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Home , Afqa, Apamea (Babylonia), Apamea (Euphrates), Furqlus, Krak des Chevaliers, Palmyra

Map 68 Compiled by J.P. Brown (south) and P.-L. Gatier, 1997

Introduction

The map is divided into three geographic regions from west to east: the mountainous Jebel Ansariyeh between the coast and the R. Orontes valley; the so-called Limestone Massif of rocky hills and plateaus, ending to the south in the Jebel Zawiye; and the eastern steppe of basalt and limestone which turns to mountains, especially north of . The Jebel Ansariyeh remains little known archaeologically. It was probably more heavily forested in antiquity than today, although to what extent remains unclear (Rey-Coquais 1974, 69). The Limestone Massif, divided between Antiochia (Map 67 C4) and , is crowded with many ruined villages, mostly built during Late Antiquity (fourth to sixth centuries). Here and in the adjoining parts of the steppe, extensive archaeological exploration started at the end of the nineteenth century (de Vogüe 1865; Butler 1903; 1907; Lassus 1935; Tchalenko 1953; Tate 1992). Except around Palmyra (Schlumberger 1951), less work was done in the more eastern parts of the steppe. New surveys have recently begun in this zone (Geyer 1998). Poidebard (1934) and Mouterde (1945) did pioneering research in aerial archaeology, surveying the eastern steppe. Unfortunately their work was not followed up with adequate ground survey and excavation. Thus many of their conclusions have been questioned, especially their proposed dating of the structures they discovered, and the nature of the complex network of roads they identified. Some sites that they identified as Roman forts, for example, have subsequently been dated to the pre-classical or Islamic periods (Kennedy 1990). On the issue of roads, see Thomsen 1917; Bauzou 1989; 1993. The main changes in natural features are water-related. Several dams have been built recently on the R. (Tabqa), Orontes (Restan) and other smaller streams, creating reservoirs or lakes. Equally, modern drainage and irrigation have led to the disappearance of swamp areas (Orontes valley and coastal plains) and a reduction in the size of several lakes (Jabboul in E1, Lake of in C4). See Calvet (1992) and Besançon (1995). The ancient dam of the Lake of Homs is hard to date (Roman, according to Seyrig 1959; or earlier, Calvet 1992; Gatier 1996). The supposed long aqueduct from Salamias to Apamea seems very questionable (Geyer 1998). Numerous water channels and qanats were created for agricultural purposes around Salamias and in the region between Jabboul Lake and the Palmyrene mountains (Geyer 1998); most were either made, or restored, in Late Antiquity. Canals for irrigation or transport, or both, are attested in the Euphrates valley (Lauffray 1983). Recent research has identified scattered traces of Hellenistic-Roman centuriation around (H)Emesa, Laodicea and Epiphaneia, as well as in the northern Jebel Zawiye, but many conclusions remain tentative (Dodinet 1990; 1994; Tate 1992, 235; 1994). Much attention has focused on the monasteries known from lists in Syriac sources of the sixth century A.D. The majority are situated in the Limestone Massif (see among others, Caquot in Tchalenko 1953 III; Mundell Mango 1983). South A unique feature of the map (extending into the northern part of Map 69) is the sole epigraphic documentation of a forest from classical antiquity. At some date under the emperor (A.D. 117-138), two of his procurators, C. Umbrius and Q. Vettius Rufus, marked out the boundaries of the imperial forest in the Mount range (no doubt including many stands of the cedar, Cedrus Libani) with the words IMP. HAD. AUG. DEFINITIO SILVARUM. Today their inscriptions stand in the living rock in the midst of barren, sun-baked shale. In 1969-70 Jean-François Breton, in dangerous political conditions, reviewed and republished them (Breton 1980); but he was MAP 68 SYRIA 1043 unable to visit the northern Lebanon. The lines marked on the map follow the placement of the inscriptions, and offer an approximate lower boundary for the forest as it then existed. Within it stand three of the many Roman temples of Lebanon and Antilebanon, described by Krencker (1938). Along the Phoenician coast are the city of and the later one of (although its Greek name predates Alexander). In the desert far to the east stands the of Palmyra, which for a brief period in the third century A.D. dared to rival . To the south, it was linked to along a route marked by Roman forts and milestones, the (Dunand 1931); to the northeast, a route attested by TabPeut continued to Soura. The map also marks a route northwest to Apamea (its course very doubtful, but attested by TabPeut), and another poorly attested one west to (H)Emesa. By its very nature the caravan route to the R. Euphrates is likely to have fluctuated considerably, and cannot be marked, despite the frequent mention of it in many Greco- inscriptions from Palmyra. The road from Heliopolis (modern , Map 69 D1) north to (H)Emesa must surely have been connected to the coastal route in the valley of the R. Eleutheros (Nahr -Kebir); but only a solitary milestone at modern Semaqiyat attests to it. The great Crusader fortress (modern Qal'at al-Husn) appears only as the conjectural site of the road-station ‘Carion.’

