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Wang Xiaobo, Un Ensayista Revolucionario (Traducción Y Estudio De Sus Ensayos Más Representativos)

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Wang Xiaobo, Un Ensayista Revolucionario (Traducción Y Estudio De Sus Ensayos Más Representativos) Facultad de Filología Departamento de Lenguas Modernas Área de Estudios de Asia Oriental Wang Xiaobo, un ensayista revolucionario (traducción y estudio de sus ensayos más representativos) TESIS DOCTORAL AUTOR: ISMAEL ANÍBAL MAÍLLO MELCHOR DIRECTOR: ALFONSO FALERO FOLGOSO SALAMANCA 2019 ESTA TESIS DOCTORAL HA SIDO REALIZADA BAJO LA DIRECCIÓN DEL PROFESOR ALFONSO FALERO FOLGOSO FDO. AGRADECIMIENTOS Principalmente debo dar las gracias al Profesor Alfonso Falero Folgoso por sus consejos y enseñanzas, por guiarme a través de los diferentes retos surgidos durante la elaboración de esta tesis y por transmitirme su pasión por la divulgación de las culturas y las lenguas de Asia Oriental. En segundo lugar, quisiera expresar mi agradecimiento sincero al Profesor Xu Jinjing que tuvo a bien avalar mi traducción de los textos chinos ante el director de la tesis. Asimismo debo reconocimiento a mis antiguos profesores del Departamento de Estudios de Asia Oriental de la Universidad de Durham, que hicieron posible que yo me beneficiara de una rigurosa educación tanto teórica como práctica sobre Asia Oriental. Quede aquí patente mi agradecimiento asimismo a todos aquellos que me animaron durante el proceso de elaboración de este trabajo de investigación, esperando que esté a la altura de sus expectativas. Por último, no puedo dejar de dar las gracias a mi familia, en especial a mi padre, por su apoyo y su paciencia, sin él la culminación de esta tesis no habría sido posible. 1 2 SUMARIO AGRADECIMIENTOS 1 SUMARIO 3 RESUMEN 5 ABSTRACT 6 INTRODUCCIÓN 7 OBJETIVOS 11 JUSTIFICACIÓN 13 LIMITACIONES 15 ASPECTOS METODOLÓGICOS 17 ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN 21 ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS Y SOCIALES 27 1- INTRODUCCIÓN 27 2- LAS CAMPAÑAS DE MOVILIZACIÓN 28 3- CAMPAÑA DE LAS CIEN FLORES Y SUS RESULTADOS 33 4- LA CATÁSTROFE DEL GRAN SALTO ADELANTE 36 5- REGRESO DE MAO AL PODER 48 6- LA REVOLUCIÓN CULTURAL. SU DESARROLLO Y CONSECUENCIAS 55 BIOGRAFÍA DE WANG XIAOBO 75 ANTECEDENTES LITERARIOS 93 1- LA CONCEPCIÓN DE LA LITEARTURA CHINA MODERNA 93 2- PRIMER PERIODO LITERARIO: LITERATURA DE LA DINASTÍA QING TARDÍA 99 3- SEGUNDO PERIODO LITERARIO: LITERATURA REPUBLICANA 106 4- TERCER PERIODO LITERARIO: LITERATURA MAOÍSTA 124 5- CUARTO PERIODO LITERARIO: LITERATURA POST-MAOÍSTA 153 OBRA DE WANG XIAOBO 161 EL ENSAYO 191 1- DEFINICIÓN 190 2- EL ENSAYO EN CHINA 195 3 LENGUA Y ESTILO DEL ESCRITOR WANG XIAOBO COMO ENSAYISTA 203 PERSONAJES CITADOS EN LOS ENSAYOS TRADUCIDOS 216 CONSIDERACIONES ACERCA DE LA TRADUCCIÓN DE TEXTOS CHINOS AL ESPAÑOL 219 1- DISQUISICIONES RELATIVAS AL HECHO DE TRADUCIR 219 2- DIFICULTADES A LA HORA DE TRADUCIR DEL CHINO AL ESPAÑOL 223 3- ACERCA DE NUESTRA TRADUCCIÓN DE ENSAYOS DE WANG XIAOBO 227 COMENTARIOS DE LOS ENSAYOS 229 1- LA MAYORÍA SILENCIOSA 231 2- EL PLACER DE PENSAR 245 3- LA DESDICHA DE LOS INTELECTUALES 252 4- UN CERDO INCONFORMISTA 259 5- LA GUERRA EN EL VIENTRE 264 6- ACERCA DE LO SUBLIME 269 7- MI EXPERIENCIA EN LAS PAU (GAOKAO) 274 8- POR QUÉ QUIERO ESCRIBIR 279 CONCLUSIONES 285 ANEXO: TRADUCCIÓN DE ENSAYOS SELECTOS DE WANG XIAOBO I 1- LA MAYORÍA SILENCIOSA II 2- EL PLACER DE PENSAR XLVI 3- LA DESDICHA DE LOS INTELECTUALES LXXVIII 4- UN CERDO INCONFORMISTA CVIII 5- LA GUERRA EN EL VIENTRE CXVIII 6- ACERCA DE LO SUBLIME CXXVIII 7- MI EXPERIENCIA EN LAS PAU (GAOKAO) CXXXVI 8- POR QUÉ QUIERO ESCRIBIR CXLVI BIBLIOGRAFÍA FUENTES PRINCIPALES 455 FUENTES SECUNDARIAS 455 CITADA 458 CONSULTADA 472 4 RESUMEN El objeto de esta tesis doctoral es poner de relieve la importancia y vigencia de la obra del escritor chino Wang Xiaobo (1952-1997), y enmarcarlo dentro de la literatura china contemporánea. Autor de culto y auténtico desconocido en los círculos literarios, Wang Xiaobo hizo gala de un estilo muy peculiar que lo llevó a la popularidad en los años 90, y más todavía tras su repentina muerte. Se hace especial énfasis en su faceta ensayística, ya que está considerada como elemento indispensable para comprender al autor. A fin de ahondar en el desarrollo personal y artístico de Wang Xiaobo se han incluido en este trabajo consideraciones varias acerca del contexto sociocultural, los antecedentes literarios y su obra en general. Al no existir traducciones profesionales de las obras de este autor en español, se ha realizado el traslado de los ensayos más representativos de su estilo, luego de lo cual se efectuaron unos análisis de naturaleza filológica sobre los aspectos formales y estilísticos contenidos en los textos seleccionados, logrando con ello una mejor comprensión de las causas por las que su producción literaria fue tan bien recibida por los lectores. Este trabajo concluye con la constatación de que la particularidad del arte de Wang Xiaobo es fruto de una serie de circunstancias vitales decisivas y de una temática que conserva su vigencia en China (el