoccolo sirvaggio Ravizzone Ravizzone, Rapèsta Vuoccolo sirvaggio Rapistogno Vedovina

(L.) (L.)

L. s.l.

sp.

Gaertn.

Silybum marianum (L.) ASTERACEAE Sinapis BRASSICACEAE Sinapis alba BRASSICACEAE Sinapis arvensis BRASSICACEAE Sinapis pubescens BRASSICACEAE Sisymbrium officinale Scop. (L.) BRASSICACEAE Sixalix atropurpurea Greuter et Burdet DIPSACACEAE

BORNH 102 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. De Rosa et al. 2007 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2007 De Rosa et al. 2008 Di Novella et al. 2013 Savo 2010 De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. Vallariello 2003

''. ''. mnesta

". Other species ". of species Other eaten in salads. cooked in cooked soups.

are

minestra minestra terrana minestra terrana

". sp. pl.for "minestra". also used

ngredient of '' ngredient of '' ngredient of " ngredient of the soup called " i i salads mixed with other herbs. other with mixed salads In Macchia village village Macchia In As coffee substitute. Eaten in salads, soups, vegetable pie, as a vegetable. cooked herbs. other with mixed salads In In As As herbs. other with mixed salads In As i Sonchus The young shoots, even if slightly thorny, eaten raw in salads, or As i salvagioia

oung shoots Leaves before blooming Roots Basal leaves, shoots, stems Leaves Leaves Aerial part Leaves Leaves Leaves Y Leaves

Macchia village Rovella) (Montecorvino Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Baianese and Lauretana areas National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Amalfi Coast Baianese and Lauretana areas Monte Vesole e Ascea Apollosa, Cautano, Castelvetere in Val Fortore, Foiano Valfortore Ischia

Salerno Avellino Salerno Avellino Avellino Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Benevento Napoli

Vedovina - Sovòne, Sivone, Sevono, Svone, Seone, Cardilli, Carduncelli, Sevòne, Cardo beneritto, Cardo biniritto, Carduncelle, Sione, Siuni - - Sivone Cardone - Cicoria Cardillo Trunzo

(L.) (L.)

L. L. s.l.

(L.) (L.)

sp. pl.

s.l.

Sixalix atropurpurea Greuter et Burdet DIPSACACEAE Sonchus ASTERACEAE Sonchus arvensis ASTERACEAE Sonchus asper Hill ASTERACEAE Sonchus oleraceus ASTERACEAE

BORNH 103 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Novella u.d. Motti and Motti 2017 Di et al. 2013 Motti et al. 2009 Savo 2010 u.d. u.d. De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d. u.d. Motti and Motti 2017 Savo 2010 Salerno and Guarrera 2008

pizzas and

''. flowering; boiled with with boiled flowering;

salads.

minestra terrana

raw or cooked in salads. cooked or raw As a substitute for spinach in soups. As a substitute for spinach in pizzas and soups. '' the In As a substitute for spinach in pizzas and soups. salads. In or soups In Eaten herbs. other with mixed salads In Eaten in salads before flowering. Eaten in salad before beans. As a substitute for spinach in pizzas and soups. salads. In As dessert.

s t ui Aerial part Leaves Aerial part Leaves Leaves Leaves Herbacesous parts, leaves Herbacesous parts, leaves Leaves Leaves Fr

Lauretana

Cirignano Agro Nocerino Sarnese National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Amalfi Coast Aversa, Acerra Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania, S. Andrea del Garigliano, Ponte, Corigliano, Valogno Baianese and areas Cirignano Roccabascerana Agro Nocerino Sarnese Amalfi Coast Castel San Lorenzo

Benevento Napoli Salerno Napoli Salerno Napoli Caserta Avellino Benevento Avellino Napoli Salerno Salerno

Vrasparelle, Stracciaccannarone Cardillo, Savuni Sivone Cardillo Cardilli Cardillo Cardillo - Cardilli Cardillo, Savuni Cardilli Suòrvu

L. L.

Sonchus oleraceus ASTERACEAE Sonchus tenerrimus ASTERACEAE Sorbus domestica ROSACEAE

BORNH 104 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Savo et al. 2019 Menale et al. 2016 De Rosa et al. 2008 De Rosa et al. 2008 Savo et al. 2019 u.d. Scherrer et al. 2005 Salerno and Guarrera 2008 Motti and Motti 2017 Mautone et al. 2019 Savo et al. 2019

minestra minestra

soups, vegetable pie, as a vegetable soups,

vegetable.