Directory All place names are in Syria unless otherwise noted

Abbreviations

DCPP E. Lipiński (ed.), Dictionnaire de la civilization phénicienne et punique, Turnhout, 1992 Honigmann I-II E. Honigmann, “Historische Topographie von Nordsyrien im Altertum,” I: ZDPV 46 (1923) 149-93; II: ZDPV 47 (1924) 1-64 P.Cair.Zen. C.C. Edgar (ed.), Zenon Papyri, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, 5 vols., , 1925-1940

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

F3 Acadama L Qdeym Dussaud 1927, 275; Mouterde 1945, 109-26 G4 ? RL Sukhneh; cf. Map 91 Qasr Dussaud 1927, 274; Kennedy 1990, 143-44 al-Hayr al-Sharqi C2 *Adana L southernmost Dana Butler 1920, 138-42; Feissel 1980, 329-30 A5 fl. RL Nahr Ibrahim LEB RE; Honigmann I.15b E5 al-Basiri R Poidebard 1934, 47, pl. XXX C3 Amathe/ C?HRL Ploug 1985, 45-46; NPauly Amathe 2; Epiphaneia NPauly Epiphaneia 2 E2 Ammattha RL Hammam Dussaud 1927, 276; Mouterde 1945, 85-86 F3 Amsareddi R?L Mouterde 1945, 106-109 B2 Amykes Pedion H Polyb. 5.59.10 A5 Amyun R LEB Taylor 1969, 112 D2 Anasartha/ R?L/ Hanaser Honigmann I.37, 158; Mouterde 1945, Theodoroupolis L 67-68 Anatha = Aracha D2 Androna/ L/ el-Anderin Butler 1920, 47-63; BE 1990.934 Andarna L A4 Antarados/ RL/ Tartous Rey-Coquais 1974, 49, 119, 196 L A2 Antikasion/ R/ Kara Douran Dağ Dussaud 1927, 421 Thronos M. L B5 Antilibanus M. CHRL Jebel esh-Sherqi LEB / NPauly Antilibanos SYR Apamea=Pella 1044 MAP 68 SYRIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B2 Apameitis Limne HRL Behiret et-Taqa Honigmann I.53; Bernard 1995 A5 Aphakitis, T. RL temple and spring at Afqa Krencker 1938, 56-64 § Aphaka LEB Honigmann I.54a; Brown 1969, 67-69 G4 Aracha/ RL/ Erek Honigmann I.57; Starcky 1962, 132-39; Anatha/ RL/ Bowersock 1973, 133 ‘Harae’ L A4 Arados CHRL Rouad Rey-Coquais 1974, 49; NPauly 1 B4 Arca/ RL/ LEB DCPP Arqa Herakleia en Phoinike/ H/ MacAdam 1993, 343 Caesarea ad Libanum R Honigmann I.69a; CIL 3.183 C4 Areth(o)usa HRL Restan Honigmann I.65 B3 Asharne R?L? Mouterde 1945, 29 F2 Athis/ RL Dibsi Faraj Harper 1980 Neocaesarea D5 Aueria/ R/ Hauwarin Honigmann I.174; Dussaud 1927, 280; Euareia R?L Devreese 1945, 205; IGLSyr 5.2696

