Chronicle of Events

1949 July

January Congress of Chinese Writers and Artists (renamed to The China Federation of Literary 31 The name Beiping (北平) was reverted to and Art Circles) held the First National Exhibi- Peking (北京 adopted to Beijing in 1958) tion of Fine Arts at National Peking Art College. after the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) conquered the city. 2–19 The First National Congress of Litera- ture and Art Workers met in Beijing. A total of six-hundred-fifty delegates February participated the congress, including eighty-eight art workers. The China Fed- 15 The government took over the National eration of Literary and Art Circles Peking Art College. (CFLAC) was founded. 21 China Artists Association (CAA) was founded in Zhongshan Park, Peking. April

The Exhibition of New Guohua, featured more October than eighty artists, was held in Zhongshan Park, Beijing. 1 The People’s Republic of China was founded.

May November 25 Shanghai was taken over by the PLA. 23 National Peking Art College combined with the art department of North China Univer- sity, establishing the Central Academy of June Fine Arts (CAFA) in 1950.

6 Shanghai prepared to establish the Shanghai Artists Association.

# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 459 Y. Zhou, A History of Contemporary Chinese Art, Chinese Contemporary Art Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1141-7 460 Chronicle of Events

1950 November

CAA published four issues of the art journal 7 National Hangzhou Arts College was Renmin Meishu (People’s Fine Arts). renamed to CAFA East China Campus (renamed to the Zhejiang Fine Arts Academy in 1958, and then to the China Academy of January Art in 1993).

17 The Art of the Revolutionary History Com- mittee was founded in Nanjing, to prepare 1951 for the opening of the National Museum of the Chinese Revolution. March

1 The National New Year Prints Exhibition was February held by CAA in Beijing, showing four hun- dred forty artworks. 16 CAA and Xinhua Bookstore co-hosted the 1950 National New Year Prints Exhibition in Zhongshan Park, Beijing. June

16 The Cultural Relics Bureau of the Ministry April of Culture drafted a three-year reconstruc- tion plan of the city of Dunhuang. 1 CAFA held its inauguration ceremony. Xu Beihong was appointed to be the first president. August

People’s Fine Arts Publishing House was May founded in Beijing.

5 CAFA completed the Ministry of Culture’s mission of revolutionary history paintings, painted by Xu Beihong, Wang Shikuo, Li 1952 Hua, Feng Fasi, Dong Xiwen, Ai Zhongxin, Xia Tongguang, Jiang Zhaohe, Zhou July Lingzhao. The Committee of New Year Prints Prize Jury was founded, selecting the finalists amongst one August hundred artworks. The research department of CAFA East China 2 China Art Exhibition opened at the Forbidden Campus established the Ethnic Art Heritage City, featuring twelve hundred artworks Research Committee. Pan Tianshou and Wu Xi from ancient and modern times. were named directors.

October

1 China Art Exhibition opened at the State Tretyakov Gallery in the Soviet Union. Chronicle of Events 461

August September

The project of relief on the Monument of People’s CAA hosted the First National Graphic Art Exhi- Heroes in Tiananmen Square started and bition in Beijing, including three hundred works completed in May 1958. by eighty-six artists from nineteen provinces and cities.

1953 October February 10 Xu Beihong Memorial Hall opened in 28 The Ministry of Culture approved the estab- Beijing. lishment of the Chinese Painting Research Department (renamed Ethnic Art Research Department). Huang Binghong was 1955 appointed to be director, and Wang Zhaowen worked as deputy director. February

19 Konstantin Maksimov, a Soviet oil painter, September arrived in Beijing and opened the Maksimov Workshop to teach socialist real- – 9.16 10.10 CAA hosted the First National ist painting at CAFA. Guohua Exhibition, featuring over two hundred artists. 9.26 Xu Beihong, CAFA President, March CAA Chairman, died of a stroke fi at age fty-eight. 25 Painter Huang Binhong died at age ninety- two in Hangzhou. 27 The Second National Art Exhibition, November co-hosted by the Ministry of Culture and the CAFA opened at the Beijing Exhibition 4 CAA hosted Soviet Union Prints and Draw- Center, which was open in October 1954. ing Exhibition.

May 1954 8 Works of Käthe Kollwitz Exhibition opened at January Zhongshan Park, Beijing, including her metal and stone works, wood prints, sketches, and 20 CAA began to publish its journal Meishu drafts. (Fine Arts), three years after Renmin Meishu (People’s Fine Arts) was published. 462 Chronicle of Events

June November

14 Qi Baishi, Chen Banding, He Xiangning, 1 Central Academy of Arts and Crafts Yu Feian and fourteen other ink artists (CAAC) was established in Beijing. Deng collaborated on a large-scale artwork Jie was named director, Pang Xunqin and “Song of Peace,” as a gift to the World Lei Guiyuan were deputy directors. Peace Council in Helsinki, Finland. 12 The Modern French Art Exhibition opened in Beijing.

October 1957 9 Dunhuang Historical Relics Research Center collaborated with Palace Museum in hosting January Arts of Dunhuang Exhibition, opening at the Palace Museum. 15 Meishu Yanjiu (Art Research) began publi- cation in CAFA.

1956 March The Second National Guohua Exhibition opened in Beijing. 16 The National Youth Art Exhibition opened at Working People’s Cultural Palace, featur- ing 900 artworks by 845 young artists. June

1 The State Council passed the resolution of July fostering Chinese painters and artists by establishing two painting academies The Anti-Rightist Campaign began and 550,000 (non-educational institutions) in Beijing and intellectuals were labeled rightists and Shanghai. persecuted. Jiang Feng, president of CAFA and vice chairman of CAA, was identified as the head of an anti-party group, and then labeled as a August rightist.

7 Works by Adolph Von Menzel, nineteenth 16 Chinese People’s Association for Friend- century German painter, were exhibited in ship with Foreign Countries hosted Exhibi- Beijing. The show travelled to Shanghai in tion of Graphic Art of German Master November. Albrecht Dürer. 10 Shanghai Art Museum opened on Nanjing Road, Shanghai. August Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros vis- ited China and gave a lecture. 4–21 Soviet artist Vera Mukhina, Vladimir Favorski, and ten other Soviet artists Chronicle of Events 463

held an exhibition at the Shanghai Exhi- Museum of China (built in 1958–1962), have bition Center. been used, wholly or partially, as space to exhibit artwork. Southwest Art Academy was renamed as 1958 Sichuan Fine Arts Institute (SFAI). Zhao Wenliang and Yang Yushu, leading Three Red Flags Movement, consisting of the figures of the No Name Group, met at Xihua General Line for socialist construction, the Great Fine Arts Continuation School, Beijing. This Leap Forward and the people’s communes, was was the beginning of grouping of China’s mod- launched. ernist artists in the nation. Northeast Art Academy was renamed to Luxun Academy of Fine Arts. January

August 23 French-China Association for Friendship hosted the Chinese Art in the Last One 18 Jiangsu’s Pi county began its mass mural art Hundred Years Exhibition at the Musée creation activity as part of Three Red Flag Rodin, Paris. La Maison des Artistes Movement. People’s Daily reported that all organized a public symposium, introducing the public and private walls of the thirty- the development of art in modern China, four villages of Pi county were covered in especially highlighting artist Qi Baishi. murals.

March October 3 Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts 4 Frans Masereel Art Exhibition opened at (GAFA) was established. Hu Yichuan was Zhongshan Park, Beijing, featuring the first president. 369 works.

September 1959 26 Tiananmen Square’s expansion project was The Ten Great Buildings were built in Beijing to completed and became the largest public commemorate the tenth anniversary of the estab- square in the world with an area of lishment of the PRC. They are the Great Hall of 400,000 square meters, able to hold the People, the China Revolutionary History 400,000 people. Museum, the Cultural Palace of Nationalities, the Chinese People’s Revolutionary Military Museum, the National Agriculture Exhibition December Center, the Beijing Railway Station, the Workers Stadium, the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, the 23 The Exhibition of Propaganda Posters of Minzu Hotel, the Overseas Chinese Hotel. The Ten Years, co-hosted by CAA and People’s first five, in addition to the Beijing Exhibition Fine Arts Publishing House, opened. Center (built in 1954) and the National Art 464 Chronicle of Events

1960 1962

January February

20 New Year Prints Exhibition, hosted by 5 Dunhuang Art Exhibition opened in CAA, opened at Zhongshan Park in Beijing, Shanghai. featuring one hundred seventy-nine pieces of artwork. March

March 11–25 CAA hosted the Exhibition of Tibet Life Drawing in Beijing, featuring one 16 Museum of Jiangsu Traditional Chinese hundred twenty-four works by artists Painting Institute opened. Fu Baoshi Dong Xiwen, Wu Guanzhong, Shao became the director, Qian Songyan became Jinkun, Xiao Xiao, Zhao Youping, the deputy director. among others.

June April

6 People’s Liberation Army Academy of Art The construction of the National Art Museum of was established. The fine arts department was China (NAMOC), with 6000 square meters of added in 1978. exhibition space, was completed. Liu Kaiqu, a sculptor, was appointed to be the first director.

July May 22 The Third Congress of China Federation of Literary and Art Circles opened in Beijing. 5.22– The Ministry of Culture and CAA 7.1 co-hosted The Third National Art Exhi- bition at the NAMOC, exhibiting 1115 1961 paintings and sculptures, 355 craft art pieces, 535 copy of art publications. This exhibition was to commemorate February the twentieth year of Mao Zedong’s “Talks at the Yan-an Forum on Litera- 12 Exhibition of the Famous Norwegian Artist ture and Art.” Edvard Munch opened at Zhongshan Park in Beijing, featuring Munch’s one hundred and four pieces of works from 1894 to 1943. 1963

July July

1 The National Museum of the Chinese Revo- 28 CAA and CAFA co-hosted The Exhibition lution opened in Beijing. of the Graduating Works of CAFA’s Oil Chronicle of Events 465

Painting and Sculpture Workshops at the Hall co-hosted Rent Collection Courtyard— NAMOC. The two four-year workshops Sichuan Dayi Manor Clay Sculpture Exhi- opened in 1959, with a total of thirty- bition at the NAMOC. two students.

1966 September The Cultural Revolution began. Meishu stopped 9 The Relocation and reconstruction project of publication. the Yongle Taoist Temple in Shanxi completed. February

1964 2– Lin Biao entrusted Jiang Qing to host a 20 Forum on Literature and Art in the PLA. May The forum set up Eight Revolutionary Model Plays, including Peking Operas 8– China • Japan Graphic Arts Exchange “The Legend of the Red Lantern,” 21 Exhibition opened in Beijing and Tokyo. “Shajiabang,”“Taking Tiger Mountain By Strategy,”“Raid on the White Tiger Regiment,” and “On the Docks,” ballets “Red Detachment of Women” and “The September White-Haired Girl,” and symphony “Shajiabang.” 26 The Ministry of Culture and CAA co-hosted the National Art Exhibition on Celebrating the Fifteenth Anniversary of the Founding August of the People’s Republic of China (The Fourth National Art Exhibition). The exhi- 18 Mao Zedong inspected the hundred thou- bition traveled from Beijing to Shanghai sand of Red Guards from across the country and Chongqing. at Tiananmen Square. Lin Biao called upon the destruction of “Four Old” (old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits). 1965 Starting from August 19, the Red Guard Movement swept through Beijing, Shang- July–October hai, and Tianjin, then through the nation. 24 The Red Guards of Beijing Normal Univer- sity came to CAFA. Together with CAFA’s SFAI Sculpture Professor Zhao Shutong and Red Guards, they burned old teaching aids Wang Guanyi, along with five graduates and ten and broke the plaster models. The tor- folk artisans, created a large group life-size sculp- ture and persecution of artists and faculty ture “Rent Collection Courtyard” at Museum of members quickly spread to all art Dayi Landlord Manor, Dayi, Sichuan. academies.

December

19 CAA, Sichuan Bureau of Culture, CAA Sichuan branch, and Dayi Manor Exhibition 466 Chronicle of Events

November 1968

28 More than twenty thousand Art Red Guards January from across the country gathered and had the Rally of Artistic Proletariat’s Cultural 1 Organized by thirty-four revolutionary Revolution at the Great Hall of the People in organizations, Red Sun Art Exhibition opened Beijing. in Shanghai. The total of three hundred works was mostly made by workers, peasants, soldiers, and the Red Guards. 1967

At the Ministry of Culture, Qi Benyu announced 1969 the founding of literature and arts sub-group in the Central Cultural Revolution Group. Jiang September Qing was in charge of the group. 27 All CAA’s cadres and workers were decentralized and sent to labor in May countryside.

The statue of Mao Zedong was completed and placed at Tsinghua University. The base was 1970 inscribed with Lin Biao’s calligraphy, “Long live the great mentor, the great leader, the great May commander in chief, and the great pilot Chairman Mao. Long Live! Long Live!” Mao Zedong 9 CAFA faculty members and administrators statues were quickly erected all over the nation. were sent to labor at the army farm, Ci county, Hebei. October

Art Exhibition of Mao Zedong Thought Lighting 1971 Up Anyuan Workers’ Movement opened at the National Museum of the Chinese Revolution, Premier Zhou Enlai proposed that traditional ink and the featured oil painting, “Chairman Mao painting should be used to decorate hotels and Going to Anyuan,” by Liu Chunhua of the other venues that international visitors stayed, CAAC, became an icon in the god-building cam- and tens of celebrated ink painters were sum- paign during the Cultural Revolution. moned to create such painting in Beijing, Shang- hai, Xi’an, Nanjing, Jinan, and Guangzhou. This 1 Long Live the Victory of Chairman Mao’s led to the incident of “Black Painting” later. Revolutionary Route Art Exhibition opened at the NAMOC, featuring 1600 works. Chronicle of Events 467

September 1974

5 Artist Pan Tianshou, president of Zhejiang The Exhibition of Black Painting was held in Academy of Fine Arts, died. Beijing and Shanghai, as part of a campaign castigating “Black Painting.” Jiangsu Pictorial, a monthly, started 1972 publication.

May October 5.23–7.23 The Cultural Unit of the State – Council hosted the National Art 10.1 11.30 The Cultural Unit of State Council Exhibition in the Thirtieth Anniver- hosted the National Art Exhibition fi sary of Chairman Mao’s “Talks on in the Twenty- fth Anniversary of the Yan’an Art and Literature PRC at the NAMOC, featuring Forum” at the NAMOC, featuring more than four hundred more than two hundred sev- thirty works. enty works of art.

1975 1973 September January 15 Artist Feng Zikai died. – 8 Dong Xiwen, an artist and CAFA 9.19 11.2 Huxian Peasant Painting Exhibi- professor, died. tion opened at the Ninth Paris Biennale, featuring eighty artworks.

October 1976 1 The Ministry of Culture and the Central Council co-host National Exhibition of Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, and Mao Zedong Lianhuanhua (serial picture stories) and died successively. Chinese Painting at the NAMOC. 10 Journal Lianhuanhua (serial picture stories) resumed publication. March

25 Meishu resumed publication. November

Central May-Seventh Arts University was established, including former CAFA, Central April Conservatory of Music, Central Academy of Drama, Beijing Film Academy, Beijing Dance 4– The April Fifth Movement took place and Academy, National Academy of Chinese Theater 5 was shut down in Tiananmen Square, Arts, all in Beijing. Jiang Qing became the hon- Beijing. orary president, and Yu Huiyong was the presi- dent. Disintegrated in 1977. 468 Chronicle of Events

July 26 Exhibition of Paintings by Japanese Painter Kaii Higashiyama (东山魁夷) opened at 28 The Great Tangshan Earthquake occurred, Beijing Working People’s Cultural Palace. 242,419 people were killed, and 154,581 people were severely injured. December

November The Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Com- mittee of CCP was held in Beijing, starting an age 23 Art Exhibition to Warmly Celebrate Com- of “Reform and Opening-Up” under the goal of rade Hua Guofeng as the Chairman of the “Four Modernizations” (modernizations of indus- Central Committee of the Communist Party try, agriculture, science and technology, and of China and the Chairman of the Central national defense). Military Commission; Warmly Celebrate the Great Victory of Smashing the ‘Gang ’ ’ of Four s Conspiracy Against Party s 1979 Power opened in Shanghai Art Museum, showing more than two hundred forty January artworks. Meishu Yanjiu (Art Research), quarterly, resumed publication in CAFA, featured with artworks 1977 reflecting on the April Fifth Movement and Scar Painting. October Shijie Meishu (World Art), quarterly, run by CAFA, started publication. The State Council resumed the National College Entrance Exam after ten years of interruption, and five percent, or around 273,000 examinees, May were qualified to enter colleges and universities. Meishu published Wu Guanzhong’s article “The Formal Beauty of Painting,” which triggered an November extensive debate.

24 The Mausoleum of Mao Zedong opened. June

Shijie Meishu published Shao Dazhen’s article “A ” 1978 Brief Introduction to Modernism in the West.

March July 10 Exhibition of Nineteenth-Century French fi Rural Landscape opened at the NAMOC. No Name Group held its rst public exhibition in Huafang Studio, Beihai Park, Beijing.

May

5 China Federation of Literary and Art Circles resumed, along with other art associations. Chronicle of Events 469

September 10 The National Art Exhibition Murals in the Capital International Airport (now Commemorating the Thirtieth Anniversary Terminal 1), Beijing, typical academic art after of the Founding of the PRC (The Fifth the Cultural Revolution, were unveiled, among National Art Exhibition) opened at the which Yuan Yunsheng’s “Ode to Life: The NAMOC. Water-Splashing Festival” sparked fierce contro- versy due to nudity. The nudes were covered with a curtain, then paneled over, and the panels was April not removed until 1990. Meishu published a column “Give Art of Nudity a 11 Japanese Painter Hirayama Ikuo (平山郁 Fair View” with works of nudes, initiating a 夫) Nihonga Exhibition opened at Beijing debate. Working People’s Cultural Palace. 27 Art Exhibition Stars opened on the fence of the NAMOC, and was taken down by police May on Sep. 29. 29 The Exhibition of Käthe Kollwitz Graphic A letter by Pan Xiao was published on Zhongguo Arts opened at the Beijing Working Qingnian (China Youth, a monthly magazine), People’s Cultural Palace. which ignited the Great Cultural Discussion, dubbed “Cultural Fever” by the media and the academia, which ended in the middle of 1989. October

1 The Stars Society led a demonstration from August Xidan Democracy Wall to Beijing Municipal Party Committee. 8.20–9.4 The Second Stars Art Exhibition was held at the NAMOC, featur- ing one hundred forty-nine works. November

– 11.23 12.2 The Stars reopened in Beihai September Park, Beijing. 9 CAFA established the Department of New Year Pictures and Serial Picture Stories, 1980 renamed to Department of Folk Art later.

