Projects Office, Carson City. (Report # NAOO21). [Overview of Native American concerns about ·the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository to be sited at Yucca Mountain, NY. Includes data on Timbisha Shoshone socio-economic status, risk perceptions, and other concerns.]

Fowler, ·Catherine S., Maribeth Hamby and Mary Rusco 1987 Native American Studies (Appendix A.5.4) Yucca Mountain Socioeconomic Project, First Year Socioeconomic Progress Report. Nevada Nuclear Waste Projects Office, Carson City. (Report #NAOO(1). [preliminary field data for Nye County and eastern Inyo County (including Death Valley); establishes Native American populations within the area, their history, culture, and socio-economic status.]

Gabb, William M. 1867 Vocabulary of the Pah-Ute (Southwestern Nevada) and Shoshone (Southeastern Nevada). Unpublished MS No. 777. Bureau of American Ethnology Collection, National Anthropological Archives, Washington, D.C. [Comparative Vocabulary in Smithsonian Institution form (1863), for 211 works, but incomplete. Collected near Aurora, Nevada on border of California and Nevada "art] foot of Mts. c. Latitude 36°, recorded July 12, 1867. (Form 170)," Of the 211 terms, about 140 are given for Paiute, 46 for Shoshone. The lists seemingly represent Owens Valley and Panamint. File also includes copies by George Gibbs of each of the vocabularies: Paiute, 6 p., and Shoshone, 2 p. (formerly numbered 776 and 779 respectively).]

Gould, Richard A. 1963 Aboriginal California Burial and Cremation Practices. University of California Archeological Survey Reports, 63:149-168. Berkeley. [Survey includes data on Northern Paiute, Panamint, Chemehuevi, Atsugewi, Kawaiisu.]

Grosscup, Gordon L. 1977 Notes on Boundaries and Culture of the Panamint Shoshone and Owens Valley Paiute. Contributions of the -University of California Archaeological Research Facility 35:109-150. Berkeley. [Attempts to resolve conflicting boundary data and augment other ethnographic data with the then newly available data from C. Hart Merriam's fieldnotes. Includes comparison of Merriam's and J. Steward's place names; photos by Merriam.]

Hamby, Maribeth 1988 The Timbisha Shoshone and the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository. Report submitted to Cultural Resources Consultants, Ltd., for the Nevada Nuclear

205 Waste Projects Office, Carson City. (Report #NAOO26). [Socioeconomic status, sketch of culture history, concerns for construction of proposed high-level waste repository in southern Nevada.]

1988 Native Americans: Contemporary Socioeconomic Sketches, Esmeralda and Lincoln Counties, and Death Valley. Report submitted to Cultural Resources Consultants, Ltd., for the Nevada Nuclear Waste Projects Office, Carson City. (Report NNAOO(6). . [Review of culture history of Western Shoshone people in these three areas; also contemporary socio-economic sketches.]

Harrington, Mark R. 1937 Ancient Tribes of the Boulder Dam Country. Southwest Museum Leaflets 9:1- 28. Los Angeles. [Review of southern Nevada prehistory; historic occupations, including Southern Paiute, Chemehuevi, Walapai, Mohave and Panamint Shoshoni, with notes on their material culture and subsistence patterns.]

1950 "Little Devil So High. " Masterkey 24(5):170. Los Angeles. [panamint Shoshone'S interpretation of petroglyphs in Mt. Charleston area, southern Nevada.]

Heizer, Robert F. (Comp. and Ed.) 1966 Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes. C. Hart Merriam. University of California Archeological Survey Reports 68(pt. 1):1-166. Berkeley. [Selections from Merriam's unpublished notes on Northern Paiute, Owens Valley Paiute, Washo, Achomawi-Atsugewi, Panamint, Western Shoshone, Bannock, Gosiute.]

1979 Indian Names for Plants and Animals among Californian and other Western North American Tribes by C. Hart Merriam. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology. Ethnology and History 14. Socorro, NM. [panamint Shoshone lists recorded at Panamint Valley, Waukova, Olancha, Death Valley and Darwin, October 1902; November 1909; April 1931; April 1932. Unfortunately, all merged.]

Henshaw, H. M. '. 1883 Panamint Vocabulary. Unpublished MS No. 786, Bureau of American Ethnology Collection, National Anthropological Archives, Washington, D.C. 154 pp. [Vocabulary collected at Darwin, California, in Powell's "Introduction to the Study of Indian Languages" (1880) schedule; partially fllled, with a few ethnographic notes added.]

206 Herron John G. 1981 Death Valley Ethnohistorical Study of the Timbisha Band of Shoshone Indians. Cultural Anthropologist, Branch of History. Alaska/Pacific Northwest/Western Team. Denver Service Center. (September 1981) [preliminary document toward petition for federal recognition by the Timbisha tribe. Includes data on history of village at Furnace Creek.]

Hewes, Gordon W. 1952 Californian Flicker-Quill Headbands in the Light of an Ancient Colorado Cave Specimen. American Antiquity 18(2): 147-54. Salt Lake City. [Mantles Cave, Dinosaur National Monument; Basin occurrences from Culture Element Distribution lists, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Oregon and California. Includes note on Panamint use as well as Tiibatalabal, Northern Paiute, Washo.]

Hoffman, Walter J. 1896 The Menomini Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology. Annual Reports, 14th, Pt. 1:3-328. Washington. [See especially pp. 282-4 for description of arrow making by Panamint Shoshone, Southern Paiute, Walapai, Ute, Chemehuevi, Owens Valley Paiute; pp. 246, 287, for Mohave.]