B4 Bahluniye L IGLSyr 7.4054; Devreese 1945, 193 B4 Baitokaike R Hosn Soleiman CIG 3.4474; Rey-Coquais 1974, 272 index A3 Balanea/ RL Rey-Coquais 1974, 49, 63, 196 Leukas C2 el-Bara L Tchalenko 1953 II, pl. 137-39 F2 Barbalissus R?L Balis, Meskene Ulbert 1989, 283-86 G2 Barbarikon L district near Honigmann I.96 B3 Bargylus/ HR Jebel Ansariye Rey-Coquais 1974, 61; Bernard 1995, 359 Emblonos M. A2 Barlaamus L Jebel el-Akra TKY Djobadze 1986, 1-56 D4 Betproclis L NotDig Or. 32.12; Dussaud 1927, 270 F4 Bir Weshel R Schlumberger 1951, 46-48, 86 A5 Botrys HRL Batrun LEB DCPP ; NPauly A4 Bruttus L al-Abde? LEB ItBurd 583.3; Dussaud 1927, 78 A5 Byblos C?HRL Jebeil LEB DCPP; NPauly 1 A5 Bziza R LEB Krencker 1938, 4-8

Caesarea ad Libanum = Arca Callinicum = Nicephorium C5 *Cara/ RL/ Qara ItMiller 816; IGLSyr 5.2709; ‘Cehere’/ L/ Dussaud 1927, 264-67; Chonacara? L Devreese 1945, 203 §Goaria R §Koara R Ptol. 5.14.19 B4 ‘Carion’ L Qal'at el-Husn? Rey-Coquais 1974, 85-88 A4 Carne/ HR Qarnoun Rey-Coquais 1974, 65 Karnos A2 Cas(s)ius M. HRL Jebel el-Akra TKY Djobadze 1986, 3-6 ‘Cehere’ = *Cara C2 Chalcis ad Belum HRL 'Is, Qinnesrin Mouterde 1945, 4-9; Fourdrin, 1994 § Chalkidike HR Honigmann I.135 § Chalcidena C2 *Chasa L Hass Feissel 1980, 336 G3 Cholle RL Khoulle Honigmann I.143; Dussaud 1927, 253 Chonacara? = *Cara B3 Chrysorroas fl. R Nahr Baniyas Honigmann I.93; Rey-Coquais 1974, 65 B5 Conna R Ras Baalbek LEB ItAnt 199.8; Dussaud 1927, 396-97 Constantia = Antarados E5 Cunna? RL Khan el-Qattar NotDig Oc. 32.35; Kennedy 1990, 204-205

G2 Dausara RL Qalaat Jaber Dillemann 1962, 109; Lauffray 1983, 55 D5 ‘Danova’ L Mehin? ItMiller 816; Dussaud 1927, 264-65; Devreese 1945, 203 C5 Deleda L Hasya? ItMiller 826; Dussaud 1927, 278 B2 Derkoush H?R? Dussaud 1927, 163-64 MAP 68 SYRIA 1045

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B3 Diokleion M. H?R Jebel Zawiye Bernard 1995, 359

B4 Eleutheros fl. HRL Nahr el-Kebir LEB / SYR RE; Dussaud 1927, 91; Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 89 F5 el-Mleke R? Poidebard 1934, 179, pl. LXIII Emblonos M. = Bargylus M. Emesa=(H)Emesa A4 Enydra R Tell Ghamqe Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 65 Epiphaneia = Amathe Euareia = Aueria G2 Euphrates fl. See Map 93