Xin Meishu (New Arts) and Meishu Yicong (Jour- nal of Translated Art Scholarship) started publi- October cation at ZAFA. The Graduate Students Exhibition opened at CAFA, and Chen Danqing’s oil painting “Tibetan February Series” became the most influential work. The publication of Wu Guanzhong’s article Tianjin Institute of Art was renamed to Tianjin “On Beauty of Abstraction” in Meishu sparked a Academy of Fine Arts. dispute. 470 Chronicle of Events

1981 September

January 13 Jiang Feng, president of CAA and CAFA, died of a heart attack. 10 The Second National Youth Art Exhibition 15 Exhibition of French Painting of Two Hun- awarded first prize to Luo Zhongli’s oil dred Fifty Years, hosted by the China Exhi- painting “Father,” a representative piece of bition Company, was held at Beijing Rustic Realism. Exhibition Center.

March 1983 ’ Xi an First Modern Art Exhibition, one of the The Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign started earliest avant-garde exhibitions in China, was from October to December. Authorities ’ held in Xi an, Shanxi. denounced the January issue of Meishu, which contained art of and articles on abstraction. Li Xianting, the editor who was responsible for this May issue, was removed from his position.

Duoyun, a quarterly periodical of Chinese paint- ing, started publication by Shanghai Paintings April and Calligraphy Publishing House. 21 Japanese artist Matazō Kayama (加山又造) gave lectures at CAFA. September to November

The Exhibition of American Painting from Boston May Museum of Art was held at the NAMOC in Beijing and travelled to Shanghai later. Exhibition of Paintings by Picasso was held at the NAMOC.

1982 9 Exhibition of Five-Artists’ Modern Art opened to limited audiences in Xiamen, March Fujian Province, featured conceptual works and ready-made pieces. 27 CAA and NAMOC co-hosted the Exhibi- 13 Italian Renaissance Art Exhibition opened tion of Hamer’s Collection of Painting of at Beijing Exhibition Center. Five Hundred Years at the NAMOC, including more than one hundred artworks by representative artists from Renaissance September to modern times. The ‘83 Phase • Painting Experiment Exhibition was shut down the second day after its opening in April Shanghai.

Expressionist Paintings from Federal Republic of Germany (Western Germany) was held in October Beijing. 5–18 Exhibition of Norwegian Painter Munch’s Painting was held at the Chronicle of Events 471

NAMOC and later traveled to Chengdu, 1985 Sichuan, and Kunming, Yunnan. The Editorial Committee for Twentieth-Century Western Scholarly Classics was founded in 1984 Beijing at the end of 1985 (the name of the committee was changed into “The Editorial Com- – ” Toward the Future, a book series of sciences, mittee: Culture China and the World in 1987). social sciences and humanities, started publica- The committee members formed the School of fi tion. The editorial committee, led by Jin Guantao Hermeneutics. The leading gure was Gan Yang. and Liu Qingfeng, became the headquarter of the Futurologist School in the Cultural Fever. About eighty books were published before the series was January terminated in 1989. Meishu Sichao (The Trend of Art Thought), under Hubei Federation of Literary and Art Circles, July started publication in Wuhan, Hubei, and Peng De was the chief-editor. In total, twenty-two The Wild Grass Painting Society of Xiangtan, issues were published, and it was terminated in Hunan, was founded. Its first exhibition was the end of 1987. held in February 1985. Jiangsu Huakan (Jiangsu Pictorial) changed from a bi-monthly to monthly journal, and shifted focus to Avant-Garde art. September

15 Northern Art group founded in March to April Heilongjiang, Harbin. Professor Roman Verostko from the Minneapolis College of Art and Design, Minnesota, USA, October gave a six-week lecture on the history of modern art at the ZAFA. 1 The Sixth National Art Exhibition opened in nine cities. April

December 21 The Symposium on Oil Painting was held in Jingxian, Anhui, near Mount Huang, and Exploration, Discovery, and Expression, a van- discussion focused on the Sixth National guard art exhibition, opened in Lanzhou, Gansu. Art Exhibition, called for freedom of art creation and renewal of artistic conception. 472 Chronicle of Events

May Invitational Exhibition of New Works of Chi- nese Painting and Symposium of Chinese Paint- 1 Zao Wou-ki, a Chinese artist based in ing held in Wuhan, Hubei. France, taught a one-month course November Painting Exhibition was held at the at ZAFA. Forbidden City, Beijing. 10 The Chinese Youth in Progress Art Exhibi- The exhibition Soft Sculpture opened at the tion opened at the NAMOC, becoming the NAMOC. transition from art of Post-Cultural Revolu- tion to Avant-Garde Movement. 11.18–12.3 Rauschenberg Overseas Cultural Interchange (ROCI) Exhibition was held at the NAMOC, Robert June Rauschenberg gave a lecture at CAAC. The exhibition traveled Meishu introduced the Forty-first Venice to Lhasa, Tibet, later. Biennale. The exhibition New Figurative Art opened in Shanghai and Nanjing. December

2 The exhibition ‘85 New Space was held July at ZAFA. 25 0 Art Group Exhibition was held in Zhongguo Meishubao (Fine Arts in China), a Changsha, Hunan. weekly newspaper, run by the Research Institute 31 The First Exhibition of Three-Step Studio of Fine Arts, Chinese National Academy of Arts, opened but shutdown hours later at the Cul- started publication. Liu Xiaochun and Shui tural Palace in Taiyuan, Shanxi. Tianzhong were editor-in-chief successively. The Senior Exhibition of the ZAFA was held. The cold and rationalist tendency drew attention. 1986

8 The Exhibition of French Modern Art: 1870– January 1920 opened at the NAMOC. Artists Gallery, the first commercial gallery deal- ing contemporary artwork in China, opened at the October Beijing Music Hall. Zero Show was held on the streets of Jiangsu Youth Art Week: Modern Art Exhibition Shenzhen. opened in Nanjing. Several participants founded New Works of the Miyang Studio was held in Red • Journey group in 1986. Shijiazhuang, Hebei.

13 Exhibition of Middle-Aged Artists’ Painting 10 The Last Exhibition of 86’ opened at the opened at the NAMOC. Zhejiang Art Museum, and was shut down three hours after the opening.

November February The journal Huajia (Painters) started publication in Changsha, Hunan, and five total issues were Exhibition of Huang Qiuyuan’s Posthumous published. Works of Calligraphy and Painting was held at the NAMOC. Chronicle of Events 473

The group Red Humor was founded in August Zhoushan, Zhejiang. ‘85 Youth Art Wave Grand Slide Show and Con- ference was held in Zhuhai, Guangdong, often March known as Zhuhai Conference. Representatives of vanguard art groups from across the country Zhongguo Meishubao issue 11 set a column to convened to exchange their art and ideas. The introduce post-modernism. plan of a national avant-garde exhibition initiated. The Southwest Art Research Group founded in Kunming, Yunnan. April

Exhibition of Paintings by Five Artists from Tibet September opened at the Beijing Working People’s Cultural Palace. Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign launched as the CCP Plenum defined “bourgeois 14 CAA’s Oil Painting Committee hosted the liberalization” as “negating the socialist system in National Oil Painting Forum in Beijing, favor of capitalism.” and Gao Minglu introduced ‘85 Art Move- The group Red • Journey founded in Nanjing. ment. A proposal of national slide show of Basking in the Sunshine, an outdoor show took vanguard art was initiated, leading to place in Xuanwuhu Park on September 1 and Zhuhai Conference that was held in August. October 5, respectively. 19 The First Shanghai Youth Art Exhibition The First Experimental Show, an Action Art was held at the Shanghai Art Museum. organized by the Southern Artists Salon, took place at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou.

May 28 Xiamen Dada - Modern Art Exhibition opened at Xiamen Art Museum, Fujian. Modernist exhibitions Black-White-Black, Sea Sixty percent of featured works were burned Horizon, Non-Figurative Art Show all opened in in front of the museum when the show was Shanghai. over on October 5. Red 70%, Black 25%, White 5%, by Red Humor group, led by Wu Shanzhuan, opened at ZAFA. November New Wildness Exhibition opened at Gulou Park, Nanjing. Joint Exhibition of Hunan Young Artist Groups The Pond Society, mainly made up of the opened at the NAMOC. participants of the ‘85 New Space Exhibition, Hubei Youth Art Festival was held in nine founded in Hangzhou. cities of Hubei, about two thousand art pieces shown in twenty-eight venues. 14 CAFA Art gallery, primarily exhibiting The exhibition ‘86 Concave vs. Convex contemporary art, opened. opened in Shanghai.

June

Sichuan Youth Red Yellow Blue Modern Painting Exhibition was held in Chengdu, Sichuan. 474 Chronicle of Events

December October

21 The M Art Group’s Action Art took place at The Preparatory Committee for the exhibition the Workers Cultural Palace, Shanghai. China Avant-Garde founded in Beijing, headed 23 Concept 21, an Action Art, executed at by Gao Minglu. Peking University.

November 1987 22–24 ‘88 Chinese Modern Art Conference, later called Mt. Huang Conference, The Northern Art Group hosted their first exhibi- was held in Tunxi, Anhui, near tion at Jilin Art College, Changchun, Jilin. Mt. Huang, to prepare China/Avant- Garde exhibition. March December 26 Preparation meeting for the Academic Exchange Exhibition of Young Artists 22–28 The Exhibition of Oil Painting of around China, was held in Beijing. The Nudity, featuring one hundred thirty- CCP Department of Propaganda issued an five oil paintings by twenty eight artists order prohibiting national academic events. from CAFA, was held at the NAMOC As a result, the exhibition plan aborted. and attracted more than two hundred thousand visitors. The “Symposium of Painting of Nudity” was held at the October same time. International Dunhuang Arts Research Seminar began at Mogao Cave, Dunhuang, Gansu. 1989

December February

1 Huang Yongping executed his conceptual 5– China/Avant-Garde, a historical exhibi- work "A History of Chinese Painting and A 19 tion comprising two hundred ninety- Concise History of Modern Painting Washed seven works by one hundred seventy-six in a Washing Machine for Two Minutes.” artists, opened at the NAMOC. This was the first national modern art exhibition, curated by critics. The exhibition was ’ 1988 shut down twice because of Xiao Lu s gunshot at her work Dialogue right after the opening, and an anonymous hoax let- Zhang Peili made his “30 x 30,” the first Video ter claiming bombs in the museum on Feb. Art piece in China. 14. Chronicle of Events 475

May for Yesterday), curated by Fei Dawei, opened in Pourrières, France. Featured artists 5.18–8.14 Curated by Jean Hubert Martin, included Chen Zhen, Gu Wenda, Huang Les Magiciens de la terre Yongping, Cai Guoqiang, Yang Jiecang, (Magicians of the Earth) was and Yan Peiming. The symposium held at the Pompidou Centre in Malentendu Culturel (Cultural Misunder- Paris, in which Huang Yongping, standing) was held. Gu Dexin, and Yang Jiecang were invited to participate. 20 The Seventh National Arts Exhibi- 1991 tion opened. Brian Wallace, an Australian, founded the Red Gate Gallery, the first foreign-funded commercial June gallery in Beijing. 4 The Tiananmen Incident occurred. January

Magazine Yishu • Shichang (Art • Market) was September published by Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House. All sixty volumes of The Complete Volumes of 1.29–4.2 The Big-Tail Elephant group opened Chinese Fine Art were published and distributed. their first exhibition at the Guangzhou City Cultural Palace, showing works by Chen Shaoxiong, December Liang Juhui, Lin Yilin, and Xu Tan. Zhongguo Meishubao stopped publication. A total of two hundred twenty-nine issues were April published. Artist Li Keran died at age eighty-two. 19–22 The Research Institute of Fine Arts, Chinese National Academy of Arts, 1990 held Symposium on Art Creation in the New Era (Xishan Symposium) in Professor Mijka from the University of Fine Arts, Xishan, Beijing. The symposium Hamburg, Germany, brought his large-scale, acknowledged achievements in art eight-hour Video Art (a German TV station’s of the 1980s and focused on new art celebration of the Nine-hundredth Anniversary trends in the early 1990s. for the city of Cologne) and held a show of Video Art at ZAFA. This was the first systematic introduction of Video Art into China. July

The exhibition New Generation Art, which July initiated Cynical Realism, was held at the National Museum of Chinese History on 7 The outdoor contemporary art exhibition Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Chine: Demain Pour Hier (China: Tomorrow 476 Chronicle of Events

August 3 Artists of Yuanmingyuan Artists Village 8.28–9.29 Curated by Fei Daiwei, The Excep- staged an outdoor Exhibition of Modern Art tional Passage of the Chinese of the 1990s in the campus of Peking Avant-garde was held at the University. Fukuoka Museum, Japan.

1993 October January A History of Chinese Contemporary Art: 1985– 1986, authored by Gao Minglu, Zhou Yan, Wang The Lanzhou Art Corps carried out Action Art in Xiaojian, Shu Qun, Wang Mingxian and Tong Lanzhou, including two mailing actions and a Dian in 1987, was published by Shanghai two-hour funeral ceremony on streets for a fic- People’s Publishing House. tional character, Zhong Xiandai, to react to the corruption in the vanguard camp.

1992 1.1–2.25 The exhibition China’s New Art, Post-1989, co-curated by Chang June Tsong-zung and Li Xianting, was held at the Hong Kong City Hall 12 The Ninth Perimeter Exhibition of the and Hong Kong Arts Centre, then Kassel Literature Exhibition and Contem- travelled to Australia in June. porary European Peripheral Art Exhibition 30 The exhibition China Avant-Garde: were held in Germany. Works by Cai Counter-Currents in Art and Culture Guoqiang, Li Shan, Lü Shengzhong, Ni opened at the Haus der Kulturen der Haifeng, Sun Liang and others were Welt, Berlin, Germany; later included. travelled to the Kunsthal Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Museum of Modern Art in Oxford, UK; and Kunsthallen October Brandts Klædefabrik, Denmark. Fea- tured artists included Huang 10.23–10.31 Guangzhou • the First 1990s Yongping, Gu Wenda, Fang Lijun, Biennial Art Fair was held at Gu Denxin, Geng Jianyi, Ni Haifeng, the International Conference and Zhang Peili. Hall, Central Hotel, Guangzhou. The organizer aimed to establish China’s art market and mobilize March domestic enterprise investment. Hu Jie completed his documentary film “The Artists of Yuanmingyuan.” December

More than thirty art critics convened in Beijing April and reached a consensus on protecting intellectual property rights by paid critical articles. The agree- 24 A project, entitled “Great Consumption,” ment was published in Jiangsu Huakan, issue organized by the New History Group 4, 1993, and created controversy in art circles. based in Hubei, led by Ren Jian, was about Chronicle of Events 477

to carry out at McDonald’s in Wangfujing, November Beijing, on April 25, but was forced to cancel right before the execution. 16 ZAFA was renamed to China Academy of Art (CAA).

May 1994 China Guardian Auctions Co. Ltd., the first com- prehensive auction house specializing in Chinese April cultural objects and artworks, was founded in Beijing, and held its first special auction for oil 10 Song Dong hosted Installation and Behav- painting and sculpture. ior of Film Solo Exhibition and Another Class, Do You Want to Play with Me? at the CAFA Gallery. The exhibition was shut June down after thirty minutes. The Annual Art Critics’ Nomination Exhibition opened at the NAMOC. May Mao Goes Pop, China Post ‘89 opened at the Museum of Contemporary Art of Australia, The journal of art criticism Jinri Xianfeng (Avant- Sydney. Garde Today) started publication by SDX Joint Publishing. 14 The Forty-fifth Venice Biennale opened. The Chinese section “Passaggio a Oreinte” (Passage to the East) featured fourteen July artists, as another two artists participated in the section “Aperto ‘93” (Open ‘93). The Black Cover Book, consisting of mainly Pro- posal Art, was published and circulated as an underground publication, edited by Zeng July Xiaojun, Ai Weiwei, and Xu Bing, with Zigong (Feng Boyi) as text editor. Zeng Xiaojun and Ai Fragmented Memory: The Chinese Avant-Garde Weiwei subsequently edited and published White in Exile was held at the Wexner Center for the Cover Book in 1995 and 1997, respectively. Arts, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, curated by Julia F. Andrews and Gao Minglu; the participating artists were Gu August Wenda, Huang Yongping, Wu Shanzhuan, and Xu Bing. 7 Artist Liu Haishu died at age ninety-eight. The Liu Haisu Art Museum was built in Shanghai, and Liu Haishu Art Gallery September opened in Changzhou, Jiangsu. 1– Gilbert & George China Exhibition was 11 held at the NAMOC and later travelled to September Shanghai. The Annual Art Critics’ Nomination Exhibition (Oil Painting) was held at the NAMOC. 478 Chronicle of Events

October September

10.12– Fang Lijun, Li Shan, Liu Wei, Wang World Conference for Women was held in 12.11 Guangyi, Yu Youhan, and Zhang Beijing. The major speakers, including Aung Xiaogang featured in the Twenty- San Suu Kyi, Hillary Clinton, and Mother Teresa, second Sao Paulo Art Biennial, all focused on the Conference’s theme, action for Brazil. equality, development and peace. 25 ‘91 China, Japan, Korea Interna- Bill Viola’s Video Art was introduced by Qiu tional Contemporary Art Exhibition, Zhijie and Wu Meichun on Jiangsu Huakan. the first international contemporary art exhibition in China, was held at the Beijing Normal University 1996 Gallery. March

1995 18 The First Shanghai Biennial opened at the Shanghai Art Museum with the theme The authorities cracked down on the “Open Space.” Yuanmingyuan Artists Village in the name of controlling floating population, and all artists were evicted. June

The Chinese Contemporary Ink Art Toward the May Twenty-first Century Symposium and Exhibition was held at South China Normal University, 22 Action Art “To Add One Meter to an Anon- Guangzhou. ymous Mountain” executed on Mt. Miaofeng, Beijing, by ten artists from the East Village. September

Phenomena / Moving Images: China’s Video Art June Exhibition, the first show of Video Art in China, held at the CAA, Hangzhou. Curated by Qiu The exhibition Avant-garde Art from the Central Zhijie and Wu Meichun, the show displayed six- Country - China was held in Barcelona, Spain. teen Video Art pieces by fifteen artists, The Forty-sixth Venice Biennale opened, and accompanied by two publications, Archive of featuring Chinese artists were Cai Guo-Qiang, Gu Video Art and Art and Awareness of History. Dexin, Huang Yongping, Liu Wei, Yan Peiming, Lectures on Video Art were given, plus a show Yang Jun and Zhang Xiaogang. of Video Art by Bill Viola and Gary Hill.