drama de la Revolución Cultural, el papel del individuo en la sociedad que lo rodea), combinadas ambas en una prosa brillante, valiéndose al mismo tiempo de un humor irreverente. Palabras clave: Wang Xiaobo, Literatura, China, Literatura Contemporánea, Ensayo 5 ABSTRACT The goal of this doctoral thesis is to highlight the importance and relevance of Chinese writer Wang Xiaobo (1952-1997), as well as to properly situate him within the context of contemporary Chinese literature. As a cult writer and true outsider in literary circles, Wang Xiaobo demonstrated a very peculiar style which gained him popularity in the nineties, even more so after his sudden death. Special emphasis is put on his essays, since they are considered essential in understanding this author. In order to delve into Wang Xiaobo’s personal and artistic development various considerations about sociocultural context, literary background and his work in general have been included. In the absence of professional translations of this author’s works in Spanish, a rendition of his most representative essays has thus been produced, following which a number of philological studies were made on formal and stylistic aspects contained within the selected texts, gaining a better understanding of the reasons why his literary production was so well received by readers. This work concludes with the confirmation that Wang Xiaobo’s distinctive craft results from a series of decisive life circumstances as well as from themes which remain fully relevant today in China (i.e. the drama of the Cultural Revolution and the role of the individual within society), knitted together into brilliant prose while making use of irreverent humor. Keywords: Wang Xiaobo, Chinese Literature, Contemporary Literature, Essay 6 INTRODUCCIÓN En nuestros lares hay una gran ignorancia sobre la literatura china, no ya de la generada en esa civilización en época antigua, sino sobre la elaborada hoy por escritores actuales. Esta ignorancia es común a otros ciudadanos europeos –dada la escasez de traducciones existentes en sus lenguas- y chinos, debido a que éstos desconocen la lengua clásica china o porque ni siquiera se interesan por la producción literaria actual. Dicho esto, parece importante promover trabajos de traducción, no sólo de obras de épocas pasadas sino también de las aparecidas en nuestro tiempo. Toda sociedad que se precie de culta desea disponer del mayor número de obras de otras culturas en su propio idioma. Así, numerosos y prestigiosos sinólogos no desdeñan traducir obras chinas de todo tipo, aunque a veces hayan sido trasladadas antes a otras lenguas, pues saben que haciéndolo, a más de enriquecer intelectualmente a mucha gente, amplían los horizontes culturales de su idioma. Por fortuna, en el nuevo milenio, y gracias a la globalización y a los avances de la sociedad de la información, en Occidente se ha venido produciendo un acercamiento a la cultura china, pues este país no es que esté tomando, sino más bien recuperando su posición de preponderancia en el ámbito internacional. Por todo ello nos ha parecido oportuno emprender la traducción de algunos ensayos de Wang Xiaobo (王小波 1952-1997), un autor por demás singular en el panorama literario de la China contemporánea, a fin de darlo a conocer a los hablantes de una lengua tan poderosa como es el español. Un autor éste más conocido por su novelística, a pesar de que era también un buen ensayista y de que trataba ambos géneros con el mismo estilo atrevido y de librepensador. Nosotros nos hemos inclinado más por su faceta ensayística, mucho menos conocida, de suerte que alguno de sus ensayos traducidos aquí no habían sido trasladados antes a lengua europea alguna. Wang Xiaobo irrumpió en la escena literaria china en la década de 1990 para fallecer pocos años más tarde (1997), dejando a su creciente grupo de seguidores en estado de conmoción. En ese corto espacio de tiempo fue increíblemente prolífico, ya que 7 trabajaba casi sin descanso en su estudio de Shunyi, en el extrarradio de Pekín. Tras su inesperada muerte a los 45 años de edad, sus obras se convirtieron en superventas de la noche a la mañana, transmutándose en un fenómeno cultural entre las clases medias y círculos universitarios. En lo que a nosotros concierne, estamos contentos de haber emprendido esta tarea, esperando continuarla en fechas no lejanas. La elección que se ha hecho de dichos ensayos no es caprichosa, sino que responde al hecho de que en ellos se exponen de una manera ejemplar la forma y el estilo de Wang Xiaobo, además de darnos testimonio, por un lado, de los acontecimientos acaecidos durante la época conocida como la “Gran Revolución Cultural Proletaria”, y, por otro, nos ayuda a visualizar y comprender el complicado camino que la clase intelectual china ha recorrido durante el ajetreado siglo veinte. Tanto sus obras de ficción como su producción ensayística giran en torno a la Revolución Cultural, que marcaría su vida de manera indeleble. Ahora bien, lo que hace diferente a Wang Xiaobo de otros autores es su tratamiento irreverente y desprejuiciado de ese periodo traumático.
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