MGS Images Suggest Liquid Water Sources on Mars
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June 23, 2000 I n s i d e Volume 30 Number 13 News Briefs . 2 Communicate! . .3 Special Events Calendar . 2 Letters, Retiree s . 4 Teen wows rocket scientists . .2 Classifieds . .4 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Video surro g a t e MGS images ‘Digital Personnel’ suggest d e m o n s t r a t e d JPL has demonstrated a new voice-activated, digital human- image animation system that liquid water uses language to generate digital facial movements. The system uses the smallest sources on units of speech, called phonemes, to manipulate a person’s facial movements in an image. While Mars development is in the early stages, the eventual result will be photo-realistic animation of any human face appearing to be Numerous deep channels speaking naturally. descending a Martian crater wall, “This is voice-driven, so the image morphs in response to a and the debris they left behind, are voice or equivalent input,” said seen in these images taken by the principal investigator John n what could turn out to be a landmark not rule out that some of them are so recent as to Wright of the Visualization and discovery in the history of Mars exploration, have formed yesterday,” Malin said. Mars Global Surveyor camera. Earth Sciences Applications i imaging scientists using data from JPL’s Because the atmospheric pressure at the surface The boxed area in the left image Group in Section 388. “Real-time Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft have seen features of Mars is about 100 times less than it is at sea animation is a key step in our is enlarged at right. Sunlight that suggest there may be current sources of liquid level on Earth, liquid water would immediately begin development process.” illuminates the scene from the water at or near the surface of the red planet. to boil when exposed at the Martian surface. Investi- The system, called Digital The new images, available at http://www.jpl.nasa. gators believe that this boiling would be violent and Personnel, will be developed with upper left. The channels and the gov/pictures/mars or http://www.msss.com/mars_ explosive. So how can these gullies form? Malin Graphco Technologies Inc., New- debris areas look sharp and there images/moc/june2000, show the smallest features explained that the process must involve repeated town, Pa. The company said the ever observed from Martian orbit—about the size of outbursts of water and debris, similar to flash floods system will enable virtual person- are no small meteor impact a sport-utility vehicle. NASA scientists compare the on Earth. nel for commercial applications craters on them, suggesting that features to those left by flash floods on Earth. “We’ve come up with a model to explain these in numerous markets, including “W e see features that look like gullies formed by features and why the water would flow down the web-based customer support these features are extremely flowing water and the deposits of dirt and roc k s gullies instead of just boiling off the surface,” Edgett with user-friendly speaking inter- young relative to the 4.5-billion- transported by these flows. The features appear to be said. “When water evaporates it cools the ground— faces. Graphco also projects that so young that they might be forming today,” said Dr. that would cause the water behind the initial seep- video telephones, broadcasting, year history of Mars. Michael Malin, principal investigator for the Mars age site to freeze. This would result in pressure distance learning, video games Orbiter Camera on the Mars Global Surveyor space- building up behind an ‘ice dam.’ Ultimately, the dam and motion pictures will also craft at Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego. would break and send a flood down the gully.” create significant demand for the “W e think we are seeing evidence of a ground water The occurrence of gullies is quite rare: only a few technology. Other applications of the supply similar to an aquifer. These are new land- hundred locations have been seen in the many tens system might include product forms that have never been seen before on Mars.” of thousands of places surveyed by the orbiter cam- demonstration, promotion and The findings are published in the June 30 issue of era. Most of are found in the Martian southern hemi- celebrity representation interac- Science magazine. sphere, but a few are found in the north. “What is tion with online customers. “Twenty-eight years ago the Mariner 9 spacecraft odd about these gullies is that they occur where you “(The gullies) could Wright is working in collabora- found evidence—in the form of channels and val- might not expect them—in some of the coldest tion with fellow group member leys—that billions of years ago the planet had water places on the planet,” Malin indicated. “Nearly all of be a few million Dan Peters. The technology is a flowing across its surface,” said Dr. Ken Edgett, staff them occur between 30° and 70° latitude, and usual- spinoff of a task developed from scientist at MSSS and co-author of the paper in ly on slopes that get the least amount of sunlight 1993–95 at JPL for the U.S. years old, but we Science. “Ever since that time, Mars science has during each Martian day.” If these gullies were on government called Automated focused on the question, ‘Where did the water go?’ Earth they would be at latitudes roughly between Speech Visualization. Wri g h t cannot rule out that The new pictures from Global Surveyor tell us part of New Orleans and Point Barrow, Alaska, in the north- cr edited JPL employees Ken Scott, the answer—some of that water went under ground, ern hemisphere; and Sydney, Australia, to much of Steve Watson, Dave Kagels, David some of them are and quite possibly it’s still there.” the Antarctic coast in the south. Fr eda and Kevin Hussey with the “With today’s discovery, we’re no longer talking The water supply is believed to be about 100 to 400 success of the original technology. about a distant time. The debate has moved to pre- meters (about 330 to 1,300 feet) below the surface, Although the technology can be so recent as to have sent-day Mars,” said Dr. Ed Weiler, NASA’s associate and limited to specific regions across the planet. Each demonstrated today, Wright said administrator for space science. “The presence of flow that came down each gully may have had a vol- Digital Personnel’s commerci a l formed yesterday.” liquid water on Mars has profound implications for ume of water of roughly 2,500 cubic meters (about applications are 12 to 15 months the question of life not only in the past, but perhaps 90,000 cubic feet)—about enough water to sustain aw a y . He noted that possible medical applications might include — Dr. Michael Malin, even today. If life ever did develop there, and if it 100 average households for a month or fill seven survives to the present time, then these landforms community-sized swimming pools. The process that helping the hearing impaired to principal investigator of the would be great places to look.” starts the water flowing remains a mystery, but the read lips and to speak by seeing camera aboard The gullies observed in the Global Surveyor im- team believes it is not the result of volcanic heating. how the system simulates mouth and facial movements. Mars Global Surveyor ages are formed on cliffs—usually in crater or valley “I think one of the most interesting and significant JPL’s Commercial Technology walls—and are made up of a deep channel with a aspects of this discovery is what it could mean if and Regional Economic Develop- collapsed region at its upper end (an “alcove”) and human explorers ever go to Mars,” Malin said. “If ment Program arranged the at the other end an area of accumulated debris (an water is available in substantial volumes in area s transfer of Digital Personnel to “apron”) that appears to have been transported other than the poles, it would make it easier for Graphco, which recently acquired down the slope. Relative to the rest of the Martian human crews to access and use it—for drinking, to the rights to the patent-pending surface, the gullies appear to be extremely young, cr eate breathable air, and to extract oxygen and technology. The license was meaning they may have formed in the recent past. hy d r ogen for rocket fuel and to be stored for use in originally issued by Caltech. “They could be a few million years old, but we can- portable energy source s . ” 2 F ree lunch for employees June 28 Radio clubs test capabilities A free lunch will be served to all JPL’s and Caltech’s amateur radio JPL badge holders on Wednesday, clubs will join forces in the annual Sp e c i a l Events Ca l e n d a r June 28. Field Day activity the weekend of “All personnel contribute to the June 24 atop Mount Gleason, 48 kilo- commanded JPL’s Deep Space 1 mis- Ongoing Support Gro u p s overall success of the Laboratory,” meters (30 miles) north of JPL in the sion. To be held at noon in the Build- ing 167 conference room. said NANCY KAPELL of Employee Angeles National Forest. Alcoholics Anonymous—Meeting Services. “Please join us in a celebra- Visitors are welcomed to the activity, at 11:30 a.m.