July November

CAFA moved out of Wangfujing, downtown The First Invitational Exhibition of Chinese Con- Beijing, and eventually settled at Wangjing, temporary Art 96–97, originally intended to open northeast Beijing in 2001 after a six-year at the NAMOC on November 31, 1996, was transition. canceled the day before. Chronicle of Events 479

December October

The multimedia First Exhibition of the Cartoon A Chinese Dream: ‘97 Chinese Contemporary Generation ‘96 was held at the art department at Art was held at the Yanhuang Art Museum, South China Normal University in Guangzhou. Beijing.

1997 1998

The Upriver Gallery, Chengdu, Sichuan, the first January private exhibition institution, built by Chen Jiagang, opened (closed in 2001). Trace of Survival—‘98 Internal Exhibition of Contemporary Chinese Art, curated by Feng Boyi and Cai Qing, was held at Art Now Studio May in Yaojiazhuang, Beijing. Artists created works on-site. Another Long March: Chinese Concept and Installation Art in the 1990s was held in Breda, the Netherlands, featuring installations, Video February Art, Action Art by eighteen artists. 2.6–5.25 The exhibition China: 5000 Years, was held at the Guggenheim June Museum. It included the ancient, modern and contemporary sections The Forty-seventh Venice Biennale opened, and in the initiative, but the contemporary Cai Guoqiang featured in the section Future, section was aborted abruptly prior to Past, Present in the Arsenale. the opening.

21 Feng Mengbo’s interactive multimedia work “Private Photo Book” and Wang Jianwei’s May Video Art piece “Production” were exhibited in the Tenth Kassel Documenta 23 Mondrian in China - Mondrian Literature with the theme of “Cultural Image.” and Chinese Artists’ Group Exhibition opened at the Guangdong Museum of Art.

July September 1 The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong occurred, when the United Kingdom ended 9.15–1.3.1999 Curated by Gao Minglu, Inside administration for the colony of Hong Kong Out: New Chinese Art opened and passed control of the territory to China. at the Asia Society and P.S. 1, New York, featuring artists from mainland China, Taiwan, August Hong Kong and overseas. In the following years the exhibi- 8.28–9.2 Video Art ‘97 China opened at CAFA tion travelled to San Francisco Gallery, curated by Wu Meichun and (USA), Monterrey (Mexico), Qiu Zhijie, including works by more Seattle (USA), and several than thirty Chinese artists. Asian cities, in three years. 480 Chronicle of Events

October 27 “China Art Archives & Warehouse,” cre- ated by Ai Weiwei, Hans van Dijk, and 10.20–11.20 The Second Shanghai Biennial collector Frank Uytterhaegen, was was held at the Shanghai Art completed, transforming an old warehouse Museum and Liu Haisu Art in Longguashu Village in the southern Museum with the theme “Syn- outskirts of Beijing into an art space, thesis and Exploration." where they held the Exhibition Innovations Part I.

November April 7 Curated by Zhang Zhaohui, Corruptionists - The Moment of Exposure opened in the The exhibition Supermarket, curated by Xu Zhen, basement of the Chinese Literature Associ- Yang Zhenzhong, and Alexander Brandt, opened ation. The authorities shut down the exhibi- on the fourth floor at Haoshanghai Plaza, Shang- tion on the second day. hai. An experimental exhibition aimed at the issue 21 It’s Me! (Shi wo!), curated by Leng Lin, of exhibition format was shut down by the planned to open at the Main Ritual Hall in authorities partway through. the former Imperial Ancestral Temple in Beijing but was cancelled by authorities the day before the opening. The First June Annual Exhibition of Contemporary Sculp- ture opened at the outdoor space at the He Ma Liuming, Zhuang Hui, Yue Minjun, and Lu Xiangning Art Museum in Shenzhen, last- Hao participated in the Forty-eighth Venice ing one year. Biennale. Huang Yongping was one of two artists representing France in its pavilion. Cai Guo-Qiang showed “Venice’s Rent Collection ” 1999 Courtyard and received the Golden Lion Award but accused of copyright infringement of the original creator of “Rent Collection January Courtyard” at home. Post-Sense Sensibility: Distorted Bodies and Delusion, curated by Wu Meichun and Qiu November Zhijie, was held in the basement of Building No. 202 in the Shaoyaoju neighborhood, Beijing. Xu Bing created a banner for MoMA, New York, The exhibition was aimed at antagonistic towards with his work “New English Calligraphy” as part what curators called “standardized conceptual of Projects 70. art” and stressed “sense of on-site.” 1 Sheng Qi executed an Action Art at the NAMOC titled “Concept 21 - AIDS,” refer- February ring back to the “Concept 21" series of Action Art in the late 1980s and marking 25 Fei Dawei, Paris-based art critic and curator, the first Action Art done in the NAMOC was awarded the title of Chevalier d’Ordre since China/Avant-Garde in February 1989. des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order 31 Gate of the New Century opens at the of Arts and Letters) by the French Chengdu Modern Art Museum, the largest government. Chronicle of Events 481

retrospective exhibition of contemporary Museum, Japan. A symposium on “Chinese Chinese art, featuring works produced by Avant-Garde – Current State and Prospects for about two hundred artists from 1979 the Twenty-First Century” was held. to 1999. 8.28 Organized by Chen Jin, Shu Yang, and Zhu Ming, the Open Art Festival, the first international Action Art festival in 2000 China, opened at Siduhe Village, Huairou, Beijing. January

1 Datong Dazhang (Zhang Shengquan) November committed suicide in his apartment in Datong, Shanxi, which completed his last 6 The Third Shanghai Biennial opened at Action Art at age of forty-four. the Shanghai Art Museum with the 8 2000 China: Art of Internet, Video and Pho- theme of “The Spirit of Shanghai," featur- tography Exhibition was held at Jilin Acad- ing works by sixty-six artists from eigh- emy of Fine Arts in Changchun, Jilin. The teen countries and regions. first art exhibition using Internet as art 4– The exhibition Fuck Off/Buhezuo Fangshi medium. Wen Pulin showed his documentary 14 (Non-cooperative Way), curated by Ai of thirteen years of Action Art, China Action. Weiwei and Feng Boyi in defiance of the Third Shanghai Biennale, took place in Donglang Gallery in Shanghai. April

22 Curated by Li Xianting, the exhibition December Obsession with Trauma opened at CAFA’s Research Institute of Sculpture. Some 13 Chen Zhen, a Shanghai artist, died of cancer works using human and animal corpses in Paris at age of forty-five. caused controversy.

June 2001

21– ShanghART Gallery became the first Robert Burnell, an American, opened his 26 Chinese art gallery to participate in the Timezone 8 Art Books bookstore, gallery and annual Basel Art Fair in Switzerland. publishing house office in a former canteen of 22 Zhu Bin, an art critic from Hubei, died in the Factory 798. Beijing; Tokyo Art Projects a plane crash in Wuhan, at the age of (BTAP), owned by Tabata Yukihito of Tokyo forty¼nine. Gallery, Japan, opened and became the first gal- lery in 798. Xue Song, a Shanghai artist, set his studio at August 50 Moganshan Road, the former Chunming Slub Mill, which was the beginning of M50, a Shang- Documentation of Chinese Avant-Garde Art in hai Art District. the 1990s, curated by Feng Boyi and Hua Tianxue, opened at the Fukuoka Asian Art 482 Chronicle of Events

April June

A group of artists moved their studios to 798 Fac- The Ministry of Culture organized artists to par- tory area in Dashanzi, Beijing, after Sui Jianguo ticipate in the Twenty-fifth Sao Paulo Art Biennial located his studio there in 2000. in Brazil.

6.8–9.15 Feng Mengbo and Yang Fudong June participated in the final platform of Documenta XI, curated by 28 Xin Langchao (New Wave), a monthly art Okwui Enwezor. magazine, started publication, with Deng Xubo as the editor-in-chief, and Li Xianting, Wu Wenguang and Qiu Zhijie as October editors. 10.12–12.31 Beijing Afloat, the opening exhibition of Beijing Tokyo September Art Projects, curated by Feng Boyi, was held in the Beijing The First Independent Film/Video Festival 798 Art District. opened at the Beijing Film Academy.

November December 11.18– The First Guangzhou Contempo- CAA, Hangzhou, founded the New Media Art 2.20.2003 rary Art Triennial – Reinterpre- Center, and a Digital Art Studio opened at the tation: One Decade of Chinese Department of Design, CAFA. Experimental Art (1990–2000) (simply named Guangzhou 14 The First Chinese Homosexual Film Festi- Triennia later) opened at val was held at the South Annex Building of Guangdong Museum of Art. The the Peking University Library and the chief curator was Wu Hung, and "Box" Coffee House of the Tsinghua the co-curators were Huang University. Zhuan, Wang Huangsheng and Feng Boyi. 22 The Fourth Shanghai Biennial 2002 opened at the Shanghai Art Museum with the theme “Urban Creation.” Fan Di’an hosted Living in Time: Contemporary Art Exhibition in the Modern Art Museum and Hamburg Train Station in Berlin, Germany. 2003

February Based on the New Media Art Center, founded in 2001, the Department of New Media was Wang Bing’s documentary Tiexi District: West of established in China Academy of Art, chaired by the Tracks won the grand prize at the Lisbon Zhang Peili. International Documentary Film Festival in From 2003 to 2007, Yang Fudong had Portugal. completed his “Seven Intellectuals in a Bamboo Forest,” a five-part series of black and white film. Chronicle of Events 483

March November

The Asian Art Archive (AAA) was founded in 8–21 798 Space at the 798 Art District fea- Hong Kong, focusing on documenting contempo- tured the exhibition Multi-Video rary art in Asia under a global context. Elements, showing about one hundred works by sixty artists. 14–30 Curated by Gao Minglu, Chinese 22 Hello, Comrade Mingong – Contempo- Maximalism was held at the Millennium rary Art Exhibition (mingong, migrant Art Museum, Beijing. laborers) was held at Today Art Museum, Beijing, featuring fourteen artists. June

14 The Fiftieth Venice Biennale, themed 2004 “Dreams and Conflicts: The Dictatorship Viewer”, opened. Twenty-seven Chinese The Studio of Experimental Art was founded at artists planned to participate in the exhibi- the CAFA, led by Lü Shengzhong. tion Region of Emergency, hosted by Hou Shi Xixi, an artist of No Name Group, died in Hanru, but cancelled due to outbreak Beijing at age of fifty-one. of SARS.

February July 12–16 Film Series China Now, organized by In celebration of the NAMOC’s fortieth anniver- Barbara London, screened at the sary and the completion of its renovation, the MoMA in New York, featuring media show An Opening Era: In Celebration of the art by Zhang Peili, Song Dong, Wang Fortieth Anniversary of the Founding of China Gongxin, and Li Yongbin, among National Museum of Fine Arts, with the contem- others. porary section, Experiment and Exploration, opened at the NAMOC. March August Xu Bing’s installation “Where Does the Dust Itself Collect?” won the Artes Mundi 1 Prize in 16–26 The show Buddhist Prayer Beads and Wales. Brush Strokes, curated by Li Xianting, was held at the Beijing Tokyo Art 25–26 Zooming into Focus: Contemporary Projects (BTAP). Chinese Photography and Video from the Haudenschild Collection opened at the Shanghai Art Museum, then September travelled to Beijing and shown at NAMOC. Distance, the first interna- 26– The First China Independent Film Festi- tional forum on contemporary Chinese 28 val (CIFF) was held in Nanjing. photography and Video Art was held at CAA, Hangzhou. 484 Chronicle of Events

April 2005

4.24– The First Dashanzi International Art The Department of Comprehensive Painting, 5.24 Festival held at the 798 Art District, CAA, Hangzhou, was renamed to the Department shown twenty-seven art programs at of Comprehensive Arts, chaired by Yang Jinsong. seventeen venues, and attracted over Under the guidance of his “Classic of Mean- eighty thousand visitors. ing,” Ren Jian started to paint his epic work of thirty-six pieces of 2 x 1 m acrylic painting, “The Epoch,” which was completed in 2012. May

5.28– The First International New Media May 6.13 Arts Exhibition and Symposium were held at the Millennium Art Museum. Chinese Modern Art Archives at Peking Univer- sity, OCAT in Shenzhen, and the Center for the Art of East Asia at the University of Chicago June agreed to collaborate on editing the Contempo- rary Chinese Art Yearbooks. Le Monie et le démon: Art Contemporain Chinois (The Monk and the Demon: Contemporary Chi- nese Art), part of the event “Year of China in June France,” curated by Fei Dawei, was held in Lyon. The first China’s national pavilion at the Venice 10 Wu Hung hosted Between the Past and Biennale, sponsored by the government, and Future: China New Photography and curated by Cai Guoqiang, featuring the exhibi- Video Art Exhibition in New York Interna- tion, Virgin Garden: Emerson, opened. tional Photography Center. One hundred artists signed the petition to save the Suojiacun Art Camp, an artist village in Beijing. The camp was demolished in November. September

5– The First China International Art Fair November 8 opened at the China International Confer- ence Center, Beijing, featured over a hun- The Second Guangzhou Triennial, themed dred galleries. “Beyond: An Extraordinary Space of Experimen- 28 The Fifth Shanghai Biennial, themed tation for Modernization,” opened at the “Techniques of the Visible,” was held at Guangdong Museum of Art. Shanghai Art Museum.

December 2006 Qiu Anxiong had constructed his epic animation 12.10– The Tenth National Art Exhibition trilogy, “New Classic of Mountains and Seas,” in 1.8.2005 was held at the NAMOC. a decade (2006–2017). 17–19 The Second China Independent Film Festival (CIFF) was held at Nanjing University of the Arts. Chronicle of Events 485

February 2007

2.26– The Thirteen: Chinese Video Art May 4.24 Today was held at P.S. 1 in New York. 17– The Fourth China Independent Film 21 Festival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing.

March

Curated by Yang Wei, Documents on Drifting: June Exhibition of Hu Min’s Photography and Hu Jie’s Documentary Film of Yuanmingyuan Artists Ai Weiwei’s “Fairy Tale” brought 1001 mainland was held at Today Art Museum, Beijing. Chinese people to Kassel, Germany to participate in Documenta 12. Subjects of identity, memory, 31 Sotheby’s held its first Chinese contempo- love, and dreams were discussed among these rary art auction in New York. Zhang travelers. Xiaogang’s oil painting “Blood: Comrade Iraqi-British collector Charles Saatchi initiated a 120” (1998) was sold for $ 9.8 million, a Chinese website at Beijing 798 Art District, record for Chinese contemporary art. starting his collection of Chinese contemporary art.

April October

Adopting the theme “Beijing/Background,” the 10.17– The First Today Documenta was 2006 Dashanzi International Art Festival, curated 11.13 held at the Today Art Museum, by Huang Rui and Bérénice Angremy (Li Jing), Beijing. took place in 798 Art District. 20–23 The Third China Independent Film Fes- tival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing. November

5 The inaugural exhibition of Ullens Center for September Contemporary Art (UCCA), ‘85 New Wave: The Birth of Chinese Contemporary Art 9.5– The Sixth Shanghai Biennial, themed opened in Beijing 798 Art District. Curated 11.5 “Hyper Design,” opened at the Shang- by Fei Dawei, the first director of UCCA, this hai Art Museum. was a retrospective show of China’s Avant- Garde Movement of the 1980s held by a contemporary art institution, which is funded October by a foreign private foundation.

6 Songzhuang Art Gallery opened in Beijing, and Li Xianting was appointed as the first 2008 director. June

6.10– Curator Zhang Ga organized a new 7.3 media exhibition, Synthetic Times - Media Art China, at the NAMOC. 486 Chronicle of Events

Over fifty new media installations by Jiangxi, Chongqing, and in cities in Italy, France, artists from thirty countries were on Holland, Belgium, Mauritius and New Zealand. display, along with workshops, presentations and debates. February

July 5 The authorities shut down two of three shows of the twentieth anniversary of the China/ 16 The Scandal of the Contaminated Baby For- Avant-Garde exhibition at the National Agri- mula, involved milk and infant formula cultural Exhibition Center, which featured along with other food materials and artworks, and the Today Art Museum, components being adulterated with mela which featured video documentaries. Only mine, broke out. Of an estimated three hun- the show at the Wall Art Museum, featuring dred thousand victims, six babies died from documents of the China/Avant-Garde, kidney stones and other kidney damage, and opened on time. an estimated fifty-four thousand babies were hospitalized. October

August 12– The Sixth China Independent Film Fes- 16 tival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing. 8 Beijing Olympics 2008 opened. 12– Cai Guo-Qiang’s solo Exhibition, I Want 19 to Believe, opened at the NAMOC of China. 2010

April September 4.25– Reshaping History: New Youth China Minsheng Bank established the Minsheng Art 5.19 Art Invitation Exhibit from 2000 to Museum in Shanghai. 2009 opened at Today Art Museum and Arrario Beijing (ended 6.12). 8–12 The Fifth China Independent Film Festival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing. – 9.9 The Seventh Shanghai Biennial, August 11.16 themed “Translocal Motion,” opened at the Shanghai Art Museum. 1–8 The 2010 Beijing Youth Independent Video Art Annual Exhibition was held at the Caihuoche (猜火车) Cultural 2009 Salon, Beijing, with theme “Ten Years,” screening seventeen movies Started with “Three Immortals” at Sanbao Inter- made in the 2000s. national Village of Ceramics, Jingdezhen, 8.28– The Great Performance, curated by Jiangxi, Wenna (Chen Xingxing) had painted 12.10 Leng Lin, opened at the Pace Beijing, tens of murals of her creation at home and abroad, featuring works associating with including Beijing, Shanghai, Anhui, Yunnan, Action Art. Chronicle of Events 487

September October

9.18– The Second Today Documenta, 10.2.2012– The Ninth Shanghai Biennial: 10.26 themed “negotiation,” opened at the 3.31.2013 Reactivation opened at the Today Art Museum, Beijing. Power Station of Art.