Huey, Laurence M. 1938 Willie of Death Valley. Desert Magazine 1(10):22-3. EI Centro. [Shoshoni camped on Furnace Creek; photo of wickiUps.]

Hunt, Charles B. n.d. Trails and Travel in Death Valley National Monument. Unpublished MS, Death Valley National Monument, CA. [Includes considerable data on trails, including those supposedly attributed at least initially to Indian people.]

Irwin, Charles, ed. 1980 The Shoshone Indians of Inyo County, California: The Kerr Manuscript. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology. Ethnology and History 15. Socorro, NM. [Data collected in the 1930s by Mark Kerr, primarily in · Panamint and Saline valleys; includes notes on subsistence, material culture, mythology, other traditions; illustrations from collections of Eastern California Museum, Independence. ]

Kelly, Isabel T. 1932-33 Southern Paiute Field Notes. UnpUblished Ms in C. Fowler's possession. 1000 + pages, plus maps. [Basic ethnographic descriptions of all Southern Paiute groups, including the Las

207 Vegas and Chemehuevi neighbors of the Death Valley and Panamint Shoshone people; references to interactions between Southern Paiute and Panamint peoples.]

1934 Southern Paiute Bands. American Anthropologist 36(4):548-60. [Discusses the Death Valley Shoshone - Southern Paiute boundary in Ash Meadows.]

Kirk, Ruth E. 1952 Panamint Basketry - A Dying Art. Masterkey 26(3):76-86. Los Angeles. [Notes on manufacturing techniques, materials used, decoration, time required in production, etc.]

1953 Where Hungry Bill Once Lived. pesert Magazine 16(3): 15-8. E1 Centro. [Death Valley Shoshone; good picture of a Shoshone grass house.]

1960 Indians of the 'Land Afire.' Desert Magazine 23(7): 4-5. EI Centro. [panamint Indians of Death Valley, California.]

Kroeber, Alfred L. 1922 Elements of Culture in Native California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 13(8):259-328. Berkeley. [Comparison of cultural features for many California tribes, including Panamint Shoshone and adjacent groups.]

1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78. Washington. [Includes a section on the Koso or Panamint Shoshone that outlines subsistence, kinship, and ceremony. lllustrations from Lowie Museum collections.]

Lamb, Sydney 1958 Linguistic Prehistory in the Great Basin. International Journal of American Linguistics 24(2):95-100. [Includes the hypothesis of an origin for the Numic language branch in Death Valley.]

Lawbaugh, A. LaVielle 1950 Sacred Mountain of the Tribesmen. Desert Magazine 14(1): 18-21. Los Angeles. [Ceremonial stone rings, including at Black Mountain in E1 Paso Mountains; Mohave, Chemehuevi, Panamint interpretations.]

Leadingham, Grace 1963 Juliet Wells Brier, Heroine of Death Valley. Pacific Historian 7(4):171-8; 8 [1964] (1):13-20; 2:67-74; 3: 121-8. Stockton.

208 [Historical account with several references to Death Valley Indian people throughout. ]

Lee, Bourke 1930 Death Valley. The Macmillan Co., New York. [Not documented. See chapters 2 and 3, pp. 27-85 for much interesting data; however, Lee apparently considers Northern Paiute, Shoshone and Southern Paiute all under the heading of Paiute.]

1932 Death "alley Men: An Account of Death Valley Including Its Main Trails. Roads. and Perils. The Macmillan Co., New York. [p. vii, Paiute songs; p. 113, Forty Mile Canyon petroglyphs; other miscellaneous information; see comment on above reference by same author.]

Levy, Benjamin 1969 Death Valley National Monument: Historical Background Study. Unpublished Ms, prepared by the Department of History, NPS, Denver; Death Valley National Monument, CA. [Several references to Death Valley Indian personalities, including Hungry Bill, Tom Wilson, Panamint John.]

Lingenfelter, Richard E. 1986 Death Valley and The Amargosa: · A Land of I11usion. University of California Press, Berkeley. [Latest and most thorough compilation of historical documents and references, with analysis; contains numerous references to Indian people (Death Valley Shoshone and Ash Meadows Southern Paiute), especially in early chapters.]

McLaughlin, John E. 1987 A Phonology and Morphology of Panamint. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation in Linguistics, University of Kansas, Lawrence. [Based on work with a northern Death Valley - Beatty speaker, as well as a review of other data.]

Manly, William L. 1928 Death Valley and '49. Wallace Hebbard, New York. [Account of the ill-fated Manly party; little on Indian people.]

Mason, Otis T. 1904 Aboriginal American Basketry: Studies in a Textile Art Without Machinery. Report of the U.S. National Museum for the Year Ending June 30. 1902, pp. 1710548. Washington. [Contains a good section of Panamint basketry, including notes from C. Hart Merriam as to materials used for manufacture.]

209 Merriam, C. Hart 1893 The Death Valley Expedition. Government Printing Office, Washington. [Biological Survey, 1891; general summary volume.] n.d. Notes Accompanying Basket Collection. Unpublished Ms, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, in C. Fowler's possession. [Includes collection data, materials, designs, makers' names for baskets collected throughout Panamint Shoshone country.]

Merwin, B.W 1918 The Patty Stuart Jewett Collection. The Museum Journal. University of Pennsylvania 10(3-4):225-43. Philadelphia. [A collection of Panamint baskets.]

Miller, George 1919 A Trip to Death Valley. Historical Society of Southern California Annual Publications 9(2):56-64. [Includes descriptions of Death Valley Shoshone hunting blinds.]

