Vol. 6, No. 3 March 1996 INSIDE • 1995 Medals and Awards, p. 13 GSA TODAY • GSA Web Site Additions— A Publication of the Geological Society of America Journal Indexes, p. 7 Abstract submission, p. 48

Development of Geographic Information Systems–Oriented Databases for Integrated Geological and Geophysical Applications

J. Douglas Walker, Ross A. Black, Jonathan K. Linn, Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 A. J. Thomas, R. Wiseman, M. G. D’Attilio, Department of Geography, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045

Figure 1. Composite satellite imagery, geologic contact, digital elevation model and gravity map of the Maturango Peak–Panamint Springs area, Argus Range and Panamint Valley, California. The map base is built from various con- tiguous image sources: lower half—16.5 m pixel thematic mapper image; upper left— 15 m pixel digital elevation models (northwest corner); and upper right—part of the Darwin 1:100,000 sheet. Colors on the elevation model ramp from about 450 m for the darkest blue to about 1800 m for the brightest green. Overlain on this are geologic contacts (bold red lines representing faults, thin red lines showing depositional and intrusive contacts) from Moore (1976). The orange lines are Bouguer gravity contours in mgal from the National Geophysical Data Center data set. The area shown is approximately 30 km × 30 km.

ABSTRACT and time-consuming effort to digitize, foci—either are available free of charge The use of geographic information characterize, and check for quality. If or can be purchased at a small cost. systems (GIS) is becoming increasingly entered thoroughly, that is with each These data sets are typically already in a common in geological and geophysical geologic contact, rock unit, and struc- form easy to integrate into a GIS studies. These systems provide powerful tural measurement recorded and database. When properly constructed, tools for integrating and analyzing large assigned explicit geologic attributes, the the final database contains a variety of data sets of various kinds and origins. resulting data set is accessible to both types of information that are referenced One of the most complex and costly casual and expert users. In addition, the to a common geographic base. data sets to incorporate into these sys- attributes allow for detailed analysis of tems is surface geological information the geology. Other types of data—e.g., (geologic maps), which require intense gravity measurements and earthquake Databases continued on p. 2 IN THIS ISSUE GSA TODAY March Vol. 6, No. 3 1996 Development of Geographic SAGE Remarks ...... 38 Information Systems–Oriented GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173) is published Databases for Integrated Geological Environment Matters ...... 41 monthly by The Geological Society of America, Inc., 1996 GeoVentures ...... 41 with offices at 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado. and Geophysical Applications ...... 1 Mailing address: P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301- GSA on the Web ...... 42 9140, U.S.A. Second-class postage paid at Boulder, Journal Indexes on the Web ...... 7 Colorado, and at additional mailing offices. Postmas- GSAF Update ...... 8 New Associated Societies ...... 44 ter: Send address changes to GSA Today, Membership Services, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140. Forum ...... 10 International Division News ...... 44 Copyright © 1996, The Geological Society of America, 1995 Medals and Awards ...... 13 Calendar ...... 44 Inc. (GSA). All rights reserved. Copyright not claimed GSA Meetings ...... 45 on content prepared wholly by U.S. Government In Memoriam ...... 37 employees within the scope of their employment. Per- Classifieds ...... 46 mission is granted to individuals to photocopy freely all Memorial Preprints ...... 37 items other than the science articles to further science Submit Abstracts Via the Web ...... 48 and education. Individual scientists are hereby granted Congressional Science Fellow Report .... 37 permission, without royalties or further requests, to make unlimited photocopies of the science articles for use in classrooms to further education and science, and to make up to five copies for distribution to associates in the furtherance of science; permission is granted to Databases continued from p. 1 frames for animation. In the end, the make more than five photocopies for other noncom- mercial, nonprofit purposes furthering science and edu- geologist compares data from the various cation upon payment of the appropriate fee ($0.25 per INTRODUCTION sources (topography, geology, satellite page) directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Geographic information systems images, aerial photography, geophysics) Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970, phone (508) 744-3350 (include title and ISSN when paying). (GIS) are being used by thousands of to solve a specific problem. This task Written permission is required from GSA for all other companies, government agencies, and would be much less cumbersome and forms of capture, reproduction, and/or distribution of other entities worldwide for the storage, time-consuming if all the data sets could any item in this journal by any means. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse retrieval, and manipulation of spatially be put to the same map scale, datum, and opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regard- referenced data. Several groups, such as geographic projection (georeferenced). less of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or politi- the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), work All of the comparisons and overlays cal viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society. specifically with geological information for this example project can be accom- (e.g., Wright and Stewart, 1990; Went- plished easily and efficiently using a SUBSCRIPTIONS for 1996 calendar year: worth and Fitzgibbon, 1991; Fitzgibbon computer-based GIS. Such systems allow Society Members: GSA Today is provided as part of et al., 1991; Jacobson, 1993) and have put for the manipulation of data in a manner membership dues. Contact Membership Services at together techniques for handling such that is scale independent (e.g., analysis and (800) 472-1988 or (303) 447-2020 for membership information. Nonmembers & Institutions: Free with data sets. At the University of Kansas presentation can be manipulated to any paid subscription to both GSA Bulletin and Geology, we have recently put together a GIS scale). In addition, GIS software includes otherwise $45 for U.S., Canada, and Mexico; $55 else- laboratory specifically for performing utilities for placing information into a where. Contact Subscription Services. Single copies may be ordered from Publication Sales. Claims: For integrated geological and geophysical common projection (i.e., universal trans- nonreceipt or for damaged copies, members contact studies. We use the programs ARC/INFO™ verse mercator [UTM]) and datum. This Membership Services; all others contact Subscription (by Environmental Systems Research not only allows the data sets to be super- Services. Claims are honored for one year; please allow sufficient delivery time for overseas copies. Institute, Inc.) for GIS generation and posed, but also gives them geographic con- IMAGINE™ (by ERDAS, Inc.) for tent (e.g., a map or image location con- STAFF: Prepared from contributions from the manipulating imagery data. tains information with regard to its actual GSA staff and membership. The usefulness of a GIS can be location in real-world coordinates). Figure Executive Director: Donald M. Davidson, Jr. 1 shows an example of various types of Science Editor: Suzanne M. Kay demonstrated in the following scenario. Department of Geological Sciences, Cornell University, For a mapping project, a geologist usually data from numerous sources that were Ithaca, NY 14853 starts out by examining a small-scale, combined through the use of the Forum Editor: Bruce F. Molnia ARC/INFO and IMAGINE software. U.S. Geological Survey, MS 917, National Center, regional geologic map (e.g., a state map) Reston, VA 22092 to pick a study area. Mapping is then done In this paper we provide some insight Managing Editor: Faith Rogers using 1:24,000 or larger scale topographic into the development of geological Production & Marketing Manager: James R. Clark databases from the perspective of a small Production Editor and Coordinator: Joan E. Manly maps or air photos. The data are then Graphics Production: Joan E. Manly, Adam S. McNally compiled on topographic maps, possibly start-up academic laboratory. We cover at another map scale, either by directly many types of geological and geophysical ADVERTISING tracing on an overlay sheet or by visually data, but much of the discussion empha- Classifieds and display: contact Ann Crawford transferring data by using topographic sizes incorporation of existing geologic (303) 447-2020; fax 303-447-1133 features. The geologist may also utilize a maps. For more general discussions of GIS, Issues of this publication are available electronically, in Landsat Thematic Mapper scene that see the suggested readings at the end of full color, from GSA as Acrobat “Portable Document shows important features that can be this article. Format” (PDF) files. These can be viewed and printed on personal computers using MSDOS or MSWindows, related to the compiled or regional geo- on Macintoshes, or on Unix machines. You must use logic map. The scale of the Landsat scene ACQUIRING GEOLOGICAL AND the appropriate Adobe Acrobat Reader, available for is usually different from that of either of GEOPHYSICAL INFORMATION free download from GSA and other online services. The the maps. Finally, the geologist hopes to more powerful Adobe Exchange program, available Many different types of data are of from commercial software suppliers, may also be used. compare all the data mentioned above potential use for integrated geological Download the issues of GSA Today and/or the appropri- to an intermediate-scale map showing ate Readers using the Uniform Resource Locator (URL): and geophysical studies. These include gravity values. To accomplish this goal, http://www.geosociety.org. Issues of GSA Today are information about the surface geology posted about the first of the month of publication. the scientist may photocopy the maps to and subsurface geology, geophysical survey get them at approximately the same scale This publication is included on GSA’s annual CD-ROM measurements (usually referenced to indi- GSA Journals on Compact Disc. Call GSA Publication in order to superpose them on a light table vidual sample points such as seismic shot Sales for details. or flip back and forth between images points), and a variety of other spatially Printed with pure soy inks on recyclable paper in the U.S.A. much in the way a cartoonist checks

2 GSA TODAY, March 1996 referenced data such as topography, tioning system (GPS) technology is avail- A geologist mapping at a scale of 1:24,000 remote sensing data, and cultural features able today for defining field location, virtu- using a 0.3 mm pencil produces line (Fig. 1). The data sets can be represented ally all currently available geologic maps widths that represent approximately 7 m spatially in a variety of ways, including relied upon location by inspection and tri- of ground distance, or dot areas represent- points, lines, and areas for so-called “vec- angulation using topographic maps or ing approximately 50 m2 on the ground. tor” data sets, and grids, images, and scans standard aerial photographs. The features (For a view from the USGS, see Ulrich et for “raster” data sets. The actual informa- that are actually marked on the base are al., 1992.) Thus the precision with which tion associated with each spatial entity mostly the contact lines between the rock the geologist attempts to record the data includes an identifying code or address, units, and the point and line symbols bear- is probably much better than the final and one or more attribute values. An ing structural information. spatial accuracy of the map would indi- example of a linear spatial feature with an Even if a geologist produces a map cate. Both field precision and final map attribute value might be a fault (line fea- that follows topography perfectly, the map accuracy will probably improve drastically ture) classified as either normal, reverse, still has distortions inherent in all field in the future, because of GPS technology. thrust, or strike-slip (attribute). mapping. Both the aerial photographs and Geophysical data sets such as gravity Some of these data sets can be standard topographic maps have some measurements are difficult to examine in acquired without charge or for nominal distortion. Topographic maps are imper- terms of their precision and accuracy. The charges through government channels. fect representations, because of projection- location and elevation are surveyed to Examples include individual point based distortions and various errors that within, and are usually recorded in the information such as gravity data and accumulate during the mapping process. database to a precision of, a few meters in earthquake hypocenter locations, grids Aerial photographs are usually even worse, location and perhaps tenths of meters in of aeromagnetic data, grids of digital because of in-flight pitch and yaw, elevation. The original spatial precision elevation information (known as digital camera distortions, and elevation and accuracy probably were even finer elevation models [DEMs], or digital (parallax) effects. They are not maps, than what is recorded in the database. terrain models [DTMs], and vector data and unless they have been through an However, the data points are usually very sets including digitized cultural features orthorectification process to remove flight widely spaced (hundreds or thousands of such as the USGS digital line graph (DLGs) and elevation effects, their distortion is meters apart), and the data are often inter- product or the U.S. Census Bureau’s topo- uncontrolled. polated to allow the information to be dis- logically integrated geographic encoding Another aspect of geological mapping played with other, more closely sampled and referencing (TIGER) system files which can cause problems in database data sets. Thus, the accuracy of the inter- on roads, waterways, pipelines, and tele- development is the fact that geological polated values can be called into question phone poles. A partial listing of access field mapping involves a great deal of during later analysis and display, if the information is given at the end of this real-time interpretation. Two geologic scale of the project is too small. article for some of these public data sets. maps of a given area produced by Data such as earthquake hypocenter, Raster data sets, such as DEMs, and different mappers are never exactly the waveform, and source mechanism infor- point data sets, such as gravity measure- same, owing to the individual interpreta- mation can cause even more scale-related ments, are usually already available in a tions that occur in the field (e.g., of problems. Whereas microearthquake digital form that is relatively simple to location, nature of contacts, etc.). The activity may be very closely monitored import into a commercial GIS package. problem is exacerbated when multiple by a tight local array, regional information Most GIS software packages will import a maps of differing scales exist for an area. can have errors in location of several variety of grid or image formats, and will All of these considerations currently kilometers or more. Of course, this type also handle tab- or space-delimited ASCII affect the overall accuracy of surficial of information is not suitable for interpo- text data tables, which can be generated or geological information available for input lation, and its utility is thus very scale customized in a spreadsheet or text editor. into GIS databases. Most field geologists dependent. Other types of data, such as air consider the field mapping to be the most photos, satellite images, and geologic trustworthy or most basic of all the data DATA ENTRY maps, must be purchased from a govern- sets in the database—it is the “ground Geological and geophysical data sets ment entity, purchased from a commercial truth” that can actually be observed in are usually a mixture of both vector and contractor, or input into the system in- nature but it is also one of the most raster data. To preserve the information house. Of all sources to be put into a GIS complex data sets and one of the most recorded on a geologic map (with a nomi- database, geologic maps are one of the difficult to accurately reproduce on nal feature size of 0.3 mm) requires most difficult and expensive to incorpo- the computer. approximately 10 million points per rate. Generating digital products from square meter of map (following the existing paper geologic maps is usually TYPICAL PRECISION AND discussion of Tufte, 1983, p. 162). All of very expensive through commercial ACCURACY OF DATA TYPES these points are data. Geologic contacts contractors; generating them in-house, As discussed above, surface geological (lines) are data. But the points contained however, takes a large amount of person- information usually has some inherent within the unit boundaries are also data nel time. If a large volume of data must uncertainty because of the manner in (e.g., a particular rock type generated by be digitized from complicated published which the data are initially recorded the enclosing contacts; see below). In this maps such as geologic maps or soils maps, and transcribed. Even so, the geological case, a vector-based GIS will be more effi- the project quickly becomes extremely information may still be some of the cient and generate a more easily used labor intensive and expensive. more spatially accurate information in database (see also Bedell, 1994). Geophysi- the database because of the relatively cal data are also easily and efficiently NATURE OF GEOLOGIC MAP DATA precise scale at which it was acquired. entered as point data. Image data, such as To properly incorporate geological Geologists typically map with a pencil air photos, are recorded in raster layers. mapping information into a GIS database or pen that produces a line width of Geological data are typically digitized we must look at how geological mapping is approximately 0.3 mm. The resolution of into the computer system either from performed. Geologic maps are constructed the geological information on the original paper maps on a digitizing tablet (pulling by on-site inspection of the rocks cropping map or photographic base is thus about out at the surface. Although global posi- 0.3 mm or about 85 dpi (dots per inch). Databases continued on p. 4

GSA TODAY, March 1996 3 TABLE 1. ATTRIBUTE FIELDS AND VALUES FOR GEOLOGIC CONTACTS

Contact type Exposure Subtype Additional Significance Fault slip Notes type characteristics Fault x x x x x x Intrusive x x x x Depositional x x x x Isograd x x x x Shear Zone x x x x x Map Edge x x Known Normal Ductile Internal No. m Approximate Reverse Brittle Unit boundary Approximate (?) Thrust Sharp Inferred Right-lateral Gradational Inferred (?) Left-lateral Chilled Conformable Unknown Nonconformable Unconformable Alluvial Scratch Study area Unknown

Note: x indicates that an entry can be made for that attribute field. For example, a fault could be classified as contact type = fault, exposure type = known, subtype = normal, additional characteristic = unknown, significance = internal. Alternatively, a map edge would only contain the information: contact type = map edge, subtype = study area.

Databases continued from p. 3 as much information as possible. Auto- define the rock units. This is the same as tracing algorithms are becoming more making a geologic map that can be data) or by using a mouse to trace lines common in commercial packages on all colored without error; the contacts and or locate points from a scan that is dis- systems (for example, Adobe Streamline™ map edges completely enclose the rock played on a computer screen (heads-up and utilities in ARC/INFO). Some of these units. The rock-unit polygons are typically digitizing). Both methods produce can be used in either a fully automatic placed in a separate coverage, which is acceptable results, but our greatest batch mode or some form of interactive subsequently assigned attributes (see success and ease has been with heads-up point-to-point mode. Our experience with below). An important aspect of this is that digitizing. Heads-up digitizing relies on these programs is that they still require the contact coverage is still retained: it still registering a scan of the geologic map. As enough correction and touch-up work contains all of the information about the noted above, topographic features (peaks, that heads-up digitizing is faster. Once it separate contacts, whereas the rock-unit stream intersection, etc.) are typically used has been digitized by autotracing, the coverage contains only information about for registration purposes because these vector information still must have rock types. features are those the geologist most likely attributes assigned to individual elements. Most of the attributes we assign to used for reference when making the map. geologic contacts (Table 1) fit normal Most geologic maps can be scanned at a geologic usage, except for entries on a ASSIGNING ATTRIBUTES TO resolution of 0.17 mm (about 150 dpi). fault. Faults are unusual geologic contacts GEOLOGIC DATA This preserves the feature size and data in that they can separate different units density of the map. Higher resolutions A very powerful feature inherent in or run through the same unit (the same can be used if needed. We often scan at vector-based GIS systems is the capacity is true for shear zones). For this reason, it 200 to 400 dpi on maps with high to assign complex attributes for geologic is important to identify whether the fault information densities. information. For example, different line represents a unit boundary or is internal Most optical scanning software has types are used for geologic contacts that to the rock unit. This, of course, can be built-in contrast and brightness controls. are well exposed (solid lines) vs. those that deduced once all of the contact data are These are useful for color balancing are only approximately located (dashed entered and the topology is constructed. geologic maps. It is also possible to use lines) or inferred or concealed (dotted Omitting internal faults simplifies the these controls to enhance greatly the qual- lines). This sort of information can be rock-unit coverage (Table 2) by decreasing ity of black and white scans. For example, associated with any geologic contact or substantially the number of separate many maps printed with geologic features feature. The assignment of the geologic rock-unit polygons that are constructed as black contacts on a grayed topographic information is the key element to using and need further classification. background can be scanned so that the GIS packages with geologic and geophysi- Many structural data are associated topography is faded out while the geology cal data; typically no actual modification with specific points. Items such as strike is retained (of course, some topographic to the software is necessary. and dip of bedding or foliation are point reference points must be identified and A simple statement that preserves the features as represented on a geologic map. marked for registration). This makes fundamental idea of geologic maps is that We treat here other orientation data heads-up digitizing much easier because “rock bodies are defined by their con- assigned to faults and folds as point data the topographic line noise is removed. tacts.” This is our basic working model as well. Specifically, the symbols for the Similar procedures are possible for color for constructing the spatial relation, or dip and strike of a fault or the striations scans of existing geologic maps. topology, of geologic units. The first step on a fault are usually represented on a Vector features can be extracted from in making a geologic map is digitizing the geologic map as a set of arrows emanating scanned maps via the heads-up digitizing contacts. Once the contacts are entered from the fault. These data are best technique discussed above, but it seems into a “coverage” or data layer, the contact recorded as a point containing the orienta- logical to use the computer for digitizing lines are joined to form polygons that tion attributes. The point data (Table 3)

4 GSA TODAY, March 1996 can be subsequently tied or related to a 2 Tvb AREA 6291571 m specific contact or rock body. This extends 50 65 Tvb PERIMETER 33059 m FMMR-ID 587 to such features as the position of bar and Pov Tva ERA Paleozoic Pkc PERIOD Permian balls marking normal faults. It is best to CLASS Sedimentary preserve positions of marks on faults and TYPE Limestone 32 FORMATION Owens Valley other sorts of contacts. In general, when 80 Formation working with published maps, it is diffi- cult to know what the geologist meant by Tvb 40 the position of these features, so it is best Pkc MPlf 35 Pzm 30 LENGTH 310 m to assume that their placement is impor- 25 FMMC-ID 1956 tant. Of course, thrust barbs and other 20 Pkc CONTACTTYPE Fault QUALITY Approximate items that ornament the mapping of a TYPE Thrust fault do not have any real spatial impor- CHARACTER Unknown 75 SIGNIFICANCE Unit Boundary tance in most cases, so they do not have Qa Jhm MAGNITUDE Unknown NOTES to be entered separately. However, if a fault changes from low to high angle Tvb 60 along strike or changes from a strike-slip Pzm fault (arrows) to a normal fault (ball and 50 25 LENGTH 420 m Qa FMMC-ID 1455 bar), then the attribution and symbols Pzm CONTACTTYPE Fault should change accordingly. N Pkc QUALITY Known TYPE Unknown Some structural data are associated with 43 CHARACTER Unknown MPlf SIGNIFICANCE Internal other line features. Fold axes and lineaments MAGNITUDE Unknown fall into this category. These data are NOTES recorded as lines with attributes as to their 70 structural character. Symbols on the lines, FMMPR-ID 551 such as fold type or plunge information are STRIKETYPE Foliation STRIKE N 16 W Pzm LENGTH 1367 m entered as point data (see above) and can be DIP 50 W FMMC-ID 2907 tied to the structural feature. PLANAR Upright 35 CONTACTTYPE Depositional NOTES QUALITY Known Dikes are perhaps the most difficult TYPE Conformable CHARACTER Sharp geologic feature to enter, because many SIGNIFICANCE dikes are narrow rock bodies, and thus NOTES they are commonly shown as lines on 1 km geologic maps. Therefore, it seems appro- priate to enter dikes as line features even Figure 2. Part of the geological map of the northern Slate Range, California, from Moore (1976). The though they are rock bodies. Wide dikes figure shows attributes given to various lines, points, and rock units. Rock units: Pzm, tectonite marble (those much wider than the map feature from Paleozoic rocks; MPlf, Lee Flat Limestone; Pkc, Keeler Canyon Formation; Pov, Owens Valley Forma- size) are treated as rock bodies. Developing tion; Jhm, Hunter Mountain quartz monzonite; Tva, andesite; Tvb, basalt; Qa, alluvium. a line coverage for dikes separate from the contact line coverage allows us to carry the necessary rock-unit information with entered and attributed. This is done The attribution of geologic data is the dikes. typically by plotting the data according to usually unambiguous for well-prepared In the example here of a geologic data type (e.g., a plot of faults alone) and geologic maps. We have found, however, map that has been digitized and attributed then comparing the attributes associated that even published maps sometimes have (Fig. 2), note that the features associated with that data type with the original errors (open contacts or missing unit with each geologic element are explicit source map. In this way, the attributions labels). In these cases, the error is noted, and easy to understand. This makes can be checked for the proper classifica- and open contacts are extended to close the map accessible to both casual and tion of the contact, rock unit, or point the rock unit. Missing unit labels can in-depth users (see below). feature as well as digitizing accuracy. sometimes be easily interpreted—e.g., We have found that a person other than for laterally continuous sedimentary BASIC QUALITY ASSURANCE the one who did the digitizing or attribu- successions in areas of simple structure. AND QUALITY CONTROL tion should do the checking in order to Digitizing errors include digitized contacts A basic aspect of any data entry is minimize errors. This process is very or data points that do not overlap the quality assurance and quality control, tedious but necessary to maintain the to make sure that the data are properly integrity of the data set. Databases continued on p. 6

TABLE 2. ATTRIBUTE FIELDS AND VALUES FOR GEOLOGIC ROCK UNITS

Type of information Geologic age Absolute age Rock class Rock type Formation Notes about rock units (Era, period, stage) (if available) name Age x x x Rock type xx x Formal name xx X ± Y Ma Sedimentary Basalt Igneous Andesite Metamorphic

Note: x indicates that an entry can be made for that attribute field. See Table 1 for examples of how fields are attributed. In addition, the Notes field can be used for reference to any sets of external data (e.g., chemical analyses, or isochron information) for a rock unit. Many additional entries are appropriate for rock type.

GSA TODAY, March 1996 5 Databases continued from p. 5 This is an example of the difference through a look-up table (similar to DLG in basic philosophy between a digital car- format; see Wright and Stewart [1990] and tographic system used for geological Ulrich et al. [1992]). This is more efficient same feature on the scanned image. applications and a true GIS applied to for storage and display purposes. However, For contacts, we strive for 100% overlap, geological problems. The digital carto- given current advances in both computer but in practice we consider 95% overlap graphic system may be capable of and storage technology (ever-increasing acceptable for areas with tortuous or producing very spectacular hard-copy processor speed and ever-decreasing stor- complex data. All point data, however, are products on demand, with some analysis age prices) we feel that the space and time edited to ensure 100% overlap. This is capabilities (for example, the SuperCard penalties of explicit tables of attribute judged qualitatively by those who digitize system discussed by Condit [1995] for values are trivial compared to the en- and check the map data. data presentation), but the GIS allows hanced ease of use and readability. In the geologist to work with the data, com- addition, collections of explicit values in a ANALYSIS VS. DIGITAL MAPPING pile and analyze it, and to model it within table make query functions easy for casual The reason that so much emphasis is the system. In addition, data sets from users (using readily available products placed on proper attribution of surficial different sources and of variable type such as ARCVIEW™ by Environmental geological data is that each symbol on the can be easily integrated for analysis and Systems Research Institute, Inc.). Complex map represents an important data point modeling. coding schemes make it somewhat more to the original field mapper. Most of the This flexibility is also why we prefer to difficult to examine data sets directly. individual symbols were recorded because take the approach of not only assigning they were in critical locations and com- attributes to each symbol on a geological DATA SOURCES CURRENTLY municated a specific piece of information map, but also retaining all the information ON THE INTERNET about the geological history of the area. associated with each gravity data point, Digital Elevation Model Information (DEM) Some commercial GIS digital products each earthquake hypocenter location, and United States at 1:250,000—data points do not assign attributes to the point and each geochemical measurement input into at 3 arc-second spacing line features found on geological maps. a database. After all, the GIS should facili- World Wide Web— They sometimes simply digitize the shape tate data manipulation. Most GIS software http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov of the symbols as a series of vectors. This has fairly extensive tools to clean, smooth, (EROS Data Center home page) may be sufficient for the sole purpose of or rasterize data sets once they are in the Anonymous FTP—edcftp.cr.usgs.gov reproducing a paper copy on demand. system, in addition to the extensive analy- Digital Line Graph Information (DLG) In this case, some commercial drawing sis tools. Simplified maps or plots to per- United States at 1:2,000,000 and programs, such as Canvas™ from Deneba form a specific task can always be derived 1:100,000 Software and Adobe Illustrator™, work from the complete data sets. World Wide Web— very well and are easy to use. However, In addition, we have chosen to make http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov (EROS Data if the reason for digitizing the map is to fairly extensive and explicit tables of the Center home page) or more specifically integrate field data for later analysis, the attributes (see Fig. 2). Another approach approach of just digitizing a shape is not is to make short alpha-numeric codes for adequate. contacts and rock units that are translated Databases continued on p. 7

TABLE 3. ATTRIBUTE FIELDS AND VALUES FOR GEOLOGIC POINT DATA

Type of geologic Orientation Planar Orientation Sense of Type of Type of Notes point data of planar feature of linear motion linear fold feature characteristics features feature Bedding x x x Intrusive contact x x x Depositional contact x x x Joint x x x Flow layering x x x Foliation x x x x Shear zone x xxxx x Fault contact x x x x x Foliation and lineation x xxxx x Lineation x x x Axial surface (mesoscopic) x x xx Fold axis (mesoscopic) x x x Map–scale fold type x x x x Map–scale fold plunge x x x Bar and ball x Strike and dip Upright Trend and plunge Up-dip Intersection Antiform Overturned Down-dip Depositional Synform Vertical Right-lateral Flow, igneous Anticline Unknown Left-lateral Stretching Syncline None Mineral Antiformal syncline Unknown Crenulation Synformal anticline Slickenside S-fold Mullion Z-fold Unknown Monocline Other

Note: x indicates that an entry can be made for that attribute field. See Table 1 for examples of how fields are attributed.

6 GSA TODAY, March 1996 Retrospective Electronic Index to GSA Journals, Books, & Maps Now on the Web Jim Clark, GSA Production and Marketing Manager

GSA’s Retrospective Electronic Index is now on the World Wide to add all GSA books, maps, and transects ever published. Now you Web. This new, electronically searchable reference tool presents more can search these data electronically, and mark and copy resulting data than 11,000 bibliographic references, including journal articles from entries to paste into your word processor. You can build study guides, GSA Bulletin (1972–1995), all Geology articles (1973–1995), and all sci- research and reference lists, bibliographies, and other applications ence articles from GSA Today (1991–1995). In addition, references for quickly. all books and maps ever published by GSA are included through 1995. The data set includes, for each journal article: the full title of To use this powerful new tool it, all you need is computer access the article; names of all authors; and from 3 to about 40 key words to the World Wide Web and an inexpensive or free Web browser (e.g. assigned by the American Geological Institute’s GeoRef system, a valu- Mosaic, Netscape, MS Explorer). Go to GSA’s home page (http://www. able, topical searching aid. Also included are the volume and issue geosociety.org), click on the Publications link, then link to the Retro- number, year and month of publication, and counts of references and spective Electronic Index. You’ll get a searching screen, from which you illustrations. For books, maps, and transects, the data set includes titles, can set your search criteria: titles, author names, GeoRef keywords … authors, page counts, ISBNs, and other helpful information. anything in the data set. The search engine lets you search on all words and/or phrases in This new approach replaces and greatly expands on the printed the data set. It also offers a limited type of conceptual searching. The indexes that traditionally appeared in issues of GSA’s journals in the search results consist of a set of links to the bibliographic material, with past. Ever-rising costs of composition, printing, and distribution forced confidence levels and additional links to related data. In testing, most us to reexamine the way we publish these indexes. We are convinced searches took only a few seconds to complete. that electronic indexes offer an excellent solution to those problems. Give it a try, and by all means send us your comments or sugges- Not only do they eliminate the costs of a large amount of paper, ink, tions. Address E-mail to [email protected]. For the present, use of and postage, they let us provide you with a far greater base of data: this database is free, although a modest charge may be attached to its 23 years currently, rather than the traditional one; plus we are able use in the future, at least for those who are not members of GSA.