''. ooked as a aten like asparagus, pickled in vinegar. As dessert. E herbs. other with mixed salads In salads. In Raw or boiled. Additional ingredient of " C soups. In '' in the cooked or salads In maritata Eaten in salads, vegetable. cooked

s t ui Fr Young shoots Leaves Aerial part Aerial part Leaves Tender tops Leaves Leaves Basal leaves

Monti Picentini Regional Park Vesuvio National Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Baianese and Lauretana areas Monti Picentini Regional Park Acerra Monte Vesole e Ascea Castel San Lorenzo Agro Nocerino Sarnese Cava de' Tirreni Monti Picentini Regional Park

Salerno Napoli Avellino Avellino Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno

Suorvo, Sòrole, Suorivo, Suorevo selvatico, Sorbo, Sòreva, Sòrve, Suòrelo Sovera - Mbruvuglina Centocchio Centocchio Sulla Sorda Custanzella, Cicoria Cicoria selvatica Cicorione, Cicurione, Tarassaco, Soffione, Ragno purcello, Cicoria, Spaccapreti, Piscialietti, Radicchio, Cicurioni, Cicorioni, Scarola selvatica

(L.) (L.)

sp.

s.l.

Medik.

Sorbus domestica ROSACEAE Smilax aspera SMILACACEAE Stellaria media Vill. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Sulla coronaria (L.) FABACEAE Taraxacum ASTERACEAE

BORNH 105 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Di Novella et al. 2013 De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. Di Novella et al. 2013 Motti et al. 2009 Savo 2010 u.d. u.d.

''. ''.

Borago officinalis,

, Urtica dioica sp. pl.,

minestra terrana minestra terrana soups. repared and consumed like chicory, but but chicory, like consumed and repared In the '' the In As a component of the ''minestra cotta'' with: Anthriscus cerefolium Plantago Preparation of liqueurs. Rosted roots used as coffee substitute. salads. In In P with a less bitter taste. The leaves also used in salads. '' the In soups. In salads. In

, leaves

Aerial part Leaves, flowers, roots Leaves Leaves Roots Aerial part Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves

Cilento

Cervati (Ceraso, -

National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Baianese and Lauretana areas Piano di Sorrento Monte Vesole e Ascea Castelvetere in Val Fortore National Park of and Vallo di Diano Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Amalfi Coast Comunità Montana Gelbison Novi Velia, Vallo della Lucania, Cannalonga), Castelnuovo Cilento Acerra, Aversa, Boscoreale, Boscotrecase, Casalnuovo, Pompei, Terzigno, Trecase

Salerno Avellino Napoli Salerno Benevento Salerno Napoli Salerno Salerno Napoli

selvagge Cicoria

Cicurione - Custanzella Cecuta Rugno selvaggia Cicurione Cicoria Cicoria Cicorie

sect.

aggregate]

Taraxacum Taraxacum fulvum Raunk. ASTERACEAE Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.Wigg. [ Taraxacum ASTERACEAE

BORNH 106 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

u.d. u.d. Savo et al. 2019 Savo 2010 u.d. Savo 2010 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2007 u.d. Savo et al. 2019

omelettes.

sed to prepare a jelly.g of to sed prepare 400 aten raw in salads or cooked. E U with together boiled are inflorescences cloves and two cut lemon into pieces. Then, are sugar of g 800 and is filtered product the added; at the end, the product is boiled another time. Eaten as fresh fruit. To season meat. Known to be used exclusively in a preparation called sanguinaccio, based on pork blood with dried fruit, sultanas and wine. cooked To season meat. Used as a spice. vegetables. cooked salads, In soups, In soups. In -

Leaves Flowers False fruit (seed cord) Leaves Flowering tops collected in June August Leaves Aerial part Whole plant Aerial parts Shoots

Cilento

Sessa Aurunca, Roccamonfina, Carinola, Cellole, Conca della Campania San Mauro Monti Picentini Regional Park Amalfi Coast Cautano, Foiano Valfortore Amalfi Coast Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Montecorvino Rovella Monti Picentini Regional Park

Caserta Salerno Salerno Salerno Benevento Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Salerno

Cicorie selvagge Tasso Timo Serapullo Timo Timo, Serapullo, Timo selvatico - Ogne 'e cavallo Cùcole

Ten. L. s.l.

Vahl.

sect.

aggregate]

spinulosus

longicaulis longicaulis Presl (group.)