Miller, Wick R. 1967 Uto-Aztecan Cognate Sets. University of California Publications in· Linguistics 48. Berkeley. [panamint comparative vocabulary items scattered among sets along with data from other Uto-Aztecan languages.]

Nelson, E. W. 1891 The Panamint and Saline Valley (Calif.) Indians. American Anthropologist 4(4):371-2. Menasha. [Data on camps observed in 1891 in both valleys, and the activities of inhabitants. ]

Peters, Christopher H. 1983 Land Acquisition and Needs Assessment for the Timba-Sha Shoshone Band of Indians. Peters, Matilton and Assoc., Eureka, Ca. [Based on field studies of the needs of the Timbisha Village people for a land base solution and economic development.]

Randle, M.C. 1953 A Shoshone Hand Gambling Song. Journal of American Folklore 66(260): 155-9. New York. [panamint Shoshoni, Southern Paiute.]

210 Ritter, Eric W. 1980 A Historic Aboriginal Structure and Its Associations, Panamint Mountains, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2(1):97-113. [Conical log structure described with comments from Panamint Shoshone, Owens Valley Paiute and other consultants.]

Sanchez, Peter G. 1973 Hunter Mountain Pinyon Nut Camp. Unpublished Ms on file, Death Valley National Monument, CA. [Report on a camp with standing structures.)

Sennett-Graham, Beth 1990 Basketry: A Clue to Panamint Shoshone Culture in the 20th. Century. Unpublished Master of Arts Thesis in Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno. [Ethnohistoric overview of Death Valley Shoshone, focussing particularly on their role in the construction of Scotty's Castle; extensive descriptions of the basketry collection at the Castle; heavily illustrated.]

Sennett -Walker, Beth 1985 Panamint Basketry of Scotty's Castle. Unpublished Ms., C. Fowler, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno. [preliminary draft of data on the basket collection.]

1991 Changing Times: Panamint Shoshone Response to White Development. In Proceedings. First Death Valley Conference on History and Prehistory. February 8-11. 1987, Richard Lingenfelter and James Pisarowicz, Eds., pp. 79-84. Death Valley Natural History Association, Death Valley, CA. [Historic changes in economy of Death Valley people, including employment in construction of Scotty's Castle.]

Slater, Eva 1985 Panamint Shoshone Basketry, 1920-1940. American Indian A~ Magazine 11(1):58-63, 75. [Account, with photographs, of a private collection of Panamint baskets being shown at the Bowers Museum; data on several makers; collection originally made at Lone Pine, CA.)

Spears, John R. 1892 Illustrated Sketches of Death Vaney and Other Borax Deserts of the Pacific Coast. Rand, McNalley & Co., Chicago. [Includes occasional references to Death Valley Indians.]

211 Starry, Robert M. 1980 Indian George - Most Famous Guide and Scout of the Panamint Tribe. True West (February):34-6;60-61. [Brief sketch of the activities of George Hanson.]

Stephens, Lorenzo D. 1916 Life Sketches of a Jayhawker of '49 as Told by Himself. Nolta Brothers, San Jose. [Death Valley route; Pinney-Savage party; Northern Paiute of Owens Valley; Death Valley Shoshoni.]

Steward, Julian H. 1937 Ethnological Reconnaissance Among the Desert Shoshoni. Exploration and Field Work. Smithsonian Institution in 1936:87-92. Washington. [Brief review of his itinerary of travel through Nevada, California, and Idaho, with comments on conditions of the people.]

1938 Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 120. Washington. [primary source on the camp locations and inhabitants for the whole of the Panamint and Death Valley areas; reconstruction of seasonal patterns, ceremonies, leadership.]

1941 Culture Element Distributions, XIII: Nevada Shoshone. University of California Anthropological Records 4(2):209-360. Berkeley. [Traits and features of culture listed for the whole of Nevada Shoshone territory, by group; includes two lists for Panamint Shoshone.]

1943 Some Western Shoshoni Myths. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 136, Anthropological Papers 31;249-99. Washington. [Northern Paiute, Panamint, Elko, Ash Meadows, Beatty, and Duck Valley Shoshoni, Gosiute tales.]

Thomas, David H., Lorann S.A. Pendleton, and Stephen C. Cappannari 1986 Western Shoshone. pp. 262-83 in Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 11 (Great Basin). William C. Sturtevant, Gen. Ed., Warren L. d' Azevedo, Vol. Ed. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. [General sketch of the whole of Western Shoshone territory, including culture and culture history.]

Train, Percy [Mrs.] 1941 Grapevine Canyon. Desert Magazine 4(12): 10. El Centro. [Shoshone occupation discussed.]

212 Wallace, William J, 1954 A Basket-Weaver's Kit from Death Valley. Masterkey 28(6):216-21. Los Angeles. [Cache of basket making materials from Mesquite Flat, Death Valley, found in wooden box (historic).]

1976 Hunting Blinds of the Death Valley Indians. Masterkey 50: 149-154. [Based on historic accounts.]

1978 The Chuckwalla: A Death Valley Indian Food. 1911rnal of California Anthropology 5(1): 109-113. [Review of data on use of chuckwalla, including capture by hooked stick; illustrated.]

1977 Death Valley National Monument's Prehistoric Past: An Archeological Overview. Unpublished Report on File, Western Archaeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, Tucson. [Overview of Monument's cultural resources; includes summary of ethnography, culture history; appendices on locations of ethnological collections; dates of archaeological surveys, excavations, and locations of collections.]