A3 Gabala CHRL Jebele Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 66 F5 Gennaes R Umm el-Amed Mouterde 1931, 107 A5 Gigarta HRL? Zgharta near LEB CIL 3.183, Dussaud 1927, 82 C2 Goba L Bgube Feissel 1982, 333-34

Hadrianopolis = Palmyra ‘Harae’ = Aracha B4 Harbaara L LEB IGLSyr 5.2650 E5 Harbaqa R Kennedy 1990, 70-71 G4 Helela L Hlehleh NotDig Or. 33.32; Honigmann I.23; § Alalis R RE Syria, cols. 1665-66, 1703; Kennedy 1990, 155 E5 Heliaramia R?L Qasr el-Heir el Gharbi ItMiller 816; IGLSyr 5.2552-53; Kennedy 1990, 217 C4 (H)Emesa H?RL Homs Honigmann I.205; Seyrig 1959; PECS 302; § Emisenoi Gatier 1996; NPauly Emesa A2 Herakleia? HRL Ras Ibn Hani Dussaud 1927, 415-17; Seyrig 1949, 69-70, 399-400; Leriche 1989, 273-75 Herakleia en Phoinike = Arca B5 R LEB Krencker 1938, 161-62 C3 Houad L Donceel-Voûte 1988, 138-45 B2 Huarte L Canivet 1987 B5 Husn Sfiri R LEB Krencker 1938, 20-34

B4 Iammura L Qalaat Yahmour ItMiller 823; Dussaud 1927, 98; Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 62, 88 A5 Imperatoris Hadriani R LEB Breton 1980 Augusti Definitio Silvarum A5 Itouraioi HRL LEB Strabo 16.2.18; Schürer 1973 I, 565-67

C2 Jerade L Tchalenko 1990, 193-97 G5 Jiffa R Poidebard 1934, 108 pl. CIII G3 Juwal R?L? Taha 1991

A5 HR Qara LEB Polyb. 5.68.8; DCPP Qalamoun, Hosn el C2 Kaperkoraon L near Mgara BE 1996.474 C2 Kaperlatinou L Kaferlatin Feissel 1982, 321 C2 Kapernagatha L Kafer Nagd Feissel 1982, 323-24 Karnos = Carne B2 Kassiotis HR district S Antiochia Ptol. 5.15.16 E3 Khirbet ed-Douse R?L Mouterde 1945, 99 E3 Khirbet el-Beida R?L? Mouterde 1945, 92-93 E4 Khirbet el-Bilaas R IGLSyr 5.2549-51; Schlumberger 1939; Mouterde 1945, 51-53 C4 Khirbet et-Tin L IGLSyr 5.2611 E4 Khirbet Semrin R Schlumberger 1951, 13-22 1046 MAP 68 SYRIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B5 Koile Syria/ H/ Biqa' LEB / SYR P.Cair.Zen. 59093; RE; Balty 1982a, 53-62; contra Sartre 1988 Massyas HR RE 3 § Marsyas RE 5

A2 Laodicea C?HRL Lattaquié Sauvaget 1934; 1936; Will 1994, 21 § Laodikene HR RE Λαοδικηνή § Mazabda C? C4 Laodicea ad Libanum HRL Tell Nebi Mend Polyb. 5.45.7; IGLSyr 5.2678-89; Devreese 1945, 206 § ‘Laudicia’ Scabiosa L ItMiller 824 C3 Larissa/ HRL/ RE Σίζαρα Sizara C?RL Leontopolis = Nicephorium Leukas = Balanea A2 Leukos Limen CHL Minet el-Beida Stucky 1983 B5 Libanus M. LEB See Map 69 B5 Libo RL Lebweh LEB ItAnt 198.3; Dussaud 1927, 396, 409; §Heldo L Krencker 1938, 177 B4 Liftaya L IGLSyr 5.2629-49; Devreese 1945, 206 Lithoprosopon Pr. = Theou Prosopon B2 Lysias? H Bourzey Dussaud 1927, 152