Databases continued from p. 6 Aronoff, Stan, 1989, Geographic information systems: discussions on the nature of GIS and A management perspective: Ottawa, Ontario, WDL Publications. geological and geophysical data; Brian Macy, Dietrich Kastens, and Jerry Whistler http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/ Bonham-Carter, G. F., 1994, Geographic information for help with hardware and software edchome/ndcdb/ndcdb.html systems for geoscientists: Modelling with GIS (Com- puter Methods in the Geosciences, Volume 13): problems; and Tim Byrne, Steve Davis, (the US GeoData home page) Kidlington, UK, Pergamon, 398 p. Randy Van Schmus, Rich Whitmarsh, and Anonymous FTP—edcftp.cr.usgs.gov Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 1994, Suzanne Kay for beneficial reviews of the Understanding GIS: The ARC/INFO™ method: Red- For USGS products in general lands, California, Environmental Systems Research manuscript. World Wide Web—http://www.usgs.gov/ Institute, Inc. REFERENCES CITED Topologically Integrated Geographic Bedell, R. L., Jr., 1994, GIS for the geosciences (short Encoding and Referencing System HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE course notes for Geological Society of America Annual (TIGER) files—U.S. Census Bureau REQUIREMENTS Meeting, Seattle, Washington): Richard L. Bedell, Jr. (Homestake, 1375 Greg St., Suite 105, Sparks, NV World Wide Web— As computers in general become 89431), 193 p. http://www.census.gov:70/ less expensive and more powerful, GIS Condit, C. D., 1995, DDM-SVF: A prototype dynamic products at all levels become more useful. Thematic Mapper—Landsat Information digital map of the Springerville volcanic field, Arizona: How functional a GIS software product is, GSA Today, v. 5, no. 4, p. 69, 87–88. Internet—xglis.cr.usgs.gov however, still depends somewhat dispro- Fitzgibbon, T. T., Wentworth, C. M., and Showalter, Public-domain geophysics (potential portionately on the hardware on which the P. K., 1991, Digital compilation of geologic maps and databases using ALACARTE-ARC/INFO: Geological fields, marine seismology) system is installed. For example, current Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 23, Contact the National Geophysical Data versions of the most popular GIS packages no. 2, p. 25. Center: World Wide Web— are much more functional on UNIX work Jacobson, R. B., 1993, Application of a digital http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Most of the stations than on PCs and Macintoshes. geographic information system in compilation and NGDC data sets are not on-line, but can The price reflects this fact: the differential is analysis of surficial geologic maps: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, no. 3, p. 25. be ordered on CD-ROM from NGDC, approximately 800% between the products, Moore, S. C., 1976, Geology and thrust fault tectonics Boulder, Colorado not simply because of speed differences of of parts of the Argus and Slate ranges, Inyo County, the machines, but because there are func- California [Ph.D. thesis]: Seattle, University of Earthquake seismology tions that you cannot buy in a PC version Washington, 128 p. World Wide Web of the software. A full PC-based GIS package Tufte, E. R., 1983, The visual display of quantitative General—http://geophys. (at academic rates) would cost several hun- information: Cheshire, Connecticut, Graphics Press, washington.edu/seismosurfing.html 197 p. dred to a thousand dollars for the first Specific networks— Ulrich, G. E., Reynolds, M. W., and Taylor, R. B., 1992, license and one or two hundred dollars for http://quake.geo.berkeley.edu, Toward digital geologic map standards: A progress each additional seat or machine. The equiv- report, in Johnson, A. I., et al., eds., Geographic infor- http://scec.gps.caltech.edu alent UNIX-based package would cost sev- mation systems (GIS) and mapping—Practices and stan- World coverage—Passcal active experi- dards: American Society for Testing and Materials, eral thousand dollars; additional seats ments—http://www.iris.washington.edu ASTM STP 1126, p. 18–29. would cost over a thousand dollars each. Wentworth, C. M., and Fitzgibbon, T. T., 1991, SUGGESTED READING ALACARTE user manual, version 1.0: U.S. Geological ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Survey Open-File Report 91-0587-C, 267 p. There are several good texts on This work was supported by a Wright, B. E., and Stewart, D. B., 1990, Digitization of geographic information systems. We have contract from the Geothermal Program a geologic map for the Quebec–Maine–Gulf of Maine found the following books to give useful Global Geoscience Transect: U.S. Geological Survey Office, China Lake Naval Air Warfare approaches or background: Circular 1041, 16 p. ■ Center. We thank Frank Monastero for

GSA TODAY, March 1996 7 entail the least amount of attention on GSAF UPDATE their part. The fund fits this requirement, along with its other tax and financial Robert L. Fuchs attributes. Mel Hill retired from Gulf Oil Corpo- Major Gifts Boost Second Century Fund ration in 1984 after a successful career in geology, research, and management. He began work for Western Gulf in Bakers- Several recent gifts from GSA mem- study—from archaeology to space technol- field, California, upon graduation from bers were instrumental in pushing the ogy. He has received numerous honors UC Berkeley. After holding jobs in Califor- campaign total above $4 million. The con- and awards from governments and organi- nia as district geologist and chief geologist, tributions and pledges, ranging to more zations. Farouk El-Baz was deeply involved he was transferred to Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- than $60,000, are important additions to in the Apollo space program and is a lead- vania, where he served in a variety of the financial assets of the Society and its ing scientist in the study of desert geo- exploration, research, and management Foundation. These four gifts provide an morphology and the application of remote positions over a 12-year period. During interesting demonstration of the variety of sensing techniques to ground-water explo- the next 10 years, he was president of sev- methods and objectives that are available ration in arid lands. eral Gulf subsidiaries in Houston, advanc- to contributors to the Foundation and the He has been in the public eye on ing to the position of executive vice presi- Second Century Fund—pledges, cash, ded- numerous occasions. Nondestructive dent of Gulf Oil Corporation prior to icated funds, appreciated securities, investigations of the Pharoahs’ tombs retirement. planned or deferred gifts, and personal through remote sensing, under his direc- Over the years, Mel Hill has been property. Each contribution was developed tion, received enormous worldwide atten- active in scientific and academic organiza- in a specific manner, to meet the personal tion. Recently, El-Baz was prominent on tions such as the Board on Earth Sciences desires and needs of the donor. TV network news programs on the occa- of the National Research Council, univer- sion of the Million Man March in Wash- sity advisory committees and boards, and Farouk El-Baz Award Fund ington D.C. The state-of-the-art crowd- earth science professional societies. He A fund to encourage research in counting techniques employed by his wrote an important paper on wrench-fault desert geomorphology has been set up as Center for Remote Sensing were favored tectonics with the late John Moody; it was the result of a contribution and pledge to by the media and the public over methods published in the GSA Bulletin in 1956. the Second Century Fund from Farouk previously in use. He is the subject of a Currently, Hill is a member of GSA’s Com- El-Baz, director of the Center for Remote chapter in the book Reinventing the Future: mittee on Investments and Audit Commit- Sensing at Boston University. The fund Conversations with the World’s Leading tee. An accomplished machinist, his work- will provide annual cash awards for Scientists. shop in southern California abounds with outstanding work in this field by earth miniature steam engines and locomotives. scientists. Melvin J. Hill He is also relearning the geology of Cali- Farouk El-Baz is a GSA Fellow, chair of A gift to the Foundation’s Pooled fornia from the bottom up, although he the Committee on Honorary Fellows, and Income Fund was received in December readily admits to only a minimal amount vice chair (international) of the Second from GSA Fellow and 41-year member Mel of outcrop climbing. Century Fund. Born in Egypt in 1938, El- Hill. The gift was in the form of appreci- Baz was educated at Ain Shams University ated securities, a method of making a Terry Huffington in Cairo, Missouri School of Mines & Met- charitable contribution that has very ben- Terry Huffington’s two-year pledge to allurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- eficial tax results. In selecting the Pooled the Second Century Fund will benefit the nology, and University of Missouri. His Income Fund, Mel Hill said that an impor- Foundation’s unrestricted endowment. distinguished career has been interna- tant consideration was retirement income She is chair of the board of Huffco Group, tional in scope and varied in scientific for him and his wife, Daphne, that would Inc. in Houston, an international oil and gas exploration and producing company, and she is an honorary chair of the Second GSA Foundation Century Fund Committee. 3300 Penrose Place After graduating from Stanford Uni- P.O. Box 9140 versity in 1977 with a B.S. degree in geol- Boulder, CO 80301 ogy, Huffington attended the University of (303) 447-2020 Texas at Austin, earning an M.S. degree in geology. She worked for Chevron U.S.A. for four years, returning to school for an Enclosed is my contribution in the amount of $______for: M.B.A. degree from Harvard. Her subse- Foundation Unrestricted GSA Unrestricted The ______program. quent career was with Roy M. Huffington, Inc., a company founded by her father, My pledge to the Second Century Fund is $______per year for ___ years. Roy M. Huffington, one of the most suc- Please contact me to discuss a gift of personal property. cessful independent oil explorers. Roy Huffington is a 43-year member of GSA, I am interested in helping my Section reach its Second Century Fund goal by an Honorary Trustee of the Foundation, working on the committee. Please ask the Section chair to contact me. and former U.S. Ambassador to Austria. PLEASE PRINT After Roy M. Huffington, Inc. was sold, Terry started Huffco Group Inc. Name ______Terry Huffington is an active partici- Address ______pant in and contributor to civic organiza- tions and causes. Her list of activities out- City/State/ZIP ______side of Huffco includes Stanford’s School Phone ______of Earth Sciences, the Bionomics Institute of San Francisco, The Madeira School in

8 GSA TODAY, March 1996 Donors to the Foundation, December 1995

Allan V. Cox Dwornik William D. Rose, Jr. Second Century Fund Kurt Servos* Student Scholarship Planetary Geoscience Robert Schoen Michele L. Aldrich* Paul K. Sims* Award Fund Award Fund Steven Slaff Clarence R. Allen* Russell G. Slayback Robert S. Coe Odette B. James Frederic H. Wilson* Brian G. Anderson Christopher Anne Suczek Alfred L. Bush Randy L. Korotev Genevieve Atwood James B. Thompson, Jr. Antoinette Lierman Research Grants Jack O. Colle Ted A. Maxwell Harvey E. Belkin Sherwood and Medlin Scholarship Fund Nicholas D. Cook William M. Whiting Bruce J. Bilodeau Esther Tuttle Award Fund Hans G. Avé Lallemant John C. Crowell* Theresa M. Bodus Page C. Twiss* Roger S. Austin* Engineering Geology Charles F. Berkstresser, Jr.* Graham R. Curtis Joseph M. Boyce Ben A. van der Pluijm C. S. Venable Barclay Award Fund Drew M. Clemens Albert J. Depman Arthur A. Bookstrom* David L. Warburton* Lawrence L. Brady Robert A. Larson John M. Dilles Marianne S. Dubois Bruce H. Bryant* Kenneth N. Weaver* Wallace De Witt, Jr. Howard J. Pincus Ra Naye B. Dreier Jose L. Escriba Moran John W. Cady Donald E. White Katherine J. Howard J. David Rogers Russell C. Evarts Gerald M. Friedman Ronald J. Clendening Steffen Wolff* Noreen H. Rega Charles W. Welby* Nicholas B. Harris Tanya Furman Doak C. Cox Lawrence Wu Mitchell W. Reynolds William K. Hart Charles R. Givens GEOSTAR Fund J. Campbell Craddock Keith A. Howard Shirley Dreiss Michel T. Halbouty* Biggs Excellence in Charles F. Berkstresser, Jr.* H. Allen Curran Claudia C. Johnson Memorial Fund Heinrich D. Holland Earth Science Ronald J. Lipp Edward C. Dapples* G. Randy Keller Claire B. Davidson* Gretchen Smith Hopper Education Fund James K. Roche Virginia de Lima* J. Richard Kyle Martin B. Goldhaber Arthur Mekeel Hussey II James F. Westcott Robert G. Wiese, Jr. Norman H. Donald, Jr. Ed Landing Frank W. Schwartz James A. Joy H. James Dorman Edmund Kiessling Birdsall Award Fund Hydrogeology Morris W. Leighton* Michael B. Underwood Robert H. Fakundiny Fujio Kumon Mary Jo Baedecker Division Award Fund Carol Mankiewicz Freeman Foote* Unrestricted Fund— Stephen C. Lee E. Scott Bair Anonymous Jeffrey A. May Robert E. Fox* GSA Charles R. Lewis* Keros Cartwright Claire B. Davidson* Leslie D. McFadden Robert L. Fuchs* John W. Anthony Robert J. Malcuit Ralph K. Davis Alan R. Dutton Mark S. Newton David L. Gaskill* Charles F. Berkstresser, Jr. * Ennio Marsella James S . Dinger Sarrell I. Leap Bruce James O’Connor Billy P. Glass John A. Elson Robert L. Melvin Eagon & Associates, Inc. Jeffry A. Parsons Institute for Susan D. Halsey* John A. Ferguson Louis Moyd* Phyllis M. Garman Peter D. Rowley Environmental Thomas D. Hamilton Jacob E. Gair William E. Nellist Wilbert P. Gaston Hitoshi Sakai Education Fund Roger A. Haskins Joseph S. Gates Roger A. Newell Raymond Hermann Desiree E. Virgil A. Frizzell, Jr.* Christopher D. Henry* Susan D. Halsey Jack E. Oliver* John W. Hess, Jr. Stuart-Alexander Jean D. Juilland W. P. Hewitt Milton T. Heald Jeffry A. Parsons Darryll T. Pederson Tracy L. Vallier Bret W. Leslie Roger LeB. Hooke Richard K. Hose Douglas C. Peters Niel Plummer Erchie Wang Ellen D. Smith Richard W. Hutchinson Kirk D. McIntosh Donald W. Peterson Jeffrey P. Raffensperger G. D. Webster John B. Ivey Eugen Seibold* H. Kenneth Peterson P. K. Saint J. Hoover Mackin Rip Rapp Patricia H. Kelley* S. Francis Thoumsin, Jr. James A. Peterson Ward E. Sanford Award Fund Archaeological Konrad B. Krauskopf* G. Frederick Warn Thea Welsh Phinney Donald I. Siegel Yehouda Enzel Geology Award Fund John T. Kuo Garrett E. Zabel Douglas W. Rankin William W. Simpkins Richard L. Threet George R. Gibson* Alan E. Leviton* John A. Reinemund Charles W. Welby John D. Vitek Unrestricted Fund— Mark W. Longman Michael L. Sargent SAGE Fund GSAF Carol G. and John T. Neil Lundberg* Henry R. Schmoll John C. Frye Charles F. Berkstresser, Jr. * Zalman S. Altschuler McGill Fund Cathryn A. Manduca Clay T. Smith Environmental Michael Levi Cummings C. S. Venable Barclay Manuel G. Bonilla John W. Mason* Christopher J. Talbot Award Fund John L. Fauth David F. Barnes Richard Lung Brainerd Mears, Jr. William A. Thomas* Alvin R. Leonard Jonathan D. Fernald Charles F. Berkstresser, Jr.* W. Rold Karl Mertz, Jr. Theodoros Toskos Claude C. Albritton Pamela Hallock-Muller Pierre E. Biscaye Christopher J. Murray Robert J. Twiss Memorial Fund Lincoln S. Hollister* Randy C. Blomquist John T. Dillon Haydn H. Murray* John J. Viveiros Margaret J. Guccione Keith A. Howard Sofia M. Bobiak Alaska Scholarship Franklin H. Olmsted Ronald J. Wasowski Rolfe Mandel Jean D. Juilland Keith B. C. Brady Award Fund Harry McDougal Parker James E. Werner J. Richard Kyle Martin L. Bregman W. Michael Wade Elmer D. Patterson Doris M. Curtis Stephen C. Lee Kenneth G. Brill, Jr.* Frederic H. Wilson* Bernard W. Pipkin Women in Science Memorial Fund Daniel P. Murray F. Eyolf Bronner Forrest G. Poole Fund Alvin R. Leonard Minority Fund Lee R. Russell Bruce A. Brown Craig M. Schiffries Helen M. Lang Philip S. Koch Gary B. Sidder Severn P. Brown *Century Plus Roster Allan F. Schneider* Marilyn E. Quas Jeffrey K. Miller Donald M. Burt (gifts of $150 or more)

Virginia, and Houston’s Asia Society, to GSA. However, there are other types of priate future time the Foundation may Museum of Fine Arts, River Oaks Baptist gifts, such as life insurance, real estate, and decide to sell these paintings. Meanwhile, School, and Kid Care. Most important, she personal property, that qualify as charita- however, both Dave Dunn and the Foun- is married to Dr. Ralph Dittman and they ble contributions and can help individuals dation have benefited from this special are the parents of two young children. satisfy their particular philanthropic goals. charitable transaction. Antiques, paintings, patents, and copy- David E. Dunn rights are examples of personal property HELP WANTED! As treasurer of GSA since 1993, Dave gifts. Generally, the same favorable tax Section chairs for the Second Century Dunn has been intimately involved with attributes apply to these gifts as apply to Fund membership campaign need GSA the Second Century Fund from its incep- securities and cash, but each gift must be members to help with fund-raising during tion. More than most, he is fully cog- reviewed for feasibility and potential tax 1996. If you feel the need to communicate nizant of the long-term benefits that are results. a bit more with your fellow GSA members accruing to the Society from this financial The Dunn gift consists of three valu- and also want to give GSA some personal initiative. He was one of the first to make able oil paintings, currently on display at time and assistance, please consider volun- a multiyear pledge to the fund, and one of GSA’s Boulder headquarters. The mechan- teering to be a campaign worker. The work the first to complete his pledge, several ics of such a gift can be cumbersome. is not overly time consuming, just calling years early. Appraisals are required, and there are ship- and writing to 10 or 15 GSA members Now Dunn has increased his partici- ping and insurance considerations. Never- about their contributions to the Second pation by presenting to the Foundation a theless, a gift of an asset of this sort can Century Fund. You may just expand your new and unique gift, one of personal make perfectly good economic sense for own personal network in the process. ■ property. Gifts of cash and securities are both donor and donee. Clearly, GSA is not the most common forms of contribution a repository for fine art, and at an appro-

GSA TODAY, March 1996 9 FORUM service as U.S. ambassador to Zambia from 1990 to 1993 and, currently, as director of Bruce F. Molnia the Global Development Initiative at the Carter Center, with a focus on Guyana. Forum is a regular feature of GSA Today in which many sides of an issue or question of inter- These two countries are strikingly similar est to the geological community are explored. Each Forum presentation consists of an infor- in the circumstances facing the newly mative, neutral introduction to the month’s topic followed by two or more opposing views elected governments when they took concerning the Forum topic. Selection of future Forum topics and participants is the responsi- over in 1991: bility of the Forum Editor. Suggestions for future Forum topics are welcome and should be • the economy is highly dependent on sent to: Bruce F. Molnia, Forum Editor, U.S. Geological Survey, 917 National Center, Reston, the export earnings from one or two VA 22092, (703) 648-4120, fax 703-648-4227. commodities; • price fluctuations for these commodities lead to alternating cycles of excessive government spending or borrowing; Politics and Economics: • government control and/or subsidiza- tion of prices of basic goods and services Geological Research Bridging the Gulf— lead to distortions in resource allocations and disincentives to farmers; The Near-Term Future—Part 1 • as earnings from key commodities decline, losses of government-run enterprises are more glaring, debt close with an examination of changes increases, production declines, This Forum, which is drawn from the IEE likely in the academic arena over the inflation accelerates, and infrastructure Forum at the 1995 GSA Annual Meeting next few years and an audience participa- and social services deteriorate; (New Orleans), attempts to examine tion discussion. • technical capacities are weakened by how geology fits into the larger fabric of The purpose of the forum was not to emigration of large numbers of skilled society, especially in light of recent soci- provide a guaranteed prediction of the and educated personnel; etal changes. The interconnections future, but rather to start a public dialogue • fed up, the people vote for change, vot- between the geosciences and current on issues of concern to our profession. ing out governments that have run the political, economic, and environmental Judging by the comments of many country virtually since independence movements are analyzed in light of antic- attendees throughout the rest of the GSA from Great Britain. ipated changes in the business market Annual Meeting, we succeeded in opening In the postelection period, Zambia and education. The second half of this up a dialogue for GSA members to partici- pursued a traditional pattern of reform, Forum will be presented in the April pate in over the next several months. I largely based on policy prescriptions 1996 issue of GSA Today. encourage you to be a part of this dialogue imposed by the International Monetary because I am certain that our profession Fund and World Bank, representing a will benefit if we all put our minds donor community eager to help Zambia together to face the future. PERSPECTIVE 1: Introduction to succeed and willing to designate it as a After hearing the talks presented here the Fourth Annual Institute for target for funding. Principal features of the and speaking with many of you personally Environmental Education Forum stabilization program included: eliminat- in New Orleans, I do have a prediction of Douglas R. Gouzie, Atlanta, Georgia ing subsidies and removing price controls, my own. I believe that our profession is putting government on a pay-as-you-go The 1995 forum started as a theme moving from an arena where we primarily basis under a balanced budget, allowing session concept within the Hydrogeology work with and for other scientists to one the currency to float freely with no foreign Division of GSA. The idea was to ask in which we are increasingly called upon exchange controls, reducing government award-winning and leading geoscientists to interact with business financiers, attor- employment, and getting the government to turn their research minds outside of our neys, politicians, and almost any other cit- out of the business world through a five- profession and make their best prediction izen. I believe this interaction is largely a to ten-year privatization program. of the near-term future. Our plan was to societal change that has affected other The new government set out deter- bring together a variety of speakers from professions far more deeply than ours. mined to implement these reforms, and all areas of our profession: academia, The most promising part of this trend of by and large it succeeded, with some industry, and state and federal govern- greater communication and interaction is, exceptions. Statistics indicated that infla- ments. In addition, we added a guest in my opinion, the tremendous societal tion was brought down dramatically and speaker from the Carter Presidential contribution our profession can make government spending checked, but the Center in Atlanta who brought us special using our traditional strengths and abili- consequence for the poorest sector was a expertise in global politics and economics. ties in combining the other basic sciences, dramatic jump in prices of basic goods We started with an overview of synthesizing the data, and communicating and services and higher unemployment, changes in the global marketplace and the story of Earth in both written and in part created by a flood of cheaper how political and economic factors visual formats. imported goods, which evaded customs influence the marketplace. We then duties and forced cutbacks in domestic shifted to an evaluation of recent changes production. Corruption, uncertainties in in the U.S. political climate, particularly PERSPECTIVE 2: Global Dynamics government policy, and the slowed pace with respect to science programs and Gordon Streeb, Carter Presidential Center, of privatization postponed the anticipated policies. The speakers then highlighted Atlanta, Georgia inflow of new investment and thus also changes on the horizon in both federal The dynamic of change in many of the postponed the creation of new jobs. and state governments, evolving issues in developing countries entails transition Donors and the international financial commercial practice, and changes brought from state-dominated to market-based institutions continued to follow tradi- on by advances in computing, modeling, economics and from one-party, imposed tional patterns of assistance to sectors of and basic scientific understanding of the rule to democratically elected govern- prime interest to them, albeit with deter- environment. The afternoon came to a ment. My observations are based on my mined efforts at coordination to promote

10 GSA TODAY, March 1996 complementarity and avoid duplication. suggests that countries which have estab- For the past 50 years federal science Debt service, especially to the interna- lished a clear vision, made the tough policy was rooted in Cold War perceptions tional financial institutions, continued to policy choices, and brought the people of a world in which the United States had be a daily battle for the central bank. into the picture so that they too appreci- one military rival and virtually no scien- In the immediate postelection period, ate the constraints, but at the same time tific and technological equals. At the close Guyana too pursued the traditional path— see cause for hope, have a significantly of World War II, two factors conspired to like Zambia, it faced the most daunting higher probability of succeeding. The lack promote Bush’s vision deal and to drasti- per capita foreign debt burden in the of a comprehensive context for both gov- cally alter federal support of research and hemisphere. But in early 1995, at the urg- ernment spending and donor funding has development. First, the United States was ing of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, undoubtedly contributed to Zambia’s fail- the only major industrialized nation that Guyana decided to initiate a new process, ure to capitalize on its new opportunities. did not need to rebuild its industrial base. namely, a collaborative effort between the Free and fair elections are not Second, during the war the nation had government of Guyana and the Carter enough. Multipartyism is not a guarantee seen the power of technology harnessed Presidential Center in Atlanta, with finan- of democracy. Market economics do not for the national good. In the context of cial support from major donors and pri- guarantee improvement in the general these two powerful factors, Vannevar vate foundations. Its purpose was to pre- welfare. But an open system, in which Bush proposed a “contract” with science pare a comprehensive development there is equity and fairness, where people that, fueled by the Cold War, led to four strategy for the next 10 to 15 years. The are engaged rather than told, and where decades of unprecedented investment by strategy formulation process is designed government can demonstrate that its poli- the federal government in research and to provide government (and the people of cies, programs, and priorities are clearly development. Over these past 50 years, Guyana) the analytical base from which to directed toward these aims surely offers there has been a great return from our set policies realigning the relative roles of the best hope for seizing the opportunity public investment in fundamental science, government and the private sector; enact rather than slipping back to chaos. A wide both through knowledge generated and legislative and regulatory changes required variety of political and/or economic ide- through the education of an unmatched to support this shift; establish priorities for ologies can be accommodated under this scientific and technical workforce. government spending based on realistic rubric. It is in your interest to lend your The spendthrift budgets of the 1980s projections of government revenues, support and expertise to those willing to and early 1990s were unsustainable and including new revenue enhancements undertake such an effort. mortgaged much of our national future. (fees, tax reforms, timber and mining Resources are scarce, the country cannot concessions, improved tax collection); afford the “free ride” for scientific direct donor funding to priorities deter- PERSPECTIVE 3: The Changing research. All of this has set the stage for a mined by government; seek debt restruc- U.S. Political Climate new paradigm. The administration stated, turing and relief. John W. Hess, Desert Research Institute, in February 1993, its overarching goal for A strategy through which govern- University and Community College System fundamental research: world leadership ment clearly enunciates its policies and of Nevada, Las Vegas in basic science, mathematics, and manifests its determination to adhere to engineering. The pace of change in Washington these policies should stimulate donor and In August 1994 the Clinton adminis- this year has made looking at the future investor confidence, maximize the impact tration issued a policy statement on direction and funding of science and tech- of available funds, and improve prospects science, Science in the National Interest. The nology very difficult. We are at a critical for balanced and equitable growth. A document is the result of several high- time. Do we as a country have the disci- unique feature of this undertaking is the level scientific forums, and it reaffirms the pline to control our spending and not to methodology. The Guyana economy has central role of science and technology in borrow from our descendants for short- been divided into 23 categories, with our society. But it changes the view of term gains? Do we have the will to com- working groups composed of experts science from that of the “endless frontier” mit to investment in the future? These are from the government, nongovernment to that of “a critical investment in our some of the issues that defined the last organizations, the university, the private nation’s future.” In the report, there is a presidential and congressional elections. sector, and donors preparing a strategy demand for some control over the invest- How do the President and Congress bal- for their respective sectors. Outside ment strategy and for the creation of the ance funding for science and technology experts under contracts to the Carter National Science and Technology Council. with other needs? Center, working with a technical commit- The policy environment for science Fifty years ago, Vannevar Bush issued tee chaired by the minister of finance, and technology in the United States a document that marked the beginning of are overseeing the working groups and changed radically following the election strong bipartisan support for science and are responsible for pulling all this work in November 1994 and the Contract with technology. Today, Congress is talking together into a coherent package that can America. The Republican-controlled about funding cuts that would eliminate a be presented to the cabinet for decision- Congress began to implement an agenda large amount of science and technology making and to the general public for calling for a balanced budget within seven investment over the next seven years. comment. Ownership is a centerpiece of years, drastic cuts in federal spending, and Bush’s model is being replaced with a new, the innovative methodology; all hope a reduction in the scope of federal pro- but not yet defined model. To understand that it will contribute to longer-term grams and regulatory authority impacting what is going on today, we must go back commitment even through periods of programs such as the Safe Drinking Water 50 years to 1945 and Vannevar Bush, who political change. Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conserva- said in his report Science, The Endless The strategy formulation process also tion and Recovery Act, and endangered Frontier, “The Government should accept avoids exacerbating the ethnic differences and threatened species. new responsibilities for promoting the reflected in the current structure of eco- President Clinton’s budget proposal flow of new scientific knowledge and the nomic activity, and it incorporates policies for FY 1996, released in February 1995, development of scientific talent in our targeted to alleviate poverty, empower also indicated a tight budget. Despite the youth. These responsibilities are the women, and sustain the environment. Administration’s stated commitment to proper concern of the Government, for Will the Guyanese experience lead to science and technology as a cornerstone of they vitally affect our health, our jobs and greater, sustained growth than the more our national security.” traditional path in Zambia? The evidence Forum continued on p. 12

GSA TODAY, March 1996 11 Forum continued from p. 11 for resource conservation and develop- trial and applied R&D as corporate welfare, ment, downsizing the Minerals Manage- they believe that the federal government economic policy, it was the first presiden- ment Service, restructuring the U.S. should not support these programs. tial budget in more than 20 years to show Bureau of Reclamation, limiting the Other action in Congress that impacts a decrease in total federal research and growth of the National Science Founda- science policy includes a proposal to create development from the previous fiscal year. tion (NSF), and not forming the proposed a Department of Science and HR2405, the Early on, the Republicans called for, National Biological Service. Omnibus Civilian Science Authorization among other things that impact the earth The Republican majority pledged to Act of 1995. HR2405 was introduced by sciences, the abolishment of the U.S. Geo- protect those federal R&D investments House Science Committee Chairman logical Survey (USGS), reduced funding for they felt were proper for the government Robert Walker (R—PA) on September 27, energy technology development, reduced to support, while cutting or eliminating 1995. It is a combination of seven autho- overhead on federally sponsored univer- R&D programs they believed were best left rization bills setting funding limits and sity research, abolishment of the U.S. to industry. The House supported the fed- program direction for NSF, the National Bureau of Mines, a freeze on the funding eral government’s role in basic research by Aeronautics and Space Administration, for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric slightly increasing funding. However, the Department of Energy (DOE), NOAA, Administration (NOAA), reduced funding because many in the House view indus- the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Institute for Standards and Technology, and the U.S. Fire Administra- tion. The bill attempts to set science policy. Various appropriation bills eclipse HR2405, but this bill gives added weight to Congressional efforts to shape federal science policy and funding. The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology produced a statement of principles for guiding federal science and technology policy and future budgets in early autumn 1995, as follows. 1. Science and technology have been major determinants of the American quality of life and will be of even greater importance in the years ahead. 2. Public support of science and technology should be considered as an investment for the future. 3. Education and training in science, mathematics, and engineering are crucial to America’s future. 4. The federal government should continue to support strong universities, research institutions, and national labora- tories as part of the nation’s science and technology infrastructure. 5. The federal investment portfolio in science and technology must support both basic and applied research, including the development of precompetitive technolo- gies with and for the private sector as well as national needs. 6. Stability of funding, based on long- range planning, is essential for effective and efficient use of the federal investment in research and its associated educational function and for enhancing international collaboration. Other questions and issues being struggled with include: (1) “Big” science vs. “small” science, (2) who controls the research agenda, (3) who sets the science policy, (4) is there a societal benefit to science, and (5) who speaks for science in this country? We are at a point of change. The vision of Vannevar Bush is fading, and a new vision has not yet been formed and set in the minds of the American people. ■

12 GSA TODAY, March 1996 GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA MEDALS AND AWARDS FOR 1995

PENROSE MEDAL Response by presented to JOHN C. CROWELL When I read the letter from President JOHN C. CROWELL Stephenson informing me that the Society was awarding me the Penrose Medal, I was stunned and overwhelmed, and then I Citation by reflected: Why me? Why should I be picked out from so many more deserving geologists? LEIGH H. ROYDEN I concluded that if I had done anything It is with very great significant it was because I was a product of pleasure that I present John C. the academic system: a product of universities Crowell as the 1995 Penrose where there is an emphasis on combined I remember that Medalist. With this award, we teaching and research. Here I wish to pay when I was in honor John for a variety of out- homage to that heritage and plead that all of graduate school, standing contributions to geological us strive to make such a system continue and I read a paper by science, any one of which would be wor- thrive. The system must flourish with apprecia- someone named John thy of the Penrose Medal. On the basis of five tion from society and with adequate funding. Crowell called “The Origin decades of careful mapping and field observa- More is involved than teaching formal classes of Late Cenozoic Basins in California.” Despite tions, John has produced pioneering works in and undertaking research and publication, the fact that my thesis area was in a distant part sedimentology, stratigraphy, basin architecture, however. The informal and casual teaching and of the world, this paper contributed more to my regional tectonics, and global paleoclimatology. camaraderie between experienced geologists understanding of the tectonics of that region than John’s major contributions are too numer- and enthusiastic students are especially any other I can think of. I am certainly not alone in ous to list here, but I would like to highlight a few rewarding. Throughout my career I have gone having been so influenced and inspired by John’s of his most influential works. In the late 1950s on many field trips, both within easy reach of work from afar, and this is but one example of (before the advent of plate tectonic theory) John my universities and over the world. Although how his work has reached so many generations documented that the displacement on the south- many trips have been parts of credited courses, of geologists. ern San Andreas fault system was approxi- especially memorable are those organized by It is also certain that I am not alone in hav- mately 300 km, providing a crucial element in the student geology clubs or informal groups where ing been greatly influenced by John’s approach later recognition of transform faults. John’s work the purpose was to have weekend fun and look to solving problems in earth science. John’s work on turbidite deposits in California and Switzer- at some interesting rocks or geologic features. is the epitome of how to combine and synthesize land led to a fuller understanding of their trans- For example, reconnaissance trips to the desert data across traditional disciplinary boundaries, port and deposition and eventually to new with students revealed rocks suggesting great and remains a humbling example for those of us insights into the relationship between tectonics displacement on splays of the San Andreas who would aspire to follow in his footsteps. and sedimentation. His now classic studies of fault. I would not have known the right areas for As I have come to know John as a friend the Ridge Basin revealed the basin to be a pull- further study if it had not been for these trips of and colleague, I have discovered that, in addition apart structure that grew tectonically during sedi- discovery. Students often bring new insights by to possessing a keen scientific intellect, John is a mentation, and provided a new concept in struc- pushing for answers to perplexing questions. kind, thoughtful, and considerate person, atten- tural and sedimentary geology. John’s original As the turbidity-current concept evolved, tive to the large and the small in life. On one end and imaginative field work on glacial deposits students and I crawled over muddy outcrops of the spectrum, he is the only person I know of all the continents of Gondwana (including looking for telltale sedimentary structures to who sends out “thank you” notes after he Antarctica) provided a comprehensive picture of reveal how basins filled. What tectonic settings receives reprints in the mail. On the other end of ice build-up, ice flow, and ice wasting in the con- were responsible for the basin shapes and the spectrum, he has always found the time to text of global paleogeography and paleoclimatol- styles? Conglomerates could be laid down in combine his illustrious scientific career with the ogy. This monumental work is of special impor- deep water, and mud mixed with pebbles and equally demanding role of husband and father. tance to the study of global change because it cobbles at depth could imitate deposits laid John has not allowed his work to separate him highlights the essential features of ocean-conti- down by glaciers. And so with many students from his family for long periods of time (particu- nent configurations and oceanic circulation that and colleagues, we looked at reported “tillites” larly difficult for a field geologist), and he has produce glacial periods. to see whether they might indeed have had a been accompanied on his extended jaunts to Over the years I have attended many GSA nonglacial origin. Some did, but many sedimen- exotic places by his wife Betty and, in former awards ceremonies where Penrose Medalists tary deposits document the past existence of times, by his daughter Martha. I hope that some have been presented by peers and contempo- glaciers on nearby land. day soon he may also be accompanied by his raries, by former students, or by colleagues with We geologists are social animals. Field grandchildren Alisha and John. whom they have worked closely. This presenta- trips organized by local geological societies I would like to end simply by saying that, on tion is a little different, and it is a particular honor have allowed me to discuss most profitably the top of his illustrious scientific achievements, I for me to have been asked to present John observations and interpretations of industrial consider John Crowell to be a “geologist’s geolo- Crowell as the Penrose Medalist, because for a geologists. Everywhere over the world I have gist” in every sense of the word, and it is my very long time John’s primary relationship to me was enjoyed and learned from interchanges with great honor to present him to you as the 1995 as “geo-hero,” and I was influenced by John’s unselfish colleagues as we leaned over out- Penrose Medalist. work from afar long before I met him in person. crops or chatted around happy evening camp-

GSA TODAY, March 1996 13 fires. Almost everything that I have found out We all must strive to see that such policies con- understanding of what we know about Earth about Mother Earth and her history has grown tinue for the benefit of society at large and our history during more than a half century of map- from such group discussions, with students and human understanding of our remarkable Earth. I ping, dating, geochemistry, geophysics, and with professionals. Although we geologists fear that such policies are threatened as we face other approaches, as geologists have scurried commonly work alone or in small groups in fiscal restraints, along with accounting efforts to over our planet. I have also lived at a place both the field and lab, we relish sharing our document the things that professors do. near mountains and deserts where rocks discoveries with colleagues. I have lived at the right time and place. revealing crustal history are magnificently Many previous Penrosers have thanked At a time when jet aircraft have allowed me to exposed. How fortunate I have been! persons influential in their careers by name. dash off to far parts of the globe where rocks And so I plead: Let us all strive vigorously Reluctantly I have decided not to do this. So significant to understanding Earth history are to assure that universities emphasizing com- many geologists and friends have guided me exposed. With other geologists I have puzzled bined teaching and research continue to thrive. that I cannot acknowledge them all! I sincerely and worked on significant geological relation- Even though public funding is now strained, thank each of them, but here I also wish to thank ships on all continents and have shared obser- humankind’s understanding and knowledge the academic and scientific system prevalent vations and concepts with those colleagues. of our earthly habitat requires this. Geologists, during my time, a time when students—under- My life has coincided with a time when funding such as us, are those most knowledgeable of grads and grads alike—are encouraged to min- for justified science and distant travel has been the way the earth system works and the way it gle with faculty and staff and make discoveries generous. I have happily lived during the plate changes through time. We hold the key to the together. I appreciate the wisdom of the Regents tectonic evolution that has so successfully past record, and this history is the best guide of the University of California in setting policies to revealed how Earth’s crust wrinkles and breaks we have of the future. May geologists and encourage geology departments to set their own and pieces move about, when we have learned students long continue to wander and ponder policies. And for their wisdom in allowing sabbat- that most of crustal history is recorded in blocks as we document the history of our planet ical leaves. I owe much to many organizations and slices caught up in continental terranes, throughout geologic time! for travel and research support, both near at and only parsimoniously preserved. I have wit- Thank you very much indeed for this high home and at distance, funded by a citizenry rec- nessed a second revolution coincident with the honor. To receive the cherished Penrose Medal ognizing that what we professors do is valuable. growth of plate tectonics: a huge increase in is the culmination of my career.