1980 Death Valley Indian Farming. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2(2):269-272. [Accounts principally of Hungry Bill's ranch from historic sources.]

Willoughby, Nona C. 1963 Division of Labor Among the Indians of California. University of California Archeological Survey Reports 63:7-79. Berkeley. [Summarizes data from various groups, including Panamint Shoshone.]

Zigmond, Maruice L. 1941 Ethnobotanical Studies Among California and Great Basin Shoshoneans. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven. [Includes some data on Panamint Shoshone interviewed.]

1981 Kawaiisu Ethnobotany. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. [Good comparative data from Kawaiisu on many of the same plants used by the Panamint people; a few Panamint notes.]

Archaeology and Prehistory

Again, Wallace (1977) has summarized the archaeological record for Death Valley National Monument very well to that date. Given that we will be concerned primarily with

213 the proto-historic and historic records for archaeology, no attempt has been made to be exhaustive in this category. Proto-historic and historic references are included where encountered, as well as some that are pertinent to a general overvie~.

Alberts, E. C. 1946 Preliminary Report on the Petroglyphs of Death Valley. Unpublished Ms., National Parks Service, Death Valley. [Not seen, but frequently cited.]

Clements, Lydia 1951 Indian Artifacts and Collecting Localities in Death Valley, California. Masterkey 25(4): 125-8. Los Angeles. [Reports site near Furnace Creek Ranch; materials recovered include clay figurines, historic items; also reports on petroglyphs.]

1953 The Indians of Death Valley. Hollycrafters, Hollywood. 23 pp. [Archaeology and ethnology briefly reviewed, largely from published sources.]

1954 A Preliminary Study of Some Pleistocene Cultures of the California Desert. Masterkey 28(5): 177-85. Los Angeles. [Materials from Death Valley area; scrapers, choppers, with locations offmds; Pinto and Little Lake finds discussed.] .

1956 Inferences Regarding the Ancient Habitation of Panamint Valley, California. Masterkey 30(6): 184-190. Los Angeles. [Concerned with chopper/scraper tools that mayor may not be early.]

1958 Pictographs Discovered in Death Valley, California. Masterkey 32(4): 108-9. Los Angeles. [Located in Hole-in-the-Wall Canyon.]

Clements, Thomas and Lydia Clements 1953 Evidence of Pleistocene Man in Death Valley, California. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 64: 1189-1204. Washington. [Again focusses on supposedly early finds.]

Davis, Emma Lou 1970 Archaeology of the North Basin of Panamint Valley, Inyo County, California. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers 15(3):83':'141. Carson City. [Survey includes full time sequence into proto-historic.]

214 Davis, Emma Lou and Sylvia Winslow 1965 Giant Ground Figures of the Prehistoric Deserts. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 109(1):8-21. Philadelphia. [Includes brief reference to those in Panamint Valley as well as south of Death Valley.]

Farmer, Malcolm F. 1937 An Obsidian Quarry Near Coso Hot Springs, California. Masterkey 11(1)7-9. Los Angeles. [South end of Coso Mountains, Inyo County 20 miles southeast of Owens Lake; blanks, chipping tools; Tiibatalabal, Shoshoni, Owens Valley Northern Paiute.]

Ferguson, C.W. and R.A. Wright 1962 Tree-Ring Dates for Cutting Activity at the Charcoal Kilns, Panamint Mountains, California. Tree-Ring Bulletin 24(1-2):3-9. Tucson. [Based on coring research.]

Grant, Campbell, J.W. Baird, and 1.K. Pringle 1968 Rock Drawings of the Coso Range, Inyo County, California. Maturango Museum Publications 4. China Lake, California. [Not seen.]

Harrington, Mark R. 1951 A Colossal QUarry. Masterkey 25(1):15-18. Los Angeles. [Located on Old Coso road, northeast of Little Lake, near Owens Valley, California; obsidian ledge and associated extensive workshop; tested.] .

Hegner 1932 Baskets from a Cave in Saline Valley, Inyo County, California. Masterkey 6(1):4. Los Angeles. [photo by Hegner; disposition unknown.]

1932 Petroglyphs near Coso Hot Springs, Inyo County, California. Masterkey 6(1):1. Los Angeles. [photo by Hegner, Los Angeles.]

Herskovitz, Robert M. 1975 Survey East of Scotty's Castle, DEVA. Unpublished Ms on File, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson. [Not seen, but may contain data on the historic Grapevine Canyon camps.]

Hillebrand, Timothy S. 1972 The Archaeology of the Coso Locality of the Northern Mojave Region of California. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Santa

215 Barbara. [Not seen, but may contain references to the ethnographic uses of Koso Hot Springs.]

Hilton, John W. 1945 Mystery of Jake Abrams' Lost Wagon. Desert Magazine 8(1): 19-20. Los Angeles. [petroglyphs in Death Valley noted.]

Hunt, Alice 1960 Archeology of the Death Valley Salt Pan, California. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 47. Salt Lake City. [Ceramics in Death Valley IV Sites include Lower Colorado River Bluff, Tizon Brown and Southern Paiute Brown wares, the latter probably Shoshone ware.]

Kritzman, George 1966 Excavation at Grapevine Canyon Rock Shelter No. 1 (Inyo-374), Death Valley National Monument, California. Unpublished Ms on file, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson. [Not seen.]

Lathrap, D. W. and C. W. Meighan 1951 An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Panamint Mountains. University of California Archeological Survey Reports 11 (paper 12): 11-32. Berkeley. [Owens Valley Paiute and Shoshoni; other affiliations.]

