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Radicales Norteamericanos En Los Afios Treinta Y Su Vision De Mexico"

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Radicales Norteamericanos En Los Afios Treinta Y Su Vision De Mexico Secuencia (1991), 21, septiembre-diciembre, 95-116 ISSN: 0186-0348, ISSN electrónico: 2395-8464 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18234/secuencia.v0i21.359 Viejos gringos: radicales norteamericanos en los afios treinta y su vision de Mexico" Mauricio Tenorio STANFORD UNIVERSITY -Im EI autor estudia el contexto hist6rico, especfficamente el - norteamericano, en que se formaron y realizaron su obra Joseph Freeman y Frank Tannenbaum. n 1920 George de Santayana en na": la naci6n sin ancien regime, liberal, - Character and opinion in the dernocratica, excepcional, individualista, E United States dejo dicho: la de la etica protestante y el espiritu pragmatico. Sin embargo, para los afios treinta, la depresi6n puso en duda el Idealism in the american. .. goes hand in hand with present contentment and with "excelente destine" de la naci6n ameri- foresight of what the future very likely will cana. Entonces, la ciudad de Nueva York actually bring. He is not a revolucionist; he fue uno de los escenarios donde el believes he is already in the right track and idealismo que senalara Santayana fue moving toward an excellent destiny ... cuestionado por la union de dos formas de radicalismo: por un lado, la tradici6n De esta forma, Santayana condensaba populista norteamericana, de s6lidas rai- la esencia de la "tradici6n norteamerica- ces rurales pero con expresiones urba- nas: por otro, el radicalismo socialista. • Versiones de este ensayo fueron leidas por Los intelectuales de Nueva York, has- Ariel Rodriguez, John Lear, Juan Martinez, Ariel y David Brading. A ellos agradezco .sus lecturas, ta antes del surgirniento de la new left en , comentarios y desacuerdos. De todo lo de aqui los afios sesenta, fueron considerados el culpa rnia. radical momentum por excelencia de la SECOENClfi Revistadehistorjaycienciassociales historia norteamericana. Una de las ex- do, dentro de la misma presunci6n del presiones de este momento fue el excepcionalismo. redescubrimiento de Mexico. Una vision El redescubrimiento de Mexico es in- norteamericana diferente de las aproxi- separable del proceso norteamericano de maciones hist6ricas tradicionales -por autoconocimiento que fuera encabezado ejemplo, Bancroft y Presscott- y de las por la perspectiva ilustrada del norte. Esta opiniones mas o menos turisticas de via- vision desarroll6 gradualmence la idea de jeros norteamericanos. la "primera naci6n nueva", excepcional -en En general, las variaciones de perspec- ambos sentidos: (mica y ejemplar-, liberal tiva responden mucho mas a cambios en y democratica. Todos estos atributos el ojo que ve queen el objeto observado. contrastaban con la noci6n de un sur Este ensayo considera el redescubrimiento agricola, atrasado, corrupto y populista. de Mexico como resultado de varies fe- Durante la crisis de los afios treinta, las n6menos norteamericanos. de la respuesta visiones casi oficiales, progresista-consen- - incelectual a la depresi6n, de la construe- suales, fueron seriamente cuestionadas - ci6n modema del concepto de "tradici6n tanto en el norte como en lo que el histo- americana", y del proceso de profesiona- riador surefio C. Vann Woodward llam6 el - lizaci6n y academizaci6n del conocimien- "nuevo sur", Las interpretaciones de fines to en Estados Unidos.1 del siglo XIX hablaban de unsur despojado Si bien la vision norteamericana de de su tradici6n populista, agraria, cornu- Mexico dice algo de la realidad mexica- nitaria y jeffersoniana en favor de un na, mas habla sobre la propia realidad industrialismo y maquinismo a ultranza: politico-intelectual de Estados Unidos. un modernismo hamiltoniano. Vann Por ello, el redescubrimiento de Mexico Woodward, el mas distinguido academico en los anos treinta sirve como foco de de la historia surefia, en los afios sesenta al analisis para entender el fracaso del so- revisar su obra anterior, afirm6 que cialismo marxista en la inteligencia nor- teamericana y la existencia de un radica- .. .lonecesario era un tema enhistoria surefia - lismo tan de suyo norteamericano como y los medios para escribirlo de tal manera su supuesto excepcionalismo liberal; ra- que expusiera lo que parecian ser las dicalismo que fue asumido, quiza sumi- falacias, omisiones y largos silencios que caracterizaron a la escuela del "nuevo sur". 