Map 68 Syria Compiled by J.P. Brown (south) and P.-L. Gatier, 1997 Introduction The map is divided into three geographic regions from west to east: the mountainous Jebel Ansariyeh between the coast and the R. Orontes valley; the so-called Limestone Massif of rocky hills and plateaus, ending to the south in the Jebel Zawiye; and the eastern steppe of basalt and limestone which turns to mountains, especially north of Palmyra. The Jebel Ansariyeh remains little known archaeologically. It was probably more heavily forested in antiquity than today, although to what extent remains unclear (Rey-Coquais 1974, 69). The Limestone Massif, divided between Antiochia (Map 67 C4) and Apamea, is crowded with many ruined villages, mostly built during Late Antiquity (fourth to sixth centuries). Here and in the adjoining parts of the steppe, extensive archaeological exploration started at the end of the nineteenth century (de Vogüe 1865; Butler 1903; 1907; Lassus 1935; Tchalenko 1953; Tate 1992). Except around Palmyra (Schlumberger 1951), less work was done in the more eastern parts of the steppe. New surveys have recently begun in this zone (Geyer 1998). Poidebard (1934) and Mouterde (1945) did pioneering research in aerial archaeology, surveying the eastern steppe. Unfortunately their work was not followed up with adequate ground survey and excavation. Thus many of their conclusions have been questioned, especially their proposed dating of the structures they discovered, and the nature of the complex network of roads they identified. Some sites that they identified as Roman forts, for example, have subsequently been dated to the pre-classical or Islamic periods (Kennedy 1990). On the issue of roads, see Thomsen 1917; Bauzou 1989; 1993. The main changes in natural features are water-related. Several dams have been built recently on the R. Euphrates (Tabqa), Orontes (Restan) and other smaller streams, creating reservoirs or lakes. Equally, modern drainage and irrigation have led to the disappearance of swamp areas (Orontes valley and coastal plains) and a reduction in the size of several lakes (Jabboul in E1, Lake of Homs in C4). See Calvet (1992) and Besançon (1995). The ancient dam of the Lake of Homs is hard to date (Roman, according to Seyrig 1959; or earlier, Calvet 1992; Gatier 1996). The supposed long aqueduct from Salamias to Apamea seems very questionable (Geyer 1998). Numerous water channels and qanats were created for agricultural purposes around Salamias and in the region between Jabboul Lake and the Palmyrene mountains (Geyer 1998); most were either made, or restored, in Late Antiquity. Canals for irrigation or transport, or both, are attested in the Euphrates valley (Lauffray 1983). Recent research has identified scattered traces of Hellenistic-Roman centuriation around (H)Emesa, Laodicea and Epiphaneia, as well as in the northern Jebel Zawiye, but many conclusions remain tentative (Dodinet 1990; 1994; Tate 1992, 235; 1994). Much attention has focused on the monasteries known from lists in Syriac sources of the sixth century A.D. The majority are situated in the Limestone Massif (see among others, Caquot in Tchalenko 1953 III; Mundell Mango 1983). South A unique feature of the map (extending into the northern part of Map 69) is the sole epigraphic documentation of a forest from classical antiquity. At some date under the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), two of his procurators, C. Umbrius and Q. Vettius Rufus, marked out the boundaries of the imperial forest in the Mount Lebanon range (no doubt including many stands of the cedar, Cedrus Libani) with the words IMP. HAD. AUG. DEFINITIO SILVARUM. Today their inscriptions stand in the living rock in the midst of barren, sun-baked shale. In 1969-70 Jean-François Breton, in dangerous political conditions, reviewed and republished them (Breton 1980); but he was MAP 68 SYRIA 1043 unable to visit the northern Lebanon. The lines marked on the map follow the placement of the inscriptions, and offer an approximate lower boundary for the forest as it then existed. Within it stand three of the many Roman temples of Lebanon and Antilebanon, described by Krencker (1938). Along the Phoenician coast are the city of Byblos and the later one of Tripolis (although its Greek name predates Alexander). In the desert far to the east stands the caravan city of Palmyra, which for a brief period in the third century A.D. dared to rival Rome. To the south, it was linked to Damascus along a route marked by Roman forts and milestones, the Strata Diocletiana (Dunand 1931); to the northeast, a route attested by TabPeut continued to Soura. The map also marks a route northwest to Apamea (its course very doubtful, but attested by TabPeut), and another poorly attested one west to (H)Emesa. By its very nature the caravan route to the R. Euphrates is likely to have fluctuated considerably, and cannot be marked, despite the frequent mention of it in many Greco-Aramaic inscriptions from Palmyra. The road from Heliopolis (modern Baalbek, Map 69 D1) north to (H)Emesa must surely have been connected to the coastal route in the valley of the R. Eleutheros (Nahr el-Kebir); but only a solitary milestone at modern Semaqiyat attests to it. The great Crusader fortress Krak des Chevaliers (modern Qal'at al-Husn) appears only as the conjectural site of the road-station ‘Carion.’ Directory All place names are in Syria unless otherwise noted Abbreviations DCPP E. Lipiński (ed.), Dictionnaire de la civilization phénicienne et punique, Turnhout, 1992 Honigmann I-II E. Honigmann, “Historische Topographie von Nordsyrien im Altertum,” I: ZDPV 46 (1923) 149-93; II: ZDPV 47 (1924) 1-64 P.Cair.Zen. C.C. Edgar (ed.), Zenon Papyri, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, 5 vols., Cairo, 1925-1940 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference F3 Acadama L Qdeym Dussaud 1927, 275; Mouterde 1945, 109-26 G4 Adada? RL Sukhneh; cf. Map 91 Qasr Dussaud 1927, 274; Kennedy 1990, 143-44 al-Hayr al-Sharqi C2 *Adana L southernmost Dana Butler 1920, 138-42; Feissel 1980, 329-30 A5 Adonis fl. RL Nahr Ibrahim LEB RE; Honigmann I.15b E5 al-Basiri R Poidebard 1934, 47, pl. XXX C3 Amathe/ C?HRL Hama Ploug 1985, 45-46; NPauly Amathe 2; Epiphaneia NPauly Epiphaneia 2 E2 Ammattha RL Hammam Dussaud 1927, 276; Mouterde 1945, 85-86 F3 Amsareddi R?L Mouterde 1945, 106-109 B2 Amykes Pedion H Polyb. 5.59.10 A5 Amyun R LEB Taylor 1969, 112 D2 Anasartha/ R?L/ Hanaser Honigmann I.37, 158; Mouterde 1945, Theodoroupolis L 67-68 Anatha = Aracha D2 Androna/ L/ el-Anderin Butler 1920, 47-63; BE 1990.934 Andarna L A4 Antarados/ RL/ Tartous Rey-Coquais 1974, 49, 119, 196 Constantia L A2 Antikasion/ R/ Kara Douran Dağ Dussaud 1927, 421 Thronos M. L B5 Antilibanus M. CHRL Jebel esh-Sherqi LEB / NPauly Antilibanos SYR Apamea=Pella 1044 MAP 68 SYRIA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B2 Apameitis Limne HRL Behiret et-Taqa Honigmann I.53; Bernard 1995 A5 Aphrodite Aphakitis, T. RL temple and spring at Afqa Krencker 1938, 56-64 § Aphaka LEB Honigmann I.54a; Brown 1969, 67-69 G4 Aracha/ RL/ Erek Honigmann I.57; Starcky 1962, 132-39; Anatha/ RL/ Bowersock 1973, 133 ‘Harae’ L A4 Arados CHRL Rouad Rey-Coquais 1974, 49; NPauly 1 B4 Arca/ RL/ Arqa LEB DCPP Arqa Herakleia en Phoinike/ H/ MacAdam 1993, 343 Caesarea ad Libanum R Honigmann I.69a; CIL 3.183 C4 Areth(o)usa HRL Restan Honigmann I.65 B3 Asharne R?L? Mouterde 1945, 29 F2 Athis/ RL Dibsi Faraj Harper 1980 Neocaesarea D5 Aueria/ R/ Hauwarin Honigmann I.174; Dussaud 1927, 280; Euareia R?L Devreese 1945, 205; IGLSyr 5.2696 B4 Bahluniye L IGLSyr 7.4054; Devreese 1945, 193 B4 Baitokaike R Hosn Soleiman CIG 3.4474; Rey-Coquais 1974, 272 index A3 Balanea/ RL Baniyas Rey-Coquais 1974, 49, 63, 196 Leukas C2 el-Bara L Tchalenko 1953 II, pl. 137-39 F2 Barbalissus R?L Balis, Meskene Ulbert 1989, 283-86 G2 Barbarikon L district near Resafa Honigmann I.96 B3 Bargylus/ HR Jebel Ansariye Rey-Coquais 1974, 61; Bernard 1995, 359 Emblonos M. A2 Barlaamus L Jebel el-Akra TKY Djobadze 1986, 1-56 D4 Betproclis L Furqlus NotDig Or. 32.12; Dussaud 1927, 270 F4 Bir Weshel R Schlumberger 1951, 46-48, 86 A5 Botrys HRL Batrun LEB DCPP Batroun; NPauly A4 Bruttus L al-Abde? LEB ItBurd 583.3; Dussaud 1927, 78 A5 Byblos C?HRL Jebeil LEB DCPP; NPauly 1 A5 Bziza R LEB Krencker 1938, 4-8 Caesarea ad Libanum = Arca Callinicum = Nicephorium C5 *Cara/ RL/ Qara ItMiller 816; IGLSyr 5.2709; ‘Cehere’/ L/ Dussaud 1927, 264-67; Chonacara? L Devreese 1945, 203 §Goaria R §Koara R Ptol. 5.14.19 B4 ‘Carion’ L Qal'at el-Husn? Rey-Coquais 1974, 85-88 A4 Carne/ HR Tell Qarnoun Rey-Coquais 1974, 65 Karnos A2 Cas(s)ius M. HRL Jebel el-Akra TKY Djobadze 1986, 3-6 ‘Cehere’ = *Cara C2 Chalcis ad Belum HRL 'Is, Qinnesrin Mouterde 1945, 4-9; Fourdrin, 1994 § Chalkidike HR Honigmann I.135 § Chalcidena C2 *Chasa L Hass Feissel 1980, 336 G3 Cholle RL Khoulle Honigmann I.143; Dussaud 1927, 253 Chonacara? = *Cara B3 Chrysorroas fl. R Nahr Baniyas Honigmann I.93; Rey-Coquais 1974, 65 B5 Conna R Ras Baalbek LEB ItAnt 199.8; Dussaud 1927, 396-97 Constantia = Antarados E5 Cunna? RL Khan el-Qattar NotDig Oc. 32.35; Kennedy 1990, 204-205 G2 Dausara RL Qalaat Jaber Dillemann 1962, 109; Lauffray 1983, 55 D5 ‘Danova’ L Mehin? ItMiller 816; Dussaud 1927, 264-65; Devreese 1945, 203 C5 Deleda L Hasya? ItMiller 826; Dussaud 1927, 278 B2 Derkoush H?R? Dussaud 1927, 163-64 MAP 68 SYRIA 1045 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B3 Diokleion M.