DAY MEDAL Response by presented to THOMAS J. AHRENS It thrills and honors me to receive the THOMAS J. AHRENS Arthur L. Day Medal. I would like to say a few words about the many persons who have provided support, inspiration, and scientific Citation by collaboration. My introduction to the questions of the RAYMOND JEANLOZ evolution of Earth and the mysteries of how Impact and cratering have Earth works first came from MIT’s Professor played a central role in the for- Patrick Hurley during my undergraduate years mation and growth of terrestrial (1953Ð1957). I went into earth science because that magmatic planets, in the modification of I love Earth, its many moods on the surface— differentiation as their surfaces, and even in that the land and the sea. (However, its problems, we know it, with most unique characteristic of our own unfortunately, led me into blowing up rocks in melts percolating planet, the evolution of life. Thus, shock- the basement.) Further inspiration came from buoyantly upward, wave phenomena are now recognized as being Frank Press and Harrison Brown at Caltech, is largely restricted to among the most significant geologic processes where I was a graduate student from 1957 to the near-surface environ- on a planetary scale. 1958. ment. As if this were not enough, Tom Ahrens Few realized this 30 years ago, when During the following year, while I was and his associates have made pioneering con- Tom Ahrens began applying shock compres- fulfilling my Reserve Officer Training Corps tributions to such diverse topics as the growth sion to research in the geological and planetary commitment as a U.S. Army second lieutenant and early evolution of the atmosphere, the sciences. It took real vision to establish what is stationed at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Mary- volatile budget of our planet, the mechanism by now the premier university shock-wave labora- land, I had the good fortune to be assigned which meteorites from Mars and the Moon tory in the world. Since both high pressures and to work on the problem of the ground-shock have ended up on Earth, and the most plausi- high temperatures are achieved on impact, this vulnerability of the Army’s NIKE Air Defense ble way in which the Chicxulub impact may facility has provided key information on the system. The Army was starting to put these have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. interiors of Earth and the planets, as well as NIKE missiles underground in bunkers. I It is for his visionary applications of shock- on cratering phenomena. Some of the first learned that you could describe the dynamic wave research in the geological sciences that experimental constraints on the temperature properties of rocks by measuring the kinemat- we recognize Thomas J. Ahrens with the 1995 and iron-alloy composition of Earth’s core have ics of shock-wave propagation. Day Medal. come from this laboratory. It was also here that At the close of my Army tour, I was fortu- the first measurements were obtained showing nate to be taken on as a graduate research

14 GSA TODAY, March 1996 assistant by Professor Samuel Katz at Rennse- At this point in 1967 Caltech’s Division of In the early 1970s we also started con- laer Polytechnic Institute. Professor Katz had Geological and Planetary Sciences was seek- ducting experiments to measure the equation a contract with the Army’s Aberdeen Proving ing a junior faculty member who was interested of state of lunar samples. This research would Ground to study ground shock. Dr. Katz was in relating seismic velocity versus depth pro- not have had much, pardon the pun, impact, a student of Maurice Ewing. After Lamont, he files, like those Don Anderson and his students were it not for the collaboration of Dugan went to work for a geophysicist, Dr. Thomas were measuring, to determine their relation to O’Keefe, then a graduate student at UCLA and Poulter, an Antarctic explorer, and expert on the high-pressure mineralogy and temperature. a full-time employee of TRW. Dugan and I used geophysical applications of high explosives at Several months after a tongue-in-cheek discus- the lunar-rock shock data set to determine the his laboratories at Stanford Research Institute. sion I had with Frank Press, who was then partitioning of energy and the amount of melt Dr. Katz had just left Poulter Laboratory at chairman of the Department of Geology and and vapor produced in planetary impact as a Stanford Research Institute, where this group Geophysics at MIT, as to whether one could function of impact velocity. We did this work was pioneering the application of explosion- mount a big gun vertically onto the tall, skinny with what was then the most powerful computer induced shock waves to measure the dynamic MIT Green Building, Caltech appointed me an available—the Lawrence Berkeley CDC 7600. compression of metals. In 1962, after receiving associate professor of geophysics. It appeared With Manfred Lange (a University of Kiel a Ph.D. from Rennselaer, I went to work at that I would have a superb opportunity to con- graduate student and later a Caltech postdoc- Poulter Laboratory and began to use high duct research and teaching in a highly support- toral fellow) and graduate students Mark explosives to study the properties of rocks and ive environment. Boslough and Raymond Weldon, we began a minerals. My first paper on shock compression In 1967, the Caltech geophysics group program to study impact devolatilization of of crustal rocks, co-authored with Victor Greg- was mainly located in the Seismological Labo- water and CO2 from minerals containing these son, Jr., appeared in the Journal of Geophysi- ratory. This laboratory’s offices were housed in species and began to investigate the formation cal Research in 1964. This was exciting, a spacious mansion in the San Rafael Hills, five of planetary atmospheres. hands-on research. I came home at night with miles west of campus in an exclusive neighbor- With NSF support, Gregory Lyzenga, my ears still ringing from the day’s explosions hood adjacent to the Annandale Country Club. Arthur Mitchell, and I conducted the first shock and with TNT under my fingernails. This appeared to not be a good place to con- temperature and melting point measurements I began to realize that the high-pressure duct high-explosive experiments! of minerals to lower-mantle pressures. With col- dynamic properties of earth materials could be With the help of Hal Swift of the Naval league Professor Edward Stolper and graduate applied to understanding both the physics of Research Laboratory, I developed a 40 mm students Sally Rigden, Gregory Miller, and planetary interiors and impact processes. At gun system that eventually was able to launch Linda Rowan, we conducted shock compres- that time, primary interest was on impact crater- 90 gram projectiles to speeds of 2.5 km/s and sion studies of molten silicates. We demon- ing on the Moon. President Kennedy had just thus achieve, upon impact, pressures of 400 to strated “Stolper’s hypothesis”: at pressures announced the U.S.’s intention to race the 600 kilobars, equivalent to Earth depths of 1200 greater than 60 kbar (180 km depth) basalt Soviet Union to the Moon. to 1800 km. To many people’s surprise, the becomes denser than the mantle, and this However, in July 1965, the Mariner 4 adjacent seismographs never detected these depth was also established to be the maximum spacecraft sent to Earth the first images of high-frequency shots. depth from which basalt could erupt on Earth. Mars’ surface, and to my (and many others’) Just when the 40 mm gun and a small, Stolper’s hypothesis also predicts the neutral surprise, that surface was also heavily impact converted, Sears and Roebuck shotgun, used buoyancy of olivine in a magma ocean at 60 cratered. Thus, planetary surfaces other than for mineral shock recovery experiments, were kbar, a result also obtained by last year’s Day the Moon were cratered. Since then, impact operating, I had the good fortune of having the Medalist, David Walker. craters have, of course, been found to be ubiq- 3000 sq. ft. Lindhurst Laboratory of Experimen- I will stop at this point to thank the dedi- uitous features of all the solid planets and tal Geophysics assigned to me in the new S. cated technical and administrative staff and nearly all satellite surfaces in the solar system Mudd Geophysics Building under construction leaders of Caltech over the years, as well as imaged in the past 30 years. on the main Caltech campus. We moved—lock, the 24 graduate students, and some 26 post- I decided to pursue the study of shock stock, and, especially, barrel—in 1974. doctoral fellows and visiting associates with effects in minerals. As Stanford Research Insti- Again, I had the good fortune to be joined whom I have so far collaborated at Caltech. tute was a total soft-money, not-for-profit opera- by my citationist, Raymond Jeanloz, my fourth Arthur L. Day indicated that this prize was tion, I applied to NASA for support and began graduate student. He is an extraordinarily imag- to inspire further work from its recipients. As my research on shock compression and adiabatic inative and productive scientist. family and my present students and colleagues release from high pressure of rock-forming sili- At the time we moved the shock wave lab will report, I am still very much hard at work. cate minerals. into the campus geophysics building, I had It gives me great pleasure to receive the The high-pressure, rutile-structured poly- managed to obtain a surplus, heavily worn 108- Arthur L. Day Medal. Thank you very much. morph of quartz had just been synthesized in ft.-long, 20-ton light-gas gun developed by Alex Moscow at the High Pressure Institute by a Charters, a former Caltech student (of Von Kar- graduate student, Sergei Stishov. A few months man), from NASA/Ames. At Ames Research later, Ed Chao and co-workers discovered this Center, this gun was used to launch models of phase at Meteor Crater, Arizona, and in the reentry vehicles into planetary atmospheres. Ries Crater in Germany, and named it After some 16 failed shots, Raymond and I stishovite. This was the first silicate mineral in managed to launch projectiles in the 4 to 6 which oxygen was in octahedral coordination km/s range to study the equation of state of with silicon—a precursor to the high-pressure pyroxene at lower-mantle pressures. Now we mineralogy of the lower mantle now being stud- know that we were studying pyroxene trans- ied so intensively. I realized that the properties formed to the perovskite structure. of high-pressure phases of minerals could be studied using shock-wave data.

GSA TODAY, March 1996 15 It was with the recommendation of both YOUNG SCIENTIST AWARD Darrell Leap and Henry Meyer that I applied for and accepted enrollment in graduate school at (Donath Medal) Penn State. After arriving at Penn State I soon presented to discovered that my advisor, Dick Parizek, was a professor keenly devoted to his students. It was because of Dick’s selfless devotion that he WARD EARL SANFORD encouraged me to take up an opportunity I had to do cooperative research with the U.S. Geo- logical Survey, rather than tack on to one of his Citation by own projects. There is another faculty member LEONARD F. at Penn State who affected my career—Turgay KONIKOW Ertekin, a petroleum engineer and an outstand- ing teacher. His incredibly detailed lectures on Many geologists now rec- solving the equations of flow through porous ognize the important influence As our political leaders are media gave me a confidence in quantitative of ground water on geologic pro- methods that has since allowed me to tackle cesses. Similarly, ground-water demanding “relevance” in more complex problems. hydrologists increasingly recognize the I must say, however, that the biggest value of sound geologic interpretations in science, we can cite Ward as an exam- break in my career came when Lenny Konikow developing models of ground-water flow and asked me to start doing research with him at transport. Ward Sanford is the rare person who ple of a young scientist whose contributions provide both theoretical the USGS during the summers while I was can comfortably “bridge the gulf” between the enrolled at Penn State. Lenny introduced me geologic and hydrologic disciplines, and do so understanding and practical tools. In this year [1995] when a hydrogeologist to solute-transport models, and guided me into creatively and quantitatively. a project coupling ground-water flow with the As a prelude to his Ph.D. thesis research [Dave Stephenson] is the president of GSA, I find it particularly fitting that Ward Sanford geochemistry of saltwater mixing zones in at Penn State University on dissolution of cal- coastal carbonate aquifers. In my early days at cite in saltwater mixing zones in coastal car- becomes the first hydrogeologist to receive the prestigious Young Scientist Award. the Survey I met Mark Person, another student bonate aquifers, Ward first had to develop a fortunate enough to work with Lenny. Mark and viable numerical model of variable-density I had similar interests, and through many per- ground-water flow and multicomponent solute sonal conversations we both became excited transport. I knew Ward had something special Response by about studying the role of ground water in geo- going for him when he completed this so-called WARD EARL SANFORD logic processes. My career has also benefited preliminary “task” in just one summer, yielding a tremendously by the other world-class hydroge- model that is now widely used by hydrogeolo- It is truly an honor for me to be named the ologists at the Survey that I get to interact with gists in analyzing saltwater intrusion problems. recipient of this year’s [1995] Young Scientist nearly every day. Some of these include Cliff His subsequent coupling of that model with Award. It’s humbling to look over the names Voss, Chris Neuzil, Allen Shapiro, Bill Back, aqueous geochemistry models revealed and and contributions to geology of the previous Niel Plummer, Blair Jones, and especially War- explained patterns of porosity and permeability recipients. I know that my contributions to ren Wood. Warren and I have worked together development in carbonate systems that had not geology have come only after many individuals for years now at a saline lake site in West been anticipated by scientists previously study- have made significant contributions to my Texas, and it was through this collaboration ing this problem. career. Therefore, I hope you will take these that we came up with an evaporite model for Ward’s work shifted from sea level to a few moments to allow me to recognize and hydrologically open basins. mountain top to participate in a study of the thank some of these people. I cannot end, however, without giving a acid crater-lake system of an active volcano My first and greatest thanks must go to my sincere thank you to my wife Chris, who worked in Costa Rica. As we breathed the sulfurous parents, Richard and Eloise Sanford, for though for four years while I played in graduate school, fumes, were drenched by acid rain, and hiked they never had the opportunity to attend college and since then she has spent endless hours precariously on the steep slopes above the hot themselves, they always held higher education raising our two boys while I’ve been off galli- crater lake (which, incidentally, had a pH of in the highest regard, and so they strongly vanting around the world. Finally, I love study- about 0), we pondered the age-old question: encouraged me to attend college and follow ing the earth. I love seeing how all the pro- “What the heck are we doing here?” Fortu- my interests in science. As an undergraduate cesses within it operate and interact by such nately, Ward knew, and the outcome led to a at Purdue University I can remember catching elegant laws. I believe we are studying the better understanding of how ground-water flow the excitement of geology from the late Henry masterpiece of a truly great artist. I am privi- affects the fluid, chemical, and energy budgets Meyer, an expert on diamonds and kimberlites, leged to be able to study the earth and get paid of such crater-lake systems. by seeing his gem and mineral collection and for it. I am also privileged to work for the U.S. In a drier part of the world, Ward’s recent hearing his stories of travels to Africa. My real Geological Survey, but I am especially privi- work on playa lakes on the High Plains of career guidance at Purdue, however, was soon leged to accept this prestigious Young Scientist Texas showed how ground-water flow can provided by Darrell Leap. His lectures on Award from the Geological Society of America. control the thickness and mineralogy of hydrogeology allowed me to see the many Thank you. evaporite deposits. practical applications of the field, and how a Overall, Ward’s scientific contributions hydrogeologist could help meet the needs of have application in hydrogeology, civil engi- society. neering, aqueous geochemistry, ore deposits, volcanology, and ground-water contamination.

16 GSA TODAY, March 1996 Citation by DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD DAVID A. STEPHENSON presented to The GSA Distinguished Service Award was established by Council on the centennial JOHN E. COSTA, HENRY T. MULLINS, anniversary of the Society in 1988 to recognize individuals for their exceptional service to the ARTHUR G. SYLVESTER Society. Tonight, on behalf of the Society, it is my honor to recognize John E. Costa and Arthur G. Sylvester for serving as Editors of the Bulletin from 1989 through 1994, and also to honor Henry T. Mullins who has served as Editor of Geology from 1990 through 1995. Hank, John, and Art could not be here [in New Orleans]. The Society owes much to these indi- viduals for their intensive efforts. During their service as editors, 3736 manuscripts passed through their offices, and 15,609 pages of science were published in 144 issues of Bul- letin and Geology. Many hours were unselfishly devoted by them. This went beyond their pro- fessional commitment. It is my privilege and pleasure, Hank, and John, and Art, to present Costa Mullins Sylvester to you the GSA Distinguished Service Award.

needed help from an unexpected source. RIP RAPP GEOLOGICAL John Albanese came to study geology at the University of Wyoming after World War II and, ARCHAEOLOGY AWARD after acquiring a master’s degree in geology, presented to became a very successful petroleum geologist. However, along the way he developed also a growing interest in Wyoming archaeology, JOHN P. ALBANESE enough so that he became an active member of the Wyoming Archaeological Society. With an added impetus on Wyoming and Plains Citation by archaeology in the late 1960s, John Albanese GEORGE C. FRISON began to contribute his geological expertise to the investigation of archaeological sites. Although most archaeological data are Of particular significance—and an impressive recovered from geologic deposits, few geolo- demonstration of the value of geology to gists have regarded these kinds of deposits departments express relatively little interest in archaeology—was John’s help in determining worthy of serious study. In North America in the geologic aspects of archaeology. that the 10,000 year-old Casper Bison kill, dis- particular, culture-bearing deposits are rela- The need for the trained geologist is covered in 1971, of over 100 extinct bison was tively recent and contain little if anything of especially true in Paleoindian sites where the accomplished by driving the animals into the economic value. However, archaeologists are evidence is often contained in deeply buried trough of a parabolic sand dune that served as well aware that geologic processes have oper- stream terraces and covered by alluvial, collu- a natural trap. All but the trough of the parabolic ated continually, and accurate evaluations of vial, eolian, or other deposits. The archaeolo- sand dune had been removed by industrial archaeological site formation processes and gist needs to know, for example, what landform activity, and the determination of the landform site integrity are necessary in order to formulate was utilized for bison procurement in any given involved would most likely not have been better interpretations of past human activities site in order to make a reliable estimate of resolved without John’s geological expertise. as they are revealed in the geologic record. the strategy utilized by the human predators Although John was always ready and Although Old World archaeologists are strongly involved. Trapping bison in an arroyo headcut willing to interpret the geology in archaeological oriented toward the earth sciences, New World requires a different strategy and manpower sites of all ages, his greatest interest has been archaeologists emerge from anthropology requirements than driving them into an artificial directed toward Paleoindian sites. Following departments with strong ties to the social corral, although in both cases the only remain- the Casper site was the discovery of two major sciences. Consequently, the need for trained ing evidence may be a badly decomposed Paleoindian sites in the Big Horn Basin, the geologists is critical for archaeology but, bone bed. Hanson Folsom site, and the Colby Mammoth unfortunately, most academic departments of Nearly three decades ago, Wyoming kill site in 1973. In addition, during 1977 a rein- anthropology are rarely able to retain a geo- archaeologists in particular and Plains archae- vestigation began at the Homer site, also in the archaeologist on their staff, and most geology ologists in general were to receive badly

GSA TODAY, March 1996 17 Big Horn Basin and the type site of the 9000- between the two specialties was the methods of year-old Cody cultural complex, that had been Response by testing hypotheses. In the oil business, after excavated earlier by Princeton University and JOHN P. ALBANESE spending large amounts of time and money on a the Smithsonian Institution. John Albanese particular project, one tested the prospect by agreed to do the geology of both the Hanson I thank the Archaeological Geology spending more money and drilling a well. At the and Colby sites and was able also to clarify, Division of the GSA for choosing me as the time I was in the oil business, the success ratio, expand, and change outright many of the geo- recipient of the Rip Rapp Award for 1995. I feel within the United States, for drilling a wildcat well logical observations made during the 1950s at honored and am sincerely grateful. was 1 in 8. However, the rate of success in find- the Homer site by Glen Jepsen, a paleontolo- I entered the profession of archaeological ing an economically viable oil field was only 1 in gist from Princeton University. This was impor- geology in middle age, at a time when many 40. Currently in domestic-oilÐproducing areas tant to Paleoindian bison studies because people are beginning to think about retirement. with high well densities and for which there are Jepsen’s interpretations would have required This career change would be difficult, to say abundant subsurface geologic data, the use of a different procurement strategy than the one the least, if one did not have the support and 3-D seismic, a sophisticated and very expensive based on John Albanese’s reconstruction of encouragement of one’s spouse. My wife, Eve- tool, results in a wildcat success rate of approxi- paleolandforms at the time of the site occupa- lyn, has lent her support, worked as my field mately 50%. What the preceding says about the tion. John’s geological observations were pub- assistant for many years, and accompanied ability of geologists to predict, I leave to the audi- lished as book chapters in the final reports on me on most of the major projects that I have ence to decide. the four Paleoindian sites mentioned above. worked on. Needless to say, we do get along; In 1968, the testing of archaeological Another major geological work was done we have been married for 49 years. A second geological hypotheses within the northwestern by John Albanese at the reinvestigation of the person I wish to acknowledge is George Frison, Plains area, by either core-hole drilling or back- deeply stratified, multicomponent, Paleoindian retired head of the Department of Anthropology hoe trenching, was nonexistent and essentially Agate Basin site in eastern Wyoming during the at the University of Wyoming. It is through still is, for that matter. Fortunately, the situation 1970s. Site investigations had been initiated by George’s direct support and encouragement is much better in the mid-continent portion of the Smithsonian Institution in 1942 and contin- that I entered the field of archaeological geol- the United States where the core-hole rig is not ued in 1962, but no formal report had been ogy. I had developed an interest in archaeology an uncommon tool and the detailed geological made. The site formation processes in this as a hobby, and it was through this avocational examination of local drainage basins is not an case were extremely complex and needed to interest that I became acquainted with George. uncommon endeavor. Here, geoarchaeologists be clarified if meaningful site interpretations He had been attempting to recruit someone have developed models, based on detailed were to be realized. Once again, the results from the Department of Geology at the Univer- surface and subsurface data, that concern were published as a book chapter in 1982. sity of Wyoming who would carry out the geo- the Holocene evolution of local and regional John was retained to do the geology of the Mill logical investigation at the Ruby Site, a Late drainage basins. These efforts have been Iron site in southeast Montana, a site that is a Archaic Besant bison kill located in the Powder accompanied by the formulation of predictive manifestation of the Goshen cultural complex River Basin of Wyoming. He had not been models that concern the geographic distribution first recognized during 1966 at the stratified, successful. At that time, 1968, I had nearly 20 of buried archaeological sites. multicomponent Hell Gap Paleoindian site in years experience as a professional geologist, I personally feel that the most important southeast Wyoming. The geology of the Mill but it was all in the exploration segment of the task facing the field of archaeological geology Iron site will appear as a book chapter in 1996. oil and gas business. I think that out of desper- is the development of local and regional John Albanese’s expertise in geo- ation, or exasperation, or perhaps both, George detailed databases that encompass all facets archaeology was recognized by the Smithso- asked me if I would carry out the geological and types of information necessary to develop nian Institution in the 1970s. He expanded that investigation at the site. I did so, apparently predictive models concerning site distribution, expertise to several states, including Colorado, with some success, as I later found myself an effort similar to the aforementioned one cur- Montana, South Dakota, and Texas, and to working with George on other projects. I soon rently taking place in the midcontinent. I might South and Middle America. John considered discovered that there was as much similarity be accused of plagiarism in saying this, as it is going back to finish his Ph.D. and seek an between petroleum geology and archaeological similar to statements that have appeared fre- academic position, but his independent nature geology as there is between Godzilla and St. quently in the recent literature, but they are still led him in a different direction. This is unfortu- John the Baptist. However, things worked out, worth repeating. I am acutely aware of the need nate in some ways: John is a natural born and due to George Frison’s recommendation, for a regional synthesis, because of my work in teacher, both perceptive and articulate, and I later found myself working with another man the northwestern Plains where the effort of would have performed well in the classroom who had a great influence on my professional developing detailed syntheses has not yet been to train students in geoarchaeology. career. This person is Dennis Stanford, head of initiated. To my knowledge, an analysis of indi- However, despite raised eyebrows and, the Department of Anthropology at the Smith- vidual drainage basins, similar to that being in many cases, outright disbelief and conster- sonian Institution. I worked for Dennis on a made by current investigations in the midconti- nation among many of his former colleagues in number of Paleoindian sites in Colorado, and nent, does not exist in the states of Wyoming or the petroleum geology business, John chose to as a research associate at the Smithsonian, Montana. Of course this type of detailed study establish himself in a new and different career, I had the opportunity to work on old sites in should not be restricted to drainage basins as a full-time consulting geoarchaeologist. He Central and South America. For the whole time alone, but should also be applied to other large has done very well in this venture and is sought that I was carrying out these geoarchaeological geologic features such as eolian dune fields. out continually by the academic, contracting, projects, I was still working in the oil business. In southwestern Wyoming, an area of high and cultural resource management branches Three other men and I owned a small oil com- archaeological site density, most of the sites of archaeology. It is a sign of progress in the pany engaged in formulating, leasing, and are in sand dunes. If one is looking for an geology profession and the Geological Society drilling oil and gas prospects, an endeavor that archaeological site, one heads for the sand of America that geoarchaeology is now recog- did result in the discovery of some oil and gas dunes, a fact well known to amateur artifact nized and accepted as a legitimate area of fields. I was a partner in the firm until 1978, collectors. Some geological work has been research. It is fitting and proper that John when we terminated the venture on a very ami- done on the major dune fields, but very little Albanese be presented the Rip Rapp Archaeo- able basis, and I became a full-time consulting is known about the detailed Holocene history logical Geology Award. No one is more deserv- geoarchaeologist, an endeavor that I have con- of small dune fields, where many of the sites ing through both his scholarly contributions and tinued to the present. are located. for major progress in bridging the gap between My experience as a petroleum geologist There is another endeavor of geoarchae- archaeology and geology during the past three has influenced how I view the field of geoarchae- ologists that I consider nearly as important as decades. ology. One great difference that I first noticed that previously discussed, and that is the dis-

18 GSA TODAY, March 1996 semination of the results of geoarchaeological Controls of the Archaic Record in the Central ings in general as well as geoarchaeological investigations to the archaeological profession. Plains of the United States,” Geological Society sessions. The main thing that distinguishes the I know some archaeologists who can barely of America Special Paper 297, published in Archaeological Geology Division of the GSA spell the word geology, let alone know what 1995, in which he presented evidence that the from the Quaternary Geology and Geomorphol- new developments are occurring in the field paucity of recorded Archaic sites in the Central ogy Division is the word archaeological. Our of archaeological geology. Many archaeologists Plains, especially those dating from about 8000 main function is to facilitate the study of archae- are unaware of the geologic factors that affect to 4000 B.P., is a result of geomorphic pro- ology by pointing out the effect of natural pro- site preservation or visibility. How many arche- cesses instead of prehistoric settlement pat- cesses upon the archaeological record and by ologists are aware of the argument recently terns. I would urge more geoarchaeologists to distinguishing between effects resulting from presented by Rolfe Mandel in “Geomorphic spread the gospel and present papers at meet- the actions of man and the processes of nature.

year underground coal miner, raised and edu- cated in a coal company town, nurtured and GILBERT H. CADY AWARD influenced in a coal mining environment. presented to Although I did not fully appreciate it at the time, a number of important life standards LOUIS G. (LOU) BENEDICT and existed in the mining community family unit that have had a strong bearing on my personal RICHARD R. THOMPSON development. Foremost among them were a strong work ethic, honesty, reliability, compas- sion, patience, and an understanding of one’s Citation by capabilities. These standards were not learned, just practiced and passed on in everyday life. JOHN C. CRELLING Subsequent academic and professional The Gilbert H. Cady associations served to expand on these earlier Award for 1995 is presented to influences. I had the good fortune to know and Louis G. Benedict and Richard R. associate with many of the individuals previ- Thompson in recognition of their ously honored by the Cady Award, including outstanding work in advancing Dr. Cady himself. Although not exclusive, this the science of coal petrology and group played a major role in the development of for applying it to practical prob- the concepts and technology that elevated coal lems in the steel industry. The petrography to the science that it is today. As I research contributions of this look back on this group of individuals, it is clear team have been exceptional, that they all possessed standards similar to both in their significance and in those associates of my early years, with Benedict Thompson their scope. They were pioneers particular emphasis on work ethic and honesty. in the application of coal petrog- Additionally, the individuals in this group were all raphy to coal quality control, and they devel- industrial problems. Their greatest service has teachers and sharers of information and tech- oped coal selection and quality-control proce- been in freely inviting colleagues into their labo- niques that were extremely important to my pro- dures that are still in force after 30 years of use. ratories for demonstrations, consultations, and fessional development as a coal technologist. They developed a unique and broadly applica- encouragement, especially in the 1970s and Dr. Cady, for whom this award is named, ble system of coke-quality prediction based on early 1980s, when they were one apex on the was a standard of reference for all entering the petrographic analysis. They were the first to dif- great “coal science triangle run,” which included field. Dr. Spackman, one of the early recipients ferentiate the maceral vitrinite on the basis of its stops at their laboratory at Bethlehem Steel in of the award, was an inspiration and a role physical and chemical properties, and they Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and at the labs of model nonpareil. Dick Thompson, my colleague defined the maceral pseudovitrinite. They con- two other Cady Award winners, Bill Spackman and co-recipient of the Cady Award, was a ducted some of the earliest work on the effects at Penn State and Ralph Gray at U.S. Steel in mentor and friend. These individuals, as well of petrographic properties on coke reactivity Pittsburgh. This run was made by both domes- as others too numerous to cite, were largely and developed the Bethlehem Steel Reactivity tic and overseas colleagues, from universities, responsible for any success that I have Test, which foreshadowed present tests. They government agencies, and even other industrial achieved over the past 35 years, and I am researched the effects of coal weathering on laboratories, wanting to know anything from eternally thankful to each and every one of coke quality and devised systems to detect the basics of setting up a coal lab to the latest them. Their example as teachers and sharers weathered coal in both the field and the labora- cutting-edge research. and their motivating spirit has been an example tory. They also contributed considerably to the Louis G. Benedict and Richard R. for most of my working career. Efforts to emu- study of coalification and the effects of coal Thompson have set a high standard for late them by giving back to others in a similar rank on coke quality. They published some of professionalism, collaboration, and publication, fashion has always been a personal goal, albeit the early work on rank-related carbon forms, while making landmark contributions to the a very difficult one to obtain. and they did significant research on the discon- sciences of coal geology and coal petrology. I had the good luck of entering the coal tinuous nature of vitrinite coalification paths. petrography field at a most opportune time, the Their research results have been widely 1960s. Coal petrography was undergoing rapid accepted and well published. Response by development as a science, and the transition to Louis G. Benedict and Richard R. applications was beginning. Many of the recog- Thompson have served the profession well LOUIS G. (LOU) BENEDICT nized experts in the field were at their profes- as strong and persistent advocates of applying My entire life has been directly linked with sional peak, and there was a phenomenal coal geology and coal petrology to practical coal and the coal mining industry: son of a 40 accumulation and dissemination of knowledge

