University of Cincinnati

UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Survey of Choral Music By Selected Twentieth - Century Korean Composers A thesis submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts in Choral Conducting in the College-Conservatory of Music Committee Chair – Dr. John Leman 2005 by Young Ju Choi B.M., Chung Ang University, Seoul, 1981 M.M., University of Cincinnati, 1990 M.M., Univercity of Cincinnati, 1995 i Abstract My thesis, “Survey of Choral Music by Selected Twentieth-Century Korean Composers,” will deal with the choral works by seven twentieth-century Korean composers: Byung-Chul Choi(B.1935), Byung-Dong Peik(Boo-Ki Chung's work “Jub Dong Bird" Boo-Ki Chung's work “Jub Dong Bird" In- Young La(B.1936), Young- Jo Lee(B.1943), Dong-Hoon Lee(B.1945), Jung-Sun Park(B.1945), Boo-Ki Chung(B.1954) and Sun-Kyo Lee(B.1960). These composers, well educated or trained in the styles and idioms of their native Korean musical tradition, all studied Western styles and procedures of composition in the United States or Europe, and combine in their works element Jung-Sun Park(B.1945), s of Korean and Western musical forms, styles, and procedures. Although Western music was introduced in Korea only about 120 years ago, it has developed rapidly. A survey of choral compositions by the seven composers selected will show the use of Korean traditional styles in their Western-inspired music. Following are the compositions included: Byung-Chul Choi(B.1935) Boo-Ki Chung's work “Jub-Dong Bird," In-Young La's “Ka Si Ri," Young-Jo Lee's work “Kyung," Jung-Sun Park(B.1945). The Conclusions Chapter summarizes the main characteristics of the choral music of each composer and provides some suggestions for further research, evaluation, and to make it better known. The format of the thesis is in two volumes: the first volume includes the content of the research and a catalogue of choral pieces by the selected composers; the second volume includes some music scores. ii iii Acknowledgements Let all the glory be with God who has led me to complete this thesis. I specially thank Professor and Dr. John Leman, who has taught me with heart and soul and patience. In addition, I thank Professor and Dr. Earl Rivers and Professor and Dr. Elmer Thomas for their great teaching and advice. I am also deeply grateful and special thanks to Dr. In-Gi Min for his dedicated assistance in this thesis. Finally, I thank my lovely wife Young-Mi and two sons for their encouragement, love, and patience which I know I cannot ever repay. iv Table of Contents Volume I vi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Summary of Korean Musical Development from the 4 middle of the Nineteenth Century to the Present. Chapter 3. Survey of Choral Music by Selected Korean Composers: Bung-Chol Choi 29 Byung-Dong Paik 34 In-Young La 44 Young-Jo Lee 55 Chung-Sun Park 62 Dong-Hoon Lee 74 Boo-Ki Chung 83 Chapter 4. Conclusions 94 Bibliography 99 Appendix. Catalogue of Musical Works 102 v VOLUME I vi Introduction Korean choral music has a short history of about 60 years. It has developed rapidly and has produced a large amount of high quality choral music that has been influenced by both Korean traditional music and Christian music. Christian music is a crucial element of Korean choral music. At the end of the nineteenth century, in 1885, Horace G. Underwood of the Northern Presbyterian Church and Henry G. Appenzeller of the Northern Methodist were sent to Korea from the United States as missionaries. They spread hymns and established schools, hospitals and churches. This was the beginning of Western music in Korea. The Korean choral movement was realized from the development of Western music at that time. My thesis, “Survey of Choral Music by Selected Twentieth Century Korean Composers,” will deal with choral works by seven twentieth-century Korean composers: Byung-Chul Choi (b.1935), 1 In-Young La (b.1936), Byung-Dong Paik (b.1936), Young-Jo Lee (b.1943), Dong-Hoon Lee (b.1945), Jung-Sun Park (b.1945), and Boo- Ki Chung (b.1954). These composers, well-educated or trained in the styles and idioms of their native Korean musical tradition, all studied Western styles and procedures of composition in the United States or Europe, and combine in their work elements of Korean and Western musical forms, styles, and procedures. Although it has only been about 120 years since the introduction of Western music to Korea, it has developed rapidly. A survey of choral compositions by the selected seven composers will show the use of Korean traditional styles in their Western-inspired music. My thesis consists of two major