October 2013

21– The Seventh China Independent Film April 25 Festival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing. 23 The Eighth Shanghai Biennial - Tour 4.26– Duchamp and / or / in China was held Rehearsal was held at the Shanghai Art 6.16 at the UCCA, presenting the most Museum. comprehensive exhibition of Duchamp’s work ever mounted in China, as well as an investigation into 2011 his influence on the development of contemporary art in China. Translife: International Triennial of New Media Art, the second triennial of new media, opened at the NAMOC. August The Committee of Experimental Art under CAA was founded, some CAA provincial 8.18–11.10 Portrait of the Times - Thirty Years branches followed. of Chinese Contemporary Art opened at the Power Station of Art, Shanghai. March October– The Tenth China Independent December Film Festival (CIFF) was held National Museum of China, created by merging in Nanjing, Xiamen and Dalian. the Museum of Chinese History with the Museum of Chinese Revolution in 2003, re-opened after renovation starting from 2007, enlarging its floor December area from 65,000 to nearly 200,000 square meters. 12.11.2013– The exhibition Ink Art: Past as 4.16.2014 Present in Contemporary China, curated by Maxwell Hearn, was October held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. 16 Zou Yuejin, an art critic and historian The exhibition featured around of CAFA, died of cancer at age of seventy works by thirty-five Chi- fifty-three. nese artists in various media – 10.28– The Eighth China Independent Film painting, calligraphy, photo- 11.1 Festival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing. graph, graphic art, video, sculp- ture, animation and installation.

2012 2014

The Ninth China Independent Film Festival Thing World: International Triennial of New (CIFF) was banned two days prior to the opening. Media Art opened at NAMOC. 488 Chronicle of Events

School of Experimental Art was established at December the CAFA, headed by Lü Shengzhong, who was succeeded by Qiu Zhijie in 2016 when he retired. The Twelfth China Independent Film Festival The Eleventh China Independent Film Festival (CIFF) was held in Nanjing. (CIFF) was held in Xiamen (October) and Nanjing (December). 12.7.2015– The solo show of Feng 2.15.2016 Guodong, the late artist, was held at the Diplomatic Resi- May dence Compound No.12, or DRC No.12, located in down- 12– The Tenth Anniversary of the China Inde- town Beijing, which proclaimed 15 pendent Film Festival was held in the birth of an alternate space of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England. exhibition.

September 2016 9.1– Contemporary Photography in China The Thirteenth China Independent Film Festival 10.15 2009–2014 was held at Shanghai (CIFF) was banned but films screened to a Minsheng Art Museum. selected audience in Nanjing (November) and Beijing (January 2017). November April 11.1.2014– Curated by Anselm Franke, the 5.29.2015 Tenth Shanghai Biennial: 13 Huang Zhuan, an art critic and historian, Social Factory was held at the died of cancer in Guangzhou at age of Power Station of Art. fifty-eight.

2015 June

May 6.12– Rauschenberg in China was exhibited 8.21 at the Ullens Center for Contemporary 5.15– China 8 – Contemporary Art from Art in Beijing, thirty years after 9.13 China at Rhine & Ruhr opened, Rauschenberg Overseas Cultural involving eight cities, nine museums Interchange (ROCI) Exhibition held in Rhine and Ruhr regions, featuring at the NAMOC (1985). one hundred twenty Chinese artists, five hundred works. It claimed to be “the largest institutional exhibition of November contemporary art from China ever to be assembled anywhere in the world.” 11.5–12.11 Post-sense Sensibility: Fear and Will opened at Beijing Minsheng Art Museum. 11.12.2016– The Eleventh Shanghai Bien- 3.12.2017 nial: Why Not Ask Again? was Chronicle of Events 489

held at the Power Station of Art, June Shanghai. 26 Chen Shaoxiong, an artist of 6.25– The Chinese Contemporary Art Year- Big-tail Elephant Group, died 8.3 book Exhibition 2016 was held at in Beijing at age of fifty-four. Beijing Minsheng Art Museum. 29 Zhang Nian, an artist best known for his Action Art “Egg-Hatch” in the show July China/Avant-Garde in 1989, died at age of fifty-two. 7.16– The exhibition .zip Future Rhapsody 9.16 Xiaomi Á Future of Today opened at the Today Art Museum. The exhibition December was designed to explore the pioneering concept of space, virtual reality, and 12.20.2016– The Third Today Documenta, the art of the future. 3.22.2017 themed “BRIC-à-brac: The Jumble of Growth 另一种选 择”, was held at the Today Art September Museum, Beijing. 9.15– Deutschland 8 - Art from Germany, 10.31 series of exhibitions in eight venues, – 2017 in response to China 8 Contempo- rary Art from China at Rhine & Ruhr (2015), opened in Beijing, displaying February three-hundred-twenty works of fifty- five German artists from the 1950s to 16 Ren Hang, a photographer, committed sui- present. cide in Beijing due to depression, one month prior to his thirtieth birthday. October March 10.6.2017– Art and China after 1989: The- 1.7.2018 ater of the World opened at the 1– The Myth of Documenta – Arnold Bode Guggenheim Museum, 31 and His Heirs was held at the CAFA Art New York, featuring works by Museum. seventy-one key artists and groups. April December 4.28– Photographer Xiao Quan’s solo exhi- 5.21 bition, Our Generation – The Context 5 Geng Jianyi, a prominent contemporary artist and Portraits of History, opened at and veteran of vanguard art, died of cancer in Beijing Minsheng Art Museum. Hangzhou at age fifty-five. 490 Chronicle of Events

2018 November

January 11.2.2018– In collaboration with the Centre 1.6.2019 Pompidou, Cosmopolis #1.5: 1.4– Rhizome – A Survey Subject of Chinese Enlarged Intelligence opened 3.4 Contemporary Arts was held at the in three venues, Chengdu, Today Art Museum in Beijing, featuring Sichuan, featuring works of Sui Jianguo, Wang Luyan, Hu Jieming, fifty-six artists from twenty- Jiang Jie, Ni Haifeng, Xu Zhen and five countries and regions. MadeIn Company, Jiang Zhi and Gao 11.10.2018– Curated by art critic and histo- Weigang. 3.10.2019 rian Cuauhtémoc Medina, the Twelfth Shanghai Biennial: Progress opened at the Power March Station of Art.

3.16– The Twenty-first Biennial of Sydney – 6.11 Superposition: Equilibrium & Sources Engagement opened. Participating Chinese artists include Ai Weiwei, Art Link Art Website Archive http://artlinkart. Chen Shaoxiong, Geng Xue, and com/en/ Yang Jun. Berghuis, Thomas, Performance Art in China, Hong Kong: Timezone 8 Limited, 2006. Chen, Lüsheng, Xin Zhongguo Meishu Tushi: June 1949–1966 (An Illustrated Art History of the People’s Republic of China: 1949–1966), – 6.9 The Chinese Contemporary Art Year- Beijing: China Youth Press, 2000. 8.24 book Exhibition 2017 was held at Gao, Minglu, Zhou Yan, Wang Xiaojian, Shu Beijing Minsheng Art Museum. Qun, Wang Mingxian, Tong Dian, Zhongguo – 6.16 Turning Point - Forty Years of Chinese Dangdai Meishushi: 1985–1986 (A History of 9.9 Contemporary Art opened at the Long Chinese Contemporary Art: 1985–1986), Museum West Bund, Shanghai. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publisher, 1991. He, Juxing, edited, Moving Image in China: 1988–2011, bilingual catalogue for the exhibi- July tion at Shanghai Mingshen Art Museum, Vision Art Publisher, 2011. The Scandal of the Faulty Vaccine, in which two Liu, Chun, Zhongguo Youhua Shi (History of fi hundred fty thousand doses were produced, Chinese Oil Painting), Beijing: China Youth sold, and severely hurt the children who were Publishing House, 2005. injected, broke out. Lu, Hong, Yuejie: Zhongguo Xianfeng Yishu 1979–2004 (Cross the Border: China Avant- Garde Art 1979–2004), Hebei Fine Arts Pub- August lishing House, 2006. Lü, Peng and Yi Dan, Zhongguo Xiandai 1 Cui Xiuwen, a woman artist from Meishushi: 1979–1989 (A History of China Heilongjiang, best known for her Video Art Modern Art: 1979–1989), Changsha, Hunan, “ ’ ” piece Ladies Room, died in Beijing at age China: Hunan Fine Arts Publisher, 1992. of fifty-one. Chronicle of Events 491

Wang, Mingxian and Yan Shanchun, Xin Zou, Yuejin, Xin Zhongguo Meishu Shi: 1949– Zhongguo Meishu Tushi: 1966–1976 (The 2000 (A History of Chinese Fine Arts: 1949– Art History of the People’s Republic of 2000), Changsha: Hunan Fine Arts Publishing China: 1966–1976), Beijing: China Youth House, 2002. Publishing House, 2000. Wu, Hung, edited, Contemporary Chinese Art: (Compiled by Chen Lufeng, and edited by Zhou Primary Documents, produced by the Depart- Yan) ment of Publications, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2011. Chinese Glossary

Baimiao 白描, ink outline drawing without color, or rice paper and in bright color, an opposite of shading and wash, an opposite method of mogu. xieyi.

Cunfa 皴法, brush-stroke method or pattern, Gou 勾, cun 皴, ca 擦, dian 点, ran 染, are using light ink strokes with a relatively dry brush methods of outlining and texture in inking and to show the shades and texture of objects, espe- brushwork.Goumeans outlining and is executed cially rocks and mountains in shanshui usually with the brush vertically to the paper sur- (mountians-and-waters). There are more than ten face. Cun refers to texture making or shading with different cunfa for various purposes, such as, the relatively dry brush slantingly to the paper, as ca supplements to cun to provide rough texture of fantou cun 矾头皴, lumps, resembling lumps of mountains or rocks by very dry brush to rub with alum, or Chinese steamed bun. brush in nearly a horizontal position. Dian, liter- fupi cun 斧劈皴, axe cuts, as cuts made by an axe. ally pointing, usually applies on portraying moss on tree trunk or branches, as ran can be method of jiesuo cun 解索皴, unraveled rope, as each stroke either coloring or inking, by put on a wash of retaining a twist. pigment, ink or both on the surface.

juanyun cun 卷云皴, rolling clouds. Guohua 国画 and zhongguohua 中国画, pima cun 披麻皴, hemp fiber, like spread-out hemp mean national painting and Chinese painting fibers, long, slightly wavy strokes, giving the effect respectively, the term for ink painting emerged of glaciated or maturely eroded slopes. in the early twentieth century that differentiates it from xihua or xiyanghua (western-style paint- yudian cun 雨点皴, raindrops. ing, mainly oil painting). The similar terms Feibai 飞白, literally flying white, is a tech- include guowen (national written language and nique of ink art in which the dry brush runs literature), guoyu (national spoken language), swiftly on and sometimes lifts a bit from the guoxue (national scholarship or learning), guoyue surface to create lines or areas with untouched (national music), guoshu (national martial arts), parts, using in shanshui most of time to generate guohuo (China-made goods), guoyi or zhongyi vitality of brushwork or provide space for (national/Chinese medicine), all have their west- "breath." ern counterparts except for guoshu (national mar- tial arts, maybe because there is no single type of Gongbi 工笔, refers to meticulous brushwork martial arts but several, say, boxing and wrestle, or painting with meticulous brushwork, represen- in the West). The creation of this series of termi- tational method with fine brushwork and close nology could be seen as a part of campaign of attention to details, usually on nonabsorbent silk revival of Chinese culture as well as a defensive stance in cultural identity when western culture

# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 493 Y. Zhou, A History of Contemporary Chinese Art, Chinese Contemporary Art Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1141-7 494 Chinese Glossary was introduced and shaking the structure of Chi- emerged in the early twentieth century that nese tradition in the twentieth century. differentiates from guohua or zhongguohua (national or Chinese painting); and referred Huaniao 花鸟, flowers-and-birds painting, mainly to oil painting, but also includes water- one of three subjects of Chinese ink painting color and western-style drawing and graphic arts. (another two are renwu and shanshui), including all flowers, insects, fishes, and vegetables, or Xiesheng 写生, means grasp of life, draw, beasts, sometimes with symbolic meaning. sketch or paint from life/nature; can be in all subjects, namely shanshui, renwu and huaniao. Jiehua 界画, boundary line painting, usually This is the concept and practice that was using a ruler to paint straight lines on architecture; introduced mainly from western, particularly introduced Chinese version of perspective in the Renaissance, art in late nineteenth to early twenti- painting of architecture; initiated in late Tang and eth centuries, therefore, it includes all western art became popular in court painting of Ming and media. Qing dynasties. Xieyi 写意, literally writing of ideas and feel- Mogu 没骨, boneless painting or brushwork, ing, freehand brushwork or painting characterized painting executed in ink wash and/or color with- by spontaneous expression, bold outline out gou or outlining, an opposite method of (no outline sometimes, so become mogu) and baimiao. calligraphic strokes, usually on absorbent rice paper, an opposite of gongbi. When brushwork Nianhua 年画 New Year’s prints. As Xin and ink wash become even freer and more spon- Nianhua was created in the 1950s, the medium taneous, it’s called daxieyi (大写意), highly free- was expanded into ink, watercolor and gouache, hand brushwork or painting. in addition to graphic type, as bright mainly pri- mary colors, all-covered painting surface and fes- Yuan 远, perspectives used in shanshui. There tive atmosphere remained. are three kinds of perspective in traditional shanshui, called sanyuan, namely pingyuan 平 Renwu 人物, figure painting, one of three 远, level distance; shenyuan 深远, deep distance; subjects of Chinese ink painting. and gaoyuan 高远, high distance. Shanshui 山水, mountains-and-waters paint- ing, one of three subjects of Chinese ink painting, and major subject of literati painting. P.S. Painting and Calligraphy Formats

Wenren hua 文人画, literati painting, ink There are usually four formats of painting and painting with literati aesthetics, usually using calligraphy, established firmly in the Song shanshui, sometimes huaniao, as subject. The Dynasty: genesis was believed from Wang Wei, a painter of Tang Dynasty, while the end, though debat- Guazhou 挂轴, hanging scroll, is a painting or able, is usually put in the early twentieth century, calligraphy surface of silk or rice paper, when the Qing Dynasty ends; the Orthodox lite- mounted with paper backing and cloth facing rati painting of Four Wang’s of Qing was (same to all three formats), stored in rolled-up criticized by reformists and guohua, literally Chi- form, and exhibited unrolled and suspended nese painting (or, national painting), a new term from a peg or portable stick some seven or for ink painting, was given and applied. nine feet above the ground. It’s therefore usu- ally vertical in format, although some Xihua 西画,orxiyanghua, 西洋画, western- approaches a horizontal arrangement. style painting, a term for non-ink painting Chinese Glossary 495

Shoujuan 手卷, handscroll, is horizontal in their Shanmian 扇面, fan, either circular in round fan long dimension, which can measure from or sector shape in folding fan. about one foot to about forty. The painting/ calligraphy surface is likewise paper or silk, Ceye 册页, single sheet or album leaves, also on and the exterior binding is usually a rich bro- paper or silk, and always small, has two cade. Like hanging scrolls, handscrolls are subtypes: the square or round album leaf and also rolled up for storage. For viewing, they the oblate circular fan shape. are unrolled from right to left, revealing first a brocade border, then the painting, usually pre- The hanging scroll and the single sheet are framed ceded by its title, and finally one or multiple in a border (sometimes in multiple borders) of tiba, colophons. Colophons appear mostly in silk. They correspond in general format to the handscroll format and are written either by Western painting. The handscroll is not used an owner of the painting/calligraphy, or by a in the West. In addition to these, the traditional person invited to comment on the work or to types of religious wall painting on wood, plas- improvise on its theme or mood at some aus- ter, or other permanent material started from picious time. Some sets of colophons number Six Dynasties, continued and ultimately over thirty, often on a painting/calligraphy a declined. foot or two in length. Bibliography1

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Zhou Yan 周彦, “Tiaokan yu Zichao: Houbajiu Zhongguo Zhou, Yan 周彦, “Zhang Jian-jun: Visual Inquiry into Dalu Xiandai Yishu zhong de Quanru Zhuyi Qingxiang” Existence, Temporality and History,” in bilingual exhi- (调侃与自嘲:后八九中国大陆现代艺术中的犬儒主 bition catalogue Zhang Jianjun 张健君, Shanghai: 义倾向 Ridicule and Self-Deprecating: The Cynical Shanghai Jingxiu Wenzhang Press, 2012. Trend in Mainland China’s Modern Art after 1989), Zhou, Yan (周彦), Odyssey of Culture: Wenda Gu and His Xiongshi Meishu, November 1995, No.297. Art, Berlin: Springer, 2015. Zhou, Yan 周彦, “Shuimo • Lei Chouxiang • Dongfang Zhu, Zhu 朱朱, “Huise de Kuanghuanjie: 2000-2009 Nian Yuzhouguan” (水墨 • 类抽象 • 东方宇宙观 Ink Art, de Zhongguo Xin Yishu” (灰色的狂欢节:2000-2009 Quasi-Abstraction, and the Eastern Perspective of Uni- 年的中国新艺术 A Grey Carnival: China’s New verse), “Dangdai Shuimo yu Meishushi Shiye” Guoji Art 2000 – 2009), Beijing: Dangdai Yishu yu Touzi Yantaohui Lunwenji (“当代水墨与美术史视野” 国 (Contemporary Art & Investment), a serial essay on 际研讨会论文集 The Collection of Essays of Interna- issue 41, 2010/05 and issue 42, 2010/06. tional Conference of Contemporary Ink Art and Art Zou, Yuejin 邹跃进, Xin Zhongguo Meishu Shi: 1949- Historical Perspectives), Beijing: internal publication, 2000 (新中国美术史:1949-2000, A History of Chi- 2010. nese Fine Arts: 1949-2000), Changsha: Hunan Fine Zhou, Yan (周彦), “Art Institution: Critique and Its Insti- Arts Publishing House, 2002. tution,” Yishu: Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art, Vancouver, Canada, March 2012. Index1