GSA TODAY, March 1996 19 world-wide. Business and economic conditions is currently in operation on a pilot scale in mind, and the friendliness and empathy he had were good, thus supporting and facilitating high South Africa, and on a 600,000-tons-per-year for graduate students and their families. To me, volumes of research and published information scale in Korea. Similar developments are Doc Cady was simply a special human being. from universities, industries, government agen- underway in Japan, and the technology is His scientific contributions are known by all of us. cies, and the private sector. Numerous venues being studied in the U.S. Since these opera- I was born and raised in Midland, Pennsyl- were in place to dispense this information and tions are entirely coal based, requiring large vania, then a town of about 5000 people and to provide opportunities for researchers from all volumes of coal, good coal characterization the home of the major plant of Crucible Steel over the world to meet and share information techniques will be crucial to efficient operation Company. I mention this seemingly irrelevant and ideas first-hand. Finally, there was a seri- and to the production of quality iron. Coal pet- fact because I am now the second recipient of ous need to focus coal petrography and dem- rography must play a role in this development. the Cady Award from that small town, the first onstrate its applicability, efficiency, and utility in There are a number of other coal-based being John Ferm in 1991. the coal and coke industries. The literature pro- technologies that await the right economic John and I didn’t know each other well in vides a living record of the success this group conditions to be revitalized and that will also Midland because we are separated by a few had in reaching those goals. It was always an require petrographic assistance to make them years (John is older). But we have become honor for me to just be associated with this viable. Coal liquefaction, gasification, briquet- reacquainted over the years through his visits surge of activity. ting, and pelletizing come immediately to mind. to Penn State and Bethlehem Steel, my visits I view the period 1960Ð1980 as the boom Other applications are still to be identified, and to Kentucky, and other professional affairs. period of coal petrographic development, and it could involve efforts to develop methods to My father was superintendent of the was a wonderful time to be introduced to the upgrade in some way the vast reserves of coke plant at the Crucible Steel plant and, after science. It was a period that probably will never low-rank coals in the Midwest, to expand their listening to his many trials and tribulations, I again be duplicated in terms of people involve- marketability and use. assured him that I would never work in the steel ment and research production. There was a Coal petrography has demonstrated its util- industry, as I headed for college to pursue a pervasive spirit of the period that provided a ity over a long period and will continue to be the career in geology. After graduating from Anti- motivation that made work days productive but analytical technique of choice for all applications och College and marrying immediately prior to also fun. That same spirit remains with me to requiring coal as a feedstock. We will rely on the that, I entered graduate school at Penn State, this day, and I credit all of those earlier associ- current generation to maintain the spirit of the where I eventually earned a Ph.D. in carbonate ates for imparting it to me. petrographic community and to provide the per- stratigraphy and petrology. My goal then was The past was great for coal petrographic sonnel needed to support these activities. university teaching, but when no appropriate accomplishments and involvement, but what In closing, I would like to say that my 35 position appeared at the time, I decided to stay can be said about future activities and opportu- year association with the coal and coke com- in wait at Penn State, and I accepted the posi- nities? In my opinion, there is still a lot to be munity has been a joy. Due to the people tion of research associate at the Anthracologi- done in the area of coal petrographic research involved and the nature of business, every day cal Laboratories, a job offered to me by Bill to support current coal-based operations, as has been a good day, and the people that I Spackman. That began my career in coal. I well as those that will be developed and imple- have met along the way have been great. worked initially with Bill Berry and Lou Benedict mented in the near- and long-term. Receiving the Gilbert H. Cady Award and on a U.S. Steel project and found myself Coal will continue to be the primary fuel being forever recognized with my peers is the among many friends, including Russ Dutcher, source for some time into the future, especially highlight of my career. I cannot begin to thank Jim Bayer, Alex Cameron, John Shigo, Dick in developing countries. China, for example, all of those who helped me along the way, but Moses, and Phil and Jane Dolsen. has vast coal reserves that will need to be eval- I would like them to know that I will be forever Bill Spackman clearly was the man most uated, developed, and utilized. Petrography will thankful. I especially thank the selection per- responsible for my career in coal. He made be needed to bring this about on economic and sonnel of the Coal Geology Division of the me feel at home in his laboratories, gave me efficient scales. Geological Society of America for considering responsibility and freedom to pursue ideas, and With the present focus on expanding me for the award and allowing me to share it provided me worldwide exposure through the electric furnace steelmaking, at the expense of with my long-time friend and colleague Dick International Committee for Coal Petrology, the steel made via the conventional blast furnace Thompson. Finally, I thank Bethlehem Steel Gordon Conferences, the Geological Society method, scrap will become a scarce and Corporation for strongly supporting our coal- of America, and other significant professional expensive commodity that could strongly limit and coke-related efforts. involvements. Bill also was on my doctoral this activity in the near future. Direct reduce iron committee and had the privilege to pose the (DRI) will be looked at more strongly as a sup- first question on my comprehensives—a ques- plemental scrap source. Coal-based DRI meth- Response by tion I will never forget. Because I was in a ods will be revisited and will require coal char- descriptive science, he asked me to define a acterization, to effectively control costs and RICHARD R. THOMPSON chair, a disarming start, to say the least. Next operation efficiency. It is a very special honor to be a recipient came the request that I define growth; this led Pulverized coal injection technology is being of the Gilbert H. Cady Award and especially to to a lively committee discussion that, thankfully, applied rapidly on blast furnaces throughout the share it with Lou Benedict, my longtime col- gave me time to regain some composure. world. Coal is favored for this use because of its league and personal friend. It also is an unex- Through Dr. Spackman’s recommenda- lower delivered cost relative to natural gas and pected and humbling honor when one consid- tion, I was employed at the Homer Research because it allows for higher injection rates. Cur- ers the list of distinguished past recipients and Laboratories of Bethlehem Steel Corporation in rent coal selection philosophies are based on the longer list of active contributors to coal geol- late 1962, thus negating my proclamation of nothing more than lowest delivered cost of coal ogy who have not received this award and who many years before to my father. I was now in to the blast furnace tuyeres. Little has been done probably merit it as much as I do. I gratefully the steel industry. My initial job was to establish to develop criteria for characterizing coals for this thank the Coal Geology Division for this signifi- a coal petrographic laboratory and to develop use. Coal petrographic means will need to be cant recognition. the coal petrographic analysis as the primary employed to formalize the coal selection process Doc Cady was well known as both a tool for coal selection for the 30 coke oven bat- to ensure optimized coal costs and maximized scholar and a gentleman, as so aptly described teries existing at that time. operating efficiencies. by many past recipients of this award. I knew A key person in my career at Bethlehem A new type of ironmaking facility is being him mainly as a gentleman, from his visits to Steel was Robert P. Aikman, who managed the developed that will totally eliminate the use Penn State as a consultant on a project concern- Coal and Coke Section until late 1976, and of coke and will rely on coal as the reductant ing the petrologic study of anthracite coal. who was the person most directly involved in agent. Corex, the best known of these systems, I remember his vigor and enthusiasm, his quick my employment. Bob was a strong supporter

20 GSA TODAY, March 1996 of coal petrographic research and was very Management System for the coal mines and the Of all the aspects of my career, I will knowledgeable about carbonization, having Lackawanna coke plant. My challenge was to remember most the wonderful people of the been one of the inventors of the Bethlehem 18- spearhead a new system for doing business coal and steel industries. The coal and coke inch test oven. Bob promoted me to supervisor which, in turn, required major cultural change in researchers, in particular, were a small frater- in 1965, at which time I essentially became his the organization. The success of this work was nity, a size that allowed us to know each other assistant. Together we planned all activities of the development of a Total Quality Plan that was both personally and professionally. I am also the section until 1976, when Bob transferred to accepted by all of the facilities after four years of grateful that early in my coal career I was able Steel Operations and I became manager of the effort. The plan concentrated on continuous to know many of the true pioneers in the field, Coal and Coke Section. My training under Bob improvement of all processes by using statistical which provided a personalized historical per- served me well in the years ahead. process control and other measurement tools. spective. But at the top of the list, I remember Finally, of course, there is Lou Benedict, Bethlehem Steel underwent great change the people who worked for me and with me my co-recipient. After joining Bethlehem Steel, over the life of my career. When I arrived, Beth- throughout my career as those who are really I continued to communicate with Lou because lehem had more than 90,000 employees; now sharing this moment with me. of our mutual interest in the unusual behavior it has less than 20,000. It operated 30 coke The professional coal petrographers of certain vitrinitic macerals in the carbonization oven batteries and 27 coal mines, and one who were employed at Bethlehem Steel at process. Lou had followed Bill Berry to Bitumi- steel plant alone used 40 or 50 individual coals various times include Dr. Jack Crelling, Gary nous Coal Research, Inc., but I finally managed annually to make coke. Now only two coal Mitchell, John Shigo, Harvey Zeiss, and Jack to lure him away in 1965. From that time for- mines remain, and one of those is devoted Rentschler. Of those people, only Jack Crelling ward we worked together to develop the Beth- totally to trade sales. Seven coke oven batter- and Gary Mitchell remain active in the field. lehem system of coal petrology, and this rela- ies are now operating, but two of those make Both were involved with basic petrographic tionship is evidenced by our many jointly coke for outside sales. All coke is now pro- studies at Bethlehem Steel, and both remain authored publications. Lou then supervised the duced from only 10 or 12 coals, so one can proponents of the Bethlehem coal petrographic coal evaluation group from 1972 until 1983 and, see why the need for internal coal petrology system. At Southern Illinois University at Car- in that capacity, had more direct input to the and raw materials research has diminished. bondale, Jack Crelling continues to promote the research program than I did. I am happy to During the peak years of the 1960s and science of coal petrology in general and has report that Lou and I remain good friends today, 1970s, the coal and coke research program at made considerable personal effort to preserve and I am grateful that he continues to work to Bethlehem Steel was wide ranging, covering the past coal petrographic data that were gen- help support my retirement. coal evaluation and geology, carbonization and erated at Bethlehem Steel. Unfortunately, all of While I always tried to remain closely coke oven operation, coal mining and prepara- the polished specimens of coal, coke, and other involved in the details of research, most of my tion, the behavior of coke in blast furnaces, new carbon materials were discarded before they personal time was devoted to the management cokemaking processes, and environmental could be rescued. of the Coal and Coke Section and later the control. The Coal and Coke Section employed Also deserving of recognition are the Basic Studies and Raw Materials Evaluation about 60 people at its high point, about one-half many outstanding carbonization people who Section. Perhaps my most important contribu- of whom were professionals. Basic research generated the data so vital to our petrographic tions related to the formulation and justification had a prominent position in the program, so prediction systems. Particular mention should of research programs and the integration of the that new information was continuously forth- be made of the three supervisors of carboniza- talents of personnel into those programs. Most coming. The technological information gener- tion, namely Dick Wenger, Tom Conarty, and helpful throughout my research career was the ated by that group not only contributed to the Jim Bayer. Dick and Tom remain in responsible outstanding support provided by Bethlehem solution of the problems of those days, but still positions at Bethlehem Steel, whereas Jim Steel. We were funded well for programs and forms a basis for many of today’s decisions. Bayer retired early in 1994 from his position as equipment and had strong philosophical sup- Coal petrographic analysis remains vital to director of Coal Preparation and Quality Control port, including a liberal publications policy. the steel industry for the selection of coals and for BethEnergy. Jim also has a strong back- This support enabled us to attract and keep the coal blends, the monitoring of coal supplies, ground in coal petrology and, in fact, provided outstanding people that we had in those days. and the evaluation of mines supplying the the incentive that led to our real-time study of In 1982, raw materials research was coals. However, the research aspect of coal the mesophase development in coking coals. reduced greatly at Bethlehem Steel in response petrology is now a thing of the past in the Finally, I am most grateful to my wife, to strong competitive pressures. I then was American steel industry. Most companies have Froy, who has shared the ups and downs of transferred to the Mining Department, which reduced or eliminated their internal petrologic my career and who always has supported me later became BethEnergy, the coal business capabilities and rely largely on the services of when most needed. We now have been mar- unit. The BethEnergy part of my career not only commercial laboratories to provide the informa- ried more than 41 years, and I am glad that she utilized my research background, but called tion to meet immediate needs. is here today to share in this honor. forth new or latent talents especially when In spite of these changes, however, one Throughout my career, I have tried to addressing coal and coke marketing and sales. cannot forget the major contributions that the operate by certain principles, among the most Someone once asked how I was able to make industrial coal petrologists made to the steel important of which are integrity, the pursuit of the transition from research to sales without industry and to the scientific community in gen- excellence, high personal standards, and a sales experience. My reply was that I had eral. Not only were coal blends and coke prod- concern for people. I firmly believe that Doctor excellent sales training in the Research Depart- ucts improved, but much was discovered about Cady represented those same values through- ment, because I found it much easier to sell the fundamental nature of coal and about its out his lifetime. In that light, I am most happy coal and coke to people who needed it than geologic setting. The techniques developed by to accept this award and I gratefully thank the to sell a research program to a tough operator these coal petrologists also continue to serve selection committee and the Coal Geology who didn’t necessarily want it. Furthermore, I the petroleum industry and the characterization Division of the Geological Society of America knew most of the technical people in the indus- of the nation’s coal reserves, and new applica- for this meaningful honor. try, and they are the folks who really make the tions are being developed in such areas as coal basic purchasing decisions. combustion and conversion in carbon-carbon The other major aspect of my job with composites. BethEnergy was to establish a Total Quality

GSA TODAY, March 1996 21 gists, including Laurence McKinley Gould and E. B. BURWELL, JR., AWARD J Harlan Bretz. He studied a limestone cavern for his master’s thesis and the geologic devel- presented to opment of part of the Russian River for his Ph.D. Most of Professor Higgins’s teaching DONALD R. COATES and career was spent at UC Davis, where he con- tinued research in geomorphology, including CHARLES G. HIGGINS several facets of groundwater geomorphol- ogy—dissolution and deposition of carbonate rocks by groundwater, and spring sapping, Citation by piping, and seepage erosion—in settings HELEN L. DELANO ranging from California beaches to Mars. Donald Robert Coates was born in Grand “The E. B. Burwell, Jr., Island, Nebraska. He received his bachelor’s Memorial Award will be made to degree from the College of Wooster, and his the authors of a published paper master’s and doctorate from Columbia Univer- of distinction which advances sity, where he was a student of Arthur Strahler. knowledge concerning principles Although he is probably best known for his or practice of engineering geol- many years of teaching glacial geomorphology ogy, or of related fields of applied at Binghamton and for his role as co-founder soil or rock mechanics where the of the Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium role of geology is emphasized.” Series, Dr. Coates has worn a number of other So goes the first sentence of the hats in his career. He was a project chief for the award criteria approved by the Coates Higgins USGS Groundwater branch in Arizona for sev- GSA Council in 1968. eral years and has had an extensive consulting The 27th Burwell Award practice in glacial, groundwater, and engineer- goes to two eminent geomorphologists, Profes- processes and landforms; spring sapping and ing geology. He also has considerable editing sors Charles G. Higgins of the University of seepage-induced cliff recession. Engineering experience, including the 1977 GSA Reviews California, Davis, and Donald R. Coates of geologists deal with these issues regularly and in Engineering Geology series volume, Land- Binghamton University (of the State University should be aware of developments in our under- slides, and several of the Binghamton Geomor- of New York system). The paper for which they standing of them. phology Symposia volumes. are so honored is Special Paper 252 of the Some of the information in this book is The Foreword of Groundwater Geo- Geological Society of America, Groundwater available elsewhere, but it is not summarized morphology tells of the various stages in the Geomorphology—The Role of Subsurface for easy reference and is typically scattered in development of this project. A very abbreviated Water in Earth-Surface Processes and conference proceedings, specialty journals, and version is as follows. Landforms. unpublished technical reports. This volume pro- His studies of sapping and piping led Why did the Burwell Award Committee vides an easily accessible, concise reference to Prof. Higgins’s participation in the 1982 feel it appropriate for the editors of a geo- and suggests a new way of looking at an Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium morphology book to receive an Engineering important part of engineering geology. I found “Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent.” This in Geology Division award? Engineering geology the discussions of seepage, sapping, and pip- turn led to collaboration with Don Coates and involves (or should involve) the application of ing to be invaluable in helping me understand other authors on a chapter on landform devel- the full range of available geological information things I see on the Lake Erie bluffs in Pennsyl- opment by subsurface water in the GSA DNAG to engineering projects. Geomorphology is vania. I think most engineering geologists can volume on hydrogeology. The book for which particularly relevant to engineering geology find similarly useful material here relating to we are presenting the Burwell Award is an because the two subdisciplines approach many their own work. outgrowth of that chapter, and of a symposium of the same materials and settings from slightly The Burwell Award is given for a publica- of the same title at the 1984 GSA Annual Meet- different philosophical bases. This is not an tion, but it is also given to a person, or as in this ing (11 years ago). original idea—Don Coates is one of a number case, to two people. Both Professors Higgins Our two award winners not only organized of earlier proponents of similar thoughts—but it and Coates emphasized that all of the many and edited the book, they wrote substantial is an idea that deserves to be repeated every contributors to the volume deserve to be parts of it. Professor Higgins contributed so often. Geology is a generalist science, draw- included in the award. This may be true, as all chapters on gully development and seepage- ing on other disciplines and applying them to have contributed to making the final product. induced cliff recession and is a co-author of the the study of the earth. Similarly, engineering But special recognition is due to the two editors, chapters on piping and pseudokarst in dry- geology is a generalist field, drawing on various who saw the need for such a compilation, orga- lands, and permafrost and thermokarst. Dr. specialties within and outside of geology. It is nized the other writers, and wrote or co-wrote Coates is author of the chapter on downslope useful for practitioners of engineering geology 40% of the chapters. movement and the concluding chapter on how to be occasionally reminded of the merits of Groundwater Geomorphology has a long geomorphology controls groundwater, and a looking outside our own specialized literature history. I will leave the interesting details to its collaborator on the permafrost chapter. I hope of case histories, new mechanical testing pro- editors to tell, but will note that the book could it is not an indication of the arduousness of cedures, and applications, to see the new not have come into its present form without the the tasks that both of our authors retired from developments of the rest of our science. combined experience of its editors. In this active teaching the same year the book was Groundwater Geomorphology is an out- sense, it is the product of two careers spent published. It may be an indication of their standing compilation of information about the (among other things) developing ideas and energy that it was prepared while they were ways in which groundwater affects materials expertise in the effects of groundwater on the teaching full time. and processes at and near the surface of the surface of the earth. I congratulate Professors Higgins and earth. Some of the topics addressed include: Charles Graham Higgins is a native of Coates on a remarkable contribution to geologi- hydrology, mechanics, and geomorphic implica- Oak Park, Illinois. He received his geological cal knowledge, Groundwater Geomorphology, tions of erosion by subsurface flow; the relation education at Carleton College, the University and thank them for a profoundly useful book. of subsurface water to downslope movement; of Chicago, and the University of California, piping (in both dry and humid lands); karst Berkeley. He was a student of notable geolo-

22 GSA TODAY, March 1996 basic forms: (1) those where natural surface should not hesitate or shrink from the public Response by processes affect installations and property, and eye in announcing how their capabilities can be DONALD R. COATES (2) those where natural surface processes are used in societal matters. Such talents should being changed by human activity.” not be hidden, and it is incumbent on the entire A list of past recipients of the Burwell The discipline lines among the geoscience profession to mount a more aggressive and Award reads like a Who’s Who in engineering specialties have now become blurred. I view effective public relations program that docu- geology. Unlike these predecessors, my part the projects that my firm has produced as often ments the importance of these associations. of the geologic landscape has tended toward cutting across several areas of specialization. My relationship with the Engineering geomorphology and hydrogeology. However, For example, our work on numerous gasoline Geology Division began more than two as a missionary of these fields I have always spills and landfill sites required an eclectic decades ago and in 1975 led to my appoint- preached that these geoscientists must master knowledge that integrated many otherwise ment as editor to produce a volume on land- a host of science specialties—physics, chem- seemingly diverse disciplines. Several typical slides in the GSA Engineering Geology Review istry, mathematics, mineralogy, petrology, struc- case histories are included in the two chapters I series. This resulted in the 1977 publication by tural geology, and sedimentation, to name a wrote for the book. They illustrate, for example, GSA of the Landslides volume and the subse- few. Such subjects provide a proper spring- how the practical use of geomorphology can quent awarding of the Certificate of Merit from board to launch into interdisciplinary studies. aid in the solution of societal problems. This the Engineering Geology Division. I am This broad spectrum of subjects has provided type of documentation demonstrates the impor- extremely happy to be the 1995 co-recipient the flexibility to move where problems and tance of geoscientist involvement with “real” of the prestigious E. J. Burwell, Jr., Award. It opportunities are in the geosciences. In addi- world problems, and that society suffers when is a delightful and much valued valedictory to tion, I had the good fortune to become involved such expertise has not been sought or used. my nearly five decades in the geology profes- with environmental affairs starting in the 1960s. I am sure that most of you could cite sion. Furthermore it is with great pleasure that This background and fortuitous events helped horror stories of what can happen when inade- I share this honor with my personal friend and pave the way for the preparation of our book. quate attention is given to geologic conditions colleague, Charles Higgins. It is with heartfelt There are two themes which for me are at project sites. In my chapters in the book I gratitude that I now accept this award. Thank necessary in explanation of the book. The first present some personal case histories such as you all so very much. and most immediate of these started in 1970, the following. the year we at Binghamton established the To aid in protection of the Binghamton Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium region from flooding, 21 dams were constructed Response by series. It was our goal to show that geomor- under the Watershed Management Protection phology was alive and well. The assembling Act of 1954. Construction of one of the dams CHARLES G. HIGGINS of a distinguished cast of speakers allowed for was undertaken by Old Forge Construction This award for our book is for us an honor a forum and in-depth discussions on a single Company, a firm located in the Adirondack that is as much deeply appreciated as it was topic of interest. I am happy to report that the Mountains, New York. Work began in April unexpected, and we wish to share it with the 23 26th of these annual events was recently held 1974, but unfortunately did not proceed on the other authors. They are, alphabetically: William at the University of Virginia. planned time schedule. Numerous delays and Back, Victor R. Baker, Thomas Dunne, D. J. The second theme that paved the way is equipment breakdowns occurred because the Haggerty, Barry R. Hill, Alan D. Howard, of a personal nature. My work in hydrology at character of the soils and terrain was more J. A. A. Jones, Edward A. Keller, R. Craig Columbia University under the guidance of formidable than had been predicted by their Kochel, G. Mathias Kondolf, Julie E. Laity, Professor Arthur Strahler was very influential engineers. This resulted in large cost overruns André K. Lehre, Robert M. Norris, Waite R. in setting the stage for my career. Also, three to the company. I must parenthetically point out Osterkamp, Arthur N. Palmer, Garald G. years spent in Arizona as party chief in ground- that civil engineers, not engineering geologists, Parker, Jr., Troy L. Péwé, James M. Robb, water with the USGS provided an indispens- were the design personnel for the project. By Ruth A. M. Schmidt, Charles E. Sloan, C. able background for knowledge of the many late May, the company was so aggrieved they Rowland Twidale, William B. White, and ramifications of underground waters. This was brought a lawsuit to obtain additional funds Warren W. Wood. followed by 36 years at SUNY Binghamton, from Broome County and the U.S. Department We also want to acknowledge five addi- where I wore two hats, one as professor in the of Agriculture. They had not predicted dis- tional contributors to our earlier presentations Department of Geology and the other as head charge of springs into the wetland environment, of the groundwater geomorphology story, at our of my geoscience consulting firm, Coates & or the character of the substrate, which con- symposium for the 1984 GSA Annual Meeting Associates Inc. In the former capacity I taught sisted of nearly impervious till and muck soils. in Reno and/or in Chapters 41 and 42 of the courses related to hydrology and groundwater. As an expert witness for the government, I Hydrogeology volume in GSA’s Geology of My consulting firm engaged in more than 250 showed that Old Forge had not made a geo- North America set: William E. Dietrich, cases and 125 litigations with many projects morphic or hydrogeologic study of the site. Derek C. Ford, Helaine Markewich, Milan that involved groundwater. These covered a Instead, the company had anticipated condi- Pavich, and J. David Rogers (who received broad range of assignments as with the U.S. tions similar to those in the Adirondacks, and this award last year). Army Corps of Engineers on siting of the Cow- believed the locale would be dry and underlain We are also indebted to an international anesque Dam in Pennsylvania to cases where by sandy soils. As consultant to the govern- team of 35 persons who reviewed chapters of artificial channelization caused accelerated mental bodies I demonstrated in court testi- the book as well as to the 15 who reviewed the erosion of river banks and losses to riparian mony that the Broome County Soils Survey abstracts for the Reno symposium. They are properties. map had correctly identified the soil properties named in the Foreword to the book. I view much of this work as belonging in and, furthermore, that on-site soil borings had Further, because the idea for our series the field of geomorphic engineering or environ- properly described the soil characteristics. It of presentations was, in effect, inspired by the mental geomorphology. In my 1976 book Geo- became abundantly clear that company engi- 13th Annual Binghamton Geomorphology morphology and Engineering I discussed the neers had not done their homework, nor utilized Symposium, “Groundwater as a Geomorphic interrelationships of geology, geomorphology, the available data. I emphasized to the jury that Agent,” presented at Rensselaer Polytechnic and engineering. Speaking at the Second Inter- a competent earth scientist would have prop- Institute in 1982, we wish to express our national Geomorphology Conference held in erly predicted the hydrogeologic conditions at appreciation for the contribution of its organizer, 1989 at Frankfurt, Germany, I stated, “Environ- the site. The jury dismissed the case with no Robert G. LaFleur, particularly because he mental geomorphologists are specialists who compensation and said it was without merit. asked me to cover both sapping and piping in actively apply scientific principles to the solution The message is clear: geoscientists must my talk for the symposium and thereby made of societal problems. Their projects take two be willing to “become involved,” and they me learn more about piping.

GSA TODAY, March 1996 23 We’re also pleased to acknowledge the To be sure, most introductory texts in geol- southern California beaches, I witnessed the vision of William Back, who attended that sym- ogy, geomorphology, and physical geography development of miniature drainage systems posium and planted another of the first seeds of have long noted the importance of water in created wholly by groundwater outflow during our book at that time by asking me to organize weathering, and most include discussions of low tide. These observations led to my sug- and edit a section on groundwater in landscape groundwater corrosion and the formation of gestion, at the 1974 GSA Annual Meeting in development for the Hydrogeology volume that limestone caverns and karst, but their chief Miami Beach, that some much larger drainage- he and Paul Seaber were creating as part of emphasis on groundwater is generally its uti- ways of Mars may have formed in a similar GSA’s Geology of North America project. lization and hydrology. Some texts also discuss manner. I expanded these observations in a Finally, I am especially indebted to Don the role of water in slope failures or in subsi- 1982 Geology paper, and that led to my pre- Coates. Early on, I asked him to help when it dence caused by fluid withdrawal. Generally, sentation on the development of landforms by became apparent that the Hydrogeology vol- though, there is much about running water, little groundwater outflow for the 13th Annual Bing- ume would not provide the scope we needed to about subsurface water. This failure reflects a hamton Symposium, which in turn led to the tell the full story of groundwater geomorphology continuing dominance of fluvialism in geological book honored with this award. and its significance in the development of the thought, but I suspect that it also owes much to These experiences were my introduction Earth’s surface. Don unhesitatingly accepted, the hidden or invisible nature of underground to some aspects of the work of underground and his enthusiasm for the project, his long water. It is out of sight, out of mind. water, and the more I learned about it, the more experience as an editor, his broad knowledge My own awareness of this hidden water I realized how important it can be. The 1982 of groundwater processes, and his common began when I was a child, spending summers Binghamton Symposium was a milestone in sense and patience were essential to the com- on Lake Michigan and digging holes in the the recognition of the geomorphic importance pletion of our project. When we commenced beach. There I discovered the cool, moist of groundwater. Since then, Don and I have this odyssey, I was at the University of Califor- sand—in what I would now call the capillary tried in our book and earlier presentations to nia, Davis, and Don was at the State University fringe—that lies just above the surface of the provide a synoptic view of the many ways in of New York, Binghamton. Ours was a long-dis- underground water, and I learned that when I which both near-surface and deeper subsur- tance collaboration. tried to dig below that water-table surface, sand face waters can affect Earth-surface processes Without the contributions of these individu- would be carried in from the sides, refilling the and the development of landforms—and vice als, you would not be honoring our book. hole and undermining its sides by a process versa. We have hoped, too, that in stressing that I much later learned to call “sapping.” the significance of water underground we have h h h When I was nine I visited and was helped restore a balance in geomorphic and Subsurface water affects near-surface impressed by Wind Cave in the Black Hills geological thought, which for too long has been processes in a wide variety of ways in virtually of South Dakota. Later, at the University of dominated by fluvialism. all parts of the Earth, including drylands, tropi- Chicago in the 1940s, I studied a cave in Mis- Another landscape-shaping process that cal regions, the frozen Arctic, and even parts of souri for an M.S. thesis under the direction of was long ignored is downslope movement. the submerged continental borders. “Ground- J H. Bretz, who had just published his mono- The late C. F. S. Sharpe’s book Landslides water geomorphology” is the name we coined graph “Vadose and Phreatic Features of Lime- and Related Phenomena, published in 1938, for a diverse group of studies of the effects of stone Caverns.” Still later, I wrote about the awakened geologists’ awareness of the impor- these waters, both above and below the water caves of the Acropolis of Athens, and in 1963 tance of the gravity-driven processes involved. table, on the Earth’s landforms. attended the First International Speleological We developed our own book with the hope that Our book was at least eight years in the Conference in Greece, where I presented a it would do for subsurface water what Sharpe’s making, from my talk at the 1982 Binghamton field study of the “Cave of Nestor” near Pilos. book did for downslope movement, and we Symposium to the book’s publication in 1990. At the time, I was in Greece to study coastal urge all who are involved in Earth study to However, our understanding of the geologic beachrock and try to discover where and how it realize that the unseen waters below may in processes involved has been much longer in becomes cemented by interstitial waters under- various ways be affecting the Earth’s surface the making, beginning in the 19th century, when ground. While there I gained first-hand acquain- and playing a significant part in its develop- visionary pioneers began to recognize the influ- tance with the Ghyben-Herzberg lens of fresh ment. Recognition of these varied and hidden ences of groundwater in aspects of weathering, groundwater that underlies many coastal areas, underground processes can provide fresh soil development, and slope failure, and in cold and I observed some of groundwater’s corro- insights for interpreting and remediating the regions. Despite such early insights, though, sive effects: nips and notches along protected Earth and its surface. the work of subsurface water has long been calcareous coasts and the etching of mysteri- Thank you all for honoring our efforts with overshadowed in the literature by that of sur- ous solution pipes in some coastal eolianites. the Burwell Award! face runoff. Indeed, from the outset, geological Meanwhile, during field mapping in Cali- thought has been largely dominated by fluvial- fornia, I had found an area where the modern ism, a doctrine which holds that subaerial drainage was developing by headwall retreat at erosion by rain and running water is the pre- springs controlled by buried Pliocene topogra- eminent cause of regional denudation and phy. That was my first experience of spring landform development. This view became well sapping. Then in the early 1970s, on some established by the late 19th century and has hampered appreciation of the effects and importance of any agents and processes other than running water.

24 GSA TODAY, March 1996 would remark, “Ah’m proud o’ you, son.” Let us GEORGE P. WOOLLARD echo his sentiments! It gives me special plea- sure to present Walter Mooney to receive the AWARD 1995 George P. Woollard Award! presented to WALTER D. MOONEY Response by WALTER D. MOONEY Thank you, Bob, for those kind, if overly Citation by generous, words and for providing me with a Robert P. MEYER greater appreciation of George Woollard. I got to know George in late 1973 when he returned It is with great pleasure and honor that, on to the University of Wisconsin for a period of behalf of the Geological Society of America, I several weeks. I can recall two talks he gave at present Walter D. Mooney, researcher and transform region and in the subduction regime that time—22 years ago this month—in which leader with the U.S. Geological Survey and of the Pacific Northwest, both regions of high he gave a marvelous synthesis of the structure consulting professor at Stanford University, as seismic risk. These studies have also led to a

of the Pacific Ocean basin based on seismic the 1995 recipient of the George P. Woollard better understandingˆ of the physical properties and gravity data. I had just finished my Ph.D. Award. This award, presented yearly by the of the Mohorovicic« discontinuity. thesis with Bob Meyer and I went through it Geophysical Division, is given to a person who Walter is an enthusiastic participant in carefully with Woollard, who showed great inter- “contributes in an outstanding manner to the numerous international geophysical projects. est and patience with the work of a then young solution of a fundamental problem of geology These undertakings caused him to enter the scientist 43 years his junior. Our next meeting through the application of principles and tech- fray in the modern debate concerning the com- was at the San Francisco AGU, where George niques of geophysics.” Thus, today we honor position and origin of continental crust and the came up to Bob Meyer and me just as we were two leaders, Walter D. Mooney and George P. evolution of the lithosphere from the Archean engaged in a spirited (you could even say Woollard. I have known each well. Walter came to the present. This work has involved a global “heated”) discussion of whether he (Bob) should to Wisconsin from Cornell as my graduate stu- synthesis of crustal seismic measurements. To sign my thesis as final, or whether substantial dent and I was a graduate student of George this end, his recent activities include negotiating additions were warranted. As you can imagine, I Woollard. I can, therefore, make some mean- for the release of thousands of kilometers of was advocating the former, whereas Bob was ingful and relevant comparisons that shed light unique Russian “peaceful nuclear explosion” enamored with the latter. George Woollard on the origin and significance of this award as (PNE) refraction profiles and organizing their understood the nature of the discussion immedi- well as on the latest awardee. cooperative reanalysis. In China, he has under- ately, including the fact that I was already George Woollard considered life to be a taken the joint inversion of wide-angle seismic employed, by then, at the USGS and working gift with which to do something special. Without data from the Yunnan and Dabie Shan regions, on new projects. He turned to Bob and growled, question, Walter Mooney thinks likewise. Walter the latter being the site of surface diamonds at “Sign the damn thesis, Bob.” So you see, it is has many more Woollard characteristics, e.g., the end of a major transform fault. hard for me to separate George Woollard the he is a Renaissance man, having wide inter- His successes include interpretation of: distinguished scientist from George Woollard ests in several quite separate areas. He is gre- offshore-onshore seismic profiles crossing the my patron saint. It seems to me that everyone garious, and able to gather and effectively work region of subduction beneath Colombia, South I’ve ever met that had any significant contact with large numbers of colleagues on a one-to- America, and off the western USA that add to with Woollard has a similar anecdote concern- one basis, sharing fairly credit for achievement. our understanding of subduction and transform ing his magnificent intervention on their behalf. More than 83 different individuals appear as plate boundaries; a long seismic refraction pro- Bob has emphasized Woollard’s belief coauthors in Walter’s 85 publications. He is cat- file that reveals the deep structure of the Ara- that scientific data must be collected with suffi- alytic, causing things to happen and advances bian shield and the remarkable thinning of the cient areal distribution—ideally globally—for to be made. shield crust as the Red Sea is approached; its true significance to be appreciated and Like George, Walter believes that if global and, with U.S., European, and Kenyan col- correctly interpreted. Woollard set out in the geophysical data are thoughtfully collected in leagues, refraction profiles of the Kenya Rift, early 1950s to make gravity measurements large quantities, it will assure a significant geo- providing insight into processes of rifting and throughout the world, and time has certainly logical reward. Walter, against my advice, uplift. These studies have increased our under- shown the wisdom of his approach. Woollard’s joined the Survey after his graduation rather standing of the evolution of continental crust global approach to science has been further than going into academia because, and I quote, from assembly to rifting, the latter stimulating impressed upon me by several other individu- “That’s where the data are.” and reviving interest in the driving force of plate als. As an undergraduate at Cornell from 1969 For George Woollard, an example of a motion. Both mentally and physically, Walter’s to 1973, I was influenced by Jack Oliver, who, large data-collection undertaking is his obtain- science is an adventure sometimes worthy of a with Bryan Isacks and Lynn Sykes had pub- ing, with his Wisconsin students, gravity values documentary! One that might be titled “A Night lished a paper entitled “Seismology and the on a 7-mile grid covering most of North Amer- in Lake Turkana” would recount his unplanned New Global Plate Tectonics.” This paper ica. This effort had many scientific rewards, swimming experience in this lake following a demonstrated simply and elegantly that the including the discovery of the Precambrian very close encounter with a 400-kg underwater global distribution of earthquake hypocenters North American Midcontinent Rift, a feature seismic charge. was consistent with what was called “the plate without surface exposure. For Walter and his The speed and efficiency with which tectonics hypothesis.” In the mid-1970s, Jack, colleagues, the data-gathering effort has been Walter carries out his scientific work is matched together with Bob Meyer, Bob Phinney, and the collection and interpretation of thousands of only by his enthusiasm for high-speed British Milton Dobrin, went on to propose a global net- kilometers of seismic profiles in the U.S., sports cars. He is endeavoring to assure that work of seismic reflection profiles, and together including Alaska, often at 100- to 500-meter the most stylish and the best of the British pure- initiated the Consortium for Continental Reflec- seismometer spacing. Scientific results from bred cars, particularly the Jaguar, will be appre- tion Profiling. Here again, these men advocated these profiles include the identification of dis- ciated, used, and preserved. A future award continent-wide surveys, with long transect lines. tinct crustal types correlating with tectonic might be a knighthood for services to the British George Woollard would have approved. With provinces (e.g., arcs, extended crust, orogens) motor industry. the success of COCORP, more than a dozen and the imaging of the crust in the San Andreas If George Woollard were here today, he countries followed suit, and today a semi-global

GSA TODAY, March 1996 25 distribution of seismic reflection profiles has sition and data compilation—in such diverse Mooney, who provided a rich and loving home. been recorded, with great scientific benefit. settings as Kenya, China, Alaska, Mexico, My wife of 18 years, Jodi, has always been a When I arrived at the University of Wiscon- Russia, and India. George Woollard would source of inspiration and continuing support. sin in 1973, the global perception was still alive have been very pleased and impressed by the I can’t imagine a more rich and diverse institu- and well, with Bob Meyer leading field programs progress made in crustal seismology in the past tion at which to work than the U.S. Geological in Mexico, Colombia, and Peru, and Charlie two decades. Survey. At the Survey, I was encouraged and Bentley leading the highly successful Antarctic The theme that I emphasize here is the given my start by such fine scientists as Jack program. Indeed, I can recall a period of 16 benefit that our science achieves from data Healy, David Hill, and Lou Pakiser. My present months when I only spent one week in Madison, acquired on a continent-wide and global scale. colleagues, Harley Benz, Tom Brocher, Rufus Wisconsin, the remaining 68 weeks being spent Geophysical work on such a grand scale Catchings, Jim Luetgert, Gary Fuis, Jill in South America and Europe where I continued requires a spirit of cooperation, both nationally McCarthy, and Tom Parsons (to mention only my scientific work and pursued my future wife, and internationally, and here again I’ve been those in crustal geophysics) have corrected Jodi, who was studying music in Cologne, Ger- inspired by Woollard, who recognized that sci- my errors and encouraged my better instincts. many. I should note that I was unconsciously entific collaboration, while occasionally requir- Many distinguished colleagues at universities emulating George Woollard by combining sci- ing compromises, results in better scientific have provided stimulation, including Larry ence with strong family interests. results. Furthermore, few of us flourish intellec- Brown, Bob Meyer, Nik Christensen, Randy I arrived at the U.S. Geological Survey in tually in isolation, and modern collaboration in Keller, Larry Braile, Dallas Abbott, Claus 1978 and was a little disappointed to discover geophysical investigations ensures that no one Prodehl, Karl Fuchs, and Aftab Khan. At Stan- that they expected me to be present in Menlo will begin to take his or her own ideas too seri- ford, I have greatly benefited from my associa- Park for more than one week per year, but I ously. There is always a colleague willing to tion with both faculty and students, and for was very pleased to discover that collecting point out the limitations of one’s latest ideas. this, and much more, I am grateful to George data in diverse geologic settings, including This, in turn, leads to the next round of concep- Thompson, Simon Klemperer, and Mark internationally, was encouraged. In fact, the first tualizing and field experimentation. Zoback. In view of the time [allotted for this crustal seismic data that I had the opportunity It is commonly observed that one has too response], regrettably I am unable to mention to analyze were data collected by Jack Healy many colleagues and associates to mention many others, including especially my interna- and others across the Arabian shield. My inter- them all at an award ceremony. However, I tional collaborators. est in the Precambrian Earth has continued to think it is appropriate to reveal the names of Mr. Chairman, Bob Meyer, my dear friends, this day. Since then, I have had the privilege to at least a few of the guilty parties. The first, of thank you for giving me this opportunity to honor pursue crustal seismology—both in data acqui- course, are my parents, Martha and Vincent George Woollard on this happy occasion.