Leadabrand, Russ 1955 Day in Greenwater Canyon. Desert Magazine 18(10): 16-18. Palm Desert. [petroglyphs on eastern boundary of Death Valley National Monument.]

1956 Treasure Canyon of the Coso Ancients. Desert Magazine 19(2):26-8. Palm Desert. [petroglyphs, Inyo County, California.]

Meighan, Clement W.· 1953 The Coville Rock Shelter, Inyo County, California. University of California Anthropological Records 12(5). Berkeley. [Well controlled excavation to set basic regional chronology.]

Smith, Vernon 1944 Sheep Hunting Artists of Black Canyon Walls. Desert Magazine 7(5):5-7. Palm Desert. [petroglyphs in Black Canyon, Coso Mountains of California, near Lone Pine.]

216 Tagg, Martyn D. 1984 The Timba-Sha Survey and Boundary Fencing Project: Archeological Investigations at Death Valley National Monument. Western Archeological and Conservation Center. Publications in Anthropology 27. Tucson. [Results of a survey near Timbisha Village as well as another on the northern and northeastern boundaries of the Monument. Several sites with historic artifacts and Shoshone ceramics.]

Wallace, William J. 1957 A Clay Figurine from Death Valley National Monument, California. Masterkey 31(4):131-4. Los Angeles. [Old Crump Flat Rockshelter, Panamint Range; female figurine, unfired clay.]

1957 A Rock-Shelter Excavation in Death Valley National Monument. Masterkey 31(5): 144-54. Los Angeles. [Hole-in-the-RockShelter; Shoshoni Ware, Owens Valley Browri Ware, compared to Promontory Ware.]

1958 ArchaeologiCal Investigations in Death Valley National Monument 1952-1957. In "Current Views on Great Basin Archaeology, " pp. 7-22. University of California Archeological Survey Reports 42. Berkeley. [Chronology includes historic groups, Le., Owens Valley Paiute and Death Valley Shoshoni; Owens Valley Brown Ware recovered.]

1965 A Cache of Unfired Clay Objects from Death Valley, California. American Antiquity 30(4):434-41. Salt Lake City. [From Stovepipe Wells; persistence into 19th century of Anasazi trait; Shoshone.]

1977 [see citation under ethnography section, above.]

1977 A Half Century of Death Valley Archaeology. Journal of California Anthropology 4(3):249-258. [History of research and findings to date.]

1979 The Excavation of Two Rockshelters in Death Valley National Monument. Unpublished Report on File, Western Archaeological and Conservation Center, Tucson. [Not seen.]

Wallace, William J. and Edith S. Taylor 1955 Archaeology of Wildrose Canyon, Death Valley National Monument. American Antiquity 20(4):355-67. Salt Lake City. [prehistoric, protohistoric, historic occupations reviewed.]

217 1955 Early Man in Death Valley. Archaeology 8(2):88-92. Battleboro. [Principally earliest materials, with only brief mention of later sequences.]

1956 The- Surface Archaeology of Butte Valley, Death Valley National Monument. Contributions to California Archaeology l. Los Angeles. [Includes full range in sequences, but primarily early materials.]

1959 A Preceramic Site at Saratoga-Springs, Death Valley National Monument, California. Contributions to California Archaeology 3(2):1-13. Los Angeles. [Site of more antiquity than protohistoric.]

Wallace, William J. and Edith T. Wallace 1978 Ancient Peoples and Cultures of Death Valley National Monument. Acoma Books, Ramona, CA. [General overview of archaeology and ethnography of Death Valley area written in popular style.]

Wallace,William I., Alice P. Hunt and I. Peter Redwine 1959 An Investigation of Some Stone Mounds in Death Valley National Monument. Contributions of California Archaeology 3(pt. 1): 1-1l. Los Angeles. [possible function in cremation noted.]

Wellman, Klaus F. 1979 A Quantitative Analysis of Superimpositions in the Rock Art of the Coso Range, California. American Antiquity 44(3):546-556. [Attempts to provide relative chronology for styles of rock art based on superimpositions. ]

Natural Riston' and Natural Resources

The following references represent a preliminary effort to gather major published materials on Death Valley's natural history and natural resources toward the historic land use study. Unpublished sources, including several in the Monument's library, have not been included due to lack of time to review them. Of major historical importance is the Death Valley Expedition of 1891, as it provided baseline data (although the area covered was not limited to Death Valley). Several of the other references cited here are either first attempts or recent attempts to provide data on flora and fauna, geology, etc.

Bailey, Vernon L. 1940 Into Death Valley 50 Years ago. Westways 32(12):8-11. [Member of the Death Valley Expedition, 1891; account of trip with notes on mammals.]

218 Coville, F. V . 1893 Botany of the Death Valley Expedition. Report on the Botany of the Expedition Sent Out in 1891 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to Make a Biological Survey of the Region of Death Valley, California. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Vol. 4. Washington. 363 pp. [Taxonomic list of plants and· some indication of locations.]

Deacon, James E. 1967 The ecology of Saratoga Springs. Unpublished Ms on File, Death Valley National Monument, CA. [Not seen, but likely of relevance to Native use of this well-watered area on the southern end of Death Valley.]

DeDecker, Mary 1984 Flora of the Northern Mojave Desert, California. California Native Plant Society. Special Publication No.7. Berkeley. [Checklist with common distributions; index to scientific names; index to common names by family.)

Dodge, Natt N. 1985 Flowers of the Southwest Deserts. Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, Tucson. [popular field guide to flowering plants; includes the Mojave Desert.]