Symbols Ai, Weiwei 艾未未 (1957-), 98, 101, 308, 366, 370, 477, 0 Art Group”查页码, 不需要 “0艺术集团” ) 480, 481, 485, 490 0 Art Group 0艺术集团, 205, 206, 220, 222, 472 Ai, Zhongxin 艾中信 (1915-2003), 8, 34, 35, 460 0 Art Group Exhibition 0 艺术集团展览, 222, 472 Andrews, Julia (F. 1950s-), 4, 11, 14, 15, 19, 59–60, 67, The 22nd International Biennial of São Paulo, 278 477 798 Art District 798艺术区, 345–348, 363, 482–485 Angremy, Bérénice (Chinese name Li Jing 黎静, 798 Art Zone, see 798 Art District F. c.1960s-), 485 ’83 Phase • Painting Experiment Exhibition 83年阶段•绘 An Opening Era: Celebration of 40th Anniversary of 画实验展览, 160, 470 Founding of China National Museum of Fine ’85 Art Movement 八五美术运动, 83, 120, 186, 314, 473 Arts 开放的时代:庆祝中国美术馆建馆40周年, ’85 New Space ’85新空间 (artists group), 148, 208, 216 361 ’85 New Space ’85新空间 (exhibition), 123, 148, 472, Antagonism, 121, 190, 308 473 Anti-Art 反艺术, xiv, 121, 124, 126, 136–138, 179, 190, ’85 Youth Art Wave Grand Slide Show and Conference 192, 201, 205, 209, 210, 212, 218, 221, 250, 272, (or Zhuhai Conference)’85 青年美术思潮大型幻 301, 308 灯展暨学术讨论会(或珠海会议), 123, 125, 227, Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign 反资产阶级自 230, 473 由化运动, 124, 228, 473 ’86 Concave vs. Convex 86凹凸展, 160, 473 Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign 清除精神污染, 86, ’88 Chinese Modern Art Conference, see Mt. Huang 120, 187, 470 Conference ’88中国现代艺术研讨会 Antonioni, Michelangelo (1912-2007), 60 9.30 Painting Society 9.30画会, 205 Aphrodite, 385 Apple, 60, 64–65, 80, 134, 233, 368, 456 A April Fifth Movement 四五运动, 81, 85, 91, 467, 468 Academic Exchange Exhibition of Young Artists around April Photography Society 四月影会, 102 China 全国青年艺术家学术交流展, 228 Arafat, Yasser (1929-2004), 456 Academy of Art and Design (AAD), vii Art and China after 1989: Theater of the World, 323 See also “Central Academy of Arts and Crafts” Art and Illusion, 129 A-Chang 阿昌 (He Yunchang 何云昌1967-), 312–313 Art Exhibition I 画展 I, 160 A-Cheng 阿城 (Zhong A-Cheng 钟阿城 1949-), 98, 101 art in humble room 陋室艺术, 221–223 Action Art, 121, 137, 139, 153, 173, 190, 192–200, 212, Art Nouveau, 129 221–223, 226, 227, 236, 237, 239, 241, 256, 257, Art of central theme/melody 主旋律艺术, 354 271, 302, 308–313, 322, 323, 325, 328, 336–339, Asad, Baššār al-’ (1965-), 456 347, 445–446, 473, 474, 476, 478, 480, 481, 486, Ashcan School, 104, 368 489 August 85 New Art 85.8新艺术展, 187 Activism, 120, 193, 197, 317 Aung San Suu Kyi (F. 1945-), 328, 478 Ahmadinezhād, Mahmoud (1956-), 456 Avalokitesvara 千手千眼观音 (Guanyin of Thousand Ai, Qing 艾青 (1910-1996), 101 Arms and Eyes), 366, 458 Ai, Shen 艾身 (1964-), 263 Avant-Garde Movement, xiii, xxiv, 75–77, 79, 81, 85–103, 106, 108, 112, 116–265, 272–274, 277, 278, 280–284, 287–289, 294–296, 298, 301–333, 1 (Chinese provided for Chinese entries such as names, 335–338, 353, 355, 356, 358, 360, 416, 427, 453, exhibition/book/conference titles, concepts, subjects 470–474, 476–478, 480, 481, 485, 486, 489 and events. As Chinese concept in pinyin is in italic, A-Zhen 阿真 (Zeng Zhaorong 曾朝容 F. 1962-), 233 English and Chinese titles of exhibitions, books and conferences are in italic too.)

# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 503 Y. Zhou, A History of Contemporary Chinese Art, Chinese Contemporary Art Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1141-7 504 Index

B Cai, Shiwei 蔡士伟 (c.1990s-), 376 Bacon, Francis (1909-1992), 268, 291 Cai, Yi 蔡仪 (1906-1992), 8 Bada Shanren 八大山人 (Zhu Da 朱耷 1626-1905), 73, Calder, Alexander (1898-1976), 124 256, 268 Camus, Albert (1913-1960), 145, 182, 252 Bagua 八卦, 204 Cang, Xin 苍鑫 (1967-), 311, 312, 346 Baimiao 白描 linear outlining (in ink painting), 10, 13, 14, Cao, Dan 曹丹 (1960-), 253 29, 436, 494 Cao, Fei 曹斐 (F. 1978-), 447 Banghe 棒喝, 126 Cao, Kai 曹恺 (1969-), 359 Bao, Jianfei 包剑斐 (F. 1959-), 123, 148, 150, 328 Cao, Li 曹力 (1954-), 128, 221 Bao, Le-an 包乐安 (born c. 1940s-1950s), 75 Cao, Xiaodong 曹晓冬 (1961-), 144, 184, 220 Barbie, 456 Cao, Xiaomei 曹晓梅 (F. 1944-), 75 Barney, Mathew (1967-), 457 Cao, Xueqin曹雪芹 (1715-1763), 451 Baselitz, Georg (1938-), 174, 291 Cao, Yong 曹涌 (1954-), 187 Basking in the Sunshine 晒太阳, 201, 223, 473 Cao, Yong 曹勇 (1962-), 253 Bastien-Lapage, Jules (1848-1884), 214 Cape of Good Hope Modern Art Exhibition 好望角现代 Bauhaus, 129, 345 艺术展, 186 Becher, Bernd (1931-2007), 390 Castro, Fidel (1926-2016), 456 Becher, Hilla (1934-2015), 390 Central Academy of Arts and Crafts (CAAC), vii, 45, 49, Beidao 北岛 (Zhao Zhenkai 赵振开 1949-), 101 112, 199, 235, 251, 433, 438, 462, 466, 472 Beijing Afloat 北京漂移, 346, 482 See also “Academy of Art and Design (AAD)” 中央工 Beijing Commune 北京公社, 347 艺美术学院 Beijing Exhibition Center 北京展览馆, 44, 57, 130, 461, Central Academy of Drama (CAD) 中央戏剧学院, vii, 463, 470 132, 173 Beijing Oil Painting Research Group 北京油画研究会, Central Academy of Fine Arts (CAFA) 中央美术学院, 120 vii, viii, 5, 9, 14, 15, 24, 27–32, 49, 59, 110, 122, Beijing Youth Painting Society 北京青年画会, 120, 221 130, 132, 134, 173, 175, 199, 215, 230, 233, 240, Bell, Clive (1881-1964), 215 242, 249, 259, 262, 267–269, 278, 280, 284, 288, Bellefroid, Emmanuel 白天祥 (1948-), 100 307, 320, 329, 353, 354, 360–362, 459–462, 464– Belting, Hans (1935-), 213 470, 473, 474, 477–479, 482, 483, 487–489 Bergman, Ingrid (1915-1982), 188 Central Academy of Fine Arts High School or CAFA High Beuys, Joseph (1921-1986), 210, 395 School 中央美术学院附属中学, 49, 59, 240 Big-Tail Elephant 大尾象, 321, 437, 475, 489 Central Cultural Revolution Group 中央文革小组, 49, 67, Bingyi 冰逸 (Huang, Bingyi 黄冰逸 F. 1975-), 327, 407– 466 413 Cézanne, Paul (1839-1906), 225 Black Union 黑色联盟, 191, 192 Chagall, Marc (1887-1985), 129, 173 Black painting 黑画, 67, 68, 466, 467 Chai, Feiyi 柴斐义 (c. 1950s-), 263, 264 Black-White-Black 黑白黑, 160, 473 Chaile Travel 拆了旅行社, 390, 391 Black-White Creation Society 黑白创造社, 177, 178 Chai, Xiaogang 柴小刚 (1962-), 144, 220, 223, 254 Bodhisattva 菩萨, 100, 424, 456 Chan Buddhism, 121, 126, 131, 156, 365–367, 403 Borges, Jorge Luis (1899-1986), 145 Chang-e 嫦娥, 456 Bosch, Hieronymus (1450-1516), 318 Chang, Tsong-zung (Johnson) 张颂仁 (1951-), 99, 272, Boyun 薄云 (Li Yongcun 李永存 1948-), 98 278, 476 Brown, Fredrick J. (1945-2012), 259 chaoting 朝廷, 341 Bruna, Hendrik (1927-2017), 453 Chen, Baoyi 陈抱一 (1893-1945), 217, 218 Bryson, Norman (1949-), 296 Chen, Beixin 谌北新 (1932-), 29 Buddhist Prayer Beads and Brush Strokes 念珠与笔触, Chen, Boda 陈伯达 (1904-1989), 49 362, 363 Chen, Chengzong 陈承宗 (1960-), 244 Burnell, Robert (c. 1960s-), 345, 481 Chen, Danqing 陈丹青 (1953-), 109–112, 175, 188, 190, Bu, Zhengwei 布正伟 (1939-), 124 469 Byron, George (1788-1824), 378 Cheng, Conglin 程丛林 (1954-), 105–106, 130 Cheng, Li 成力 (1954-), 187, 314 C Cheng, Shifa 程十发 (1921-2007), 67 ca 擦, 205, 431, 493 Cheng, Xiaoyu 成肖玉 (1956-), 218, 251 Cai, Guoqiang 蔡国强 (1957-), 38, 300, 301, 360, 475, Chen, Jiagang 陈家刚 (1962-), 350, 459 476, 479, 484 Chen, Jin 陈进 (1964-), 481 Cai, Jin 蔡锦 (F. 1965-), 329 Chen, Lide 陈立德 (1948-), 273, 275 Cai, Ruohong 蔡若虹 (1910-2002), 6–8, 14, 15 Chen, Lingyang 陈羚羊 (F. 1975-), 444, 445 Index 505

Chen, Lüsheng 陈履生 (1956-), 8, 10, 15 Chistyakov Drawing Pedagogy 契斯恰科夫素描教学法, Chen, Shaoping 陈少平 (1947-), 246, 304, 307, 320, 14, 29, 130, 360 433 chongxin quanshi chuantong 重新诠释传统 Chen, Shaoxiong 陈劭雄 (1962-2016), 195, 320–323, re-interpreting tradition, 122, 132, 134, 135, 472 437, 440–441, 475, 489, 490 Chu culture, 202, 203, 205, 206, 248 Chen, Shiqu 陈士渠 (1909-1995), 89 Clark, Kenneth (1903-1983), 129 Chen, Shubao 陈叔宝 (best known as Chen Houzhu, 陈后 Clarke, David (1954-), 295, 296 主 553-604), 166 Classic of Mountains and Seas 山海经 Shan Hai Jing, Chen, Weiwei 陈葳葳 (F. 1954-), 125 173, 293, 418–423, 425, 433, 437, 455, 457, 484 Chen, Xiaoxin 陈孝信 (1943-), 286 Clinton, Hillary (F. 1947-), 328, 478 Chen, Xingzhu 陈兴祝 (1961-), 188–190 Close, Chuck (1940-), 107 Chen, Xiuliang 陈修良 (F. 1907-1998), 89 Cold Dew Painting Exhibition 寒露画展,186 Chen, Yanning 陈衍宁 (1945-), 58, 60 Color-Field Painting, 163 Chen, Yi 陈毅 (1901-1972), 18, 58, 89 Colville, Alex (1920-2013), 129, 133, 214, 224 Chen, Yifei 陈逸飞 (1946-2005), 60, 87–90 Concave and Convex Exhibition 凹凸展, 222, 223 Chen, Yiming 陈宜明 (1950-), 104, 273, 441 Concept 21 group 观念21小组, 199 Chen, Yinke 陈寅恪 (1890-1969), 414 Confucianism 儒学/儒教, 6, 33, 44, 104, 118, 119, 121, Chen, Yonggui 陈永贵 (1914-1986), 62, 63 136, 140, 368 Chen, Yufei 陈宇飞 (1962-), 182, 183, 254 Corner of Graphic Art 版画角, 160 Chen, Yuxian 陈玉先 (1944-), 58 Corot, J.B.C. (1796-1875), 214 Chen, Zaiyan 陈再炎 (1971-), 429 Courbet, Gustave (1819-1877), 284 Chen, Zhen 陈箴 (1955-2000), 136, 140, 162, 163, 216, Critical Realism, xv, 104, 106, 111, 135, 144, 317, 368– 219, 475, 481 396 Chen, Zizhuang 陈子庄 (1913-1976), 66, 69, 73–74 Cueco, Henri (1929-2017), 124 China Academy of Art 中国美术学院 (CAA), vii, ix, 320, Cui, Xiuwen 崔岫闻 (F. 1967-2018), 374, 375, 444, 448, 324, 358–360, 362, 381, 407, 460, 477, 483 490 See also “Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts (ZAFA)” cultural consciousness, 118 China Anonymous Painters Society 中国无名氏画会, Cultural Fever 文化热, xiv, 117, 140, 294, 387, 453, 469, 185 471 China Artists Association 中国美术家协会 (CAA), 4–6, See also “Great Cultural Discussion” 15, 459 Culture: China and the World Series 文化:中国与世界系 China/Avant-Garde 中国现代艺术展, xiii, xiv, 123, 125, 列丛书, 229 173, 226–265, 272, 274, 278, 282, 287–289, 294, Cultural Revolution or Great Proletarian Cultural 328, 335, 416, 474, 480, 486, 489 Revolution文化革命或无产阶级文化大革命, China Federation of Literary and Art Circles 中国文学艺 xiii, xiv, 2, 11, 17, 28, 30, 32, 37, 38, 43, 84–117, 术界联合会 (中国文联 CFLAC), vii, 4, 90, 459, 119, 120, 122, 126, 130, 155, 158, 174, 180, 186, 464, 468 197, 233, 250, 254, 270, 275, 282, 313, 319, 324, China Independent Art Association 中华独立美术协会, 330, 346, 350, 354–357, 368, 369, 378, 452, 465, 120 466, 469 China Independent Film Festival (CIFF) 中国独立影像 cun 皴, 20, 70, 205, 395, 414, 431, 493 年度展, 483–488 cunfa 皴法 texture methods (in ink painting), 20, 21, 71, China’s avant-garde 中国先锋艺术, xiii, 117, 119–121, 143, 182, 416, 493 124, 129, 138, 179, 182, 214, 224, 229, 272, 287, Current of Life 生命之流, xiv, 13, 121, 122, 128, 136, 335–338, 476, 477, 481 137, 140, 162, 167–190, 216, 218, 220, 221, 224, China’s New Art, Post-1989 后八九中国新艺术, 272– 248–250, 252–256, 280, 295, 317, 396, 439 283, 292, 476 Cynical Realism 玩世现实主义, xiv, 265, 272–283, 298, China Writers Association 中国作家协会 (CWA), vii, 302, 327, 343, 360, 369, 475 120 Chinese Maximalism 中国极多主义, 301, 362, 363, 366– D 368, 483 Dachuanlian 大串联 the Great Revolutionary March, 54 Chinese Modern Art Research Society 中国现代艺术研 Dada, 129, 131, 138, 210, 217 究会, 228 Dadaism, 137, 217, 367 Chinese National Academy of Arts (CNAA), vii, viii, ix, Dai, Guangyu 戴光郁 (1955-), 337, 339, 340, 427–429 123, 472, 475 Dali, Salvador (1904-1989), 129, 146 Chinese Women Artists Invitational Exhibition 中华女画 Damon, Betsy (1940-), 337 家邀请展, 329, 332, 472 Daoism, 6, 121, 134, 162, 163, 178, 202, 204, 225, 248, Chinese Youth in Progress Art Exhibition 前进中的中国 379, 402, 404, 408, 418, 429 青年美术作品展览, 122, 132, 134, 135, 472 Dashanzi Art District (DAD, 大山子艺术区), see 798 Art Chistyakov, Pavel (1832-1919), 14 District 506 Index

Datong Dazhang 大同大张 (exhibition), 335 Enwezor, Okwui (1963-2019), 482 Datong Dazhang 大同大张 (Zhang Shengquan 张盛泉, Ether Painting Exhibition 以太画展, 186 1955-2000), 237, 308, 335, 336, 481 Event Occurred in the Fujian Provincial Art Museum 发生 David, Jacques-Louis (1748-1825), 141 在福建省美术馆的事件, 154, 211 daxieyi 大写意 freehand brushwork (in ink painting), 73, Exhibition of American Painting from Boston Museum of 494 Art 波士顿美术馆美国名画原作展, 470 Dazhang, see Datong Dazhang Exhibition of Canadian Painter A. Colville 加拿大著名画 dazibao 大字报 big-character poster, 48, 95, 157, 158, 家科尔维尔画展, 133 223, 249 Exhibition of Chen Zizhuang’s Posthumous Works 陈子庄 de Chirico, Giorgio (1888-1978), 224 遗作展, 174 de Kooning, Willem (1904-1997), 162, 214, 258 Exhibition of D.B.D. (West Germany) Expressionist Delacroix, Eugène (1798-1863), 25, 268, 269 Painting 德意志联邦共和国表现主义油画展览, De Maria, Walter (1935-2013), 303 470 Deng, Pingxiang 邓平祥 (1947-), 126, 128 Exhibition of French Painting of 250 Years 法国250年绘 Deng, Qiyao 邓启耀 (c. 1960s-), 167 画展览, 470 Deng, Shu 邓澍 (F. 1929-), 28, 59 Exhibition of German Expressionist Prints 德国表现主义 Deng, Xiaoping 邓小平 (1904-1997), 17, 48, 63, 86, 267, 版画展览, 99, 100 270 Exhibition of Huang Qiuyuan’s Posthumous Works of Derain, André (1880-1954), 214, 406 Calligraphy and Painting 黄秋园生前书画展, 72, Derrida, Jacques (1930-2004), 413 472 Desai, Vishakha N. (F. 1949-), 294 Exhibition of Middle-Aged Artists’ Painting 半截子画展, Dikötter, Frank (1961-), 17, 371 127, 472 Ding, Defu 丁德福 (1957-), 167 Exhibition of Modern Art of the 1990s 九十年代现代艺术 Ding, Fang 丁方 (1956-), 123, 127, 143, 145, 200, 216, 大展, 343, 344 219, 248, 284 Exhibition of Nineteenth-Century French Rural Ding, Yanyong 丁衍庸 (1902-1978), 23 Landscape 19世纪法国乡村风景画展, 119, 468 Ding, Yi 丁乙 (1962-), 196, 261, 262, 291, 292, 348, 360, Exhibition of Norwegian Painter Munch’s Painting 挪威 363, 364, 367 蒙克画展, 464 Dong, Chao 董超 (1958-), 191, 192, 222 Exhibition of Painting of Vitality 生生画展,21 Dongfang zhi Xing 东方之星, 447 Exhibition of Paintings by Five Artists from Tibet 西藏五 Dong, Qichang 董其昌 (1555-1636), 406, 414 人画展, 188, 473 Dong, Shouping董寿平 (1904-1997), 67 Exhibition of Paintings by Japanese Painter Kaii Dong, Xiwen 董希文 (1914-1973), 25–28, 34, 36, 175, Higashiyama 日本著名画家东山魁夷作品展, 188, 190, 460, 464, 467 468 Dongyu Art Museum 东宇美术馆, 350 Exhibition of Picasso’s Painting 毕加索绘画原作展览, DRC No.12 外交公寓12号, 355–358, 488 470 Dream of the Red Chamber 红楼梦, 451 Exhibition of Soviet Union Modern Painting 苏联现代绘 Duan, Xiucang 段秀苍 (1953-), 180–182 画展览, 460 Duan, Yingmei 段英梅 (F. 1969-), 311, 312 Exhibition of Youth Art of Fujian and Shanghai 闽沪青年 Duchamp, Marcel (1887-1968), 178, 210, 222, 487 美展, 160 Du, Jian 杜键 (1933-), 329 Experimental Art 实验艺术, xiv, 122, 159, 186, 187, 258, Du, Mu 杜牧 (803-852), 166 342, 351, 358–362, 483, 487, 488 Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528), 128, 462 Exploration, Discovery and Expression 探索 • 发现 • 表 Düsseldorf School of Photography, 390 现, 187, 471 Dvořák, Max (1874-1921), 129 Expressionism, 99, 100, 120, 206, 214, 253, 259, 295, 302, 370, 371, 431 E Editorial Committee: Culture–China and the World“文化: F 中国与世界”编辑委员会, 119 Fan, Bo 樊波 (1957-), 177, 397 Editorial Committee for Twentieth-Century Western Fan, Di-an 范迪安 (1955-), 127, 199, 210, 212, 230, 278, Scholarly Classics 二十世纪西方学术著作编辑 353, 482 委员会, 119, 471 Fang-an 方案艺术 Proposal Art, 307–309 Educated Youths 知识青年, 53, 56, 99, 104, 379 Fang, Ganmin 方干民 (1906-1984), 218 See also “Rusticated Urban Youths” Fang, Jizhong 方济众 (1923-1987), 67 Eighteenth Art Society 一八艺社, 103 Fang, Lijun 方力钧 (1963-), 278, 280, 283, 291, 292, 343, Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea 八仙过海, 455 369, 476, 478 Eliasson, Olafur (1967-), 347 Fang, Ling 方灵 (20th c.), 39, 40 Enlightenment, xiv, 3, 51, 120, 126, 135, 141, 151, 167, Fan, Jingzhong 范景中 (1951-), 122, 128–131 171, 179, 193, 200, 225, 229, 271, 281, 295, 315, Fan, Kuan 范宽 (c.950-1032), 72 340, 354, 355, 366, 387, 403, 453 fantou cun 矾头皴 alum-head/lump texture method (in ink Ensler, Eve (F. 1953-), 445 painting), 71 Index 507