Siegfried, with whom he has published work HISTORY OF GEOLOGY on Humphry Davy. Bob’s research in history of geology has DIVISION AWARD focused on mountain building and on late-19th- presented to century American geology. He has called atten- tion to unique contributions from the American geological community, and to the influence of ROBERT H. DOTT, JR. these ideas in Europe. Several of his papers treat the history of geosynclinal theory in Amer- ica, as well as other aspects of the history of Citation by tectonics, of cratonic studies, and of eustasy. JOANNE BOURGEOIS This latter interest led him to organize the highly successful 1990 GSA History of Geology Bob Dott has a long and distinguished symposium, “The Ups and Downs of Eustasy,” career both in the geological sciences and in the papers from which have been collected in a history of the geological sciences, and has spring of a renowned stratigrapher, Marshall GSA Special Paper. Throughout this work, Bob earned respect and admiration in both geology Kay (Columbia University). Raised in Okla- has exemplified a non-Whiggish internal histo- and history of science communities. A short homa, Bob graduated from the University of rian, bringing critical insight to bear on histories summary of his contributions in history of Michigan, where he met and married Nancy of geological investigations. geology includes: Robertson, beginning a strong partnership and Probably Bob’s most far-reaching contri- ¥ Significant scholarly research in history of a large, scholarly family. The Dotts have also bution to history of geology is through his geology, including two edited books, some 20 become extended family to many geology grad- undergraduate Earth history text, Evolution of journal articles, and numerous book reviews uate students, including a number who are the Earth, published in five editions since 1971 and editorials; active in history of geology. (coauthored with Roger Batten, and most ¥ Outstanding contributions to teaching history Receiving his Ph.D. in 1955, and after a recently with Donald Prothero). Having myself of geology, both as a separate subject and brief stint in the petroleum industry, Bob began experienced the prior generation of historical within geology courses, particularly through his academic career in 1958 at the University geology texts, I’m not sure those of you who his pioneering and influential text, Evolution of Wisconsin as a sedimentary geologist. In didn’t can understand what a breath of fresh air of the Earth; the mid-1960s he revived the “History of Geo- this text was. It replaced the “roll call of the ¥ Thoughtful perspectives on the history of logical Thought” course taught before him by ages” approach (a Larry Sloss term) with a con- science, and on its place in geological and Stanley A. Tyler and also began research in the ceptual approach, addressing the question, general science education; history of geology, publishing his first paper in “How do we know?” rather than “What do we ¥ Important service to various history of geology the field, on James Hutton, in 1969. He has know?” The text is replete with examples from organizations. maintained strong ties with history of science the history of geology, including original quotes, Bob Dott is the son of an eminent geolo- faculty at Wisconsin, in particular with Robert illustrations, poems, and cartoons—rather than gist (Robert H. Dott, Sr.), and academic off- just portraits of the “giants of geology.”

26 GSA TODAY, March 1996 Bob’s philosophy of education, also in the history of geology. The outsiders have get involved in either the Lyell or Darwin indus- reflected in articles and editorials over the included Dennis Dean, Julie Newell, Beau Van tries because I felt that, relatively speaking, years, is well expressed in the preface to the Riper, and Susan Schultz, among others. I those two were over-studied in contrast to first edition: thank them all for their stimulation, as I thank many other important geologists—the foot Our experience indicates that students are the Division for the honor it has given me. It is soldiers, so to speak. During a winter visit stimulated greatly by … exposure to scien- particularly nice to receive this award from my to Minneapolis, however, historian Leonard tific controversies, occasional spicy personal longtime friend and colleague, Bob Ginsburg. Wilson, a leading Lyell scholar, urged me to feuds or an amusing faux pas. The student Five years ago, I had the pleasure of expand my investigation to encompass all of also needs to become a partner in the end- presenting the same award to Gordon Craig, Lyell’s three American lecture series given less process of hypothesis testing.… James Hutton Professor of Geology of the between 1841 and 1852. Accordingly, I took The historic elaboration of the development University of Edinburgh. In his witty response, advantage of Leonard’s generosity in making of basic principles for interpreting earth his- Gordon presented ME with a copy of handwrit- available his extensive Lyell archive, and I tory … provides a proxy for the reader’s actually recapitulating discoveries and inter- ten notes by Charles Lyell for a “Lecture No. 9 resumed reading microfilms. Historian Robert pretations accomplished by past generations for Philadelphia, March, 1842.” My curiosity Silliman of Emory University, who has been that make up the fabric of geologic princi- was piqued because Lyell’s published New working on Lyell’s interactions with American ples. Secondly, it helps to make clear that … York lectures numbered only 8. What did this geologists, also provided encouragement and science is a human activity, and that the “extra” lecture mean? When a blizzard closed valuable feedback. Consequently, thanks to quest for the understanding of nature is an my university unexpectedly a few months later, such fine cooperation from historians, I expect on-going … process in which the reader … could participate. Finally, the historical I decided to transcribe the notes just for fun. to have a much different manuscript covering approach reveals the cultural relationships of With help from other cryptographers, I soon all of the lectures and travels in America in time the science, which are unusually rich in the had a fair copy containing such interesting for the Hutton-Lyell Bicentenary in 1997. case of geology. items as quotations from John Milton’s And now for moral number 2. I present As a scientist, historian, scholar, and edu- Paradise Lost. And so I convinced myself that this confession in order to reemphasize a point cator, Bob Dott is a worthy recipient of the 1995 this “unknown” lecture might deserve publica- I made in an editorial a few years ago about the GSA History of Geology Division Award. As tion. But I faced the problem of schizia shared problem of “two separate cultures” in the study one of the many students he has mentored, by many members of the Division—it is very of the history of geology. The second moral is I take great personal pleasure in participating difficult to fit an historical hobby into a full that internalist geologists and externalist histori- in the presentation of this award to Robert H. geology teaching program. And so the project ans need each other. The trained historian Dott, Jr. languished. brings a perspective richer than most scientists Then in 1994, I retired from teaching in possess of the broader historical contexts of order both to have more time for history and to science as well as a keener sense of historical create an opening for a young, aspiring scholar research techniques and standards of historical Response by in the present, dreadfully restricted academic scholarship. The historian can help us avoid the ROBERT H. DOTT, JR. market. I decided to take as my first retirement common fallacies of hero glorification and the project the completion of the Lyell study. During writing of Whig or presentist history in which In anticipation of this honor, I asked his first visit to America in 1841Ð42, Lyell had ideas seem to have evolved smoothly and myself, How did I get here? Not surprisingly, lectured three times—at Boston, Philadelphia, inevitably to a present, revealed “truth.” Con- my parents had a lot to do with it, for both were and New York. The New York lectures had versely, the practicing scientist should possess very interested in history. One of my father’s been published immediately, so I decided I a deeper insight into nuances between the past off-handed remarks when I was about to gradu- should find out something about the Boston and present practices of a science, which are ate from college made a lasting impression. and Philadelphia offerings. At the 1994 San like land mines for the unwary. For example, He doubted that a person could fully under- Diego Penrose Conference on the history of old terminology still in use generally takes on stand his/her chosen profession unless they geology, I had met Earle Spamer of the subtly different meanings as a science matures, knew its history. A decade later, I left industry Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and one who is naive about those differences for academia largely because of a thirst for and I asked if he might give me some leads. can make serious errors. Obvious examples greater intellectual diversity, a trait also inher- He soon E-mailed that there was both good include the nineteenth century versus present ited from parents and my childhood in the uni- news and bad news. The good news was that meaning of “Silurian,” application of the term versity setting of Norman, Oklahoma. When I he had found two newspaper accounts, but the “facies” to metamorphic as well as sedimentary settled at Wisconsin, I had among many books bad news was that there had been 12 rather rocks, the modern versus earlier meanings of from my father’s library Von Zittel’s History, than 9 lectures! Meanwhile, my own search of “grauwacken,” and the difference between Geikie’s Founders, Merrill’s encyclopedia of 1841 Boston papers soon confirmed that there Ampferer’s meaning when he coined the term early American geologists, Fairchild’s first 40 had also been 12 lectures in Bean Town. The “zone de subduction” and our present usage of years of the GSA, and Clarke’s biography of supposed importance of the notes for Lecture that term. Perhaps less obvious are the poten- James Hall. To this list I had added, while a No. 9 suddenly seemed to evaporate! tial pitfalls of comparing geologic maps of the graduate student, Lyell’s Principles, the Fen- I tell this story on myself in order to draw same area but of different vintages without a tons’ Giants of Geology and DuToit’s delightful two morals. Number 1 is do your homework full appreciation of subtle changes that had Our Wandering Continents. So when science thoroughly before rushing to speak or write. occurred in the interim both of cartographic historian Robert Siegfried came to my office on As Michelle Aldrich admonished when she conventions and the even more subtle fashions a proselytizing mission a few years later, I was received the Division’s award 3 years ago, we of geologic mapping of structure and stratigra- ripe for his suggestion that I revive an old internalists must do our historical scholarship phy. Much more serious, however, is a trend in course on the history of geology. My subse- as thoroughly as we would our scientific the history of science profession to leave out quent associations with the faculty and stu- research. the science and to focus entirely upon the dents of the Wisconsin History of Science I was on the verge of abandoning my Lyell social, political, and philosophical relationships Department have been very rewarding and project with the satisfaction that, at least, it had of the scientists. Does this mean that only we have helped me avoid that introversion by provided fun and further experience in reading internalists will be doing the science history in hyperspecialization which is in danger of over- poor microfilms, an art to which I had been another decade or so? whelming academia today and which I have introduced in the 1970s by my historian friend It is regrettable—if inescapable—that our fought against throughout my career. What a Robert Siegfried, when we collaborated in the two clans are centered in such different aca- pleasure it has been to have a few geology stu- editing of Humphry Davy’s geology lectures. demic settings with widely differing customs dents like Jody Bourgeois and Bill Jordan, as Moreover, I had vowed 30 years ago never to for publication and professional meetings. All well as outside students, who share my interest

GSA TODAY, March 1996 27 of this creates formidable barriers to communi- symposia every few years certainly helps to leagues, but at least you could start by taking cation, which I admonish everyone to try to ameliorate the separation of cultures, but each your “cousins” to lunch more than once a year surmount. The healthy mix that we have in our of us could do more. You may not be so fortu- at the GSA meeting. History of Geology Division as well as in the nate as I am to have access to a department recent Penrose Conference and the INHIGEO of the “other type,” populated by congenial col-

colleague at Johns Hopkins, Dimitri Sverjensky. O. E. MEINZER AWARD This paper examines the genesis of Mississippi ValleyÐtype (or MVT) lead-zinc ore deposits in presented to the U.S. midcontinent; it shows that topographi- cally driven groundwater flow could have deliv- GRANT GARVEN ered the chemical mass and heat required to create these deposits. The contribution of this paper, as I see it, is its comprehensive exami- Citation by nation of the paleohydrology of a very exten- CHRISTOPHER E. NEUZIL sive region through a long and rather complex geologic history. I am quite pleased to be the citationist for The second paper, “Hydromechanical Grant Garven, the winner of the O. E. Meinzer Modelling of Tectonically Driven Groundwater Award for 1995. The Meinzer Award recognizes Flow with Application to the Arkoma Foreland scientists whose papers have significantly Basin,” was published by Shemin Ge and Grant advanced hydrogeology. Grant has had a pro- teaches at the University of Minnesota; Shemin in the Journal of Geophysical Research in found influence on hydrogeology both directly Ge, who teaches at the University of Colorado; 1992. This paper represents a further step in and as a mentor of several talented students, and a more recent graduate, Jeff Raffensperger, exploring the coupling between geologic and making him particularly deserving of this year’s who teaches at the University of Virginia. hydrogeologic processes. It analyzes the effect award. I believe that a very important part of my on fluid flow of tectonic squeezing and mechan- Grant grew up near Regina, Saskatche- task is to briefly mention Grant’s work and why ical loading by thrusting. Using an extreme wan, a pleasant little city on the plains of west- his papers are being recognized today. There case of instantaneously applied tectonic stress ern Canada. For those of you not familiar with is growing awareness that fluids in the subsur- and load, Shemin and Grant showed that Canadian geography, Regina is about 40 miles face, particularly groundwater, play a very sig- while such effects could strongly alter the flow east of Moose Jaw. Now, I must emphasize nificant role in geologic processes and the evo- regime, they were unlikely to deliver the chemi- that this is actually an amazing coincidence, lution of the crust and that the reverse is also cal mass and heat needed to generate ore because Grant is the second Meinzer Award true; that is, geologic processes often pro- deposits. They concluded that the so-called winner with connections to the Regina area. foundly influence groundwater regimes. This “squeegee” effect, which had been proposed The first is John Cherry who, I understand, idea is not new. However, I believe that the vari- some time earlier, was an unlikely mechanism moved to Regina as a teenager. As many of ety and profound significance of such interrela- for creating ore deposits. you know, John received the Meinzer Award in tionships is only now entering the thinking of The third paper, “A Sensitivity Study of the 1985. One wonders whether there is something many earth scientists. Driving Forces on Fluid Flow During Continen- in the water up there. It is in this realm that Grant has worked. tal Rift Basin Evolution,” was published by Mark Grant received a bachelor’s degree in Specifically, he is being recognized today for Person and Grant in the Geological Society of geology from the University of Regina. While an his work on groundwater flow regimes that are America Bulletin in 1994. In this paper, a geo- undergraduate, he did field work in the Williston thought to have emplaced certain types of ore dynamic model of rift-basin evolution was used Basin and the Canadian Shield. During this bodies. Hydrogeologically speaking, these as the basis for examining the groundwater work, Grant spent a lot of time in the field, problems entail a particular difficulty: they flow over time in a rift basin. Mark and Grant looked at lots of outcrops, and really got to involve flow at regional scales occurring in the concluded that ore deposits associated with rift know the rocks. Thus, even though Grant geologic past. Hydrogeologists in the audience basins probably result from topography-driven doesn’t have that much time to look at actual know how difficult it is to characterize modern flow, rather than density- or compaction-driven rocks any more, we can surmise that he still flow systems. The problem that Grant and oth- flow. This paper is notable for its integration of remembers what they look like. ers tackled, which requires attempting to recon- geodynamic and hydrodynamic models to In pursuing a master’s degree in hydro- struct paleohydrology, is much harder. (On the explore processes in these poorly understood geology, Grant sought to work under Stan other hand, some argue that analyzing paleo- hydrogeologic regimes. Davis at the University of Arizona, and later flow systems is relatively easy because there Our understanding of the role of ground- did research under Joe Tóth, who was then at are fewer data to mess up one’s conceptual water flow systems in geologic processes has the Alberta Research Council. As many of you model.) In any event, there is a lot of uncer- taken a step forward with these papers, making know, Stan was the Meinzer winner in 1989, tainty about the geologic framework, boundary Grant Garven certainly deserving of the 1995 and Joe won the very first Meinzer Award in conditions, and hydraulic properties. Despite O. E. Meinzer Award. 1965. Then Grant met Al Freeze, and ended up the uncertainties, I believe that efforts exempli- pursuing a Ph.D. under Al at the University of fied by Grant’s work are beginning to shine British Columbia. Al Freeze is, of course, the some light on this aspect of Earth’s history. 1974 Meinzer Award winner. It almost appears Grant is being honored here for three Response by that Grant winning the Meinzer Award was papers: GRANT GARVEN foreordained. The first paper, “Genesis of Stratabound Thank you, Chris, for the kind citation Since 1982 Grant has taught hydrogeol- Ore Deposits in the Midcontinent Basins of and introduction. This is at least the second ogy at Johns Hopkins. In that capacity he has North America” was published in the American time you’ve performed the citationist role— mentored a select group of highly successful Journal of Science in 1993. It was authored by maybe you ought to start charging a fee for students. Among them are Mark Person, who Grant, Shemin Ge, Mark Person, and Grant’s your service!

28 GSA TODAY, March 1996 I am indeed honored to receive the 1995 Hubbert and Rubey on the role of pore pres- my sights north to cooler climates! In 1978 Joe O. E. Meinzer Award. Thank all of you very sure in geologic faulting was still being strongly Tóth invited me to join his groundwater division much for this great recognition of the work we debated in the GSA Bulletin. Joe Tóth had at the Alberta Research Council as a summer have done at Johns Hopkins University. I was completed his benchmark articles on the theory intern and research assistant. How fortunate. thrilled to receive the news, as were my co- of groundwater flow in drainage basins. Allan Thus began my multiyear study of the Pine authors on the cited papers. Freeze had recently completed most of his the- Lake watershed in central Alberta, near the It is traditional to use this time at the oretical and field work with Paul Witherspoon original field area cited in the first 1965 Meinzer podium to acknowledge one’s family, research on regional groundwater flow. Much of their Award to Joe Tóth. mentors, former students, colleagues, and insti- thinking is intertwined with my own contribu- Another great event happened at the tution for paving the way for success. I do this tions related to continental-scale groundwater University of Arizona. I met Allan Freeze during with great enthusiasm. flow in geologic basins. I also owe much to the one of his sabbatical visits to Tucson. Al per- I was particularly rewarded when my pioneering efforts by John Bredehoeft, Bill suaded me to follow him back to Vancouver mother Jean surprised me with the announce- Back, Pat Domenico, Bruce Hanshaw, and and initiate a Ph.D. research project with him ment that she bought an airline ticket and GSA Jack Sharp, who first demonstrated and that would build a bridge between workers like luncheon ticket for New Orleans so she could quantified the important role of groundwater himself in groundwater hydrology and geolo- attend this ceremony. Mom came all the way in geologic processes. All of them are Meinzer gists interested in processes such as hydro- from Regina, Saskatchewan, to watch me scholars, and I feel privileged to join them on thermal ore formation, oil migration, and basin receive the Meinzer Award. My mother has this honor roll. faulting, to name a few examples. Chris has always been there for me in times of triumph So that’s the history lesson for today. I detailed my recent contributions to the hydro- and trouble throughout my life—I am delighted might add that a number of Canadian hydroge- geology of sedimentary basins. Suffice it to say she is here today. ologists have won this award before—in fact the past 15 years have been wonderful, and One of the first questions my mother the Meinzer Award Committee has recognized with the help of my students I continue to asked when she learned I was receiving an Canadian authors on a regular basis in 1965, explore the role of groundwater in geologic award this year for my work in groundwater 1974Ð75, 1984Ð85, 1995. Perhaps it’s some processes. My research today spans the hydro- geology was: who was O. E. Meinzer? I sort of Milankovic« cycle thing associated with geology of carbonate-hosted ore formation in responded with the usual reply that he was North American hydrology. Missouri and Ireland, the nature of overpres- considered by many to be the founding father My interests in hydrogeology date back suring and sandstone diagenesis in central Cal- of hydrogeology in North America and was best almost two decades now, as noted by Chris, ifornia, and the hydrodynamics of submarine known for his pioneering studies on the elastic and if you can bear with me a little longer I’d fluid flow in archipelagic aprons near Hawaii. response of confined aquifers. But I’ll have to like to say a few words of acknowledgment on Besides having the opportunity to study confess that I really didn’t know much more behalf of the people who have helped me fulfill with an olympic ‘‘dream team’’ of research about Meinzer, other than the fact that Chris the research goals for which I am being hon- mentors—Tóth-Davis-Freeze—who have Neuzil’s office in Reston, Virginia, housed ored today. helped open doors for me all along my career Dr. O. E. Meinzer’s original drafting table/desk. I probably would not be standing here had path, I’ve been blessed with many close For those of you who have not visited Chris’s it not been for academic serendipity. Although colleagues at Johns Hopkins University, my office, it is not a Smithsonian-type shrine. Nev- my primary interests in geology were born out employer since leaving graduate school at the ertheless, I’ve always been impressed by the of curiosity about underground water from the University of British Columbia. Professor Reds fact that O. E. Meinzer’s table is still in active family farm in Saskatchewan (my mother Wolman persuaded me to join his Department use (piled with research papers and materials, always feared her sons would fall down one of Geography and Environmental Engineering of course, as Meinzer probably would have of the many abandoned wells on the farm), (a.k.a. “DOG-EE”) in 1982. Hopkins is a great wanted it). By the way, Meinzer retired as the the idea for pursuing graduate studies in hydro- university for hydrology and geology, much of USGS Geologist in Charge of Ground Water in geology came from my undergraduate geology this reputation being attributed to special schol- 1947, so his office furniture has been in use for advisor at the University of Regina. Laurence ars like Reds Wolman. Thank you, Reds, for at least 80 years—an amazing record! Vigrass introduced me to his fascinating work being such a wonderful colleague and for not My second confession to my mother was on the hydrodynamics in the Williston Basin in pressing me too hard to jump onto the band- that I really didn’t know a lot about the origin the mid-1970s and encouraged me to seek out wagon of environmental hydrology. Two other of the O. E. Meinzer Award except that it was an American hydrologist that he knew at Stan- Hopkins colleagues, Dimitri Sverjensky and given annually, and that it had been given to ford University . At the time I spent most of my Hugh Ellis, have provided the intellectual sup- dozens of hydrogeologists over the years, summer days working as a field geologist in port for my work over many years. I’m grateful including a few Canadians like myself. Some- the Canadian Shield under the tutelage of for their friendship and guidance. what embarrassed by my poorly informed Bill Coombe. Bill cultivated my early interests Last but not least, I owe a debt of gratitude answer, I felt compelled to do some research in hydrothermal ore deposits. More importantly, to my graduate students. The cited papers for on the subject before today’s meeting. I met another geologist in the Canadian north, this year’s Meinzer Award include the names It was 30 years ago that the newly Audrey Curry. We were married in 1977 and Shemin Ge and Mark Person. Shemin Ge now founded Meinzer Award was presented to a now live in Towson, Maryland, with our three teaches at the University of Colorado and Mark young hydrogeologist from Canada, Dr. József young children, Elaine, Glenn, and Ellen. The Person at the University of Minnesota. Both Tóth, at the Annual Meeting of the Geological hard work of Audrey and the tolerance of my studied with me during 1985Ð90 and have Society, November 4Ð6, 1965 in Kansas City, family has enabled me to roam the world and since gone on to distinguish themselves in Missouri. Phil LaMoreaux, the 1963 Division pursue the research for which the Meinzer hydrogeology careers of their own. Another Chair, is credited for spearheading the drive Award is being made today. I’m so grateful more recent graduate student, Jeff Raf- to honor O. E. Meinzer and appointed S. W. for their continual support. fensperger, is here today, and I am equally Lohman the task of formulating the ground Eventually I tracked down Laurence proud of his academic achievements at the rules and drafting the award—a suitably Vigrass’s colleague, Stanley Davis, who had University of Virginia. Probably no greater inscribed certificate. Kudos to LaMoreaux recently taken up the position of professor of reward can be made to a teacher than to see and Lohman. Their unselfish effort is the rea- hydrogeology at the University of Arizona. his students prosper in science. I have indeed son why I’m privileged to stand here today. I went to Arizona and completed a master’s been rewarded by their success. The 1960s were exciting times for hydro- degree in hydrology in 1980. Although Stan had Thank you all again for honoring me with geology. Our GSA President David Stephenson encouraged me to pursue research related to the 1995 O. E. Meinzer Award. received his Ph.D. degree in 1965 at the groundwater production and subsidence issues University of Illinois. The fascinating work of in the alluvial basins of southern Arizona, I set

GSA TODAY, March 1996 29 the youngest lavas of the basins. This ties the G. K. GILBERT AWARD circumferential graben to the episode of litho- spheric bending on basin margins during load- presented to ing of the basins by the mare fill. The next major extension of Baerbel’s BAERBEL KOESTERS scientific horizons occurred when she was assigned as an observer during the Mariner 9 LUCCHITTA mission in 1972. This inaugurated her long and continuing involvement in the land forms and surface processes of Mars. Unlike some of the Citation by rest of us, Baerbel’s favorite holes in the ground EUGENE M. SHOEMAKER are not craters but the various valleys of the Valles Marineris. With the aid of the Viking It is a special pleasure to present Baerbel images, she has probably spent more time Koesters Lucchitta for the Gilbert Award. The “peering” into the Valles Marineris than anyone great breadth of her interests and scientific con- the Branch of Astrogeology. (This, as you will else. She was early intrigued by the giant land- tributions mirrors the breadth of Gilbert himself; have noted, was before the days of Affirmative slides originating on the valley walls, and she her scientific career has unfolded in the same Action and Equal Employment Opportunity.) has argued, I think convincingly, that they were organization for which Gilbert served as the first She quickly rose, however, from photoclinomet- lubricated by ground water. She has also been Chief Geologist—the Geologic Division of the ric studies of potential Apollo landing sites to responsible for identifying various volcanic U.S. Geological Survey. She can fairly claim to geological investigations of the North Polar deposits on the valley floors, including diverse be a direct intellectual descendant of Gilbert. region of the Moon and the Apollo 17 landing light-colored flows as well as young dark Little Baerbel Koesters lived in Weimar site, as a full-fledged geologist (GS-11). patches, very likely formed by pyroclastic out- in eastern Germany during the waning days It was Baerbel’s involvement with Apollo bursts, that are aligned along faults. She has of World War II, not far from infamous Buchen- 17 and her characteristically thorough study of shown that the great Marineris rift valley devel- wald. She had some hair-raising experiences the geology of the site that led to some of her oped in multiple stages and had a prolonged as the area was occupied first by American and most enduring contributions to lunar geology. history of evolution. then by Soviet forces. Ultimately, her family fled She very early recognized the genetic relation- Elsewhere on Mars, Baerbel has focused to the West, where she remembers a happy ship between the dark mantle deposit in the on the abundant evidence for ground ice and childhood playing in the bombed-out ruins of floor of the Taurus-Littrow Valley and the more on the role of ice or ice-lubricated flow in the Muenster. A bright student with a very strong extensive dark mantle deposits of the Sulpicius sculpting of the terrain. She showed how ice- classical training in languages, she entered the Gallus Formation on the other side of the facilitated flow probably shaped the fretted ter- University of Muenster, where she studied both Serenitatis Basin. After the mission, she pub- rain and may have formed rock glaciers on the “old English” and geography. A Fulbright schol- lished her famous paper with Jack Schmitt that Martian volcanoes. Always willing to challenge arship enabled her to come to Kent State, Ohio, identified orange and red, as well as black, accepted wisdom, she has championed the by which time she had switched her focus from pyroclastic material in the Sulpicius Gallus flow of ice as a primary agent of erosion of the geography to geology. Fortunately, she gradu- Formation, thus linking the origin of these vast huge outflow channels on Mars. By careful ated at Kent State before the student up- deposits (and others like them elsewhere on attention to scale and to the detailed features heavals of the mid-1960s. She was attracted the Moon) to the laboratory results obtained of the channels—longitudinal grooves, hanging to Penn State for graduate work by the pres- from the Apollo 17 samples of the orange soil. valleys, the forms of the islands—she has ence there of P. D. Krynine, famous for his Moreover, the geologic relationships of the made a strong case. Before you jump to the claims (only moderately exaggerated) that you Sulpicius Gallus unit showed unequivocally conclusion that the channels were all formed could read the geologic history of a terrane that the deposits were pyroclastics and not by giant floods, you had better read her papers. from the petrology of a sandstone. produced, as some people thought, by impact Perhaps the truth lies somewhere in the mid- After she arrived at Penn State, Baerbel splash in a puddle of molten mare basalt. dle—a combination of both floods and ice switched to structure and tectonics, because a Another major contribution was Baerbel’s shoving (which is what she really suspects). grant was available to support a thesis. This led identification and proof of the occurrence of When the Voyagers flew past Jupiter, they to her first brush, all unaware, with astrogeol- Tycho secondary craters and secondary opened another chapter in Lucchitta’s career, ogy. She mapped a part of the overthrust belt deposits in a swath across the Apollo 17 land- as they did for so many of the rest of us. She near the southwestern border of Montana. ing site. This enabled a firm date to be estab- became the guru of Europa and the mother There she saw and described peculiar conical lished for Tycho from the Apollo 17 samples, superior of Ganymede geologic mapping. Her fracture surfaces decorated with horse-tailing which, in turn, provides a key datum for the description, with Larry Soderblom, of the geol- lineations. Alas, neither her advisor nor anyone cratering history of the Moon. I use the age of ogy of Europa remains the standard reference. on her committee told her what they were. Mind Tycho and the density of superposed craters on She published the first detailed description of you, this was at Penn State, one of the few the Tycho ejecta blanket as one of the linchpins the grooved terrain on Ganymede and recog- academic institutions, at that time, where there in the argument that the cratering rate in the nized that it was formed by replacement of the was a strong interest in impact craters. Two Earth-Moon system has increased, perhaps by old cratered terrain. She also documented evi- decades later, the shatter cones of the Beaver- a factor of two, late in geologic history, a result dence for lateral displacement in the grooved head structure, the largest known impact struc- that carries implications for the rate of comet terrain. She later did an outstanding job of ture in the United States, were rediscovered impact and the history of the z-oscillation of the managing the program of systematic geologic by Rob Hargraves while searching for gold Sun in its travels around the galaxy. mapping of Ganymede. prospects in the heart of Baerbel’s thesis area. From her careful study of the mare ridge In 1982, Baerbel planted one foot firmly An event that ultimately brought Baerbel and related scarp in the floor of the Taurus- back on Earth—in Antarctica. She does not into planetary geology was her marriage in Littrow Valley, Baerbel showed that this feature regard her work on the Antarctic ice sheet as 1964 to fellow Penn State student Ivo Lucchitta. and related ridges and scarps can be produced planetary geology, but I do. Earth is a planet, After Ivo was offered a job in the Surface Plan- by offset on nearly vertical faults, a result still and the areas of blue ice she defined as a part etary Exploration Branch of the USGS, Baerbel not fully appreciated by students of mare of her mapping project of Antarctica from Land- and their daughter, Maya, came to Flagstaff to ridges. She also thoroughly examined the sat multispectral images are the key collecting be with him in 1967. Baerbel, with her newly ages of graben around Serenitatis and other areas for meteorites. Undoubtedly, there was acquired Ph.D., was offered the princely posi- basins and showed that they formed after the synergy between her study of Antarctic glaciers tion of a GS-7 Physical Science Technician by emplacement of the older mare lava but before