sections. The first will deal with the history of Korean music and the ways in which Western musical ideas have been introduced to and adopted by modern Korean composers of choral music. The second section will deal with specific examples of choral works that show a combination of Korean and Western musical idioms. For each composer I shall provide a brief biography followed by a discussion of the 2 composer's choral work, stressing the ways in which Korean and Western styles are combined. The content of this investigation appears in two volumes. The first volume includes: a title page, acknowledgements, table of contents, four chapters containing the introduction, a summary of Korean musical development, a survey of choral music by selected Korean composers, and the conclusion. There follows the bibliography and a catalogue of choral music by the selected Korean composers. The second volume contains the examples of choral compositions studied in this survey. 3 Chapter 2 Summary of Korean Musical Development From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Present The choral movement in Korea began after the introduction of Western music in 1885. The first choral concert was performed by the Women's choir of E-Hwa Hakdang (presently known as E- Hwa Women's University) which was founded by American missionaries in 1909. At the concert they sang "Hallelujah" from Handel's Messiah, and it became the origin of the choral movement. 1 American missionaries had greatly influenced the Korean society in politics, culture, economics, and not to mention the choral movement as well. Since Western music which they introduced had a profound influence on the choral movement in 1 Young Jae Kim, A History of the Korean Church (Seoul, Korea: The Korean Society for Reformed Faith and Action, 1992), 51 4 Korea, I believe it is an important aspect and it will be explained in this chapter. During the mid-nineteenth century, the Americans prepared for missionary work in Korea. At that time, political circumstances in Korea were not peaceful and it was very unsettled due to external influences from countries surrounding Korea. By the end of 18th century, Catholic churches from France had already begun their mission work in Korea. The missionaries, however, had to go through deep sufferings and many of them became martyrs. About 800 Christians were killed and 12 out of 24 missionaries were killed due to their faith.2 Although there was serious oppression, Korea was forced to conclude amity and treaties of friendship with the United States of America in 1882, England, Germany, Italy and Russia in 1884, and France, Austria, Belgium and Denmark in 1886.3 The first missionary to Korea after the establishment of the Treaty of Friendship was Horace N. Allen, an American who 2 Ibid., 59 3 Ibid., 63 5 arrived on September 20, 1884. At that time, although there was a serious oppression for the Catholic Church, he came to Korea as a medical doctor of the American Consulate. With permission from the Korean king, he founded "Kwang-Hae Won", the first hospital in Korea, on February 25, 1885. Later, this hospital experienced great developments and became The Severance Memorial Hospital, which today is known as the YonSei University Hospital.4 Since the treaty of amity was concluded between Korea and United States, churches in America showed great interests for missionary work in Korea. Following the arrival of Allen, who was in Korea for medical services, Horace G. Underwood from the Presbyterian Church , and Henry G. Appenzeller and his wife from the Methodist Episcopal Church also entered Korea as missionaries on Apr. 5, 1885. Missionaries Dr. W. B. Scranton from the Methodist Church and Dr. John H. Heron from the Presbyterian Church also entered Korea.5 4 Ibid., 67 5 Yoo Sun Lee, A History of Western music in Korea (Seoul, Korea: Eun Ak Chun Cha Sa, 1985), 26 6 At first, they began with medical, educational and mission work. For educational work, Appenzeller introduced Western style education from the end of 1885, at Baejae Hakdang, which is called Baejae High School at present. Hakdang meant “school” in Korean at that time. Mrs. M. F. Scranton founded E-Hwa Hakdang and it became the present day E-Hwa Women’s University. In 1886, Underwood founded Kyongsin Hakdang and it is now known as Kyongsin High School.6 As missionaries founded schools throughout the nation, Koreans became enthusiastic about education and the number of schools in the country increased to 60 in 1910.7 As a result of missionaries establishing these schools, they included music as a subject.

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