Fan, Zhongyan 范仲淹 (989-1052), 91, 342, 353 Gao, Quan 高泉 (1936-), 28, 58 Faurschou Foundation 林冠画廊, 347 Gao, Qiang 高强 (1962-), 244, 478, 480 Faurschou, Jens (1960-), 347 Gao, Sheng 高兟 (1956-), 244 Faurschou, Luise (F. 1965-), 347 Gao, Shiming 高士明 (1976-), 320 February 28 Incident (台湾) 二二八事件, 299 Gao, Shiqiang 高士强 (1971-), 320 Fei, Dawei 费大为 (1954-), 213, 230, 232, 287, 346, 475, Gao, Xiaohua 高小华 (1955-), 130 480, 484, 485 Gao, Xuesen 高学森 (1986-), 351, 352 Fei, Mu 费穆 (1906-1951), 327 Gao, Yang 高炀 (1965-), 311, 312 Feng, Boyi 冯博一 (1960-), 308, 346, 477, 479, 481, 482 gaoyuan 高远 high distance (in ink painting), 55, 494 Feng, Fasi 冯法祀 (1914-2009), 29, 34, 36, 460 Gao, Yubao 高玉宝 (1927-), 37 Feng, Guodong 冯国东 (1948-2005), 356, 488 Gaozi 告子 (c. Fourth Century B.C.), 439 Feng, Jicai 冯骥才 (1942-), 233 Geng, Jianyi 耿建翌 (1962-2017), 129–132, 150–154, Feng, Mengbo 冯梦波 (1966-), 274, 291, 292, 482 183, 184, 208, 217, 231, 232, 291, 292, 308, 321, Feng, Xi 冯兮 (1978-), 356 359, 476, 489 Feng, Yuan 冯远 (1952-), 353 Gerasimov, Sergei (1885-1964), 62 Feng, Zhen 冯真 (F. 1931-), 8 German Expressionism, 129 Feng, Zikai 丰子恺 (1898-1975), 67, 467 Ge, Yan 葛岩 (c.1956-), 122 Fengshui 风水, 413 Giacometti, Alberto (1901-1966), 262 The Fiftieth Venice Biennial, 361, 381 Gilbert and George (Gilbert Prousch, 1943-, and George The Fifty-second Venice Biennial, 381 Passmore, 1942-), 310, 477 First Anhui Oil Painting Exhibition 第一届安徽油画展, Gombrich, Ernst (1909-2001), 128–130 471 gongbi, gongbihua or gongbi zhongcai 工笔、工笔画或 The First China Contemporary Art Forum 第一届中际论 工笔重彩, 5, 10, 13, 41, 42, 113, 147, 258, 275, 坛, 348 416 First Experimental Show 第一回实验展, 196, 222, 473 Gonggong 共工, 418 First National Exhibition of the China Anonymous Grand narrative(s) or Metanarrative, 143, 250, 273, 454, Painters Society 首次中国无名氏画会全国美展, 457 185 Graphic Art of Four Artists 四人版画展, 160 First Perspective Painting Exhibition 首届视野画展, 186 Grass Society 草草社, 102 First Shanghai Youth Art Exhibition 首届上海青年美术 Great Cultural Discussion 文化大讨论, 117, 118, 120, 作品大展, 127, 160, 473 157, 469 Five Youngsters of Guiyang 贵阳五青年 (artists group), See also “Cultural Fever” 102 guai li luan shen 怪力乱神, 220 The Forty-fifth Venice Bienniale, 290, 291, 477 Guan, Ce 管策 (1957-), 144, 183, 185 Foucault, Michel (1926-1984), 413 Guan, Daosheng 管道升 (F. 1262-1319), 330, 331 Four Wangs 四王, 494 Guan, Huaibin 管怀宾 (1961-), 359 Francis, Mark (c.1960s-), 287 Guan, Shanyue 关山月 (1912-2000), 18, 19, 21, 58, 60, Freud, Lucian (1922-2011), 282 65, 66 Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939), 169, 336 Guang, Yao 广曜 (c. 1962-), 254 Friedrich, Caspar (1774-1840), 422 Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts (GAFA) 广州美术学 Friends of Art Circle: A Salon Show 画坛之友”沙龙画 院, 130, 195, 463 展, 160 Guangzhou • the First 1990s Biennial Art Fair 广州 •首届 Fu, Baoshi 傅抱石 (1904-1965), 18, 19, 21, 65, 67, 464 九十年代艺术双年展, 286, 476 Fu, Tianchou 傅天仇 (1920-1990), 34, 36 Guanyin 观音,6 Futurism, 138, 383, 384 Guan, Ying 关颖 (F. c.1960s-), 148, 151 Futurologist 未来学派, 118, 119, 471 Guanyin of Thousand Arms and Eyes 千手千眼 观音 Fu, Zhongwang 傅中望 (1956-), 203, 204, 315 (Avalokitesvara), 366, 456 Gu, Chenfeng 顾承峰 (1957-), 286 G Gu, Cheng 顾城 (1956-1993), 101 Gaddafi, Muammar (1942-2011), 456 Gu, Dexin 顾德鑫 (1962-), 245, 246, 258, 287–289, 304, Gan, Yang 甘阳 (1952-), 119, 229, 471 347, 357, 475, 478 Gao, Gang 高岗 (1905-1954), 27, 28 gufa 骨法 (calligraphic brushwork in ink painting), 177 Gao, Hong 高虹 (1926-), 29, 58, 87 gufa yongbi 骨法用笔 (using calligraphic brush strokes as Gao, Minglu 高名潞 (1949-), 75, 76, 81, 83, 90, 91, 94– if they are bones of the body), 433 96, 104, 120, 122, 123, 126, 128, 136, 137, 139, Guggenheim Museum, 294, 304, 323, 325, 479, 489 140, 143, 144, 149, 163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 186, guiqi 鬼气, 202, 248 191, 197, 199, 203, 205, 206, 209, 214, 216, 225– Gu, Kaizhi 顾恺之 (c.348-405), 426 230, 233, 235, 237, 240, 242, 243, 247, 261, 263, Gu, Liming 顾黎明 (1963-), 359 274, 278, 294–296, 301, 302, 306, 308, 314, 327, guohua 国画 national painting, 5, 13–22, 28, 29, 67, 142, 329, 332, 355, 356, 362–364, 366–368, 443, 473, 175, 459, 493, 494 474, 476, 477, 479, 483, 490 guohua gaizao 国画改造 (remolding of guohua), 13–22 508 Index

Guo, Jinghan 郭景涵 (1958-), 271 Huang, Qiuyuan 黄秋园 (1914-1979), 67, 69–74, 127, Guo, Pu 郭璞 (276-324), 413 397, 472 Guo, Shaogang 郭绍纲 (1932-), 28 Huang, Rui 黄锐 (1952-), 98, 346, 485 Guo, Shirui 郭世锐 (1952-), 308 Huang, Xuebin 黄学斌 (1979-), 390 Gursky, Andreas (1955-), 390 Huang, Yali 黄雅莉 (F. 1954-), 203, 205, 248, 328 Gu, Wenda 谷文达 (1955-), 123, 126, 127, 130, 131, 140, Huang, Yihan 黄一翰 (1963-), 453 142, 157, 164–166, 184, 219, 223, 243, 249, 397, Huang, Yongpan 黄永磐 (c.1950s-), 245 426, 429, 475–477 Huang, Yongping 黄永砯 (1954-2019), 126, 127, 130, Gu, Yizhou 古一舟 (1923-1987), 8, 9 131, 137, 140, 154, 184, 190, 209, 210, 212, 213, 215, 217, 232, 243, 244, 258, 287–289, 347, H 474–478, 480 Haacke, Hans (1936-), 292 Huang, Yongyu 黄永玉 (1924-), 67, 68 Hai Bo 海波 (1962-), 347, 360, 378, 379 Huangzhou 黄胄 (Liang Huangzhou 梁黄胄 1925-1997), Haier Brothers 海尔兄弟, 456 67 Hammer Collection (US):Masterpieces of Five Hundred Huang, Zhuan 黄专 (1958-2016), 125, 285, 286, 482, 488 Years 美国韩默藏画:500年名作原件展览, 470 Huaniao 花鸟 flowers-and-birds (painting), 13, 15, 112, Han, Fei 韩非 (279-233 B.C.), 413 399, 402, 426, 429, 494 Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864), 67, 443 Hua, Tianxue 华天雪 (F. 1967-), 481 Hearn, Maxwell 何慕文 (c.1950-), 401, 487 Hua, Tianyou 滑田友 (1901-1986), 34, 36 Heavenly Horse Painting Society 天马画会, 103 Hua, Tuo 华佗 (c.140–208), 317 He, Chengyao 何成瑶 (F. 1964-), 443, 444 Hua, Xia 华夏 (Cheng Shan 程珊 1923-2019), 11 He, Duoling 何多苓 (1948-), 108–110, 130, 133, 171, Huayuan 画院,57 189, 284 Hubei Academy of Fine Arts (HAFA) 湖北美术学院, 130 He, Haixia 何海霞 (1908-1998), 67 Hubei Youth Art Festival 湖北青年美术节, 203, 473 Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976), 126 Hu, Jianping 胡建平 (1962-), 262 He, Kongde 何孔德 (1925-2003), 29, 58, 87 Hu, Jie 胡杰 (1958-), 372, 373, 476 Hermeneutics 解释学派, 118–121, 126, 135–138, 157, Humble Realism 素朴现实主义,6,22–34 178, 200, 250, 453, 471 Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House 湖南美术出版社,3,8, He, Rong 何溶 (1921-1989), 123 127, 284, 287, 475 He, Sen 何森 (1968-), 278 Hundred Days Reform 百日维新, 118 He, Shan 何山 (1941-), 128 Hurst, Damien (1965-), 291 He, Yunchang 何云昌 (A-Chang 阿昌 1967-), 312, 313 Hussein, Saddam (1937-2006), 456 Hill, Gary (1951-), 321, 478 hutong 胡同, 408 Hirayama, Ikuo 平山郁夫 (1930-2009), 469 Hütte, Axel (1954-), 390 Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945), 456 Hu, Wei 胡伟 (1957-), 218 Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg (Hamburg Hu, Yaobang 胡耀邦 (1915-1989), 267 University of Fine Arts), 173, 475 Hu, Yichuan 胡一川 (1910-2000), 47, 100, 463 Höfer, Candida (F. 1944-), 390 Hu, Zhaoyang 胡朝阳 (1959-), 190, 191, 193, 222 hong, guang, liang 红光亮 (redness, smoothness, brightness), 45, 48, 60 I Hong, Hao 洪浩 (1965-), 360 Idealism, 99, 120, 121, 169, 273, 283, 302, 317 Hong, Yiran 洪毅然 (1913-1990), 14 Ideals and Idols, 129 Hong, Zaixin 洪再新 (c.1950s-), 123, 129 Ikkyū-san 一休, 456 Hou, Bo 侯波 (F. 1924-2017), 2 The Image and the Eye: Further Studies in the Psychology Hou, Hanru 侯瀚如 (1963-), 199, 230, 287, 295, 306, 331, of Pictorial Representation, 129 361, 483 Impressionism, 76, 78, 113, 129, 214, 217, 263 Hou, Wenyi 侯文怡 (F. 1956-), 167, 328 Ingres, Jean-Dominique (1780-1867), 214, 232 Hou, Yimin 侯一民 (1930-), 29, 31, 50, 53, 59 Ink Art: Past as Present in Contemporary China, 401 Hua, Guofeng 华国锋 (1921-2008), 85, 86, 468 Innovative Painting Exhibition 出新画展, 187 Huaihua Group 怀化群体, 205, 207, 217 International Book Fair 国际图书展览, 130 Huajia 画家 Painters, 122, 127–128, 472 International Forum of Qi Baishi’s Art 齐白石艺术国际 Huang, Binhong 黄宾虹 (1865-1955), 68, 71, 73, 461 论坛, 350 Huangdi Neijing 黄帝内经 Esoteric Scripture of the International Travelling Show of Rauschenberg Art 劳森 Yellow Emperor, 413 伯艺术国际巡回展, 125, 190 Huang, Gongwang 黄公望 (1269-1354), 399 Invitational Exhibition of New Works of Chinese Painting Huang, Jian 黄坚 (1961-), 155 中国画新作邀请展, 472 Index 509

J Kasang 卡桑 (F. 1961-), 140 James, Christopher (c.1940s-), 414 Katong Yidai 卡通一代 Cartoon Generation, 452 Jameson, Fredric (1934-), 138, 259 Katsushika, Hokusai 葛饰北斋 (1760-1849), 406 Japanese Painting by Hirayama Ikuo 平山郁夫日本画展 kexue jiuguo 科学救国 save the nation through sciences, 览, 469 118 jia da kong 假大空 falseness, largeness and emptiness, KFC Colonel, 456 350 Klimt, Gustav (1862-1918), 129, 214 Jia, Fangzhou 贾方舟 (1940-), 123 Kollwitz, Käthe (F. 1867-1945), 99, 100, 129, 372, 461, Jiang, Bo 姜波 (1961-), 271 469 Jiang, Feng 江丰 (1910-1982), 28, 99, 462 Kong, Bu 孔布 (1965-), 311 Jiang, Hai 江海 (1961-), 254, 255 Kong, Chang-an 孔长安 (1953-), 199, 230, 278, 284, 306 Jianghe 江河 (Yu Youze 于友泽 1949-), 101 Kongling 空灵 ethereal, 407 jianghu 江湖 rivers and lakes, 341, 342, 345, 347, 353, Kong, Ning 孔宁 (F. 1958-), 445–447 354 Kosolapov, Alexander (1943-), 277 Jiang, Jieshi 蒋介石 (Chiang Kai-shek, 1887-1975), 1, 6, Kosuth, Joseph (1945-), 428 87, 88 Kum, Chi-keung 甘志强 (1965-), 300 Jiangjijiuji 将计就计, 301 Kundera, Milan (1929-), 417 Jiang, Qing 江青 (F. 1914-1991), 48–51, 54, 67, 68, 465, 467 L Jiang, Yinggao 蒋应镐 (early 17th c.), 418, 420 Lacoste 鳄鱼 (a brand), 456 Jiang, Zemin 江泽民 (1926-), 17, 370 Laden, Osama bin (1957-2011), 456 Jiang, Zhaohe 蒋兆和 (1904-1986), 13, 16, 17, 19, 63, 460 Lago, Francesca dal (弗兰 F. c.1960s-), 290 Jiang, Zhusong 姜竹松 (1962-), 184 Lanzhou Art Corps 兰州艺术军团, 186, 187, 313–315, Jiao, Xingtao 焦兴涛 (1970-), 392 471, 476 Jiao, Yaoming 焦耀明 (1957-), 184, 245 Lee, Bruce 李小龙 (1940-1973), 424 Jia, Sixie 贾思勰 (c. fifth c.), 442 Lee, Tung-hui 李登辉 (1930-), 299 Jia, Zhangke 贾樟柯 (1970-), 361 Leng, lin 冷林 (1965-), 347, 480, 486 jibai danghei 计白当黑 compositing white area as (ink) Leninism, 44, 121 black component, 410 Levitan, Isaac (1860-1900), 106 Ji, Dawei 戢大卫 (1967-), 356 LeWitt, Sol (1928-2007), 225 jiehua 界画 Boundary-Line Painting, 10, 33, 494 Liang, Shaoji 梁绍基 (1945-), 246, 416, 417, 419 jielishili 借力使力, 301 Liang, Shuming 梁漱溟 (1893-1988), 394, 395 jiesuo cun 解索皴 unraveled rope texture method (in ink Liang, Xiaochuan 梁小川 (1963-), 315, 316 painting), 414 Liang, Xihong 梁锡鸿 (1912-1982), 120 jijian erfan 集简而繁 complicity amassed on simplicity, Liang, Yi 梁毅 (c.1960s-), 390 362, 363 Liang, Yue 梁玥 (F. 1979-), 367 Ji, Kang 嵇康 (223-263), 379 lianhuanhua 连环画 serial picture stories, 5, 467 Jin, Feng 金锋 (1962-), 359 Liao, Wen 廖雯 (F. 1961-), 291, 329, 330 Jin, Guantao 金观涛 (1947-), 118, 471 Liaozhai Zhiyi 聊斋志异 Strange Tales of Liaozhai, 173 Jingtubian 净土变 Sukhawati, Western Paradise or Pure Li, Ao 李敖 (1935-2018), 413 Land, 83 Li, Bin 李斌 (1949-), 89, 90, 104, 273 Jing, Xiaolei 景晓雷 (1980-), 382–384, 453 Li, Dazhao 李大钊 (1889-1927), 218 Jin, Meisheng 金梅生 (1902-1989), 40, 41 Li, Guijun 李贵君 (1964-), 132, 133, 218 Jin, Shangyi 靳尚谊 (1934-), 29, 59, 86, 87, 229 Li, Han 李汉 (1964-) 192 Jintian 今天 (Today, a magazine), 34, 95 Li, Hu 李斛 (1919-1975), 67 Jobs, Steve (1955-2011), 458 Li, Hua 李桦 (1907-1994), 8, 14 Joint Exhibition of Hunan Young Artist Groups 湖南青年 Li, Huaji 李化吉 (1931-), 112 艺术家集群展, 202, 473 Li, Huasheng 李华生 (1944-2018), 363, 365, 366 Joyce, James (1882-1941), 252 Li, Jianshen 李见深 (1959-), 433 juanyun cun 卷云皴 rolling-cloud texture method (in ink Li, Jin 李津 (1958-), 175, 176, 256, 257, 397, 439, 441, painting), 70 442 Judd, Donald (1928-1994), 225 Li, Jing 黎静 (Bérénice Angremy, F. c.1960s-), 485 Ji, Xiaoqiu 冀晓秋 (1931-), 58 Li, Jixiang 李继祥 (1955-), 340, 433 Li, Keran 李可染 (1907-1989), 14, 17, 67–69 K Li, Keru 黎柯汝 (1962-), 385–387 Kafka, Franz (1883-1924), 145, 252 Li, Kuchan 李苦禅 (1899-1983), 67 Kaii, Higashiyama 东山魁夷 (1908-1999), 468 Li, Luming 李路明 (1957-), 122, 123, 128, 284 Kandinsky, Wassily (1866-1944), 129, 214, 216 Lin, Biao 林彪 (1907-1971), 49, 68, 273, 465 Kang, Mu 康木 (c.1962-), 199 Lin, Chun 林春 (1960-), 209, 212, 223, 225, 244 Kang, Sheng 康生 (1898-1975), 49 Lin, Fengmian 林风眠 (1900-1991), 23, 26, 67, 130 Kang, Wanhua 康万华 (1944-), 75 Lin, Gang 林岗 (1925-), 9, 10, 28 510 Index