30 GSA TODAY, March 1996 and her continuing work on the role of ice in the my predecessors in this award expressed, I profession for women was considered just frills. evolution of the Martian landscape. was extremely lucky by falling into a part of I was free to pursue geology. Lucchitta was chief of a project that history when the space program was in full Then my dream came true and, at age produced very popular multispectral images of swing and anything one noticed on another, nineteen, I obtained a Fulbright scholarship to Victoria Land, Marie Byrd Land, the Antarctic newly encountered planet was bound to be study in the United States for one year. Again, Peninsula, and special maps of selected a discovery. being a woman may have been an advantage: quadrangles and ice streams. By analyzing As the first woman recipient of this award, I was the only female applicant, and in my final crevasse patterns, she realized that the veloci- I will take the liberty to look back in a personal interview I was interrogated, in English, by a ties of outlet glaciers could be measured, and way upon my path as a woman in science, and contingent of very serious men. One of them she successfully promoted an international upon the obstacles and rewards and occa- inquired why, on the application form, I had campaign to reacquire Landsat images over sional humorous encounters I had to face as written the name of my hometown when asked Antarctica. She measured the velocities of a woman. But first I want to acknowledge the for my citizenship. I explained that citizenship numerous glaciers from the displacement of many men and women who helped in my obviously pertains to “city.” The men were so the crevasse patterns and, in some cases, career. These include my parents, a geologist impressed by this unparalleled feat of logic that documented accelerations. She found that the husband, university professors, colleagues, they gave me the scholarship. I was placed into tongues of glaciers draining the West Antarctic assistants, secretaries, and students. There are Kent State University because it was consid- ice sheet are moving significantly faster than so many, I cannot mention them all by name. ered a typical, middle American school. Con- those in East Antarctica. These observations As Gene mentioned, I grew up in war-torn trary to my expectations, America was not the may be relevant to the possible breakup of the Germany. My first encounter with Americans great land of freedom. As a woman, I was West Antarctic ice sheet. was terrifying. They came in the sky, silver with beset by 10 p.m. curfews and dress codes, After 28 years with the USGS, Baerbel planes, dropping bombs. But then, 50 years and, much to my disgust, my sponsoring soror- elected to retire this year along with her hus- ago on a beautiful spring day (Armistice Day), ity forced on me pleated skirts, bobby socks, band, Ivo. In fact, she came to receive this the future seemed suddenly bright and life sneakers, and Bermuda shorts, all of which I award straight from Cancún, where they were secure. The American occupation soldiers considered rather ugly. I was the only woman in exploring the ruins of Yucatán. But is she really became our friends and freely dispensed a my geology classes and sometimes felt quite going to abandon planetary geology? When the sweet white substance from small gray cartons. isolated. Galileo images of Europa come in, I’ll bet that It was called “soogaar” (sugar), my first English Against the Fulbright agreement, I stayed you know who is going to be there. Madam word. Eventually, I swore to myself I would go in the United States for a second year, teaching Chairperson, I proudly give you Baerbel Luc- to America and partake in those riches. Adven- German, and obtained my bachelor’s degree chitta for the G. K. Gilbert Award. ture stories were my favorite literature as a in geology from Kent State. Then I went to child, and I suppose my appetite for travel, Pennsylvania State University, where I met exploration, and finding-out stem from that my husband, Ivo Lucchitta (to some now, Mr. Response by time. I resented being a girl, partly because I Grand Canyon). I also met my thesis advisor, sensed that exploring distant worlds would be Robert Scholten, a former Dutchman ill-treated BAERBEL KOESTERS more difficult for a girl than for a boy, but mostly by the Germans during days of the Dutch resis- LUCCHITTA because in those days of limited toilet facilities, tance in his youth. I am grateful to Rob that he boys had a distinct advantage. Schooling was extended to me a hand of reconcilation with the Thank you, Gene, for these gracious in all-girl schools, which fostered individual past, and, not insignificantly, a grant to study words, and thank you, Planetary Geology development, unencumbered by male competi- the Rocky Mountain thrust belt in Idaho and Division, for presenting me with the G. K. tion. From amongst many interesting sounding Montana. It is to my husband’s credit that he Gilbert Award. I am very honored. In fact, I disciplines ending in “—ology,” I eventually pushed me into accepting the grant, in spite of was stunned when chairperson Odette James chose geology as having the prospect of actu- my fear of bears. I was the first female Ph.D. in informed me that I was to be the recipient of the ally making some money. After I finished high the geology department at Penn State, and I award. I could not comprehend why I should school, the cozy unisex atmosphere was was accepted as an equal by students and have been chosen, when there are so many quickly dispelled, and reality, including societal professors. more deserving candidates. Was it that I am pressures, set in: at the university, males At that time, discrimination tended to be in one of the old-timers, who started out by aggressively dominated the classes and totally my favor. “Patronizing women” is a curse or an researching the Moon? Was it that I just offi- intimidated me. My mother, Fridel Koesters, a asset, depending on the situation. I made the cially retired from the government, even though very intelligent woman who only wished for the best of it. Young women of today would fault I have no intention to quit research? Was it that best, nevertheless strongly recommended that me for selling out, but at the time women I am a woman, and no female has yet been so I become a grade school teacher, just to have were not hung up on modern principles. For rewarded? Was it that I have been active in the a profession to fall back on in case my future instance, my then fellow graduate student, Planetary Geology Division for several years? husband died. She was certain I would get now colleague and good friend John M’Gonigle Or was it that somebody actually did appreciate married to a wealthy man. My father, Bernhard (recently retired from the USGS), gave me the my scientific contributions? I like to think that Koesters, an architect, actively supported that better of two available ancient jeeps; ranchers, perhaps it is a combination of the above. Even I pursue a professional career; yet even his sheepherders, and cowboys fell all over them- though my papers may not have been of earth- underlying bias showed in one instance, later, selves to help me, gave me horses to ride, let or, rather, planet-shaking importance, when I when I was already an established geologist. me have access on roads that were otherwise look back, perhaps I did contribute something When asked what his children were doing, he closed to the public, and rescued me from to the understanding of the Moon, Mars, the cheerfully announced that his son was a civil ditches when my jeep got stuck. However, all Jupiter satellites, and even the Earth. And I engineer, and his daughters were married in of this attention on occasion backfired. One am proud to be a field geologist of sorts in the America. The university teachers uniformly told evening an irate woman rolled into camp planetary program, where my contributions me that geology was not for women. Should with the intent to beat me up because I had are mostly based on careful inspection of the I have been bitter about those attitudes? allegedly seduced her husband. I had never images returned by the missions and on subse- No, because they also brought opportunities. met her nor the man, and can only guess that quent mapping of subtle relations that are oth- Rather than being pushed into a money-making he fabricated the story to arouse her jealousy. erwise readily overlooked. I am proud that I career to support a family, as happened to my Also, an enamoured sheepherder threatened to always strove to place observations first and brother and many young men of the times, I shoot my then boyfriend Ivo, when he came to interpretations and models second, even was free to pursue what I wanted, because a visit at the end of the summer. Ivo and I moved though we are all subject to bias governed by our experiences. And of course, as many of

GSA TODAY, March 1996 31 across the continental divide to the Idaho side However, my career was slow in taking However, a woman’s scientific career of my field area, as a precaution. off. I succumbed to “the good-girl syndrome,” also brings frustrations. First there is the never- As Gene mentioned, my field area was in an attitude that afflicts many women: you hope ending task of juggling career and family; even the Beaverhead Range, which is riddled with that doing a good job will bring rewards. It though it’s better now, the major chores of child thrust faults. The area is now acclaimed to does not necessarily. My first attempts at being rearing still fall on the woman. The high visibility include the largest impact structure in the assertive were off to a false start. I took all my of women in male-dominated fields brings United States, as deduced from shattercones. courage and walked into the branch chief’s rewards and dangers. One cannot blend into Of course in 1962, when only a handful of office, asking for a raise. I timidly pointed out mediocrity; one stands out and has to perform geologists had ever heard of shattercones, I that Odette James, then as now of the USGS well, both for oneself and for one’s gender. One had no idea what I was looking at. I assiduously and, of course, the current chairperson of this is judged more harshly. One has to work a bit described those peculiar hashed-up rock chips Division, had just received a raise and that harder. One is frustrated when ideas expressed as having “conchoidal fracture surfaces with maybe there was room for advancement for at workshops are politely ignored, only to be fan-shaped grooves on them.” I thought I was others. My ever so tactful branch chief rebuffed acclaimed loudly when expressed later by male looking at a breccia zone with strange fault me with the remark: “But she is smart!” Eventu- colleagues. One used to be excluded from the striations. Of course, I never searched for and ally “Equal Employment Opportunity” came “Boys’ Clubs” that went out at night and dis- thus never saw the one outcrop that shows along and with it peer promotion panels that cussed shop. One was not part of “the gang.” immense shattercones in their full glory. looked at the records. Within a few years I Recently, things have changed much for the Too bad. advanced through the ranks to pull even with better, and women are included in activities Marriage brings rewards and difficulties to male colleagues of similar achievements. once considered a man’s domain. But let us a woman embarked on a career. Our landlady A more important part of one’s career is, not spoil these gains and let us be tolerant decided that living in sin was not to be con- of course, the research one enjoys. My first when men, sometimes inadvertently, transgress doned, so Ivo and I got married. Then the break came with Apollo 17. My female intuition the fine line between friendly advances and inevitable happened, and I became pregnant. served me well. At a meeting where future what is now called sexual harassment. My well-laid plans were to have my Ph.D. the- Moon landing sites were debated, I sensed that To conclude, my childhood dreams of dis- sis defense first, then take two weeks to study Jack Schmitt, the Apollo 17 geologist astronaut, covery were amply rewarded. I had new worlds up on babies, and then deliver. You guessed it, badly wanted to go to the geologically interest- to explore. There were secrets to be probed in my plans were foiled. Much to the relief of my ing Taurus Littrow Valley. I quickly changed my craters, plains, and landslides on the Moon. thesis committee, who envisioned me going geologic mapping assignment to that site, and There were cold-climate features on Mars, and into labor during the defense, the baby arrived thus joined the ranks of only a few geologists mysterious channels, volcanoes, and huge tec- the night before the scheduled exam. We took who had their lunar maps field checked. Those tonic structures. There was the Jupiter moon the baby home and had no idea what to do. It were exciting days. Astronauts were “big-hero” Europa displaying strange lineations, the moon screamed, but a frantic phone call to a friend stuff, and I was absolutely thrilled to be flown to Ganymede racked by ice tectonism, and there with kids quickly alleviated the situation: he the Cape, to have supper with the astronauts in is Antarctica, whose environment is close to suggested we change the diapers. Miracu- their quarters, and to give informal after-dinner that on other planets and gives invaluable lously, the screaming stopped. In spite of all, lectures. And when the big day of the Apollo 17 clues. I am grateful to John Behrendt, Jane my daughter survived. landing came, I was right there in Houston, Ferrigno, and Richard Williams of the USGS, The next obstacle we encountered is near mission control, hanging on every word Olav Orheim of the Norsk Polar Institutt, and faced by many two-career couples: how to find uttered by the astronauts on the Moon, hoping my assistant Christine Rosanova for enabling employment for two professionals. In 1966, Ivo to influence the action, being elated to be part the Antarctic connection. There is the excite- got hired to work on the Apollo Program at the of such momentous history. And things did not ment of learning new subjects such as remote USGS in Flagstaff, and I stayed home for a slow down for many years. Mars turned out to sensing and image processing and glaciology. year as an illegal alien fighting for an immigra- be a most interesting planet with many Earth- There is the challenge (and trepidation) of deal- tion visa after my exchange student status had like features. I went to JPL for every new mis- ing with specialties in many scientific fields, terminated. After I received the visa I did what sion and encounter, and I watched in fascina- often having only marginal knowledge. There many women did then and still do, I sneaked in tion as the first images ever of other planetary is the hope that, as a woman with laterally well through the back door. I first worked part-time surfaces slowly built up on the screen, some- connected brains (as they say), one will be well as a technician and then worked my way up times line by line. Imagine, to be there when equipped to make those intuitive leaps that are to become a geologist. My assignment was to landscapes emerge that no human being has so important in advancing science. And above make maps of the Moon. Contrary to many of ever seen before! I tried, but never succeeded all, let us not forget, research and finding out, my predecessors in this award, I was not to become a formal mission team member. exploring and discovery, are a lot of fun. entirely thrilled by the prospect. As a field geol- Perhaps I was too junior, a woman, or simply ogist, sitting in an office with a bunch of pictures not considered good enough. But I always was not my idea of fun. Yet, adaptability, which I managed to get into the action, either as back- consider a virtue possessed by many females, room researcher, as guest investigator, or as soon paid off and I discovered that many trea- research assistant. I thank Larry Soderblom of sures were hidden in those images; my interest the USGS, who repeatedly made such assign- was aroused. Don Wilhelms, the foremost lunar ments possible. And I also thank my assistant mapper, taught me the fine points of mapping Holly Ferguson, now retired, who steadfastly other planets, and I am very grateful that he supported my work. kept encouraging me even in some of my more outrageous ideas.

32 GSA TODAY, March 1996 KIRK BRYAN AWARD Response by presented to JIM E. O’CONNOR I am truly honored and flattered to be JIM E. O’CONNOR receiving this award. As previous Kirk Bryan Award recipients have noted, there is a twinge of discomfort associated with being selected for Citation by such a prestigious award, knowing that many equally deserving papers have not been VICTOR R. BAKER selected for such recognition. The 1995 Geological Society of America You now know from Vic’s comments that Kirk Bryan Award is presented to Dr. Jim Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Geomorphology of O’Connor, U.S. Forest Service, for his mono- project, the successful culmination of which the Bonneville Flood is basically an unadulter- graph Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Geomorphol- resulted in GSA Special Paper 274. This latter ated version of my dissertation. Although I am ogy of the Bonneville Flood, published in 1993 award was highly appropriate, since Ken now five years and several postdocs removed, as Geological Society of America Special Paper Fahnestock was an ardent proponent of the I still find it relevant to share with you my per- 274. This is the highest award of the GSA Qua- approaches so ably refined in Jim’s Special spectives on being a student. ternary Geology and Geomorphology Division, Paper. It is also fitting that this Kirk Bryan As an undergraduate at the University of and it is presented to the author of a published Award is the second for a study of the Bon- Washington, my first geomorphology class was scientific paper advancing our science. neville Flood, following Hal Malde’s work of a cotaught by Tom Dunne and Steve Porter. The paper associated with this year’s Kirk quarter century ago. Hal, of course, followed What a combination! Taking several classes Bryan Award documents, in especially convinc- hints from G. K. Gilbert, thereby tying to a with Tom Dunne, some of them more than ing fashion, the processes associated with an continuum of heroic geological inquiry. once, led to my continuing interest in how ancient fluvial event of exceptional intensity for Jim O’Connor was destined to do this hydrologic and geologic processes shape the energy expenditure. As geologists we explore study. Born in the city where J Harlen Bretz landscape. I also gained an appreciation as to the world of the past. This is the world that has taught high school, Jim graduated in 1982 from how the disciplines of physics, chemistry, and been called “deep time.” Let there be no mis- the University of Washington. He then moved mathematics can be used in conjunction with take, however; this is not the time of which the- to southern Arizona, where graduate fluvial careful field observations to arrive at satisfying oretical physicist Stephen Hawking writes in his geomorphology students were influenced, insights into understanding earth-surface pro- very popular book A Brief History of Time. For gently I hope, to listen and to communicate cesses. Steve Porter’s classes emphasized us geologists time is not some parameter input nature’s shoutings, that is, to let ancient floods that the landscape is more than a matter of by the analyst into his or her modeling equa- tell their own stories. physics, chemistry, and mathematics but also tions. Time is nothing in geology if not the rich- There is something about great cata- a product of a long and complex history of pro- ness, detail, and complexity of all natural expe- clysms that makes one feel very small. Perhaps cesses at a variety of temporal and spatial rience. I submit that the essence of geological there is a kind of primordial memory, embedded scales. Moreover, Dr. Porter encouraged my experience lies not in some numerical formula- in the human psyche, that collectively recalls interest in large floods—primarily by his own tion but rather in those rare conjunctions of migrations across landscapes that were sud- interest, but also by threatening to not write intense processes that are sometimes accorded denly and spectacularly transformed by letters of recommendation for me for graduate the label “catastrophic.” The energy levels for immense flows of water. Our awardee will now school unless I applied to the University of Ari- these events are so high that process indicators have to give us his own reflections, but mine zona, where Vic had just been hired. I’m exag- are profoundly impressed upon landscapes, are rather intense. One works as an educator gerating, but just a little. sediments, and the minds that interpret them. and as a researcher in the profound hope that The people at the University of Washing- These impressions are signs read by geolo- these are not two disparate activities, sepa- ton who most influenced the direction of my gists, and they constitute a language of nature rately indulged, as accounted for in the short- career, however, were not the tenured faculty. expressed in the loudest of exclamations. term productivity mania sweeping our universi- I became a geology major because of the direct The paper that we recognize here is a ties. Science, education, research, and service influence of a couple of graduate students. My reading of nature’s language through the work- compose a continuum of activity. When a stu- interest in Pleistocene flooding was sparked by ing hypotheses of its author. Nature’s language dent/colleague receives the highest recognition field trips and discussions led by graduate stu- is translated into the symbols, including words, by a scientific body, then one can feel that this dents and instructors. Interaction with grads diagrams, and mathematics, that most effec- continuum with nature, with colleagues, and and undergrads in many fields led to my first tively convey the story to an audience of fellow with science has been maintained. Jim’s advi- tastes of actually doing science—these were scientists. Though the story is nature’s, we can sor was mentored by Bill Bradley, last year’s the tidbits and experiences that led me on. indeed celebrate its telling and its teller, much Distinguished Career Award recipient. Bill At Arizona, faculty such as Vic Baker, as we celebrate the poet, whose love of human studied with Arthur D. Howard and J. Hoover Bill Bull, Clem Chase, Owen Davis, and Simon language enriches another kind of telling. Mackin, both of whom were students of Dou- Ince, among many others, were important Just as the poet must love her human glas Johnson. Johnson, of course, was men- guides and role models. These were the people language, so the geologist must love nature’s tored by William Morris Davis, whose advisor that, for me, tuned the instrument of learning at language. The paper we celebrate here would was Nathaniel Southgate Shaler. Shaler, in the University of Arizona. The music was really not be possible without a profoundly creative turn, was the student of Louis Agassiz, who made, however, by the other graduate stu- and loving author, one whom I value immensely studied with Baron Georges Cuvier, perhaps dents. At Arizona I was fortunate enough to for association in that educational experience geology’s most eminent catastrophist. We are, be part of an ensemble of students with a wide which we label as professor and graduate all of us, a part of this continuum with the world. variety of backgrounds, abilities, and interests student. We are all seeking to be the poets for nature’s working under faculty members who encour- Jim E. O’Connor is no stranger to great stories. It is in this spirit that I have the aged reaching out across disciplines. The result honors by this division. He twice received the pleasure and the honor of participating in the was a concert of enthusiasm, inquisitiveness, J. Hoover Mackin Award, first in 1984 for his presentation of the 1995 GSA Quaternary and creativity. The names of all my fellow stu- M.S. work and then in 1987 for his Ph.D. pro- Geology and Geomorphology Division Kirk dents should really be on the award certificate. posal. Jim also received in 1988 the GSA’s Bryan Award to Jim E. O’Connor. I’m pleased that many of them are here Robert K. Fahnestock Award for his Ph.D.

GSA TODAY, March 1996 33 tonight—you know who you are and I hope is fed up with perceived big government and I thank my dissertation committee that you feel you are sharing in this with me. perceived waste. And government science and members, Vic Baker, Bill Bull, Owen Davis, This leads to a message I want to state scientists are now paying the price. I suspect and Simon Ince. Vic and Bill, in particular, were clearly: I feel that Vic Baker’s and Bill Bull’s that these same economic realities will soon guiding influences for my career. I can now success as scientists and teachers, and the begin having major impacts on scientific wave my arms about the state of science and success of their students, isn’t necessarily a research in the academic world, if they have whip up some fine-tasting Dutch-oven corn- direct consequence of Vic’s and Bill’s powerful not already. At the same time, we all know that bread at the same time. intellects, keen field skills, or the quality of their human activities all over the world are increas- I thank Hal Malde, whose own paper on prose, nor can it be measured by the number of ingly resulting in hydrologic and geologic con- the Bonneville Flood won the Kirk Bryan Award papers published and awards won. In my mind, sequences that are posing serious risks to the 25 years ago and inspired my own research. their biggest, most far-reaching, and longest ecologic integrity of the planet. I hope these He spent a week in the field with me and enthu- lasting success will stem from their ability to statements are not simply viewed as a doom- siastically encouraged more work in territory bring together people who are excited about and-gloom view of our future. There are serious that he had already so thoroughly and insight- learning, and foremost, fostering an environ- real-world issues out there, but they provide fully covered. I only hope that I have the self- ment where young scientists are allowed and endless research and educational opportuni- assurance and the opportunity to do likewise encouraged to explore in directions that are sat- ties. I am truly optimistic about the positive role for the recipient of the Kirk Bryan Award in the isfying to themselves. Guidance and judgement that science, especially geomorphology and year 2020. are offered, but not forced. In my opinion, this is surficial geology, will play in future policy. But I thank fellow grad students Lisa Ely, Kirk the type of environment that promotes the cre- we have to make it happen. Vincent, Sara Rathburn, and Julie Woodward ativity that leads to steps forward in our science. We must go beyond simply conducting for helping me measure hundreds of boulders The other part of the message is for research that is “relevant.” We cannot be con- in all kinds of places in all kinds of weather. current students. Savor the moment. I also tent to be disinterested scorekeepers blithely More graduate students, faculty, and other encourage you to explore beyond the bounds keeping tally while watching the home team geologists than I can hope to name helped of narrow disciplines that are increasingly lose. Most of us are lucky enough to be in posi- guide the project from start to end. becoming the graduate student path. Your tions, or will be in positions, to make positive I thank John Costa for hiring me on at the fellow students are your primary and best changes, and we need to seize the opportunity USGS after I graduated and then allowing me resource for learning and doing science. to do so. We must launch wholeheartedly into the time and resources to get the paper out. Take advantage of them—you won’t be in issues that we know and care about, and But most of all I thank Karen Demsey, school forever. And graduate students, you attempt to make contributions, whether they who measured more boulders than anyone, have unique opportunities to bring on the next be scientific, educational, or other, that are truly who has more than put up with the hardships generation of scientists, including geomorphol- meaningful in terms of improving the state of and uncertainties of being a spouse of a gradu- ogists and Quaternary geologists. our magical world. ate student and marginally employed scientist Since graduating, I have worked as a gov- I’ve finished standing on my soap box. while at the same time being a successful geol- ernment scientist, first with the U.S. Geological I will now close with a few thank-yous. I truly ogist, and a wonderful mother and soulmate. Survey, and now with the Forest Service. I have appreciate being the recipient of the Kirk Bryan I am truly lucky and thankful for the doors been fortunate to have these opportunities and Award. But Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Geo- that have been opened for me, many of them the chance to work with dedicated scientists on morphology of the Bonneville Flood was, in by you all, and for the remarkable privilege of a variety of research and policy issues. Govern- the end, a concerted effort of many people. accepting the 1995 Kirk Bryan Award. ment science, however, is undergoing a transi- I thank GSA and the division for initially Thank you. tion—a painful, hard, and not necessarily fair funding the project through its research grants process. The recent downsizing of the USGS programs. More than the money, the motivation is just one example. to produce well-thought-out proposals, and the Government science, for better or worse, encouragement that goes along with receiving is in the process of adjusting to new realities. research grants, helped propel the project from In this day and age, there just is not the money the very beginning. I also thank the National Sci- or, frankly, the justification for esoteric research ence Foundation for its significant contribution. aimed at publishing papers destined for the countless journals that fill ivory-towered libraries. Congress, if not the American public,

34 GSA TODAY, March 1996 In closing, it is with awe at his many STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY contributions and pride in being his friend and sometimes collaborator that I present to you AND TECTONICS DIVISION Clark Burchfiel, our 1995 Career Contribution Awardee. I can honestly think of no one more CAREER CONTRIBUTION AWARD deserving of this great honor! presented to

BURRELL CLARK Response by BURCHFIEL BURRELL CLARK BURCHFIEL I want to thank Greg for his introduction, but I have to admit I am not sure that I recog- Citation by nize the person he describes. As most of you GREGORY A. DAVIS know, Greg Davis has been one of my closest friends and collaborators especially through He has conducted field studies in the U.S. cum-oceanic settings. In publications that much of the early part of my career. Many of Cordillera, the Alpine belt of eastern Europe, number well over 100, Clark—alone and with the contributions he mentioned in his citation the Caledonides of Scandinavia, the Peruvian, different combinations of colleagues—has con- really must be shared with him. Bolivian, and Colombian Andes, and north- tributed seminal ideas regarding widely varied This award is greatly appreciated, par- central China and Tibet. A past editor of Tec- topics, including but not all-inclusively: the land- ticularly because it is given by the Structural tonics, he is currently on the editorial boards of slide origin of megabreccias and the pull-apart Geology and Tectonics Division, the Division Tectonophysics and front-line journals in Nor- origin of Death Valley (both 1966); the two- I regard as not only containing my peer group way, Switzerland, Germany, and the People’s sided geometry of the Cordilleran orogen in the GSA but a Division that contains so Republic of China. His students have worked in (1968); the plate tectonic evolution of the U.S. many outstanding earth scientists, many of mountain systems on both margins of our conti- Cordillera (1972Ðpresent); contrasting modes whom could be standing here in my place. nent as well as in Norway, Sweden, Hungary, of extensional tectonics (1982); synconvergent At the same time it’s an elating and humbling Greece, Turkey, China, Tunisia, Guatemala, crustal extension in the High Himalaya and experience. Venezuela, and Bolivia. He is, in my studied eastern Tibet (1985Ðpresent); evidence for I have been fortunate to have known all of opinion, the preeminent tectonicist in the world intracrustal detachment in California and Tibet the previous award winners, some quite well, today—one whose global researches over the (1989Ðpresent); and studies of contrasting and all are outstanding scientists, adding to my past three decades have fundamentally shaped modes of plate subduction and convergence surprise when Ed Beutner called me to inform the way in which we view orogenic processes. with special application to the Carpathians, me of being voted the Career Contribution And thus begins my introduction to you the Caledonides, and the Cordilleran Antler Award. Having known the former winners, one of Burrell Clark Burchfiel—our Division’s 1995 orogeny (1974Ðpresent). He is currently of the first thoughts that crossed my mind was: Career Contribution Awardee. involved in neotectonics and GPS investiga- “I’m too young. All the previous recipients have Currently Schlumberger Professor of Geol- tions on the Tibetan plateau and in the Tien been retired.” My second thought was “Is there ogy at MIT, Clark’s academic education, like his Shan of northwestern China. some message here?” I hope not, because I geological research, spanned our continent. A Apart from his research, Clark has con- still enjoy my science as much as ever and look California native, Clark undertook undergradu- tributed mightily to our science through his for many more years of teaching and research. ate and master’s studies at Stanford. At Stan- efforts as a graduate adviser and as an active Receipt of the Career Contribution Award ford he played football, but not enough (appar- participant in the earth sciences hierarchy. has made me reflect on my career, and I find ently) to keep him from receiving a B.S. degree At Rice and MIT he has collectively advised there have been several important events that in geology with distinction. Then off to Yale, some 44 Ph.D. students and 15 M.S. students influenced and changed my career direction. where his interests in structural geology and tec- (Burchfiel “clones” as they have been affection- Most of these were influenced by certain indi- tonics were shaped by such legendary figures ately called by the students themselves). His viduals, and I feel that to those people I owe a as Chester Longwell, John Rodgers, and visit- students, among them Jim Tull, Elizabeth Miller, significant debt. In some small way I would like ing professor S. Warren Carey. His Ph.D. John Sutter, George Dunne, Scott Cameron, to repay a few of those debts here. The first two degree from Yale in 1961 was adorned by that Dan Lux, Michael Carr, Kip Hodges, Brian Wer- people I would like to mention by describing university’s Silliman Prize. Clark’s academic nicke, Doug Walker, John Bartley, Jon Spencer, briefly their contribution to my career, because career on the blackboard side of lecterns began Elizabeth Schermer, and Gary Axen—to name their involvement reflects not only on my at Rice University, where he rose through the just a few whom I know personally—have con- career, but also on my relations with my ranks to become Carey Croneis Professor of tinued his legacy of superb tectonics research students and former students and on how Geology. After a highly productive 16 years in and, for the majority, the academic training of academic times have changed over the past Houston, Clark accepted a position at MIT, a third generation of fine students. Clark has 40 years. where he has been since 1977. been a member of the National Academy of As an undergraduate at Stanford Uni- Although initially Cordilleran-oriented, Sciences since 1985. He has been active as versity I received what I consider one of the Clark’s interests in contrasting orogens have panelist and chair of various Academy, NRC, finest undergraduate educations I could have led him to the Andes, and to the southern and GSA committees, and as such has con- received anywhere, and because of that experi- Appalachian, Alpine, Caledonian, and tributed toward policy-making recommenda- ence I retain a great fondness for Stanford. Himalayan collisional belts. I suspect that the tions that aid and advance structural geology I recall that after taking only the two beginning international interests of Clark’s principal Yale and tectonics. geology courses, Bill Travers, whom many of adviser, John Rodgers, made such a global No citation would be complete without you know for his many contributions to geology, approach to Clark’s research a matter of des- mention of Clark as a person—a gentle man and I went to Professor Simon Mueller and told tiny. In all of these areas his modus operandi who will not tarnish the personality or abilities him we wanted to be field geologists. Did he has been to integrate superb field mapping of others, an outdoorsman extraordinaire who have a project that we could work on? Si knew with ancillary studies in geophysics and, more is as physically fit now as he was decades ago, that we did not have any of the basic training to recently, geodesy. The consistent goal? To the loving father of four fine sons, and the soul- do field work, but he did not tell us that. In order understand the origin and mechanics of conti- mate of wife and scientific partner Wiki Royden. to find something we were qualified to do, he nental orogenesis in both collisional and cir- spent several days reviewing possible field

GSA TODAY, March 1996 35 studies. We selected a stratigraphic and Schenck had not taken the time or interest personal skills I greatly admired, hired me into structural study in Jacalitos Canyon west of in my future. the department he founded and built, I received Coalinga, California, and Si said he would I can never repay Si Mueller and Hubert a call from Frank Press inviting me to interview supervise the work. Bill and I spent many Schenck, but their example has remained a at MIT. I remember my reply: “There is about a weekends mapping, or, really, learning how to major influence in my philosophy of student- 5% chance that I would come to MIT, but if you map, in the dry washes of the eastern Coast faculty relations. It’s an example that I have still want to have me visit, I will.” The rest is his- Ranges. Si took at least two of his weekends tried to emulate; however, I have found it tory. Frank wanted me to build a field-oriented to come visit us in the field and supervise our increasingly more difficult to do so. As the years program in geology at MIT. I have had many “research” effort. Si’s marvelous grasp of field have progressed, I have witnessed the con- terrific and supportive colleagues at MIT, but techniques and infectious love for field work stant erosion of faculty time as the pressures I must especially thank Bill Brace, who as first kindled my life-long love for field studies. at universities have become more focused on department chairman was instrumental in build- But, as I look back on this experience now, I research, research funding, publication, and ing the core of the tectonics group at MIT. realize how much time Si spent to supervise university, national, and international committee Two final acknowledgments. First, I have two very rank greenhorns. work. Unfortunately, at the same time the sup- been blessed over the years by association The second story I would like to relate port facilities at universities and other organiza- with a truly outstanding group of graduate stu- came later at Stanford when I was considering tions have declined. I have seen this erosion dents, both at Rice University and MIT, who a future either in graduate school or working for not only in my own academic life, but also in have been and continue to be my colleagues. an oil company. I had a very easy route ahead that of my colleagues, particularly my younger It has been a great pleasure to have had the of me by staying at Stanford. I would have been colleagues. Many times I have asked where opportunity to walk in the mountains with all in charge of directing the teaching assistants this is leading and when academic life will of them, and I am tremendously proud of their in the laboratory sessions of the very popular cease to be an enjoyable career choice. When accomplishments. In my relations with them physical science course taught by several fac- will we reach the point where the personal I hope the influence of Si Mueller, Hubert ulty members, because I had TA’ed laboratory involvement of the Muellers and Schencks in Schenck, and John Rodgers has been passed sessions in this course for two years. One day students’ careers become seriously impaired? on in some way. Our publications gather dust, Dr. Hubert Schenck, who was directing my Their involvement in my career was pivotal, and but scientific motivation and curiosity instilled master’s thesis, asked me, “What are you I have never forgotten it. in students are perpetuated. going to do after your master’s degree?” Yale graduate school was another strong Last but not least, I must acknowledge I explained the two options I was considering, influence on my career in more ways that I can my closest collaborator during the past 15 and he said, “No! You are going to Yale to study enumerate here. If it was Si Mueller who kin- years, my wife, Leigh Royden. Our scientific with John Rodgers.” I told him that was impos- dled my interest in field work, it was from John collaboration has been exciting and a great joy sible, because I did not consider my grades Rodgers that I received my desire to try to to me, second only to our personal collabora- good enough, having spent much of my under- understand the processes of mountain building tion in raising two wonderful children. I suggest graduate days as a scholarship football player, by studying the mountain belts of the world. that it may be some time before another recipi- which demanded much time and did not foster John has set an example that is hard to match. ent of the Career Contribution Award from the a burning desire for academic excellence. One of John’s contributions was in absentia. Structural Geology and Tectonics Division can He told me to apply. I did, and was accepted While he was on sabbatical leave, his replace- boast 5-year-old and 22-month-old sons. to Yale with full support. (I found out later that ment was Professor S. W. Carey. Carey’s lec- Again, my thanks to Greg for his kind Hubert Schenck and John Rodgers knew each tures about great crustal mobility made an citation and my sincerest thanks to the Division other well from service in the Far East during impression on me that lasts to this day. for this award. and following the second world war.) The Yale After 16 years at Rice University, where experience completely changed the direction Carey Croneis, a man whose intellect and inter- of my future. The main point is that my career would not be what it has been if Hubert