Ferris, Roxana S. 1962 Death Valley Wildflowers. Death Valley Natural History Association, Death Valley, CA .. [Checklist of flowering plants and common locations in Monument.]

Gillman, M. French 1935 Notes on Birds in Death Valley. Condor 37:238-42. [Checklist of birds seen, seasons, distributions.]

Grinnell, J. 1923 Observations upon the Bird Life of Death Valley. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 4th. Ser., 13(5):53-109. San Francisco. [Catalog of birds seen, seasonality and locations. Some brief mention of Indian uses.]

1934 Further Observations upon the Bird Life of Death Valley. Condor 36:67-72. [Additions to the catalog based on more field research.]

219 1937 Mammals of Death Valley. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 23(9):116-69. San Francisco. [Checklist of mammals with some distributions.]

Hooke, Roger LeB. 1972 Geomorphic Evidence for Late-Wisconsin and Holocene Tectonic Deformation, Death Valley, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83(7):2073- 2098. Boulder. [Not seen.]

Hunt, Charles B. 1960 Some Examples of Geologic Factors in Plant Distribution. U.S. Geological Survey. Short Papers in the Geological Sciences, 180. Washington. [Not seen.]

1975 Death Valley: Geology. Ecology. Archaeology. University of California Press, Berkeley. [popular discussion of these topics, but with good data behind it.]

Hunt, Charles B. and L. W. Durrell 1966 Plant Ecology of Death Valley, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 494-A. Washington. [Not seen, but undoubtedly useful for indicating plant distributions.]

Hunt, Charles B. and D.R. Mabey 1966 Stratigraphy and Structure, Death Valley, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 494B. Washington. [Detailed account of geological processes and results.]

Jaeger, Edmond C. 1957 A Naturalist's Death Valley. Death Valley '4gers Publication 5. Palm Desert, CA. [Brief coverage of mammals, birds, reptile, insects, and flora of Death Valley; short section on Indian people.]

Miller, Alden A. 1946 Vertebrate Inhabitants of the Pinon Association in the Death Valley Region. Ecology 27(1):54-60. [primarily mammals and birds of Grapevine Mountains section.]

Norris, Larry L. 1982 A Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Death Valley National Monument. Death Valley Natural History Association, Death Valley, CA.

220 Norris, Larry L. 1982 A Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Death Vaney National Monument. Death Valley Natural History Association, Death Valley, CA. [977 taxa listed by family, with common and scientific names; no distributions.]

Norris, 'Larry L. and William Schreier 1982 A Checklist of the Birds of Death Valley National Monument. Death Valley Natural History Association, Death Valley, CA. [Checklist of taxa with indication of seasonality and abundance.]

Soltz, David L. and Robert J. Naiman 1978 The Natural History of Native Fishes in the Death Valley System. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 30. Los Angeles (and Death Valley Natural History Association" Death Valley, CA). [pupfish, chub, dace, sucker and their occurrences, ecology, and behaviors.]

Turner, Frederick B. and Roland H. Wauer 1963 A Survey of the Herpetofauna of the Death Valley Area. Great Basin Naturalist 23(3-4): 119-28. [Not seen, but hopefully contains data on chuckwallas.]

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Division of Ornithology and Mammology 1893 The Death Valley Expedition. A Biological Survey of Parts of California, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. Part ll. North American Fauna 7. Washington. [Separately authored detailed reports on birds (Fisher), reptiles and amphibians (Stejngner), fishes (Gilbert), insects (Riley), mollusks (Sterns), desert trees and shrubs (Merriam), cacti and yuccas (Merriam), and a list of localities (palmer).]

Wauer, Roland H. 1962 A Survey of the Birds of Death Valley. The Condor 64(3):220-33. [Check list with distributions and seasonality.]

Welles, Ralph E. and Florence B. Welles 1961 The Bighorn of Death Vailey. National Park Service Fauna Series 6. Washington. [Detailed study of the ecology of bighorn sheep; habitats and behaviors.]

MiscellaneOus Unpublished Reports and Archival Data

The following are unsorted files presently maintained at the Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, pertinent to this project. Several are from files copied at the Western Regional Office, NPS, San Francisco. Others are miscellany from previous projects, but have not been systematized as yet.

221 1. Current Census and Maribeth Hamby's Census List [1986-88, Timbisha Village, in connection with Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Project.]

2. Death Valley Indian Village #1 [Correspondence from Western Regional Office, NPS, San Francisco, 1936-1940.]

3. Death Valley Indian Village #2 [Correspondence from Western Regional Office, NPS, San Francisco, 1950s-1970s.]

4. Death Valley Summary File [Copy of petition for federal recognition, Timbisha Tribe.]

5. Death Valley: Technical Reports [Copy of background data toward federal recognition petition.]

6. Death Valley Water Sources [Copy of file, Western Regional Office, NPS, San Francisco.]

7. Genealogical Data - Death Valley [File found in National Archives, Washington, D.C., 1930s]

8. Lida: Land Dispute [Copy of file, National Archives, 1930s.]

9. Timba-sha Alternative Studies (1984) [Same as Bea1, et al., cited above under ethnography.]

10. Timbi-Sha Documents: Anthropological Reports [Summaries of materials from previous anthropological studies by Steward, Nelson, Hunt, etc.]