Lin, Jiahua 林嘉华 (1953-), 245 Li, Zongjin 李宗津 (1916-1977), 34 Lin, Tianmiao 林天苗 (F. 1961-), 329, 330, 332, 351, 443 Long March Space 长征空间, 347 Lin, Wei 林薇 (F. 1960-), 140 loushi 陋室, 302 Lin, Yilin 林一林 (1964-), 195, 322, 323, 361, 475 Lu, Fusheng 卢辅圣 (1949-), 122 Lin, Yong 林墉 (1942-), 58, 60 Lu, Guoying 陆国英 (F. 1925-), 29 Lin, Zexu 林则徐 (1785-1850), 35 Lu, Jie 卢杰 (1964-), 347 Lin, Zhao 林昭 (F. 1932-1968), 372 Lu, Lei 陆磊 (1972-), 320 Ling, Huitao 凌徽涛 (1954-)183–185, 230, 251, 252 Lu, Muxun 鲁慕迅 (1928-), 125 Li, Qi 李琦 (1928-2009), 8, 17, 20 Lu, Nan 鲁楠 (1963-), 140 Li, Qun 李群 (c.1960s-), 244 Luo, Gongliu 罗工柳 (1916-2004), 24, 26, 28 Li, Shan 李山 (1944-), 128, 140, 160, 161, 163, 216, 219, Luo, Mingjun 罗明君 (F. 1963-), 206, 207, 328 225, 235, 236, 243, 274–276, 278, 291, 292, 367, Luo, Xianyue 骆献跃 (c.1960s-), 155 476, 478 Luo, Ying 罗莹 (F. 1964-), 328 Li, Shan 李珊 (F. 1957-), 75, 91, 93 Luo, Zhongli 罗中立 (1948-), 102, 107, 130 Li, Shaoyan 李少言 (1918-2002), 108 Lu, Qing 路青 (F. 1964-), 363, 367 Li, Shuang 李爽 (F. 1957-), 98, 100 Lu, Victoria Y. 陆蓉之 (F. 1954-), 295 Li, Tianxiang 李天祥 (1928-), 28 Lü, Haizhou 吕海舟 (c.1960s-), 155 Li, Tianyuan 李天元 (1965-), 204, 278 Lü, Nan 吕楠 (1962-), 311 Liu, Anping 刘安平 (1964-), 241 Lü, Peihuan 吕培桓 (1956-), 175 Liu, Bingke 刘兵克 (c. 1980s-), 376 Lü, Peng 吕鹏 (1956-), 284–287, 490 Liu, Bocheng 刘伯承 (1892-1986), 89 Lü, Shengzhong 吕胜中 (1952-), 130, 235, 242, 249, 262, Liu, Chengying 刘成英 (1957-), 337, 340 263, 360–362, 476, 483, 488 Liu, Chunhua 刘春华 (1944-), 50, 51, 53, 466 Luque, Aline (c.1950s-), 287 Liu, Dahong 刘大鸿 (1962-), 129, 274–276 Luxun 鲁迅 (Zhou Shuren 周树人 1881-1936), 10, 130, Liu, Dianzhang 刘典章 (1932-), 127 172, 463 Liu, Dong 刘东 (1955-), 119 Luxun Academy of Fine Arts (LAFA) 鲁迅美术学院, Liu, Gangji 刘纲纪 (1933-), 125 130, 463 Liu, Haisu 刘海粟 (1896-1994), 23, 96, 477, 480 Lynton, Norbert (1927-2007), 212 Liu, Jianhua 刘建华 (1962-), 361 Lyotard, Jean-Francois (1924-1998), 453 Liu, Jun 刘军 (1976-), 391 Liu, Kaiqu 刘开渠 (1904-1993), 34, 229, 238, 353, 464 M Liu, Ling 刘伶 (c.221-300), 379 M50, or 50 Moganshan Road 莫干山路艺术区, 348, 481 Liu, Liping 刘丽萍 (F. 1962-), 329 Ma, Bing 马丙 (1984-), 414–417 Liu, Qingfeng 刘青峰 (F. 1950s-), 118, 471 Ma, Desheng 马德升 (1952-), 95, 98, 100–102 Liu, Shaoqi 刘少奇 (1898-1969), 8, 27–31, 44, 48, 50, 51 Magic-Realism, 173, 221 Liu, Shi 刘是 (1955-), 75 Magiciens de la terre (Magicians of the Earth), 258, 287, Liu, Wei 刘炜 (1965-), 278, 280, 281, 291, 292, 478 289, 475 Liu, Wencai 刘文彩 (1887-1949), 38 Magnin, André (1952-), 287 Liu, Xiaochun 刘晓纯 (1941-), 122–124, 126, 228 Ma, Huidong 马惠东 (1963-), 350 Liu, Xiaodong 刘晓东 (1963-), 278, 282 Ma, Jie 马杰 (1963-), 390 Liu, Xun 刘迅 (1923-2007), 96, 98, 99 Ma, Kelu 马可鲁 (1954-), 75, 78, 91, 95, 96 Liu, Xun 刘洵 (1970-), 377 Maksimov, Konstantin (1913-1993), 28, 461 Liu, Yan 刘彦 (1960-), 140, 225 Maksimov Workshop 马克西莫夫训练班, 29, 30, 461 Liu, Yi 刘溢 (1957-), 233 Malevich, Kazimir (1878-1935), 225 Liu, Yiwu 刘亦忤 (c.1960s-), 314 Ma, Liuming 马六明 (1969-), 310–312, 480 Liu, Yulian 刘宇廉 (1948-), 104, 273 Ma, Lu 马路 (1958-), 130, 173, 174, 185, 371 Liu, Yuxi 刘禹锡 (772-842), 302 Manga (日本) 漫画, 452 Liu, Zhan 刘展 (1976-), 357 Mangke 芒克 (Jiang Shiwei 姜世伟 1950-), 101 Li, Xianting 栗宪庭 (penname Bahuang, 1949-), 122, 123, mangliu盲流 aimlessly drifting artists, 312 125, 188, 217, 229, 240, 243, 248, 272, 290–292, Maodun 茅盾 (Shen Yanbing 沈雁冰, 1896-1981), 8 302, 321, 329, 343, 362, 363, 470, 476, 481–483, Mao, Jie 毛杰 (1961-), 167 485 Mao, Lizi 毛栗子 (1950-), 98 Li, Xiaobin 李晓斌 (1955-), 102, 103 Mao, Xuhui 毛旭辉 (1956-), 168, 169, 172, 216, 220, 221, Li, Xiaoshan 李小山 (1957-), 124, 127 224, 231, 252, 253, 273, 281 lixing 理性, 136, 140, 185 Mao, Yan 毛焰 (1968-), 268, 269 Li, Xinjian 李新建 (1964-), 255, 257, 312 Mao, Zedong 毛泽东 (1893-1976), 1–4, 7–10, 12, 14, 15, lixue 理学, 136, 366 17–20, 22, 27, 37, 43–46, 48–52, 56–59, 63, 65, Li, Yanping 李彦平 (1957-2000s), 188, 189 76, 85, 86, 100, 106, 109, 158, 233, 234, 248, Li, Yongbin 李永斌 (1963-), 321, 357, 483 273–275, 282, 350, 456, 464–468 Li, Yongcun 李永存 (penname Boyun 薄云 1948-), 98 M Art Group M艺术体, 160, 197, 198, 200, 222, 474 Li, Zhibao 李知宝 (1952-), 188 Márquez, Gabriel (1927-2014), 252 Index 511

Martin, Jean-Hubert (1944-), 258, 287 Mondrian, Piet (1872-1944), 225, 258 Marx, Karl (1818-1883), 86, 216 Monroe, Marilyn (F. 1926-1962), 188, 233 Marxism, 3, 44, 51, 121, 138, 301, 453 Moore, Henry (1898-1986), 124, 152 Masereel, Frans (1889-1972), 129, 463 Morning Light Art Society 晨光美术会, 217 Matisse, Henri (1869-1954), 214 Matazō, Kayama 加山又造 (1927-2004), 470 Maximalism 极多主义, xv, 139, 261, 265, 301, 302, 332, Mother Teresa (F. 1910-1997), 328, 478 362–368, 483 Motherwell, Robert (1915-1991), 289 May Fourth Movement 五四运动,3,34–36, 118, 199, Moxi 墨戏 ink play, 401, 427 401 Mt. Huang Conference (or ’88 Chinese Modern Art Ma, Yunfei 马云飞 (1960-), 314 Conference) 黄山会议 (或’88中国现代艺术研讨 Ma, Zongren 马宗仁 (1966-), 311 会), 183, 230, 250, 315, 474 McDonald, Ronald, 456 Munch, Edward (1863-1944), 129 Meaning in the Visual Arts, 128 Museum of Chinese History 中国历史博物馆, 278, 475, Meditations on a Hobbyhorse and other Essays on the 487 Theory of Art, 129 Museum of Chinese Revolution 中国革命博物馆, 11, 31, Meishu美术 Fine Arts, 5, 8, 11, 15, 28, 44, 51, 53, 54, 88, 350 104, 108, 114, 121–123, 128, 170, 173, 213, 230, 238, 272, 362, 461, 465, 467–470, 472 N Meishu Sichao 美术思潮 The Trend of Art Thought, 122, nangeng nüzhi 男耕女织, 330 125, 126, 471 Nanjing Artists 南京人, 177, 201 Meishu Yanjiu 美术研究 Art Research, 468 Nantong Museum 南通博物苑, 349 Meishu Yicong 美术译丛 Journal of Translated Art nan wu e mi tuo fo 南无阿弥陀佛 Namo Amitabha, 363 Scholarship, 128, 469 National Art Exhibition for Thirty-year Anniversary of Mencius 孟子 (372-289 B.C.), 439 PRC 庆祝中华人民共和国三十周年全国美展, Menglong Poetry 朦胧诗, 101 469 Meng, Luding 孟禄丁 (1962-), 130, 134, 135, 218, 259, National Art Exhibition in the Thirtieth Anniversary of 260, 371 Chairman Mao’s “Talks on the Yan’an Art and Metaphysical School, 129 Literature Forum” 纪念毛主席hh 在延安文艺座谈 Mexico Muralism, 145 会上的讲话ii 发表30周年全国美术作品展览会, Mi, Fu 米芾 (1051-1107), 401, 427 57 Mianli cangzhen 绵里藏针, 220 National Art Exhibition in the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of miaotang 庙堂 temples and courts, 341–362 PRC 庆祝中华人民共和国二十五周年全国美 Mickey Mouse, 456 展, 57, 467 Midian 米点, 400 National Art Museum of China (NAMOC) 中国美术馆, Migrant laborers, 270, 310, 343, 368, 369, 448 360, 361, 464 Mijka (c.1950s-), 320 National Exhibition of Lianhuanhua (serial picture Millet, Jean-François (1814–1875), 110 stories) and Chinese Painting 全国连环画中国画 Minzhuqiang 民主墙,95 展览, 57, 62, 65, 467 Miró, Joan (1893-1983), 163 National Hangzhou Art College 国立杭州艺术专科学校, Miyajima, Tatsuo 宫岛达男 (1957-), 347 130 Miyang Studio 米羊画室, 180–185, 217, 221, 472 Nationalization of oil painting 油画民族化, 14, 22–34, 38 Miyazaki, Hayao 宫崎骏 (1941-), 453 National Museum of China 中国国家博物馆, 22, 26, 30, Mo, Hongxun 莫鸿勋 (1953-), 207–209, 370, 371 31, 103, 278, 350, 351, 487 Modern Art Exhibition 现代艺术展, 123, 127, 160, 178, National Oil Painting Conference 全国油画讨论会, 227 179, 186, 187, 209, 211, 222, 470, 472–474 Neo-Expressionism, 129, 173, 174, 253 Modern Design 现代设计, 186 Neo-realism, 134, 185 Modern Painting Exhibition 现代绘画展, 102 New Age 新时期, xiv, 122 Modern Painting: Show of Six Artists 现代绘画——六人 New Calibration Group 新刻度, 246, 247, 289, 304–306, 联展, 160 433 Modernism, 112, 113, 116, 118, 120, 122, 130, 136, 138, New Confucianism 新儒学, 118, 119, 136 163, 173, 201, 205, 215, 217, 242, 263, 265, 287, New Culture Movement 新文化运动, 118 295, 435, 468, 473 New Figurative Art 新具象, 126, 160, 167, 472 Modernity, xiv, 75, 86–103, 118, 119, 132, 139, 146, 159, New Generation Art 新生代艺术展, 278, 475 226, 230, 237, 240, 247, 263, 287, 294, 295, 308, New History Group 新历史小组, 315–317, 476 314, 355, 390, 396, 453 New Literati Painting 新文人画, 144, 396 Modernization, xiv, 40, 90, 112, 118, 119, 145, 150, 188, New Media Art 新媒体艺术, 354, 358, 359 294, 295, 331, 468, 484 New Spring Painting Exhibition 新春画展, 102 Modigliani, Amedeo (1884-1920), 129, 214 New Wildness 新野性 (an exhibition), 123, 473 Moiseyenko, Yevsey (1916-1988), 214 New Wildness 新野性 (an artist group) 126, 177, 200, 220 512 Index