C2 *Magarataricha L Ma'ar Tarikh Feissel 1980, 330 B4 Makra(s) Pedion? HR Buqeia plain Strabo 16.2.17; Dussaud 1927, 91; Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 67 B4 Maqam er-Rab R LEB Krencker 1938, 102 A3 Maraccas L Khrab Maraqiye Rey-Coquais 1974, 120 A4 Marathos HR ' Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 131-36; Saliby, 1989 Maratomyrton? = *Telmenissos B4 Mariamme HRL Mariamin Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 109 B3 Marsya? RL Massyaf Rey-Coquais 1974, 112 B3 Marsyas? fl. R Wadi Tell Armid Rey-Coquais 1974, 112; Balty 1982a, 47 A5 Mashnaqa R LEB Taylor 1969, 108 Massyas = Koile Syria

B5 Nakle LEB See Map 69 D5 Nazala R?L Qaryateyn ItMiller 816; IGLSyr 5.2697; RE Νάζαλα § Nezala B3 Nazerini? R around Massyaf Rey-Coquais 1974, 140; Balty 1982a, 47 Neocaesarea = Athis G2 Nicephorium/ RL/ HierSyn 715.1; Ulbert 1989, 291-92 Callinicum/ H?RL/ Leontopolis L C2 Nikertai L Deir es-Sharqi Fourdrin 1993 A1 Nymphaion/ TKY See Map 67 Balaneion Tiberinon

D3 Occaraba R?L 'Agerbat Mouterde 1945, 49 G3 Oriza/ R/ Tayibe Honigmann II.343; Kennedy 1990, 136 Oruba/ L/ Oresa L § Orissa L B2 Orontes fl. SYR / TKY See Map 67 A4 HRL Khan ard Artuşi LEB 1 Maccabees 15:37; RE 3 Oruba=Oriza D5 Otthara L Ghunthur? NotDig Or. 32.18; Dussaud 1927, 268 § Otthura L §Ocurura L §Atera R Ptol. 5.14.19 MAP 68 SYRIA 1047

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C3 Oumm Harteine R?L Donceel-Voûte 1988, 192-201 D3 Oumm Harteine R?L Donceel-Voûte 1988, 192-201

F4 Palmyra/ HRL/ Tudmur PECS; Starcky 1985, 33-36; Bounni 1989; Thadamora/ H/ Will 1992, 30-46 RL A3 Paltos HRL Arab el-Moulk Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 81; Riis 1988, 318-21 Paradeisos = (Tri)Paradeisos G2 Parapotamia HR district E R. Euphrates Strabo 16.2.11 B3 Pella/ H/ Qalaat el-Moudiq Balty 1981; Bernard 1995 Apamea HRL Strabo 16.2.10 § Pharnace C? § Chersonesos H?R? Pelleta? = Tell Soukas A5 Phaidros? fl. H?R Wadi Fedar LEB Dussaud 1927, 69-70 A5 Phoenice LEB See Map 69 A2 Phoenicium Mare Burr 48-49 A2 Posideion ACHRL Ras el-Bassit Courbin 1986

B3 Qadboun R Bounni 1997 B5 Qalaa R LEB Rey-Coquais 1972 B5 Qasr el-Banat R LEB IGLSyr 6.2908; Krencker 1938, 152-55 D3 L Butler 1920, 26-45; BE 1996.475 A5 Qasr Naous R LEB Krencker 1938, 8-19 E3 Qastal R Mouterde 1945, 99

C2 Rabona? L Rbei'a Feissel 1980, 336 B4 Raphaneai RL Rafniye Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 100-111 D2 Rasm er-Rbeit R?L Mouterde 1945, 80-81 E4 Rasm es-Shaar R Schlumberger 1951, 44-46 C2 Rayan L Donceel-Voûte 1988, 261-67; Tchalenko 1990, 199-200 G2 Resafa/ RL/ Resapha Sauvaget 1939; Ulbert 1989, 288-91 Sergioupolis L C2 Ruweiha L Butler 1920, 142-48; Tchalenko 1990, 183-92