36 GSA TODAY, March 1996 In Memoriam A Most Interesting Job Peter F. Folger, 1995–1996 GSA Congressional Science Fellow Arthur A. Baker Bethesda, Maryland

George E. Ericksen “May you live in interesting times” constituent Reston, Virginia is the ancient Chinese curse that partly mail, but January 14, 1996 describes life in a Congressional office and rather to read the process leading up to my placement a USGS water resources report on model- Charles L. Gazin there. I hesitate to use the word “interest- ing the ground-water system in the middle Richmond, British Columbia, Canada ing” if only because the term lends itself Rio Grande aquifer (since that time, I’ve December 23, 1995 to many interpretations, and I heard answered mail and learned a bit about “What an interesting year to be in Wash- arcane floor rules in the Senate). Teiichi Kobayashi ington!” from at least a thousand people The path to Senator Domenici’s office Tokyo, Japan during the two-week orientation before would therefore seem obvious, given my January 13, 1996 this fellowship truly began. As it turns inclination toward natural resource issues. out, everyone was right. Senator Domenici chairs both the Energy Lincoln R. Page Earth scientists whose funding comes and Water Development Subcommittee Melvin Village, New Hampshire from Uncle Sam may also find the times (Senate Appropriations Committee), and January 14, 1996 “interesting,” given the inexorable decline the Energy Research and Development in federal research dollars. As a geologist Subcommittee (Senate Energy and Natural Adam R. Wasem from the hinterland suddenly thrust into Resources Committee), serves on various Bonsall, California a suit and sitting in an office on Capitol other subcommittees within the Appropri- January 13, 1996 Hill, however, I find the world of Congress ations and Energy and Natural Resources interesting in a much richer sense. The committees, serves on the Committee on nation‘s lands and its resources are a vital Indian Affairs, and in his spare time man- part of the current debate on the budget. ages to chair the Budget Committee. Yet, For example: Are taxpayers really getting as reported in these pages by previous GSA Memorial Preprints ripped off if mining companies can pur- congressional science fellows, finding the chase public land at $2.50 or $5 per acre right job is neither obvious nor easy (but The following memorial pre- to mine hard-rock minerals? (Reform of it’s a lot of fun!). Fortunately, the AAAS, prints are now available, free of the 1872 Mining Law is included in the which has administered the Congressional charge, by writing to GSA, P.O. Box budget bill.) Will exploration and drilling Science and Engineering Fellowship Pro- 9140, Boulder, CO 80301. in a small part of the Arctic National gram since 1973, provided a stellar two- Wildlife Refuge destroy a caribou herd in week orientation upon our arrival in George K. Biemesderfer northern Alaska? (Provisions to open up September and enough guidance and sup- R. H. Nagell, part of ANWR are also in the budget bill.) port during the interview process so that Susan Biemesderfer Werner Will budget cuts at the Environmental we all landed on our feet. By “we” I mean Protection Agency (EPA) put the nation’s the 30 science and engineering fellows on Robert C. Bright health in jeopardy? (The recently vetoed Capitol Hill this year, including chemists, G. B. Morey, Charles L. Matsch EPA appropriations bill included 4%–14% physicists, biologists, materials scientists, cuts in the agency’s budget compared psychologists (six of them!), veterinarians, James B. Cathcart to last year, depending on how one agronomists, geneticists, electrical Warren I. Finch, James D. Cathcart, calculates the number.) engineers, and a podiatrist, among others. James R. Herring, Guerry H. McClellan, It is the conflict between exploitation The orientation was essentially a two- Thomas M. Scott, Steven J. Van of natural resources, efforts to preserve week cram course on science and politics, Kauwenbergh them, and the federal role in managing featuring appearances from Capitol Hill resources on public lands that first inter- luminaries such as Senator Bill Bradley Harold Williams Fairbairn ested me in the world of policy and this (D—NJ), Representative Sherwood Charles M. Spooner fellowship in particular. It is therefore no Boehlert (R—NY), and former Democratic accident that I’ve landed in the office of Senator from Colorado Tim Wirth (now Marion M. Fidlar a western senator: Pete V. Domenici, Undersecretary for Global Affairs at the William F. Oline Republican from New Mexico. After all, State Department). In addition, we learned most of our public lands lie beyond the about the role of science and technology Louis Franklin 100th meridian, and the historical battle in different departments and agencies Dean C. Hamilton, Robert W. Patterson between development and preservation from Secretary of the Air Force Sheila in a land with limited resources lives on Widnall, National Institute of Standards Grayson E. Meade today in the west. and Technology Director Arati Prabhakar Vance T. Holliday As John Wesley Powell observed more (a former Congressional Science Fellow), than 100 years ago, development—or lack and John Gibbons, Director of the White H. Wesley Peirce thereof—in the arid states still depends House Office of Science and Technology Larry D. Fellows largely on water. A newly minted hydro- Policy (OSTP). geologist, I get to observe some of this Joseph Stiglitz, Chairman of the William G. Pierce policy-making first-hand while working Council of Economic Advisors, gave us Joseph I. Ziony, Willis H. Nelson for a senator from a dry state with tradi- the economist’s perspective of science and tional ties to natural-resource develop- technology in the brave new world of Carl Tolman ment. Indeed, my first task in Senator “sustainable growth,” referring to the Dorothy Jung Echols Domenici’s office was not to memorize rules of Senate floor procedure, nor answer Interesting Job continued on p. 40

GSA TODAY, March 1996 37 SAGE REMARKS

5. Involvement of other departments. Launching an Environmental Science Although the major had to involve other Major: Experience at Northwestern departments, it would be unrealistic to expect new courses, at least initially. We Seth Stein, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-2150 thus sought advice on suitable courses in other departments from sympathetic colleagues, especially from geography, biology, environmental engineering, In the January GSA Today, P. Feiss’s lent basis. It included a broad background and chemistry. We proposed that once thoughtful article “The Survival of Aca- in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. the program began, it would be adminis- demic Geology Programs” discussed how Moreover, many earth sciences courses are tered as an interdepartmental major by academic geology programs might adapt intrinsically “environmental” (an obvious a committee of faculty from various to pressures by university administrators fact that is, surprisingly, often unappreci- departments who would modify the unsympathetic to the earth sciences. ated outside geology departments). initial program as needed. His article reflects a common topic of 2. Intellectual rigor. We wanted the In summer 1991, we made a formal discussion among earth scientists. One major to offer students adequate prepara- proposal for the major. The proposal faced often-discussed approach is an increased tion for either graduate study in science opposition that favored “dumbing down,” “environmental” (a term that can mean and engineering, or professional school. on the theory that reducing basic science almost anything) component of the We thus tried to provide as strong an requirements would attract more students. undergraduate curriculum. intellectual base as possible, given the After heated discussion, the department Having led such an effort several necessary tradeoff due to the ill-defined prevailed and the proposed major was insti- years ago while serving as department but broad scope of environmental science tuted in fall 1992. It was promptly success- chair, I am often asked by colleagues else- and the constraints on the number of ful, in large part due to John Walther’s able where about what we did, how well it courses requirable. Thus, relative to the directorship during the crucial first two worked, and whether I would recommend geology major, environmental science years. Following Walther’s move to South- a similar effort at their institutions. In this basic requirements are less physics (two ern Methodist University, directorship of spirit, I offer here a brief personal perspec- rather than three quarters), less mathemat- the program, by then established, passed to tive on the approach taken in this depart- ics (one rather than two years), and less geography professor John Hudson (who ment which may be of interest to others introductory earth science (surface pro- had assisted us in the planning) and then considering various options. cesses but not interior processes), but more to geology professor Robert Speed. In early 1991, following a meeting chemistry (i.e., through organic chem- Earth scientists at other institutions of science department chairs in which we istry) and some biology. Students also often ask several questions about our considered how to better attract science-ori- select three classes on explicitly environ- experience. ented undergraduates to Northwestern, I mental topics, and two social science Is the program working? I would say suggested that an interdisciplinary environ- courses from an approved list in eco- “yes.” The program has a healthy and mental science major might attract good nomics, political science, or sociology. growing major population, currently students whose interests crossed lines 3. Accommodating students of various about 50 students. Although there are between the standard departmental majors. interests. Beyond the basic courses, the problems, including the fact that some Professors John Walther and Donna Jurdy major requires four advanced courses biologically oriented students have trouble joined me in planning the program. chosen from an approved list in biology, with some advanced geology courses, fac- Initial discussions brought me to a real- chemistry, geology, statistics, and civil ulty members teaching in the program ization that, I suspect, inhibits many such engineering. Students can thus design a seem pleased. proposals. Clearly, our department would program that meets their own interests Was organizing the program worth the have to shoulder most of the considerable within the broad environmental area. effort? I would say “maybe.” The program effort required to overcome the bureaucratic 4. Minimum impact on the geology achieved increased enrollment in upper barriers in establishing a new major. On the department. Given our small (then 13 full- division courses, but it has not perceptibly other hand, although the major would ben- time equivalent) faculty, we could not ask improved our standing in the university. efit the university as a whole, it would offer most colleagues to assume additional bur- For example, the department was not per- little direct advantage to the geology depart- dens. The program was thus based initially mitted to hire two distinguished environ- ment. The only immediate benefit would be on existing courses. The primary addi- mental scientists whom we hoped would increased enrollments in our environmen- tional responsibility would be on the pro- greatly strengthen our research effort. There tally relevant advanced undergraduate gram director. We recognized that the pro- may, of course, be intangible or long-term courses. From past experience, even a highly gram would probably have more majors benefits which are not yet apparent. successful program seemed unlikely to than our small geology major, and that Does the program’s future look good? My improve our traditionally chilly relations new courses would be added later. sense is “yes.” Enrollment is growing, new with the administration. Nonetheless, largely from a vague sense of “good university citizenship,” TEACHERS — SCIENTISTS — STUDENTS — DON’T MISS we decided to plan the program. We realized that a faculty, rather than admin- Dinofest International istration, proposal would face opposition, Monday, April 18–Sunday, April 21, 1996, University Activity Center, University of Arizona in Tempe. and new resources would not be available. Exhibits, hands-on activities, public symposium featuring Stephen Jay Gould, a dino- We had to develop a viable major “on a sized banquet and other events sponsored by the University of Arizona’s College of shoestring.” Our proposal thus had Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Geology, and Public Events. several key features, as follows. For information and school tour reservations, contact: ASU Public Events 1. Building on an existing major. The (602) 965-5062 existing geology major provided an excel-

38 GSA TODAY, March 1996 courses are being added by various depart- resources and on the resources available geology depart- ments, and consideration is being given to elsewhere on campus and nearby. The ment largely in expanding the program by providing expected return depends on the depart- terms of its teaching explicit “tracks” for students of differing ment’s relation with the administration. role in the program, interests. Although the founding faculty Our experience suggests that programs like rather than viewing the program as one from this department are no longer ours will successfully attract majors and component of a broad research and teach- involved, others both from geology and increase enrollments in some upper divi- ing mission. Departments considering other departments have become involved. sion courses. Whether other significant environmental teaching initiatives may If you think your geology depart- benefits should be expected is hard to pre- thus wish to weigh the required effort and ments might try such a program, keep in dict. There is also some risk that the suc- the anticipated returns. As in all matters mind that the size and scope depend both cess of an environmental major might educational, no single model will apply on the department size and internal encourage an administration to view the to diverse institutions. ■

In response to these points, partici- Equity, Access, and Participation Issues pants developed the following list of rec- in the Earth Sciences ommendations. ✔ Compile and disseminate to earth science Ed Geary, Coordinator for Educational Programs, GSA educators, scientists, and organizations a list of minority resources. The list should include programs, products, and refer- ence materials that focus on different Over the past two decades, the sciences, and yet we have made little underserved populations and cultures. geoscience profession has made significant progress in improving the situation. There ✔ Convene a conference to gather infor- strides in increasing the number of are, of course, some bright spots. Over mation and materials on innovative women who have chosen to pursue 95% of students supported by the Ameri- courses and curricula that address majors and careers in our field, and with can Geological Institute (AGI) Minority equity, access, and participation issues the recent publication of the National Sci- Scholars program receive geoscience for different underserved populations ence Education Standards for grades K–12, degrees, and the National Association of and cultures. This conference should earth science is now established as one of Black Geologists and Geophysicists lead to a compilation and publication of three scientific content areas to be taught (NABGG) has become a valuable support innovative courses and curricula in both in every grade. Despite these successes, our network for African-American geoscien- paper and CD formats. community has been much less successful tists. Outside of our community, there ✔ Explore the development of a GeoHos- in increasing the number of minority and have been many more successes. Mathe- tel for K–12 teachers of underserved stu- physically challenged scientists and engi- matics, Engineering, and Science Achieve- dents. neers in our discipline, nor have we been ment (MESA) programs exist in many ✔ Create a set of biographic profiles on very successful in sparking and maintain- states and are successfully increasing the minority geoscientists, engineers, and ing an interest in earth science among number of minority students who pursue technicians. Disseminate these profiles K–12 minority students. scientific and technical degrees in college. to publishers and to AGI in support of At a recent conference in Boulder, The American Association for the their career project. Colorado, funded by the Amoco Advancement of Science (AAAS) Black ✔ Learn more about the National Science Foundation, 17 people met to discuss Churches Project has reached thousands Foundation–supported pre-service sci- how to improve interest and participation of students through hands-on workshops, ence teacher education collaborations in geosciences among members of under- tutorials, and homework help programs. and how we might assist them. represented groups. The goal of the Family math and family science programs ✔ Work with AAAS, MESA, 4H, Boy and conference was to begin the development have grown rapidly in number and have Girl Scouts, AGI, and other organiza- of a strategic, long-term plan to enhance been successful in involving parents in tions to strengthen existing minority minority access and participation in the their children’s education. outreach efforts. earth and space sciences. African-Ameri- From these discussions several impor- ✔ Conduct media workshops for minority can, Hispanic-American, Native-American, tant points emerged: geoscientists. and Caucasian American educators and • We (the earth science community) must ✔ Expand and strengthen Partners for Edu- scientific professionals from across the be able to articulate what we have to cation Program (PEP) linkages with and country attended the meeting. Partici- offer to underserved individuals, organi- outside the earth science community. pants included K–12 teachers, faculty from zations, and communities. ✔ Explore the creation of programs to two- and four-year institutions, represen- • We need to look at problems in different improve access to and effective utiliza- tatives of professional societies, engineers, ways. Different communities have dif- tion of computer and information tech- consultants, and a graduate student. ferent needs, and the “one size fits all” nologies by underserved students, Following lively and informative model is not adequate to address these. teachers, and parents. discussions on topics ranging from careers • We need to recognize that the impetus Work has already begun on many of and role models to science literacy, for participation must come primarily these recommendations, and a prelimi- technology, and partnerships, the group from the populations and cultures we nary list of minority resources should be focused on one key question: “How do we wish to work with, not from our own available by March 1996. We invite your get beyond the rhetoric?” For years, we community. Our focus should be on comments, suggestions, and help as we have discussed the problems and identi- learning about and responding to the work to improve minority access and fied the barriers to increased participation needs and interests of these different participation in the earth sciences. ■ of underserved populations in the earth groups, not promoting our own agenda.

GSA TODAY, March 1996 39 Interesting Job continued from p. 37 formation of cooperatives for independent missives I have read. Legislative decisions natural gas producers (modeled after often impact jobs and traditional ways of collision between growth and finite agricultural cooperatives); proposed life, particularly natural resource–based resources. We listened to an entertaining regulations concerning nitrogen oxide local economies utilizing public lands. forum discussion among reporters and edi- emissions from coal, oil, and gas-fired Incentives to develop resources, as in the tors from the Washington Post, National power plants; and bills reforming or alter- form of royalty relief for oil drilling in Public Radio, Science magazine, and press ing the overall regulatory framework for deep water, or the historic access to public liaisons from OSTP and the Food and Drug electric utilities. My work has been mainly lands afforded miners via the 1872 Mining Administration, on the topic of communi- to understand these issues well enough to Law, create a hue and cry by a curious cating science in the media. An important condense the details into one or two page union of environmentally minded lesson from that group was that science summaries of the key points, or provide a legislators and free-marketers opposed to news generally does not sell very well, or five or ten minute briefing. Luckily I have “corporate welfare.” Indeed, the under- at least that what we as scientists regard as lots of help on everyday legislative lying questions raised in the 1994 election important is rarely regarded that way by matters. The office employs legislative of what the government should or should Jane and John Q. Public. assistants (LAs) for all policy areas; three not fund, tax, regulate, or support affects Last, but probably most important LAs focus primarily on environmental, directly earth scientists involved in all from the perspective of science fellows natural resource, and energy and water spheres of our discipline, and we should looking for jobs, we heard from former issues, so I can add my technical back- pay heed. What defines “corporate wel- fellows and congressional staffers about ground to their superior grasp of the law fare” and what may be considered wise dos and don’ts, how to interview, how to and politics to best serve the senator. use of public resources are the critical fit into a world where the average staffer One of the true joys of the job is to questions, and the decisions are not easy. age is 26 and where having a Ph.D. may plug into the incredible information net- The following conversation between Alice be regarded as more of a curiosity than work available to Congress and get facts, Rivlin (then deputy budget director in the a benefit. opinion, history, and political views on White House) and President Clinton As instant political experts, we then any subject concerning Congress. This concerning agricultural subsidies, as embarked on the interview process and may entail a call to the Congressional reported in Bob Woodward’s The Agenda tried to find potentially stimulating offices Research Service, a government agency, is telling in that regard: where there was a real chance to work on think tanks, lobbyists, universities, or state “Mr. President,” Rivlin said enthusiasti- interesting issues, and to fit politically. It geologists‘ offices (and they all return my cally, “I’ve got a slogan for your reelec- was this three-week experience, interview- calls!). As I start to learn names and faces, tion.” Taking off on his campaign ing in both House and Senate, with I depend increasingly on fellow staffers promise to “end welfare as we know it,” Republicans and Democrats, conservatives and Capitol Hill veterans for more of an she proposed: “I’m going to end welfare and liberals, that gave me a feel for what “in-the-loop” perspective of legislation. as we know it for farmers.” lay ahead. Natural-resource issues in the A Rolodex and phone have replaced Clinton stiffened, looked at her, and West seem to include a volatile mix of hand lens and pick as the geologist‘s snapped, “Spoken like a true city regional and national interests: public- most important tools in this job. dweller…. Farmers are good people. I lands ranchers vs. environmentalists, Graduate school survivors will recall know we have to do these things. We’re traditional wood-gathering communities that one of the most daunting require- going to make these cuts. But we don’t vs. protectors of the spotted owl, appli- ments for graduation was to assemble your have to feel good about it.” cants for mining patents vs. assailers of entire thesis committee in one room long Substitute “ranchers” or “miners” or “oil the 1872 Mining Law. This tension results enough for you to defend your thesis or drillers” or even “government scientists” in a Congress roughly divided East vs. dissertation. This skill came in handy as I for “farmers” in the passage above and West on environmental and natural recently helped organize a meeting of the you get the picture. resources issues. As a native easterner who Congressional Oil and Gas Forum (Senator Without a doubt, this is an “interest- has worked almost entirely in the West I Domenici is a co-chair). Comprising a ing” place to work. Traditionally, the find the juxtaposition especially appeal- bipartisan and bicameral group of legisla- strength of the earth scientist stems from ing. After considering a committee office tors, the forum is concerned about domes- an ability to interweave various disciplines vs. an individual legislator’s (“personal” tic oil and gas issues and was organized and arrive at a cogent understanding of office), I opted for a personal office that to serve as an educational caucus for the natural world. Weaving a description appeared to offer ample opportunity to Congress. Considering that each legisla- of Congress into a coherent picture might sample many aspects of political life in tor’s schedule is mapped out carefully require an entire career. At the very least, I the Senate. Apparently, I will get that in in 15 minute to two hour increments hope that this year I can transmit through spades, because in addition to budget every day of the week, yet may change these pages some understanding of and legislative issues of today and the near at a moment’s notice at the whim of Congress and its relation to the earth sci- future, Senator Domenici is up for reelec- the majority or minority leaders, it ences that is not readily apparent on the tion in 1996, and the presidential election took serendipity plus hard-earned evening news. ■ looms on the horizon. organizational skills to produce a So what do I do? In addition to moni- successful meeting. toring progress on the middle Rio Grande As a reminder to fellow earth scien- Peter F. Folger, 1995–1996 GSA Congressional aquifer project, I have been able to try my tists who are not necessarily obliged to Science Fellow, serves on the staff of Senator Pete V. hand at tracking a variety of energy issues consider the impacts of their work in Domenici (NM). The one-year fellowship is sup- that are pertinent to New Mexico and purely personal terms, Congress, by its ported by GSA and by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, under Assistance Award other fossil fuel–producing states. These activity or inactivity tends to incite emo- No. 1434-95-G-2651. The views and conclusions include a bill that alters the way royalties tional reactions. The letters, faxes, phone contained in this document are those of the author are collected from onshore oil and gas calls, and E-mail flooding the office every and should not be interpreted as necessarily repre- wells on federal lands (New Mexico is day are a constant reminder that people senting the official policies, either expressed or the second largest onshore natural gas are affected and react quickly and often implied, of the U.S. Government. producer behind Wyoming); a bill to allow viscerally, judging by some of the earthier

40 GSA TODAY, March 1996 ENVIRONMENT MATTERS through space and, especially, through Institute for time. For geology, history really matters. Environmental Geology does not predict the future. Education Its intellectual tradition focuses on the The Geological Approach contingent phenomena of the past. This idea of contingency has its own to Understanding the Environment philosophical underpinnings, no less glo- rious than those of the predictive sciences Vic Baker, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 (Gould, 1989). Contingency holds that individual events matter in the sequence of phenomena. Change one event in the past, and the sequence of subsequent his- In his rather subjective history of experimental sciences at the top and his- torical events will change as well. Physi- geology, Wood (1985) argued that this torical descriptive sciences farther down cists, who seek timeless, invariant laws science peaked in its intellectual develop- the ladder. It is presumably the aspiration presumed to be fundamental for nature, ment during the late 19th century. This of the humble denizens of the lower are only beginning to address the impor- period was followed by a decline of geol- depths to move upward along the ladder. tance of contingency through their recog- ogy, as modern physics, chemistry, and Of course, these classifications are them- nition of “complex” and “emergent” biology surpassed it in the 20th century. selves arbitrary value judgments based on phenomena in nature; geologists have In the 1960s a reawakening occurred, but nontestable criteria. (What experiment do understood such concepts for centuries. this reawakening was not in traditional we perform to show that one science is Physics is not the science of all nature, geology. Instead, Wood argued, a new “better” than another?) The classifications despite the etymology of its name. Rather, earth science was born, centered on the are, in a word, “nonscientific.” physics is the science “devoted to discov- global view and scientific methodology A more productive view, in my ering, developing and refining those of geophysics. Wood faulted geology for opinion, is to see various sciences as com- aspects of reality that are amenable to its bond with Earth, a bond that has plementary. The strength of mathematical mathematical analysis” (Ziman, 1978). resulted in what he described as a “failure physics is in the power of its predictive The reasoning process of physics and to separate man’s experience from the capabilities. However, there is a kind of its allied sciences is analytical. This means object he wishes to study” (Wood, 1985, blindness that accompanies this power: that first principles are assumed and that p. 7). Presumably if geologists were more predictions can be powerfully wrong as consequences are deduced according to detached from their objects of study they well as powerfully right. Geology does not structured logic, often mathematical, from could be more scientific, more like other bring such predictive power to the under- those principles. This deduction is what modern physical scientists. standing of nature. What it does bring is a physicists mean by a “prediction.” It is a Wood’s vision of science is paralleled broad connection to reality, an experience popular misconception that scientific by hierarchical classifications that rate of the past that may be fuzzy, but is not prediction is a prophecy of future events. sciences according to their mathematical likely to be blind. Blindness is avoided by sophistication (Alvarez, 1991). Such the very bond with Earth that Wood classifications place the predictive and (1985) so disparaged. This bond extends IEE continued on p. 42

FIELD TRIPS WITH A DIFFERENCE … 1996 GEO ENTURES

EO OSTELS V G H FOR FULL INFORMATION see January GSA Today, Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier or see GSA’s World Wide Web site http://www.geosociety.org. June 22–27, PackwoodSOLD OUTand Kelso, Washington The Geology of the Wine Country in Space will go quickly, so get in touch with us if you are interested. Detailed information on itineraries, registration Western Oregon fees, and travel arrangements will be sent on request. August 17–22, No obligation. Questions welcomed. Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 1-800-472-1988, ext. 134 or 303-447-2020 LEADER E-mail: [email protected] Scott Burns, Portland State University Fax 303-447-0648 Member Fee: $580 Nonmember Fee: $630 In the past 30 years, more than 100 wineries have started production in western Oregon, and some of the fine wines Geology of the Glacier Park Region produced there win international prizes. This GeoHostel will focus on the rocks that affect the soil that produces these high- July 20–25, quality grapes. The Big MountainSOLD Resort, OUT Whitefish, Montana

GSA TODAY, March 1996 41 IEE continued from p. 41 focus is on deriving hypotheses from mental Sciences, 1989). By 1993 this goal nature rather than on applying elegant had been restated: “to produce a predic- Quite the contrary! Prophecies are the theories. The geologist uses analysis as tive understanding of the Earth system to province of mystics, not scientists. Scien- well, but not to provide ultimate answers support national and international policy tific predictions are logical deductions, for intellectual puzzles predefined by making activities across a broad spectrum completely developed in the ideal world limiting assumptions imposed upon the of global, national and regional environ- of scientific theory. For physics, the one real world. Rather, analysis in geology mental issues” (Committee on Earth and contact with reality comes in the match of allows the investigator to consider the Environmental Sciences, 1993). this deduced consequence (“prediction”) consequential effects of hypotheses. It is Geology plays a very minor role in with a measured property of nature. The important that the latter be suggested by the U.S. Global Change Research Program. match is confirmed by the method of an our experience with nature, through what I believe that this has much to do with the experiment, which is a defined element Gilbert (1886) termed “analogy,” rather focus on prediction, on understanding a of the real world controlled so as to check than by our theories of nature. somewhat unreal “earth system” (rather the investigator’s theories about that Also important in this tradition of geo- than understanding the real Earth), and limited aspect of reality. Unlike the ideal logical realism are notions of common on modeling from first principles (rather physical systems studied in such experi- sense and fallibility. These classical reason- than understanding the natural and per- ments, the phenomena of the earth ing processes of geologists, so well turbed habits of the planet). The idea of science cannot be used to verify or described by Gilbert, Chamberlin, and oth- science hierarchies also plays a role, as confirm theoretical predictions (Oreskes ers, have long served to discover the opera- does the organization of certain scientists et al., 1994). tions of natural processes in nature. In their around big-money projects and sophisti- Geology takes the whole world as it various forms they comprise a tradition, the cated technologies. However, these are is. Controlled experiments in the sense of elements of which include a reverence for rather petty issues. Society supports the physicist are impossible. This taking field work, a humility before the “facts” of research on global change issues because of the world “as is” can be thought of as a nature, a continuing effort “to discriminate people want to have a habitable planet in kind of realism. It is central to a naturalis- the phenomena observed from the the future. Society desires unbiased, nearly tic mode of inquiry that appears to under- observer’s inference in regard to them,” a certain scientific information on which to pin the philosophy of T. C. Chamberlin propensity to pose hypotheses, and a will- base critical decisions that must be taken (Schultz, 1976), arguably the most influen- ingness to abandon them when their con- in regard to future activity. In other words, tial American geologist of the past century. sequences are contradicted by reality. the science is done in support of some Of course, Chamberlin is famous mainly action that must eventually be taken. The for his “Method of Multiple Working SCIENCE AND SOCIETY key question to society’s decision makers Hypotheses” (Chamberlin, 1890). Written is which action to take, given the great Society’s growing interest in the at the height of geology’s scientific status, expense and possible social disruption applied problems of the environment is this paper is remarkable not so much for associated with some alternatives. illustrated by the U.S. Global Change advocating a somewhat unworkable There is, I fear, a fundamental flaw in Research Program, which was developed methodology as for its emphasis on the this traditional approach. The predictions in 1989 as a strategy to enhance the role of hypotheses in geological reasoning. of science can only be certain for the appropriate research activities of various In the 20th century, philosophy of puzzles as recognized at this instant. There federal agencies. In 1989 federal funding “science” was transformed into a philoso- may well be “blind spots” in the current of global change research was $133.9 phy of analytical physics. In much of its recognition. Complete certainty for the million (Committee on Earth and Envi- modern form it is quite irrelevant to real world is scientifically impossible, nor, ronmental Sciences, 1989). Successive geology (Frodeman, 1995). As other it can be argued, is it even desirable (Baker, annual increases brought program funding sciences became analytical, geology 1992). Moreover, future action is sure to to $1.8 billion in 1995. The program’s maintained a tradition in synthetic change the rules of any puzzle now con- initial stated goal was “to provide a sound thinking, which is the continuous activity ceived, unless the scientists restrict policy scientific basis for national and interna- of comparing, connecting, and putting tional decision making on global change together thoughts and perceptions. The issues” (Committee on Earth and Environ- IEE continued on p. 43

GSA ON THE WEB

GSA’s presence on the World Wide Web is growing. New, useful material is being added regularly. Visit us soon. Our new, shorter Web address (the older, longer version still works, too) is: http://www.geosociety.org. That will take you to our home page, and from there you can link to many informational resources. Here are some highlights.

Go to our Membership section to learn about the GSA GSA Bulletin and Geology. You’ll also find information for Employment Service. You’ll also find out how to become a authors on preparation of articles for submission to GSA publi- GSA Campus Representative, or how to get Member or Student cations. There are 12 months of complete issues of GSA Today, forms to join GSA. You’ll also find information here on how in living color, that you can read or download. New this week to nominate a GSA member to Fellowship standing. is our Retrospective Electronic Index to GSA journal articles, In the Education section, read about GSA’s educational books, maps, and transects (see article on page 7). Search this programs, including PEP (Partners for Education), and Project index on line, and copy and paste results into your text editor. Earth S.E.E.D. Finally, we’re now on line with our Web Catalog of GSA See our Administration section for information on Publications. Search all GSA’s nonperiodical titles in print, Congressional contacts. read descriptions and tables of contents (for books), download Our Publications section now offers a lot. Read the tables all or part, copy from it, etc. And soon you’ll be able to send of contents and abstracts of journal articles each month for your orders to us via the Web, in a secure mode.