11. Timbi-Sha Documents: Current Status Reports [part of the petition for federal recognition.]

12. Timbi-Sha Documents: Evaluation of Eligibility of Criteria [part of petition for federal recognition.

13. Bowler, A. - 1938 - Coso Hot Springs - Religious Uses of [Copy of file, National Archives.]

14. Hamby, Maribeth - 1989 - The Timbisha Shoshone of Death Valley, California and the Issue of Nuclear Waste (6/30/89)

222 15. Palmer, T. S., ed. Place Names of the Death Valley Region, California and Nevada. [n.d., copy of publication obtained at Western Regional Office, NPS, San Francisco.]

223 224 APPENDIX C SAMPLE TRANSCRIPTS

TAPE 1

Edited by Molly Dufort, September 1993 and by 'Pauline Esteves and Mary Rusco, November 26, 1993.

[ ] : Additions ( ) Translations by PE

PE - Pauline Esteves CF - Catherine Fowler GG - Grace Goad MD - Molly Dufort EE - Ed Esteves

Audio of Video of History of Timbisha Village, Tape 1, Side 1, January 10-11, 1993 .

()()() PE So back in 1936 as far as I can remember is when we first started to move, and some of the houses weren't completed at that time. I don't know if you guys remember that or not. But the way that I remember it is that there was 0 ne big tent right about in here. See, this mesquite has grown quite a bit . . . was kind of more room back in here. There was some more tents back here. Right over there was a large tent where we played cards and down here, small ones. And this was because the adobes weren't ready for them yet. Some of the people had already moved into their homes. I know that we were in there already. 'Cause we used to walk down here, play cards, you know, in this big tent that was in back. And those people used to walk on over. There was a water spigot, you know, that they put over here.

EE Where was it? 'Round here?

PE It was kind of in the middle . .. Over there. Over there and down in there.

EE Just one faucet, huh?

PE One faucet. Everybody went over there to get their water.

EE Yeah.

225 028 PE But I don't remember when the people in the tents finally moved into the adobes. I know we weren't here 'cause we moved right directly into the houses. But I remember Hank Patterson being here. Both Thompsons . . . Bob Thompson, Fred Thompson. And I remember the Kennedys. But I can't remember anything about the Shoshones ... maybe the Shoshones already moved in. I don't remember that part. So this is where some of the people were livin' at that time . . . you know, when· we started to move over. Then they finally moved into their adobes. When we were moving out of north of here, the Visitors' Center •.. from the Visitors' Center is where we were going. But that wasn't the only moves that our people ever made, because I was born inside that ranch. We were living there. Have picture~, you know, where the Indian little shelters right there next to that old Greenland Ranch house there. So then we were told to move up to the creek. So we all moved up to the creek. I don't know why . . . what the reason was. But anyway . . . then from there then we were moved down to where the Visitors' Center is now.

EE You got them pictures of when they laid that mud, you know, the bricks . . . the adobes?

PE Dh, I have somewhere ...

EE Think we had some. Mexican boys are doing it.

PE I have some over here that was taken, I think, at the Patterson's house.

EE Gee, seems to me that I got that picture.

PE Maybe. But there's pictures of where they made the adobe up there by the maintenance place . . . up there at Park Service.

EE They pour it down here . . .

GG I seen that, too, but I don't know where I seen that.

PE There's pictures layin' around where they made the adobe. Then they carted all that adobe down here by the truckload. The CCC boys were up there building.

EE . Yeah, I remember that.

PE And all that time I was thinkin' it was the Park Service that was makin' us move down here. Well, they did ... they did, you know, start to think about the Indians over there where we were living. You know, they didn't want us there really 'cause they were saying we weren't very nice lookin' with our old shacks.

226 050 GG [Laughter.]

PE Kids runnin' around allover the place.

EE 'So whoever got the house, they'd move one by one doWn there ...

PE And we all went to school in that school that was, you know, kind of built kind of north . . . on the north . . . within the ranch . . . the schoolhouse.

EE Yeah, I remember that.

PE But that wasn't the very first schoolhouse either. There was another schoolhouse before that . . . such as that one right there, you know, where Sunset Campground is now located ... there was a schoolhouse there. That's where you see all the Indians standing on the hill by the teeter-totter. But we weren't going to school yet then. I was just being born, I guess. I was too little. Something like that. Yeah, I think that's the way it was ... I was just a baby then. But I remember I went to school back there to 1936 when I was in the sixth grade. I spent two years of it over here . . . when they moved over here on this side of . . . within the ranch again . . . on the south side. Anyway ... that was our final move, I guess. Well, these people here that lived in the tent city ... they weren't in their adobes yet. Then we lived over here . . .

EE We was though.

PE We were. We never lived in ...

EE Who was the frrst?

PE Don't know. I don't remember who were the first family. I do remember not seeing the Shoshone family down here. Seems like it was the Thompsons and the Kennedys, the Pattersons . . . two Thompsons and the Kennedys. It seems to me the Shoshones were also here. Can't remember that part. I don't know ... but all I know is my own family, we didn't camp over here. We went right straight to the house. And it could have been that maybe the Shoshones went to their house, too. It could have been you [GG] went straight to your house.

GG Yeah, I got kind of ... [inaudible].

PE Oh, the other one was John Boland ... John Boland, our uncle, he lived here [in the tent area]., And that's when they had that little baby Marie.

EE Ah hah.

227 070 PE The one they lost. Was just a little bitty baby then. 'Cause I used to . . . we used to kindof, you know, look at her. Hold her around.

GG Yeah.

PE She got to be sort of a ... sort of a big girl. And so that's about all. And now theire saying that this part of the village is not suitable for housing or for pipeline on account of the alkali ... it buckles. So this a part of the village, I think, they're saying 20 acres or something like that ... not feasible for housing or pipeline. Park Service, their study shows that . . .