Taraxacum Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.Wigg. [ Taraxacum ASTERACEAE Taxus baccata TAXACEAE Thymus longicaulis subsp. C. LAMIACEAE Thymus LAMIACEAE Thymus striatus LAMIACEAE Thymus serpyllum L. LAMIACEAE Trifolium pratense FABACEAE Tussilago farfara ASTERACEAE

BORNH 107 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

ra, ra, e

a Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2007 De Rosa et al. 2008 Salerno and Gu 2008 Savo et al. 2019 De Rosa et al. 2008 Scherrer et al. 2005 u.d. La Palometa and Grieco 2003 Mautone et al. 2019 Menale and Muoio 2014 sp.

mixed

Anthriscus

vegetable. vegetable. Borago officinalis, Plantago

oiled raw boiled and reheated with butter or ooked vegetable. ooked

Taraxacum officinale. Eaten As a c As a c Eaten b As a cooked As a cooked vegetable. As a component of with: cotta'' ''minestra the cerefolium pl., Boiled and fried, used to fill pizza bread, or as a cream on pasta. Fodder for turkeys (boiled, cut and with flour). Cooked in a little water and then seasoned with olive oil. Tops, garlic, eaten like asparagus. Boiled and eaten in salads or with pasta. salads. In

ops Fruits Young leaves Young leaves Leaves Basal leaves Leaves, stems Young leaves Whole plant T Aerial part Aerial part

Monti Picentini Regional Park Baianese and Lauretana areas Baianese and Lauretana areas Castel di San Lorenzo Monti Picentini Regional Park Mugnano del Cardinale Monte Vesole e Ascea Apollosa, Castelvetere in Val Fortore National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano Cava de' Tirreni Partenio Regional Park

Salerno Avellino Avellino Salerno Salerno Avellino Salerno Benevento Salerno Salerno Avellino

Olmo - - Ogna purcedda Sivone grasso, Svone grasso, Sovone grasso, Seone, Sevone - Verdicole, Cudicole Ardìca Ardicola Ardica Urdic

L. s.l.

Miller s.l.

(L.) (L.)

Ulmus minor ULMACEAE Urospermum dalechampii F.W.Schmidt ASTERACEAE Urospermum picroides Schmidt ex Scop. (L.) ASTERACEAE Urtica dioica URTICACEAE

BORNH 108 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

Savo et al. 2019 Motti et al. 2009 u.d. u.d. u.d. Motti and Motti 2017 Motti et al. 2009 u.d. u.d. u.d. u.d. Mautone et al. 2019 Menale and Muoio 2014

pasta.

to prepare a a prepare to

Cichorium intybus used , lads or with or lads pasta. spaghetti. dressed with olive oil.

together with with together

vegetables. oiled Silybum marianum In omelettes, pasta, vegetable pie, in soups, in soups, pie, vegetable pasta, omelettes, In cooked Boiled and fried with past, the In and dish obtained heating them and frying with potatoes. Eaten b pancakes. to prepare or salads In and soups pizzas, In Boiled and eaten in salads or with pasta. To prepare the nettle salad, obtained with and boiled samples Young leaves in omelettes and soups. Young leaves in salads and pancakes. Young leaves in salads and pancakes. Boiled and eaten in sa salads. In

Young leaves, shoots Leaves Aerial parts Aerial parts Young leaves Young leaves Leaves Aerial part Aerial part

Cervati (Ceraso, -

della Civitella, Perito,

Monti Picentini Regional Park Phlegrean Fields Regional Park Comunità Montana Gelbison Vallo della Lucania, Novi, Cannalonga, Gioi, Salento, Moio Orria), Castelnuovo Cilento Monteverde Pompei, Boscoreale, Boscotrecase, Trecase, Terzigno Agro Nocerino Sarnese Phlegrean Fields Regional Park San Mauro Cilento Acerra, Aversa, Pomigliano Ercolano, Torre del Greco, Portici Pompei, Boscoreale, Boscotrecase, Trecase, Terzigno Cava de' Tirreni Partenio Regional Park

Salerno Napoli Salerno Avellino Napoli Salerno Napoli Salerno Napoli Napoli Napoli Salerno Avellino

campanara

Urdica, Ordica, Ardica, Burdiche, Bordiche, Ordiga, Urtiche, Bordica Ardìc Ardica Ortica Lardica Ardeca Ardìc Verdicula Ardica Ardica campanara, Evr’ pugnicosa Lardica Ardica Urdic

L. s.l.

Urtica dioica URTICACEAE Urtica membranacea Poir. URTICACEAE Urtica urens URTICACEAE

BORNH 109 Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) Vol.1, no.1, 2021

De Rosa et al. 2008 u.d.

In salads. In salads. mixed In

Leaves Flowers, leaves collected from June August to

Baianese and Lauretana areas Apollosa, Cautano, Foiano Valfortore

Avellino Benevento

- Beccabunga

Laterr.

Valerianella locusta (L.) VALERIANACEAE Veronica beccabunga PLANTAGINACEAE

BORNH 110