A5 *Saarna R Abedat LEB IGRR 3.1060; Dussaud 1927, 70 B4 Sabbatikon fl. R Nahr en-Nab Jos., BJ 7.99; Brown 1969, 69-70; cf. Rey-Coquais 1974, 87 D3 Sabboura R?L Mouterde 1945, 44 C4 Sachama R IGLSyr 5.2560 B4 Saisaniye L IGLSyr 7.4050; Devreese 1945, 193 D3 Salamias L Salamiye Honigmann II.402 C2 Sekla L Bsaqla Feissel 1980, 331-32; 1982, 333-34 B2 Seleukobelos? RL Jisr es-Shoghour Balty 1982, 287-89; 1982a, 68-69 B4 Semaqiyat R IGLSyr 5.2676 C2 Seremyn L Sermin Feissel 1982, 325-28 C2 Sergilla RL Butler 1920, 113-33 Sergioupolis = Resafa E3 Seriane? RL Isriye Dussaud 1927, 273; RE; Gogräfe 1993 C2 Sigata L Sighata Feissel 1980, 342 B2 Sigon? H Sahyoun Rey-Coquais 1974, 73 B4 Simyra? HRL Tell Kazel Rey-Coquais 1974, 287 index; Sader 1990; DCPP Kazel, Tell; Badre 1994, 353-56 B4 ? RL Chin Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 105-108 Sizara = Larissa F2 Skenitai HR Strabo 16.2.11 G2 Soura R?L Sourriya Ulbert 1989, 286-88 D2 Stabl Antar R?L Butler 1920, 63-64; Mouterde 1945, 174-75 Strata Diocletiana See Roads 1048 MAP 68 SYRIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

F4 Tahun el-Masek R Schlumberger 1951, 48-50, 86-88 C2 Taroutia Emporon L Taroutin et-Tuggar Butler 1920, 71-83; Feissel 1991, 299-300 (Kerratin) B4 Tell Sarin L IGLSyr 7.4053; Devreese 1945, 193 A3 Tell Soukas/ A/ Rey-Coquais 1974, 82-83; PECS; Pelleta? RL Riis 1988, 321-22 C2 *Telmenissos/ RL/ Tell Menis Honigmann II.459; BE 1989.874; Maratomyrton? L Feissel 1991 G2 Tetrapyrgium L Qseir es-Seile Poidebard 1934, 83; Ulbert 1989, 288 Thadamora = Palmyra D3 Theleda R Tell 'Ade Dussaud 1927, 255 A2 Theodorias L district E Laodicea Rey-Coquais 1974, 121 Theodoroupolis = Anasartha A5 Theou Prosopon/ HRL/ Ras LEB Polyb. 5.68.8; Honigmann II.462b Lithoprosopon Pr. L Thronos M. = Antikasion M. A5 Trieres HRL el Heri LEB Polyb. 5.68.8; RE 2 C5 (Tri)Paradeisos HR Jusiye? Dussaud 1927, 112 A5 Tripolis CHRL Tarabulus / Tripoli LEB DCPP

F5 Veriaraca R?L Khan el-Hallabat NotDig 32.34; CIL 3.14177.4; §Beriarac Kennedy 1990, 203-204

B5 Yaat R LEB Krencker 1938, 156-57 B5 Yammune R LEB Krencker 1938, 38-39 A5 Yanuh R LEB Krencker 1938, 35-37

G2 Zacchaeus?, Mon. L Tell Bi'a Krebernik 1991 E2 Zebed L Mouterde 1945, 162-68; Tchalenko 1990, 231 B2 Zophea L Sfuhun Feissel 1982, 336