GG Yeah, but you could put steel pipe in it. Think you can do that?

PE I don't know. I'm not into building, Grace.

GG Plastic is the one I kind of think.

PE I don't know. Well, this is a good area I always thought for, you know, like a campground or, you know, camp sites.

EE Yeah.

PE People would like it, too, because they're isolated down here ... for that kind of camping.

EE Be nice and dusty here, too.

PE Yeah.

EE Really dusty.

PE Well, they'd know about it. We'd tell urn, "Well, it's a dust bowl." Well, like right now ... it's real nice.

EE People start walking around, it'd be all dusty.

PE Ah hah.

GG Oh, yeah.

PE Well, that'd be good, too, then they'll all blow away. [Laughter.]

228 086 GG Yeah, but this is not as bad as the sand. Unless you got right into it, sand blowin' that way. This one would be kind of clear. Oh, yeah, only alkali blow down there. [Inaudible] ... I'm standin' right over here watchin' it down this way.

PE Oh, that's when you were living down here. Someone livin' up here. Okay, and that's where Sally Boland and her family lived. Right up there. See that clump of Athel tamarisk has just taken over the whole site itself.

GG Gee.

PE Then your closest neighbor was the Kennedy family.

GG The Kennedy family, yeah.

PE Lived right here in this corner.

GG Ah hah.

PE And then the . . .

GG Thompsons.

PE Well, north of there your closest. .. Yeah, Thompsons were kind of east of you.

GG Ah hah. [Comment in Shoshone. (,Our uncle that was, John Boland. ')]

PE And then John Boland, our uncle ... north?

GG Yeah. That'sright. [Comments in Shoshone. ('[Her mother] used to walk up that way' [to John Boland's.]]

PE & GG [Inaudible comments.]

MD So your mom had a real trail?

GG Ah hah.

PE Right over there? [Shoshone. ('Our aunt that was, Aunt Margaret. ')] Oh... [comments in Shoshone. ('Who was with them?')]

GG Dorothy?

PE Dorothy... Amelia . . . and Alex.

229 '-:;-" ." 108 GG That's it.

PE And Mattie.

GG Mattie? I don't remember her being here.

PE Mattie. There's four of urn, I'm sure. Elvis was the one that was born in the adobe. I'm sure Mattie was with them. Those four.

GG I remember just three 'cause we had a picture of just three of them ... Dorothy, Alex and Amelia ... the only pictures we had.

PE Ah hah. I'm sure Mattie was in there ... four of urn. Oh, well. Anyway, they already had their kids.

GG Here they only had three.

PE I'm picturing all of her kids. That was big family.

GG Yeah.

PE And then we already talked about Uncle Johnny.

GG Yeah.

PE And Dolly. They had a little girl Marie. But then Dolly had her girls with her, too. Mattie and Leora from her fust marriage. But were they here? I can't remember that.

GG [Neg.] I never did see them up there. They only ones that I used to go see was Clara and Ross.

PE Oh, that's when you finally moved. I'm talking about down here.

GG I don't think so. I think they stayed in Beatty with their grandma.

PE Then there was over to the Kennedys ... our aunt ... Aunt Maryann. She had Harry and ...

GG Raymond.

PE Raymond. Living there with them. And, of course, Joe Kennedy was with them.

230 120 GG And her husband's family.

PE Ah hah. And her husband's family. Herbert and ...

GG Jehnny.

PE Uncle Johnny.

GG And Alice.

PE And Alice, ah hah. And where was Nillie?

GG With Fred.

PE Oh, that's right. The Thompson family ... Fred Thompson family.

GG Yeah.

PE And Nillie who was a Kennedy. Right. But not our aunt's Kennedy.

GG No.

PE It's Joe Kennedy. Now, I do remember a Clarence, the oldest one ...

GG And Louella.

PE •.. was born when we was over there on the other side. Now, was Louella already born?

GG I think she was just a baby when they moved over here.

PE Yeah, I think so, too. But not the others.

GG No. Not the others. Just those two I can remember. [Comments in Shoshone. ('And now then Hank's mother that was.')]

PE Hank's mother ...

GG Yeah, she was here.

PE Minnie Thompson was 'with Bob.'

PE & GG [Comments in Shoshone.]

231 140 PE Bob ... Bob Thompson. But like I said, I don't remember the Shoshone family.

GG I don't remember.

PE Molly... and Annie Shoshone . . . the two sisters.

GG All I remember was Sue and Allivin' here. That's all I remember.

PE Davis was livin' with Minnie Cottonwood in Beatty. Always did.

GG Yeah. Got in with Minnie Cottonwood.

PE So those two sisters ... they're the ones that had the children. Molly being the older. And Charlie, Andy, and Alice ...

GG Bob.

PE And Bob. She had all four of urn.

GG All four of urn.

PE And Annie had Dan, Ethel, and ... Marilyn? Marilyn.

GG Right.

PE Those three she had when we moved here. And Louie and . . .

GG [Comments in Shoshone. ('Later for them. ')] Louie and Frank came later. Yeah.

PE After they moved up to the adobes. And then their father, John Shoshone, was still living then. He was still able see then. Remember? He went blind. [ Comment in Shoshone. ('He still had his eye sight. ')] It was way later he got blind. 'Cause he used to play cards with us all the time. Remember we used to walk down from there, Grace?

GG Ah hah.

PE ... to come down here [and] play cards.

GG Ah hah. I used to see you guys walking up this way. Mom used to come down. Nighttime.

PE Nighttime.

232