42 GSA TODAY, March 1996 IEE continued from p. 42 options to those they have modeled. April IEE-sponsored Events (Although some scientists may believe this The Roy Shlemon Mentors in Applied Geology program offers to be ideal, those scientists have probably undergraduate seniors and graduate students the opportunity to learn had little experience with the challenges about professional and intellectual challenges of careers in a broad range of policy making in a democracy.) Most of applied environmental geosciences. The first workshops under this pro- disturbing, however, is the view that sci- gram will be presented in April at the GSA Cordilleran and Rocky Mountain section ence provides factual information and meetings. For more information, see the announcements for these meetings in the that those facts, perhaps adjusted for January and February issues of GSA Today. uncertainties, serve to underpin decisions. This approach to environmental action, so For more information about the Institute for Environmental Education, or to become well exemplified by the high-level-waste a member of IEE’s Geology and Environment Public Outreach Program, contact Daniel disposal issue (National Research Council, Sarewitz, IEE Program Manager, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, (303) 447-2020, 1990) is, in its consequences, a formula for E-mail: [email protected]. environmental inaction. The strength of science is in its contin- ual process of discovery, not in its factual by-products. If science were ever to achieve reading of Earth’s indices or signs, the sci- the whole process, from initial problem certainty, then science would indeed be entific interpretation of which defines the recognition, through scientific study, and finished. There is no science in a collection task of the geologist. I argue that this “con- then through societal action, will the geo- of facts known with certainty. Science’s versation with Earth” has at least as much logical approach reveal its full potential. success arises from its ability to probe the to provide in understanding the environ- In this time of environmental change, it is unknown, not from its archival collection ment as does the detached analytical sci- time that geologists emerge as leaders of of the already known. In a world of contin- ence that has heretofore been overcommu- the science best able to help society cope gent natural and social phenomena, to use nicated to the public. It is time for with that change. science as a mere source of facts is to ren- geologists to make known their pragmatic der science irrelevant to the process of approach to sustain a habitable planet by REFERENCES CITED planning for and responding to tomor- sharing their naturalist reasoning processes Alvarez, W., 1991, The gentle art of scientific trespass- row’s environmental challenges. with the public. ing: GSA Today, v. 1, p. 29–31, 34. We are rapidly developing a crisis of Baker, V. R., 1992, Uncertainty and tolerance in science confidence between science and society. CONCLUSION and decisionmaking: Arizona Journal of International The latter, largely through its political and Comparative Law, v. 9, p. 253–258. J. Hoover Mackin was one of many institutions, both sustains and utilizes Chamberlin, T. C., 1890, The method of multiple intellectual heirs of geology’s pragmatic working hypotheses: Science, v. 15, p. 92–96. science. Much of the public believes tradition. Mackin cherished the reasoning factual information to be the sole product Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences, processes of geology, writing (Mackin, 1989, Our changing planet: The FY 1990 research plan: of science and considers failures of 1963, p. 161): Washington, D.C., Office of Science and Technology scientific apparatus, and environmental Policy, Federal Coordinating Council on Science, degradation in general, to reflect failures I’m sure that geology is a science, with Engineering, and Technology, 43 p. of science itself. This view has partly arisen different sorts of problems and meth- Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences, 1993, Our changing planet: The FY 1994 U.S. Global because many of the national spokesper- ods, but not in any sense less mature than any other science … anyone who Change Research Program: Washington, D.C., National sons of science have represented only one Science Foundation, 79 p. hires out as a geologist, whether in philosophical perspective on the broad practice, or in research, or in teaching, Frodeman, R., 1995, Geological reasoning: Geology as and rich nature of the scientific enterprise. an interpretive and historical science: Geological Soci- and then operates like a physicist or a ety of America Bulletin, v. 107, p. 960–968. That perspective, largely derived from chemist, or, for that matter, like a analytical physics, places its maximum statistician or an engineer, is not living Gilbert, G. K., 1886, The inculcation of scientific method by example: American Journal of Science, emphasis on developing conceptual up to his contract. 3rd ser., v. 31, p. 284–299. idealizations of nature. The public does As geologists face the changing politi- Gould, S. J., 1989, Wonderful life: The Burgess Shale not understand these idealizations, nor cal context for their science, as they and the nature of history: New York, Norton, 347 p. is it being supplied with the concrete increasingly work on the pressing environ- Mackin, J. H., 1963, Rational and empirical methods perceptions of reality that compel action. of investigation in geology, in Albritton, C. C., ed., mental problems that so concern our Paralyzing inaction characterizes impor- The fabric of geology: Stanford, California, Freeman, modern society, they can derive great Cooper, p. 135–163. tant environmental issues like global strength from their intellectual traditions. warming and nuclear waste disposal. National Research Council, 1990, Rethinking high-level It is their science that works to understand radioactive waste disposal: Washington, D.C., National The science of geology has long con- the natural experience of Earth. Despite Academy Press, 34 p. cerned itself with the real-world natural the sophisticated modeling predictions, Oreskes, N., Schrader-Frechette, K., and Berlitz, K., experience of the planet we inhabit. Its 1994, Verification, validation, and confirmation of despite the new laboratory procedures, methodology more directly accords with numerical models in the Earth sciences: Science, failure to recognize the seminal value of v. 263, p. 641–646. the commonsense reasoning familiar to this experience remains the biggest blind all human beings. Because its study focuses Schultz, S. F., 1976, Thomas C. Chamberlin: An intel- spot in our modern technological society. lectual biography of a geologist and educator [Ph.D. on the concrete particulars of nature rather It is the responsibility of geologists, confi- thesis]: Madison, University of Wisconsin, 448 p. than on abstract generalizations, its results dent in the status of their science, to bring Wood, R. M., 1985, The dark side of the Earth: London, are also more attuned to the perceptions Allen and Unwin, 246 p. this experience into the modern scientific that compel people to take action, and to discourse. Moreover, there is a need to go Ziman, J., 1978, Reliable knowledge: An exploration the needs of decision makers who must for the grounds for belief in science: Cambridge, UK, beyond the providing of scientific infor- implement this action. The natural record Cambridge University Press, 197 p. mation alone. The information must be of geologic change is the greatest reposi- used wisely. Its limitations and its Note: Excerpted and modified from Baker, Victor R., tory of available information on change in 1994, Geological Understanding and the Changing strengths need to be made clear to the Earth’s real-world environments. The Environment: Transactions of the Gulf Coast Associ- decision makers. Only by participation in ation of Geological Societies, v. XLIV, p. 13–20. ■ knowledge of this record derives from the

GSA TODAY, March 1996 43 GSA Welcomes PRI and AEG as nonprofit organization is the development of engineering geology solutions to soci- Associated Societies etal problems through technical meetings, publications, and auxiliary activities. Currently, GSA has joined with AEG in publication of Environmental and Engineer- Associated Society status has been ing Geoscience, a quarterly journal focused accorded to the Paleontological Research on topics in engineering, environmental, Institution (as of October 1994) and the and ground-water geology. Association of Engineering Geologists (as of This 3000 member organization is led November 1995) by the GSA Council. They by President Susan Steele Weir, Vice Presi- are the fifteenth and sixteenth (respec- dent Eldon M. Gath, Secretary Paul B. tively) societies to associate with GSA. library in Ithaca, New York. Officers of the DuMontelle, Treasurer James H. May, and The Paleontological Research Institu- nearly 700 member organization are Presi- Past President Richard E. Gray. tion (PRI) was organized in 1932 as a dent John C. Steinmetz, Vice President GSA offers associated society status nonprofit entity to provide geoscientists Richard E. Petit, Secretary Henry W. “for purposes of cooperation in annual, an opportunity to conduct research on Theisen, Treasurer Pamela Waite, and Past sectional, or divisional meetings, in fossils and stratigraphy. The general goal President J. Thomas Dutro, Jr. publications, or in other appropriate of the institution is to increase under- The Association of Engineering ways.” The Geological Society of America standing of the history of life on Earth Geologists (AEG) began as the California particularly looks forward to ventures through education, research, and its Association of Engineering Geologists in of mutual interest in promoting the publications, notably Bulletins of American 1957, but was reconstituted as the Associa- geosciences with both the Paleontological Paleontology and Palaeontographica Ameri- tion of Engineering Geologists in 1963. Research Institution and the Association cana. PRI maintains a research facility and The purpose of this international, of Engineering Geologists. ■

non–North American speakers in symposia, etc. Following in the International Division News footsteps of my mendicant predecessors, I ask that you keep the James Skehan, S. J. International Division in mind as you make contributions to the GSA Foundation supplementary to the Division’s dues. We wish also In preparation for the GSA Annual Meeting in Denver to increase our membership (at $5/yr) so as to expand our pool (October 1996), the International Division has proposed a pro- of those who are eligible for membership in committee activities gram, “Tectonic Evolution of the Urals and Surrounding Basins” in support of the Division’s programs. under the direction of James H. Knapp, convener and his European Friends of the Pan African (FOPA), a new working group of the co-conveners. Jim Knapp is a Research Scientist at the Institute for International Division, was launched at the GSA Annual Meeting in the Study of the Continents at Cornell University. Seattle (1994) and brings together scientists concerned with the The International Division, relatively new and small, has not yet geodynamics of Africa, with a special focus on isotope geochronol- reached a level of funding that would give us access to matching ogy and metamorphic and structural geology. Contact Christopher I. funds from the GSA Foundation in support of travel costs for Chalokwu, Dept. of Geology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849.

CALENDAR

Only new or changed information is being pus, Tempe. Information: ASU Public Events, (602) Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, 965-5062. See this month’s Sage Remarks page. Bldg. 1505, MS-6038, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038, published in GSA Today . A complete listing (615) 574-6316, fax 615-576-8646. can be found in the Calendar section on May the Internet: http://www.geosociety.org. May 30–June 2, Friends of the Pleistocene September Pacific Northwest Field Conference: September 15–19, Society for Organic Petrol- Quaternary Glaciation and Tectonism on the ogy 13th Annual Meeting, Carbondale, Illinois. 1996 Penrose Conferences Western Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Infor- Information: John Crelling, Dept. of Geology, mation: Glenn Thackray, Idaho State University, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, April (208) 236-3560, E-mail: [email protected]; or (618) 453-7361, fax 618-453-7393, E-mail: April 17–22, Tectonic Evolution of the Gulf Frank Pazzaglia, University of New Mexico, [email protected]. of California and Its Margins, Loreto, Baja E-mail: [email protected]. California Sur, Mexico. Information: Paul J. September 23–27, Balkan Geophysical Society Umhoefer, Department of Geology, Box 4099, June First Congress, Athens, Greece. Information: Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, June 8–9, Geological Society of Malaysia 11th Congress Secretariat, Erasmus Horizon, Ltd., 34, (520) 523-6464, fax 520-523-9220, E-mail: Annual Geological Conference: Economic Geol- Vassileos Georgiou B’, 11635 Athens, Greece, [email protected]. ogy and Tectonics of Malaysia and the Southeast phone 30-1-72-57-531 or 30-1-72-57-693-5, Asian Region, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Information: fax 30-1-72-57-532. October Annual Geological Conference 1996, Geological September 24–29, Association of Engineering October 8–14, Exhumation Processes: Normal Society of Malaysia, c/o Dept. of Geology, University Geologists 39th Annual Meeting, New Faulting, Ductile Flow, and Erosion, Island of Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, phone Brunswick, New Jersey. Information: Dave Muscalo, of Crete. Information: Uwe Ring, Institut für 60-3-757-7036, fax 60-3-756-3900. Geowissenschaften, Universität Mainz Becherweg P.O. Box 416, Butler, NJ 07405, phone and fax 21, D-55099 Mainz, Germany, 011-49-6131- June 9–12, GEORAMAN-96: Raman Spectroscopy (201) 492-1157, E-mail: [email protected]. 392164, fax 011-49-6131-394769, E-mail: Applied to the Earth Sciences, Nantes, France. (Call for papers deadline: May 1, 1996.) Information: David C. Smith, Museum National [email protected]. September 27–29, 27th Binghamton Geomor- d’Histoire Naturelle, Lab. de Minéralogie, 61 phology Symposium: The Scientific Nature of Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France, phone 33-1- Geomorphology, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. 1996 Meetings 4079-3527, fax 33-1-4079-3524. Information: Bruce L. Rhoads or Colin E. Thorn, April June 15–21, Clay Minerals Society 33rd Dept. of Geography, University of Illinois, Urbana, April 18–21, Dinofest International, University Annual Meeting, Gatlinburg, Tennessee. Infor- Activity Center, University of Arizona Main Cam- mation: S. Y. Lee, Environmental Sciences Division, Calendar continued on p. 46

44 GSA TODAY, March 1996 GSA ANNUAL MEETINGS

1996 1997 Denver, Colorado Salt Lake City, Utah October 28–31 October 20–23 Colorado Convention Center Salt Palace Convention Center Marriott City Center Little America General Chairs: General Chair: M. Lee Allison, Utah Geological Survey Gregory S. Holden and Kenneth E. Kolm, Colorado School of Mines Technical Program Chair: John Bartley, University of Utah Technical Program Chairs: Call for Field Trip Proposals: We are interested in proposals for sin- John D. Humphrey and John E. Warme, gle-day and multi-day field trips beginning or ending in Salt Lake City, Colorado School of Mines, Dept. of Geology and dealing with all aspects of the geosciences. Please contact the field & Geological Engineering, Golden, CO trip chairs listed below. 80401, (303) 273-3819, fax 303-273-3859 Paul Link Bart Kowallis E-mail: [email protected] Department of Geology Department of Geology Field Trip Chairs: Idaho State University Brigham Young University Charles L. Pillmore, (303) 236-1240 and Pocatello, ID 83209-8072 Provo, UT 84602-4646 Ren A. Thompson, (303) 236-0929 (208) 236-3365 (801) 378-3918 U.S. Geological Survey, MS 913, fax 208-236-4414 fax 801-378-2265 P.O. Box 25046, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Field trip guides will be published jointly by Brigham Young Univer- Call for Papers and First Announcement will be in the sity Geology Studies and the Utah Geological Survey. Review drafts of April issue of GSA Today. field guides will be due March 15, 1997.

For general information on any meeting call the GSA MEETINGS DEPARTMENT 1-800-472-1988 or (303) 447-2020, ext. 133 or E-mail: [email protected] or see GSA’s world wide web page at http://www.geosociety.org

GSA SECTION MEETINGS — 1996 Student Travel Grants SOUTH-CENTRAL SECTION, March 11–12, 1996. University of Texas, Austin, Texas. The GSA Foundation will award matching Information: Mark Cloos, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, grants up to a total of $3500 each to the six TX 78712, (512) 471-4170, fax 512-471-9425, E-mail: [email protected]. GSA Sections. The money, when combined with equal funds from the Sections, will be SOUTHEASTERN SECTION, March 14–15, 1996. Ramada Plaza Hotel, Jackson, Mississippi. Information: Darrel Schmitz, Department of Geosciences, P.O. Box 5448, Mississippi State used to assist GSA Student Associates travel- University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, (601) 325-2904; or Charles Swann, Mississippi ing to the 1996 GSA Annual Meeting in Mineral Resources Institute, 220 Old Chemistry Bldg., University, MS 38677, (601) 232-7320, Denver in October and to the 1996 Section E-mail: [email protected]. meetings. Contact your Section Secretary for application procedures. NORTHEASTERN SECTION, March 21–23, 1996. Hyatt Regency, Buffalo, New York. Information: Parker E. Caulkin, Department of Geology, SUNY at Buffalo, 876 NSM, Buffalo, Cordilleran ...... Bruce A. Blackerby NY 14260, (716) 645-6800, ext. 3985, fax 716-645-3999, or preferably by E-mail: glgparkr@ (209) 278-2955 ubvms.cc.buffalo.edu. Rocky Mountain ..... Kenneth E. Kolm ROCKY MOUNTAIN SECTION, April 18–19, 1996. Rapid City Civic Center, Rapid City, (303) 273-3932 South Dakota. Information: Colin Paterson, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East St. Joseph St., North-Central ...... George R. Hallberg Rapid City, SD 57701-3995, (605) 394-5414, E-mail: [email protected]. (319) 335-4500 Preregistration Deadline: March 8, 1996.

CORDILLERAN SECTION, April 22–24, 1996. Red Lion Hotel at Lloyd Center, Portland, South-Central ...... Rena M. Bonem Oregon. Information: Michael Cummings, Department of Geology, Portland State University, (817) 755-2361 P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751, (503) 725-3022. E-mail: [email protected]. Preregistration deadline: March 15, 1996. Northeastern ...... Kenneth N. Weaver (410) 554-5532 NORTH-CENTRAL SECTION, May 2–3, 1996. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Submit completed abstracts to: Kenneth E. Windom, Department of Geological and Atmospheric Southeastern ...... Harold H. Stowell Sciences, Iowa State University, 253 Science I Building, Ames, IA 50011-3210, (515) 294-2430, E-mail: [email protected]. Preregistration Deadline: March 29, 1996. (205) 348-5098

GSA TODAY, March 1996 45 Calendar continued from p. 44 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING IL 61801, (217) 333-1880, fax 217-244-1785, E-mail: [email protected] or Published on the 1st of the month of issue. Ads (or can- approximately $5.1 million. In addition to proven adminis- [email protected]. cellations) must reach the GSA Advertising office one trative ability, candidates must have as a minimum a mas- month prior. Contact Advertising Department (303) ter’s degree in geology and substantial experience in September 29–October 4, Federation of Ana- 447-2020, 1-800-472-1988, fax 303-447-1133, or some phase of geology and petroleum exploration and/or lytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies E-mail:[email protected]. Please include com- production. Preference will be given to candidates with the (FACSS) 23rd Annual Conference, Kansas City, plete address, phone number, and E-mail address with all Ph.D. in geology or a closely-related earth science disci- correspondence. pline. The salary is negotiable. Nominations and applica- Missouri. Information: FACSS, 201B Broadway St., Per line tions (including resumes) should be sent before April 8, Frederick, MD 21701-6501, (301) 846-4797. Per Line for each 1996, to: Dr. Chester Alexander, Chairman, Search Com- (Deadline for 100 word brief: March 29, 1996.) for addt'l month mittee for State Geologist, Office for Academic Affairs, October Classification 1st month (same ad) The University of Alabama, Box 870114, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0114, [email protected]. October 2–4, Gulf Coast Association of Situations Wanted $1.75 $1.40 Positions Open $6.50 $5.50 The Geological Survey/State Oil and Gas Board of Geological Societies and Gulf Coast Section Alabama is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity SEPM Meeting, San Antonio, Texas. Information: Consultants $6.50 $5.50 Services & Supplies $6.50 $5.50 Employer. Thomas E. Ewing, Venus Exploration, 700 N. St. Opportunities for Students Mary’s, San Antonio, TX 78205, (210) 222-9481, first 25 lines $0.00 $2.35 GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING MONTANA TECH E-mail: [email protected]. additional lines $1.35 $2.35 The Department of Geological Engineering at Montana October 13–15, 27th Underwater Mining Code number: $2.75 extra Tech invites applications for a tenure-track position in hydrogeology/geochemistry. The appointment will be at Agencies and organizations may submit purchase order or Institute, Washington, D.C. Information: the rank of Assistant Professor starting in August 1996. A payment with copy. Individuals must send prepayment Karynne Chong Morgan, Underwater Mining Ph.D. is required at the time of appointment. Registration with copy. To estimate cost, count 54 characters per line, Institute c/o Marine Minerals Technology Center, as a Professional Geologist or Engineer is not required at including all punctuation and blank spaces. Actual cost the time of appointment, but is a prerequisite for tenure 811 Olomehani St., Honolulu, HI 96813-5513, may differ if you use capitals, centered copy, or special and promotion to the rank of professor. The candidate (808) 522-5611, fax 808-522-5618, E-mail: characters. [email protected]. (Abstract deadline: must possess the demonstrable ability to blend aqueous March 31, 1996.) To answer coded ads, use this address: Code # ----, or/and isotope geochemistry and hydrogeology. The suc- GSA Advertising Dept., P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO cessful candidate will be expected to teach a rigorous October 30–November 1, Earthquake Resistant 80301-9140. All coded mail will be forwarded within introductory course in groundwater hydrogeology and Engineering Structures First International 24 hours of arrival at GSA Today office. other core courses in the undergraduate program, as well Symposium, Thessaloniki, Greece. Information: as courses in their areas of specialization. He or she Sue Owen, ERES 1996 Conference Secretariat, should have a strong commitment to teaching, as well as to research and publication. Montana Tech is a unit of the Wessex Institute of Technology, Ashurst Lodge, Positions Open University of Montana with an enrollment of approximately Ashurst, Southampton SO40 7AA, UK, phone 2,000 students. The college has a strong tradition of STATE GEOLOGIST OF ALABAMA 44-1703-292-223, fax 44-1703-292-853, E-mail: undergraduate and graduate engineering instruction and The University of Alabama invites nominations and appli- [email protected]. (Abstract deadline: research related to the mining and energy industries, with cations for the position of State Geologist of Alabama. The more recent emphasis on hydrogeological and environ- March 31, 1996.) state geologist is the chief administrative officer of the mental engineering. Montana Tech also offers degrees in Geological Survey, established in 1848, and also serves chemistry and geochemistry, mathematics, computer sci- Send notices of meetings of general interest, in as state oil and gas supervisor and secretary of the State ence, occupational safety and health, business, and in the Oil and Gas Board. The Survey is one of the major such format above, to Editor, GSA Today, P.O. Box 9140, liberal arts. Montana Tech is located at Butte, in beautiful organizations in the country with a total current budget of Boulder, CO 80301, E-mail: [email protected]. and geologically interesting southwestern Montana. There

REMINDERS

Materials and supporting information for any of the following nominations may be sent to GSA Executive Director, Geological Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301. For more detailed information about the nomination procedures, refer to the October 1995 issue of GSA Today, or call headquarters at (303) 447-2020, extension 188.

JOHN C. FRYE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AWARD In cooperation with the Association of American State Geolo- gists (AASG), GSA makes an annual award for the best paper on envi- ronmental geology published either by GSA or by one of the state geological surveys. The award is a $1000 cash prize from the endow- ment income of the GSA Foundation’s John C. Frye Memorial Fund. The 1996 award will be presented at the autumn AASG meeting to be held during the GSA Annual Meeting in Denver. Nominations can be made by anyone, based on the following criteria: (1) paper must be selected from GSA or state geological sur- vey publications, (2) paper must be selected from those published during the preceding three full calendar years, (3) nomination must include a paragraph stating the pertinence of the paper. Nominated papers must establish an environmental problem or need, provide substantive information on the basic geology or geo- logic process pertinent to the problem, relate the geology to the problem or need, suggest solutions or provide appropriate land use recommendations based on the geology, present the information in a manner that is understandable and directly usable by geologists, and address the environmental need or resolve the problem. It is pre- ferred that the paper be directly applicable by informed laypersons (e.g., planners, engineers). Deadline for nominations for 1996 is APRIL 1, 1996.

NATIONAL AWARDS The deadline is April 30, 1996, for submitting nominations for these four awards: William T. Pecora Award, National Medal of Sci- ence, Vannevar Bush Award, Alan T. Waterman Award.

46 GSA TODAY, March 1996 are abundant opportunities for outdoor recreation in the Applications, including a complete resume with a state- 0555. The University does not discriminate on the basis of immediate area. Application deadline is April 15, 1996. ment of teaching and research interests and 3 original let- race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, or disability Filling this position is contingent upon funding. Applicants ters of recommendaiton, should be sent to: Dr. J. J. Man- in employment or the provision of services. should forward a resume; a description of their teaching cuso, Department of Geology, Bowling Green State and research interests; and the names, addresses, and University, Bowling Green, OH 43403. Deadline is March telephone numbers of three references to: Chair, Search 15, 1996 or until the position is filled. Bowling Green is an Committee, Department of Geological Engineering, Mon- AA/EEOC employer. Applicants from under-represented/ Services & Supplies tana Tech, 1300 West Park St., Butte, Mont. 59701-8997. protected groups are urged to apply. LEATHER FIELD CASES. Free brochure, SHERER Montana Tech is an affirmative-action/equal opportunity CUSTOM SADDLES, INC., P.O. Box 385, Dept. GN, employer. THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO Franktown, CO 80116. ASSISTANT/ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGIST ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES / DEPT. OF GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY UTEP’s Dept. of Geological Sciences is seeking a sedi- Opportunities for Students mentary geologist with primary interests in clastic sedi- The Center for Environmental Studies and the Department JOI/USSAC Ocean Drilling Fellowships. JOI/U.S. Sci- mentary processes & depositional environments. We are of Geology invite applications for a joint tenure-track posi- ence Advisory Committee is seeking doctoral candidates seeking a person with active research interests in the ori- tion in Geology and Environmental Studies. The success- of unusual promise and ability who are enrolled in U.S. gin, characteristics, transport, & deposition of clastic sedi- ful candidate will have experience in interdisciplinary institutions to conduct research compatible with that of the ments. Reservoir or aquifer characterization & modeling approaches to environmental studies and an environmen- Ocean Drilling Program. Both one-year and two-year fel- are also appropriate fields of research interest. UTEP tally oriented research program that can lead to tenure in lowships are available. The award is $20,000 per year to graduates enter both the resource & environmental fields; the Dept. of Geology. Fields of expertise and research be used for stipend, tuition, benefits, research costs and the person in this position should be able to teach courses interests should include one or more of the following: incidental travel, if any. Applicants are encouraged to pro- in sedimentology, sedimentary petrology, & physical strati- soils, geomorphology, glacial geology, engineering geol- pose innovative and imaginative projects. Research may grahy/despositional systems appropriate to these career ogy, and/or hydrology. A working knowledge of and expe- be directed toward the objectives of a specific leg or to paths. Research excellence & ability to obtain funding for rience with teaching applications of GIS and/or computer broader themes. The award aims to encourage student research will be of fundamental importance. In addition, a modeling is desirable. Ph.D. in Geology, Environmental participation on board ODP’s drillship, JOIDES Resolution. commitment to excellence in both undergraduate & gradu- Science, Environmental Engineering, or related field is April 15, 1996 is the shipboard fellowship application ate instruction is essential. Position is tenure-track & quali- required for appointment. The successful candidate will deadline for the following legs: Leg 170 Costa Rica, Leg fied persons will be considered for Assistant, Associate or teach undergraduate and graduate courses in Environ- 171 Barbados LWD-Blake Nose, Leg 172 NW Atlantic Full Professor appointment. Position is available 09-01-96. mental Science and Geology, maintain an active research Sediment Drifts, Leg 173 Iberia, Leg 174 New Jersey Margin, Ph.D. required at time of appointment. program, and supervise master’s level graduate students. and Leg 175 Benguela Current. UTEP offers bachelors, masters, & Ph.D. degrees in Senior level Environmental courses include field-based Staffing for these legs will begin during the next few geological sciences. The dept & many of its faculty partici- projects requiring students to integrate geological data months. Students interested in participating as shipboard pate in the new multi-disciplinary Environmental Science into interdisciplinary studies. Facilities include: remote scientists must apply to the ODP Manager of Science & Engineering Ph.D. Program. The Dept of Geological sensing laboratory; Sun and Silicon Graphics worksta- Operations in College Station, TX. A shipboard scientist Sciences offers many modern laboratory & classroom tions; large format digitizer; HP650C E-size plotter; application form and leg descriptions are included in the facilities located in one of the most diverse & striking geo- SPARC 1000 server; ARC/INFO; ERMapper; AVS; com- JOI/USSAC Ocean Drilling Fellowship application packet. logical terrains in the world. plete geochemistry laboratory (XRD; SEM; AAS; TEM); For more information and to receive an application packet Submit letter of interest describing research & teaching geophysical facilities (magnetometer, gravity meter, shal- contact: Andrea Johnson, JOI/USSAC Ocean Drilling Fel- interests to pursue at UTEP, resume, & listing of three ref- low seismic, resistivity, GPS); microscopy laboratory, lowship Program, Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., erences (name, addresses, phone, & fax numbers) to Dr. including transmitted, reflecting, cathodoluminescence, 1755 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Suite 800, Washington, Charles G. Groat, Chair Search Committee, UTEP, and fluid inclusion microscopes; complete sample prepa- DC 20036-2102 (telephone: 202-232-3900, ext. 213; Inter- Department of Geological Sciences, El Paso, TX 79968- ration facilities; and field vehicles. net: [email protected]).

GSA TODAY, March 1996 47 Send abstracts for the Denver meeting via the WWWeb

Jim Clark, GSA Production and Marketing Manager

Starting on or about May 1, abstracts for this year’s Annual Meet- ing in Denver can be sent to GSA via the World Wide Web (Web). At that time, our new electronic system for abstract submission will be available, to be used at first for annual meeting abstracts only. In more mystery about whether we received your submission. You’ll development for more than a year, the system has been tested exten- receive an immediate confirmation of receipt from GSA, with an sively. Note that you can only send abstracts to GSA via the Web. They abstract number assigned, while you’re still on the Web. may not be sent by ordinary E-mail. The new system will not yet replace the familiar paper version of For the present, this system will accept only abstracts containing GSA’s abstract form. Rather, the two systems will operate in parallel pure ASCII content; no graphics, tables, symbols, Greek, superscripts, for another year, or until it is clear that most authors prefer the elec- etc. may be included. If you must use any of that in your abstract, use tronic method. Paper forms already have been distributed for 1996, the paper form for now. We hope to be able to include non-ASCII and still can be obtained from GSA’s Abstracts Coordinator (E-mail material in the future, but for most users the technology for that is [email protected]). not yet in place. About March 1, you will be able to test our new system, strictly However, if your entire content—title, addresses, and abstract on a “get acquainted” basis. Nothing you send via this form before May body—is pure ASCII and you have access to the Web, the new system 1 will be saved at GSA or considered by GSA for any meeting. will make life much easier by eliminating the more onerous tasks usu- Although you will receive an acknowledgment of receipt on any test ally connected with preparation of paper forms: scrambling for blank abstracts you send, that is just part of the test, too, and is meaningless. forms; printing and reprinting, then cutting and pasting to fit boxes; To get acquainted with the form from March 1 to May 1, go to making multiple copies to send; and often paying a heavy toll GSA’s Home Page on the Web (http://www.geosociety.org). There for express-service delivery to meet the deadline. you’ll find the link, “TEST DRIVE GSA’s Web Abstract Form.” Just fol- We recommend that you compose your abstract in your favorite low the instructions from there. If you discover any glitches in our word processor. When you have finished, “save” it as “text.” This will system during a test, please send a detailed E-mail message to: convert your data into pure ASCII. Then copy and paste this into the [email protected]. Please include your telephone number so we appropriate fields of the GSA Web form. Complete the personal infor- can call if more details are needed. mation on the form, and you’ll be ready to send it. We’ve included On or about May 1, the TEST DRIVE link will change to “SUB- instructions, pull-down lists, and helpful hints on the Web form MIT an Abstract.” When you see that message, you’ll know we’re in to save you time and confusion. There’s even an error checker to live mode, ready to take your abstract for the Denver meeting. make certain you include all the information we must have. The success of this new system will determine whether, and how The best part is that it takes only a few seconds to send an soon, it may be used for meetings of GSA Sections, as well. Watch this abstract, and even less to get feedback from GSA. There will be no publication for further announcements. ■

MONTHLY MONTHLY QUARTERLY Environmental GSA & Engineering RESEARCH TOPICAL & CONCISE APPLIED SCIENCES Geoscience* A joint, OFFERS quarterly publication of the Association of Engi- YOU neering Geologists (AEG) and the Geological Society MORE of America (GSA). Includes refereed articles on JOURNAL applied topics in the envi- ronmental and hydrological geo- CHOICES sciences, and special features like the Geology of Cities series; technical GSA Bulletin Geology notes on current topics; a comment INCLUDING Hydrogeology Journal* Quarterly and reply forum; memorials to geolo- An authoritative science journal cover- Undoubtedly the most popular and journal of the International Associa- APPLIED ing active research areas in the earth widely read general geological jour- gists of note; book reviews; and tion of Hydrogeologists (IAH), avail- biographies on well-known geologists sciences. Publishes 8–12 refereed nal in print, each month bringing able to GSA members at the IAH- SCIENCES research articles each month. The Bul- you 20 or more refereed articles that in the applied fields. It will feature member price. Features peer-reviewed new theory, applications, and case his- letin’s 100+ year record of regularly are concise (4-page maximum), cur- papers in theoretical and applied publishing important research develop- rent, and thought provoking, cover- tories illustrating the dynamics of the hydrogeology. Published in English, fast-growing, environmental and ments reflects the evolution of the mod- ing a wide range of geological sub- with abstracts also in French and ern geological sciences. Articles span jects, including new investigations. applied disciplines. Co-edited by AEG Spanish. Describes worldwide and GSA. terrestrial to marine and modern to The Geology Forum provides an progress in the science and provides ancient environments, integrating arena for stimulating reader com- an affordable and widely accessible *Members of IAH receive Hydrogeology chemical, physical, and biological ments and responses on the articles. forum for scientists, researchers, Journal as part of their IAH dues information to unravel Earth’s pro- About 1150 pages annually. Pro- engineers, and practitioners. and should not order from cesses, history, and future. The Discus- fusely illustrated, includes color and Papers integrate subsurface GSA GSA. Members of AEG sion and Reply section provides for occasional large inserts. The full- hydrology and geology receive Environmental & lively debate on current topics. color covers are exceptional geo- Engineering Geo- ABSTRACTS with supporting JOURNALS ON WITH science as part of PROGRAMS About 1700 pages annually. Illus- logical studies in themselves. disciplines. trations are profuse and include COMPACT DISC their AEG dues and Each edition includes full content of GSA full-color covers and occasional should not order from 1995 Annual Meeting Bulletin, Geology and GSA Today, plus a GSA. large-format inserts. New Orleans, Louisiana Retrospective Index from 1972 November 6-9, 1995 Ernest N. Morial Convention Center ASSOCIATED SOCIETIES forward. Does not include AEG or Association for Women Geoscientists • Association of American State Geologists • Association of Geoscientists for International GSA Development • Cushman Foundation • Geochemical Society • Geoscience Information Society • Mineralogical Society of America • National Association of Black Geologists and GSA TODAY Geophysicists • National Association of Geology Teachers • GSA’s monthly news magazine. Features late-breaking, hot-topic science articles, a forum for dis- National Earth Science Teachers Association • Paleontological IAH journals. Society • Sigma Gamma Epsilon • Society of Economic JOURNALS Geologists • Society of Vertebrate Paleontology ON THE cussion of current topics, legislative updates, news about the Society and the earth-science community, job opportu- WWW nities, meeting announcements, and more! See the PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTS WITH PROGRAMS Published in conjunction with GSA’s regular scientific meetings. Contains section, for tables of abstracts of all papers to be presented at the related meeting plus programs for that meeting. Essential guides for meeting contents and abstracts of each article in GSA attendees; a valuable summary of current science. P.O. Box 9140 • Boulder, CO 80301 Bulletin and Geology. http://www.geosociety.org GSA Members: Contact Membership Services for Journal Subscriptions 1-800-472-1988 • 303-447-2020 • fax 303-447-1133