Aqueduct

Grid Location Period Reference

E5 W Harbaqa R Poidebard 1934, 55, 171, 187, pl. XXXI

Bridges

Grid Location Period Reference

A3 Paltos R? Riis 1988, 318-21 B2 Derkoush R? Mouterde 1945, 27-28 B2 Seleukobelos? R? Mouterde 1945, 27-28 B3 Asharne R?L? Mouterde 1945, 29 G2 Soura L? Ulbert 1989, 286

Canal

Grid Location Period Reference

G2 S Nicephorium Lauffray 1983 MAP 68 SYRIA 1049

Centuriation

Grid Location Period Reference

A2 around Laodicea H?R? Dodinet 1994; Tate 1994 C2 N Kapernagatha R Tate 1992; 1994 C4 NE (H)Emesa R PECS 302

Dams

Grid Location Period Reference

C4 SW (H)Emesa H? Calvet 1992, 27-39; Gatier 1996, 434 E5 SW Harbaqa R Poidebard 1934, 55, 171, 187, pl. XXXI

Passes

Grid Location Period Reference

B2 W Seleukobelos? H?RL RE Syria, cols. 1655-56; Balty 1982a, 73 E4 at Khirbet el-Bilaas R? Schlumberger 1939, 41-73; Balty 1982a, 50-51

Roads

Grid Name / Itinerary Period Reference

E5 Strata Diocletiana RL Dussaud 1927, 266; Dunand 1931; Bauzou 1989; 1993

(H)Emesa → Palmyra RL Thomsen 1917, 25-26 (nos. 37-38); Mouterde 1945, 60 along Diokleion M. R?L? Besançon 1995 Anasartha → Seriane? R?L Mouterde 1945 Apamea → Amathe → (H)Emesa → Laodicea ad H?RL IGLS 5.2672-75, 6.2900; RE Libanum → Libo Syria, cols. 1662-63, 1676-77 Apamea → Occaraba → Palmyra RL ItMiller 826-27; Schlumberger 1939, 67; Mouterde 1945, 41-60; RE Syria, cols. 1672-73 Apamea → Raphaneai → Orthosia RL ItMiller 822-23; Dussaud 1927, 93; Mouterde 1945, 29-31; RE Syria, cols. 1673-74; Rey-Coquais 1974, 89 Aueria → ‘Danova’ → Map 69 RL ItAnt 196-97; Bauzou 1985, 139 Chalcis ad Belum → Androna → Seriane? RL Mouterde 1945, 1-63; RE Syria, col. 1677 Chalcis ad Belum → Epiphaneia → (H)Emesa H?RL RE Syria, cols. 1677-78 Chalcis ad Belum → Nikertai → Apamea H?RL RE Syria, cols. 1677-78 Chalcis ad Belum→ Anasartha → Barbalissus RL Mouterde 1945, 136; Gatier 1995 Map 67 → Barbalissus → Soura → E RL RE Syria, cols. 1663-66 Map 67 → Derkoush → Seleukobelos? → Apamea H?RL Mouterde, 1945, 26-29 Map 67 → Derkoush → Seleukobelos? → Laodicea H?RL RE Syria, cols. 1653-56; Rey-Coquais 1974, 70-77 Map 67 → Laodicea (2 routes) →Orthosia → Byblos → H?RL RE Syria, cols. 1654-55; 1669-70; Map 69 Rey-Coquais 1974, 70-80 1050 MAP 68 SYRIA

Grid Name / Itinerary Period Reference

Map 69 → Byblos → Arca RL Goodchild 1949 Map 69 → *Cara→Palmyra RL ItMiller 815-16; Dussaud 1927, 264 Palmyra → E R?L Mouterde 1931; Gawlikowski 1983 Palmyra → Jiffa → SE RL Poidebard 1934, 108 (pl. CIII); Gawlikowski 1983 Palmyra → Soura RL ItMiller 815; AE 1933.205 Seriane? → Resafa RL Mouterde 1945, 138-40 Seriane? → Salamias [→ (H)Emesa] RL Mouterde 1945, 140-43; RE Syria, cols. 1677-78 Soura → Nicephorium → Map 67 RL Gawlikowski 1988; Ulbert 1989 Soura → Resafa → Oriza → Palmyra RL RE Syria, cols. 1666-68, 1679-80; Bauzou, 1989; 1993