2 1 El trabajo de Eugenia Meyer, uno de los pocos estudios mexicanos sobre la perspectiva norteame- El revisionismo historico-politico de los ricana, sostiene opini6n contraria. Parece ser que anos treinta volte6 la vista hacia el sur de para la autora los cambios en Mexico son los que Estados Unidos y, por aiiadidura, a Mexi- explican los cambios de vision norteamericana. La co. Caminos que mutuamente se nutren: aurora no pone suficiente enfasis en el anallsis de las condiciones domesticas (politicas e intelectua- porun lado, pensadores que observaron a les) que condicionan las visiones norteamericanas. Por ello, por ejemplo, pierde de vista el porque 2 C. V. Woodward considera como caracter1stica Tannenbaum menosprecia el desarrollo industrial de la escuela historiograflca del nuevo sur "[ ... ]la para Mexico (no vela importancia de la influencia unidad de todos los blancos a traves de la hlstoria populista en esto) (vease Meyer, Conciencia bis­ ( ... ] el tema central de la superioridad blanca, la torica, 1970, pp. 147-156). Sobre la noci6n de negaci6n o el olvido de conflictos entre clases, "creaci6n" dela "tradici6namericana" vease Strout, razas y secciones, y el acornpanarniento coral de Making, 1990, pp. 1-8. Sobre el "camino de dos progreso, prosperidad, conservadurismo politico y vias" intelectual entre Estados Unidos y Mexico, reconciliaci6n nacional", Woodward, Thinking vease Brown "Exuberancia", 1968. back, 1988, p. 28. Mexico influenciados por sus visiones del to del socialismo norteamericano -mas o sur norteamericano, ya veces en busca de menos marxista-en los afios treinta.6 Para modelos revolucionarios; por otro, politi- ello, primero, tomo como base de analisis cos e intelectuales mexicanos que se ladudadde Nueva Yorkyel casoespecifico apoyaron en esas visiones para elaborar de dos intelectuales neoyorquinos que se SUS. propias explicaciones de la epoca interesaron por Mexico en esos afios: posrevolucionaria que no acababan de Joseph Freeman (1897-1965) y Frank 3 entender, asi como sus discursos ofidales. Tannenbaum (1893-1969).7 En segundo A su vez, los historiadores norteamerica- lugar, propongo una vision del desarrollo nos de tradici6n radical, que escribieron hist6rico del populismo y del socialismo historias de Mexico,fueron posteriormente norteamericanos, como tendencias politi- utilizados coma modelos dentro de un co-intelectuales, interpretaci6n que se Diii nuevo momenta revisionista y radical de deriva del analisis de la obra de los dos la historiografianorteamericana en los anos autores mencionados. Finalmente, expli- sesenta.4 co la sue rte que corrieron estas tendencias El redescubrimiento de Mexico en los radicales que redescubrieron Mexico. - afios treinta fue el resultado hist6rico de la combinaci6n de varios factores, circuns- - tancias y tendencias. Entre estos factores I. FREEMAN Y TANNENBAUM quiero detenerme en dos claramente visi- bles: la influencia y transformaci6n del po- Democracy!As though volcanoes ought know of democratic be- pulismo norteamericano,5 y el crecimien- havior. .. (p. 41) My admiration goes to the 3 Desde la visi6n.mercantilista de varios artistas US, for its many notable mexicanos que vieron en ello la oportunidad de achievements, its conquest over internacionalizarse, hasta el uso de los estudios nature rather than over man. But norteamericanos sobre Mexico para la construe- much of my love and hope goes ci6n de la historiografia oficial (como hiciera la out to the Latin World ... (p. 361) historiografia cardenista de los trabajos de Tannen- Carleton Beals (Mexican baum, lo cual no merma los rneritos de los estudios Maze, 1931). - de este ultimo). 4 Pienso, por ejemplo, en la influencia que F. inmigrantes esto nose haya mezclado con las ideas Tannenbaum tuviera en libros tan trascendentales del populismo ruso y!o de] anarco-sindicalismo. en la historiografia norteamericana como Genovese, Entendido asi, el populismo rebasa los limites agra- Political economy, 1965. rios y las posibilidades de una defmici6n purista, s Este ensayo no apunta hacia un debate te6rico vease el trabajo de Conovan, Populism, 1981. sobre el populismo. El populismo ruso (agrario- 6 Es necesario, sin embargo, aclarar que este intelectual) constituye el prototlpo de populismo, y redescubrimiento se dio en dos areas inseparables aunque la comparaci6n sin duda resultaria intere- en su momenta historico: el arte y el analisls socio- sante, este trabajo toma la noci6n de populismo cultural. Pongo aqui especial enfasis en este ultimo norteamericano, primero, como un fen6meno his- campo, sin dejar de reconocer lo fructifero que t6rico (el movirnlento del Partido del Pueblo), y seria abordar el tema desde el carnpo de! arte. luego como, a la manera de Wiles, un "slndrome" 7 Carleton Beals, sin duda, seria el otro autor mas que como una doctrina definida ("sindrome" norteamericano de tradici6n populista que trat6 cuyo contenido esencial es la idea general de que con detalle el caso de Mexico. Sin embargo, intento " ... virtue resides in the simple people, who are the tan s6lo centrarme en la ciudad de Nueva York y su , ooeruielming majority, and in their collective especial desarrollo intelectual, sin que ello quiera tradition ... "). A lo largo de este ensayo se propo- restar importancia a la
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