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Aegyption Teichos HR N Bekaa Strabo 16.2.19; Ghadban 1981, 166-67 Agrippias L distinct from Europos? Honigmann 1925, 75, 83 Anastasia L Qalaat Jaber? GCyp 905H HR? chora of Apamea Strabo 16.2.10 Arra R Mas'eran? Maaret en-Numan? RE Syria, cols. 1676-77

Bachaias L RE Syria, col. 1655 Basiliscum mutatio L S R. Nahr el-Kebir ? Rey-Coquais 1974, 89 Bethmisona L in Jebel Zawiye? Mundell Mango 1986, 228-30

Capareas R Kafer Ra'a? Tell Mure? RE Syria, cols. 1676-77; Mouterde 1945, 45 Cattelas RL Dussaud 1927, 153; RE Syria, col. 1655 Centum Putea R Khirbet Ramadan? Mouterde 1945, 48-57 Hweisis? Bir Jihar? Charadrus/ RL Kara Douran? Dussaud 1927, 421-22 Chaladropolis Charybdis R chasm of R. Orontes, near Bernard 1995, 360 Derkoush or Shaizar?

Demetrias L S Raphaneai Rey-Coquais 1974, 88, 113-14 Derrima R Honigmann I.159 Diospolis? HRL Burdj es-Sleib? Dussaud 1927, 415-17; Seyrig 1949, 69-70, 399-400; Leriche 1989, 273-75

Gabeni R people of Ghab valley? Dussaud 1927, 195-96

Hylatae R people of R. Huleh, W Dussaud 1927, 196; Jones 1971, 263 Epiphaneia?

Iougaton L chora of Apamea Dussaud 1927, 203

Kapranana L chora of Apamea Feissel 1982, 332-33 Kasianoi HR? chora of Apamea Strabo 16.2.10

Lykos fl. HR N R. Nahr el-Kebir? Rey-Coquais 1974, 74

Mammisea R tetrarchy Balty 1982a, 48 Mediana/ L chora of Apamea Feissel 1980, 330 Meziana Megara HR? chora of Apamea Strabo 16.2.10

Niaccaba R between Antiochia and Apamea RE Syria, col. 1662 Nogea L chora of Apamea Honigmann II.332; Feissel 1982, 324 MAP 68 SYRIA 1051

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Oraga L chora of Apamea Feissel 1982, 328-32

Pasieria R between Laodicea and Posideion Seyrig 1949, 70 Phela L in Jebel Zawiye? Mundell Mango 1986, 231-36 Phisorou L chora of Antiochia Feissel 1980, 332-33

Rambaioi HR Strabo 16.2.10

Saltatha RL Sadad? NotDig Or. 32.20; Dussaud 1927, 269 Sascha L in territory of Epiphaneia Feissel 1980, 332 Sinna HR Strabo 16.2.18; Dussaud 1927, 88-89 ‘Skenarchia’ L district near Resafa? HierSyn 713.8 Spelounka R Ptol. 5.14.13; Honigmann II.432 Spiclin mutatio L Tabbet el-Hammam? Rey-Coquais 1974, 89

Thapsacus CHRL not between R. Sadjour and Gawlikowski 1996 R. Khabour Thorax L Syria Secunda Honigmann II.464 *Tigranucometae R Balty 1982a, 48 Tripolis Phoinikon C near Ras Shamra? Rey-Coquais 1974, 77-78

Zenodotion RL near Nicephorium Jones 1971, 217; RE

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