New Woodcut Movement 新兴木刻运动, 6, 100, 267, 372 Pincas, Abraham (1945-2015), 215 New Works of the Miyang Studio 米羊画室新作展, 181, pingyuan 平远 level distance (in ink painting), 19–21, 55, 472 66, 494 nianhua 年画,5,6,9,494 Plath, Sylvia (1932-1963), 336 Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900), 336 Political Pop 政治波普, xiv, 155, 265, 272–283, 291, 294, Ni, Haifeng 倪海峰 (1964-), 155, 356, 476, 490 298, 302, 337, 360, 369 Ni, Qi 倪琪 (1963-), 140, 219 Pond Society 池社, 126, 131, 140, 148, 150, 152, 153, niu gui she shen 牛鬼蛇神, 275 216, 217, 223, 473 niupeng 牛棚 cowshed, 59 See also ’85 New Space’ Ni, Yide 倪贻德 (1901-1970), 120, 159, 217, 218 po sijiu, li sixin 破四旧, 立四新,43 No Name or No Name Group 无名画会, 66, 75–78, 80, Postcolonialism, xiv 90–101, 103, 114, 120, 356, 463, 468, 483 Post-modernism, 90, 122, 130, 138, 173, 201, 205, 262, Non-Figurative Art Show 非具象画展, 160, 473 263, 265, 287, 473 Northeast Museum 东三省博物馆, 350 Potala Palace 布达拉宫, 266 Northern Art Group 北方艺术群体, 126, 136, 140–142, Preparatory Committee of China/Avant-Garde 中国现代 148, 225, 227, 273, 315, 471, 474 艺术展筹备委员会, 229, 474 Northern Civilization 北方文明, 140 Principles of Art History, 128 Northern Culture 北方文化, 140, 142 Proposal Art, 302–308, 477 November Painting Exhibition 十一月画展, 173, 174, 472 purging humanist zeal 清理人文热情, 250, 273, 282, 315, nügong 女红 Needlework or sewing, 330, 332, 444 454 Nüwa 女娲, 418, 420, 436 Q O Qian, Mu钱穆 (Ch'ien Mu 1895-1990), 414s Obrist, Hans-Ulrich (1968-), 381 Qian, Songyan 钱松岩 (1899-1985), 20–24, 58, 65, 71, O’Keeffe, Georgia (1887-1986), 275 464 Oliva, Achille Bonito (1939-), 290 Qian, Weikang 钱喂康 (c.1960s-), 307, 321 Opening Exhibition of (New) Shanghai Art Museum 上海 Qian, Xuan 钱选 (1239-1301), 78, 80, 415, 418 美术馆落成画展, 160 Qian, Zhijian 钱志坚 (c.1960s-), 321 Opium Wars 鸦片战争, 118 Qiao, Xiaoguang 乔晓光 (1957-), 180, 181 Ou, Bo 欧波 (1974-), 422 Qi, Baishi 齐白石 (1864-1957), 28, 73, 350, 462, 463 Qi, Benyu 戚本禹 (1931-2016), 466 P Qigong 气功, 278 Pace Beijing 佩斯北京, 347, 486 Qin, Ming 秦明 (1959-), 130 Paik, Nam June 白南准 (1832-2006), 319 Qin, Yifeng 秦一峰 (1961-), 196 Pan, Dehai 潘德海 (1956-), 167, 172, 220, 252 Qin, Zheng 秦征 (1924-), 29 Pandora, 456 Qiu, Anxiong 邱黯雄 (1972-), 359, 418–425, 433, 436, Pan, Tianshou 潘天寿 (1897-1971), 26, 67, 413, 460, 467 437, 453, 454, 484 Pang, Xunqin 庞熏琹 (1906-1995), 67, 120, 159, 217, Qiu, Zhenzhong 邱振中 (1947-), 129 218, 462 Qiu, Zhijie 邱志杰 (1969-), 296, 297, 320, 321, 359, 361, Panofsky, Erwin (1892-1968), 128, 130 366, 478–480, 482, 488 The Peach Blossom Spring 桃花源 (记), 381, 425 Qi, Yong 齐勇 (1956-), 188 Pei, En-en 佩恩恩 (1990-), 394 Quan, Shanshi 全山石 (1930-), 28 Peking Museum of History 北平历史博物馆, 350 Quan, Zhenghuan 权正环 (F. 1932-2009), 112 Peng, Bin 彭彬 (1927-), 58, 86, 87 Qu, Leilei 曲磊磊 (1951-), 98, 100, 101 Peng, De 彭德 (1946-), 122, 125–127, 286, 471 Qunzhong Wenhua Guan 群众文化馆 Mass Cultural Peng, Dehuai 彭德怀 (1898-1974), 17 Center, 5 Peng, Xiaoyang 彭晓阳 (1965-), 355–357 Qu, Qiubai 瞿秋白 (1999-1935), 218 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 人民解放军, 64, 85, 88, Qu, Yan 渠岩 (1955-), 178, 184, 185, 250, 394–396, 436 459, 464 Qu, Yuan 屈原 (343-278 B.C.), 336 Peredvizhniki (Wanderers) 巡回画派, 106, 368 Phenomena/Moving Images: China’s Video Art Exhibition R 现象/影像:中国录像艺术展, 320, 358, 478 Rationalist Painting 理性绘画, xiv, 121, 123, 132, Pianshan 片山 (Hong Bin 洪彬, 1973-), 335, 340 135–137, 140–167, 177, 178, 181, 185, 190, 193, Picasso, Pablo (1881-1973), 214 197, 200, 212, 216, 218, 224, 231, 235, 250–253, Pi, Daojian 皮道坚 (1941-), 122, 125, 286 256, 273, 295, 363, 364, 453, 454 Pignon, Ernest (1942-), 124 Rauschenberg, Robert (1925-2008), 124, 138, 179, Piling Stones Painting Society 磊石画会, 205 190–193, 206, 222, 355, 356, 472 pima cun 披麻皴 hemp-fiber texture method (in ink Ray, Nicholas (1911-1979), 357 painting), 20, 71, 414 Read, Herbert (1893-1968), 212 Index 513

Red Humor 红色幽默, 126, 140, 154–159, 184, 249, 277, santuchu 三突出 three prominences, 63 473 Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905-1980), 182, 336 Red • Journey 红色•旅, 126, 140, 143–148, 177, 200, 220, Scar Painting 伤痕绘画, 104–111, 130, 135, 185, 318, 223, 406, 472, 473 368 Redon, Bertrand-Jean (1840-1916), 214 Scenic Tibet Painting Exhibition 西藏风情画展, 175 Reed, Brian (1984-), 397 Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860), 336 Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669), 214 Schult, HA (1939-), 443 Ren, Bonian 任伯年 (1840-1896), 13, 14, 16, 18 Sea Horizon •’86 Painting Exhibition 海平线 • 86绘画联 rending shengtian 人定胜天 Man can conquer nature, 313 展, 160 Ren, Hang 任航 (1987-2017), 451, 452 Serov, Valentin (1865-1911), 106 Ren, Jian 任戬 (1955-), 140, 143, 184, 219, 274, 315, 316, Seurat, Georges (1859-1891), 406 353, 411, 454–458 Shan Hai Jing 山海经 Classic of Mountains and Seas, Renmin Meishu 人民美术 People’s Art, 6, 8, 14, 15, 460, 418, 433 461 Shanghai Himalayas Museum 上海喜马拉雅美术馆 See also Meishu 美术 (former Zendai MOMA), 351 Ren, Mengzhang 任梦璋 (1934-), 29 Shanghai Municipal Museum 上海市博物馆, 350 Renmin Ribao 人民日报 People’s Daily, 8, 15, 53, 238 Shanghai Painting • Chinese Art in Evolution 上海绘画 • renwu 人物 figures (painting), 8, 13–17, 20, 25, 28, 30, 32, 蜕变中的中国艺术, 160 34, 37, 38, 45, 47, 60, 62, 64, 67, 75, 83, 87–89, 91, Shang, Husheng 尚沪生 (F. 1930-), 29 96, 109, 110, 113, 119, 123, 131, 140, 145, 146, Shang, Yang 尚扬 (1942-), 128, 284 148, 161, 172, 173, 181, 183, 218, 221, 224, 227, Shan, Tao 山涛 (205-283), 379 233, 251, 253, 255, 258, 275, 280, 293, 294, 329– shanshui 山水 mountains-and-waters (painting), 13, 402, 331, 358, 371, 372, 379, 382, 391, 403, 428, 431, 427, 494 433, 437, 443, 451, 453, 455, 456, 458, 463 shantou 山头 mountain-stronghold or factions, 354, 355 Ren, Xiaoying 任小颖 (1961-), 237, 335 Shanxi Young Artists Creation Group 山西省青年艺术家 Ren, Xiong 任熊 (1823-1857), 13, 14, 16 创作团, 317, 318 Ren, Xun 任薰 (1835-1893), 14 Shao, Dazhen 邵大箴 (1934-), 468 renzhi 人治 the rule of man, 353 Shao, Hong 邵宏 (1958-), 129, 286 Repin, IIya (1844-1930), 28, 106 Shao, Wenhuan 邵文欢 (1971-), 408 Republican China 民国, 11, 37, 327, 350, 395, 413 Shao, Xiaogang 邵小刚 (1954-), 75 Research Institute of Fine Arts 美术研究所 (RIFA), 122, Sheeler, Charles (1883-1965), 148 123, 472, 475 Shen, Changwen 沈昌文 (1931-), 229 Rhinoceros Panting Society 犀牛画会, 177, 178 Shen, Fan 申凡 (1952-), 367 Rodin, Auguste (1840-1917), 129 Sheng, Qi 盛奇 (1965-), 480 Romanticism, 18, 20, 21, 29, 50, 65, 83, 87, 101, 142, 173 Shen, Jiawei 沈嘉蔚 (1948-), 54–55 Ross, David A. (1949-), 294 Shen, Ling 申玲 (F. 1965-), 278 Rothko, Mark (1903-1970), 289 Shennong 神农, 442 Rouault, Georges (1871-1958), 145 Shen, Qin 沈勤 (1958-), 144, 147, 256–258, 397, 406, 407 Rousseau, Henri (1844-1910), 178, 214 Shen Society 申社, 102 Ruan, Ji 阮籍 (210-263), 379 Shen, Yanbing 沈雁冰 (Maodun 茅盾, 1896-1981), 8 Rural Reconstruction乡村建设, 394–396, 436 shenyuan 深远 deep distance (in ink painting), 71, 494 Ruff, Thomas (1958-), 390 Shidafu 士大夫, 14, 341, 342, 353, 401, 413 Rusticated Urban Youth 知识青年, 53, 99 Shifuhua 士夫画, 401 See also “Educated Youths” Shi, Hui 施慧 (F. 1955-), 329 Rustic Realism, or Rural Realism乡土写实主义, Shijie Meishu 世界美术 World Art, 122, 129, 468 104–111, 130, 132–134, 224, 318, 470 shikumen 石库门, 388–390, 404 Ru, Xin 汝信 (1931-), 229 Shilu 石鲁 (Feng Yaheng 冯亚珩, 1919-1982), 8, 10–12, 19, 22, 66, 67 S Shi, Qiang 石强 (1960-), 222 Salon of Contemporary Architectural Culture 当代建筑文 Shishkin, Ivan (1832-1898), 106 化沙龙, 124 Shitao 石涛 (Zhu Ruoji 朱若极 1642-1707), 10, 71, 73, Same Generation Painting Exhibition同代人画展, 122 91, 93, 398, 400, 426 Same Generation Painting Society 同代人画会, 102, 120 Shi, Xixi 史习习 (1953-2004), 75, 78, 97, 483 Sanda jilü baxiang zhuyi 三大纪律八项注意 three main shiye jiuguo 实业救国 save the nation through industry rules of discipline and eight points for attention of and commerce, 118 the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 65 Shi, Yong 施勇 (1963-), 308 Sanguozhi 三国志 Records of the Three Kingdoms, 300, Shi, Zhenyu 石振宇 (1946-), 75, 76, 78, 91, 92, 98 413 shuimo 水墨 ink painting, 256 Sanmao 三毛 (cartoon character), 456 shuimo zhidao 水墨之道, 402 514 Index shuimo zhidao 水墨之道, 402 (cont.) Studies in the Art of the Renaissance, 129 See also “The Way of Ink” Su, Jianghua 苏江华 (1955-), 167 Shuishen huore 水深火热,270 Su, Shi 苏轼 (1037-1101), 333, 401, 427 Shuowen Jiezi 说文解字 Explaining Graphs and Sui, Jianguo 隋建国 (1956-), 268, 270, 345, 347, 482, 490 Analyzing Characters, 413 shuke zouma, mibu toufeng 疏可走马, 密不透风, 436 Shu, Qun 舒群 (1958-), 83, 121, 123, 136, 137, 140, Sun, Baoguo 孙保国 (Sun Ren 孙人 1960-), 129, 152 142–144, 149, 163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 186, 191, Sunday Painting Society 星期天画会, 177–179, 216 197, 203, 205, 206, 209, 214–216, 218, 227, 228, Sun, Fuxi 孙福熙 (1898-1962), 218 263, 329, 476, 490 Sun, Guojuan 孙国娟 (F. 1959-), 167 Shu, Ting 舒婷 (F. 1952-), 101 Sun, Jianping 孙建平 (1948-), 175 Shu, Yang 舒阳 (1969-), 253, 481 Sun, Liang 孙良 (1957-), 290, 293, 476 Shui, Tianzhong 水天中 (1935-), 472 Sun, Qinglin 孙庆麟 (1974-), 429, 430 Sichuan Fine Arts Institute (SFAI) 四川美术学院, 37, Sun, Zhongshan 孙中山 (1866-1925), 17 108, 130, 420, 463 Sun, Zixi 孙滋溪 (1929-2016), 32, 278 Sichuan Red, Yellow, Blue Painting Society 四川红黄蓝 Surikov, Vasily (1848-1916), 105, 106 画会, 186 Sur-realism, 134, 173 Sichuan Youth Red, Yellow, Blue Modern Painting Synthetic Times: Media China 2008 合成时代:媒体中国 Exhibition 四川青年红黄蓝现代绘画展, 186, 473 2008, 354 Silence Society 默社, 217 Sixth National Art Exhibition 第六届全国美展, 116, 126, T 471 Tabata, Yukihito 田畑幸人, 346, 481 Socialist Realism 社会主义现实主义, xiv, 14, 22–38, 43, Taiji 太极, 143, 151, 152, 223, 246, 448 55, 56, 58, 80, 110–112, 132, 135, 136, 180, 185, Taijitu 太极图, 134, 219 193, 240, 247, 274, 275, 362 Taikang Space 泰康空间, 351 Social Realism 社会现实主义, 103–116, 368 Taiwan Independent Documentary Festival 台湾独立电 Society of Heavenly Steeds 天马会, 217 影节, 372 Society of Red-Yellow-Blue Art 红黄蓝艺术会, 177 Tang Contemporary Art 当代唐人艺术中心, 347, 426 Solomon, Andrew (1963-), 283 Tang, Daxi 唐大禧 (1936-), 58, 60, 64 Song, Chenghua 宋澄华 (c.1960s-), 155 Tang, Enbo 汤恩伯 (1898-1954), 89 Song, Dong 宋冬 (1966-), 305–308, 323, 324, 330, 338, Tang, Guangming 汤光明 (1966-), 197, 198, 238 340, 347, 360, 361, 477, 483 Tang, Muli 汤沐黎 (1947-), 58, 60, 61 Song, Haidong 宋海东 (1958-), 129, 131, 197, 241, 243, Tang, Qingnian 唐庆年 (1956-), 230, 242 291, 292 Tang, Song 唐宋 (1960-), 238–240, 242 Song, Huizong 宋徽宗 (Zhao Ji 赵佶, 1082-1135), 426 Tang Taizong 唐太宗 (Li Shimin 李世民 598-649), 296 Song, Ling 宋陵 (1961-), 148, 150, 152, 153 Tang, Xiaoming 汤小铭 (1939-), 58, 60 Song, Meiling 宋美龄 (F. Soong May-ling, 1897-2003), 6 Tan, Liqin 谭力勤 (1958-), 222 Song, Qingling 宋庆龄 (F. 1893-1981), 17 taotie 饕餮, 207 Song, Tao 宋涛 (1979-), 367 Tao, Yongbai 陶咏白 (F. 1937-), 122 Song, Wei 宋伟 (c.1950s-), 233, 242 Tao, Yuanming 陶渊明 (c.365-427), 381, 425 Song, Yonghong 宋永红 (1966-), 194, 195, 278, 279, 282 Tatlin, Vladimir (1885-1953), 225, 462 Song, Yongping 宋永平 (1961-), 194, 195, 201, 317–319 Tatsuo, Miyajima 宫岛达雄 (1957-), 347 Songzhuang Art Festival 宋庄艺术节, 343 Teda Contemporary Art Museum 泰达当代艺术博物馆, Sontag, Susan (1933-2004), 413 350 Southern Artists Salon 南方艺术家沙龙, 195, 196, 473 Teng, Fei 滕菲 (F. 1963-), 132 Southwest Art Research Group 西南艺术研究群体, 167, Thing World: International Triennial of New Media Art 齐 172, 220, 473 物等观:国际新媒体艺术三年展, 354, 487 Sphinx, 455, 456 Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee of CCP Spirit of Ink Art 水墨精神, 402, 407 中国共产党十一届三中全会, 85, 90, 468 SS (Schutzstaffel, Protection Squadron), 456 Thompson, John (1837-1921), 193 Stars 星星美展, 86, 87, 89–103, 111, 120, 122, 135, 187, Three Red Flags 三面红旗, 40, 463 223, 252, 272, 273, 366, 368, 447, 469 Three-Step Studio 三步画室, 194, 201, 202, 472 Stars Society 星星画会,86–103, 111, 120, 135, 273, 366, Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts (TAFA) 天津美术学院, 368, 469 130, 175, 351, 352 Storr, Robert (1949-), 381 tianren heyi 天人合一 nature and human in one, or unity Storm Society 决澜社, 103, 120, 159, 217 between nature and man, 175, 177, 181, 311 The Story of Art, 129 Tian, Shiguang 田世光 (1916-1999), 67 Strange Tales of Liaozhai聊斋志异 Liaozhai Zhiyi, 173 Tian, Shuying 田淑英 (F. 1955-), 75 Struth, Thomas (1954-), 390 tianyi wufeng 天衣无缝 a divine garment without a defect, Studies in Iconology, 128 399 Index 515

Tian, Yu 田玉 (born c. 1940s-1950s), 75 Wang, Guanyi 王官乙 (1935-), 6, 37, 366, 465 tianyuan defang 天圆地方 an orbicular heaven and a Wang, Guangyi 王广义 (1956-), 130, 140–142, 146, 149, square earth, 204 218, 219, 224, 225, 227, 230, 231, 233, 234, 250, Today Art Museum 今日美术馆, 351, 353, 442, 485–487, 273, 274, 277, 278, 282, 284, 291, 292, 315, 478 489, 490 Wang, Haiyan 王海燕 (F. 1963-), 140 Tong, Biao 佟飙 (1970-), 320 Wang, Hongwen 王洪文 (1935-1992), 68 Tong, Dian 童滇 (1958-), 83, 121, 136, 137, 143, 144, 149, Wang, Huangsheng (1956-) 王璜生, 354, 482 163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 186, 191, 197, 203, 205, Wang, Huanqing 王焕青 (1958-), 180, 181 206,209,214,216,224,227,228,263,329,476,490 Wang, Huaxiang 王华祥 (1962-), 278 Tong, Jinghan 佟景韩 (1933-2010), 29 Wang, Hui 王晖 (1943-), 45, 46 Toward the Future 走向未来丛书, 118, 206, 471 Wang, Jiang 汪江 (1954-), 254 Translife: International Triennial of New Media Art 延展 Wang, Jianwei 汪建伟 (1958-), 308, 347, 479 生命:国际新媒体艺术三年展, 354, 487 Wang, Jin 王晋 (1962-), 271, 272, 368 Travelling and Exchanging Show of Modern Art 现代艺 Wang, Jinsong 王劲松 (1963-), 32, 33, 278, 279, 431–434 术巡回交流展览, 186 Wang, Jiping 王纪平 (1960-), 192, 194, 201, 222 Tributes: Interpreters of our Cultural Tradition, 129 Wang, Keping 王克平 (1949-), 98–100, 275, 368 Tuhao 土豪, 368, 369 Wang, Lang 王浪 (1968-), 237, 243 Tu, Weiming 杜维明 (1940-), 294 Wang, Linyi 王临乙 (1908-1997), 34 Twelve Artists Exhibition 十二人画展, 102, 160 Wang, Liuqiu 王流秋 (1919-2011), 29 The Twenty-second of São Paulo Art Biennial, 278, 478 Wang, Luyan 王鲁炎 (1956-), 246, 247, 304–306, 308, 355, 356, 490 U Wang, Meng 王蒙 (1308-1395), 71, 414–415 Ukiyo-e 浮世绘, 433 Wang, Mingxian 王明贤 (1954-), 44, 45, 53–55, 83, 121, Ullens Center for Contemporary Art (UCCA) 尤伦斯当代 136, 137, 143, 144, 149, 163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 艺术中心, 345–347, 485, 487, 488 186, 191, 197, 203, 205, 206, 209, 214, 216, 227, Ullens, Guy (1935-), 346 228, 230, 263, 329, 476, 490 Ullens, Miriam (1952-), 346 Wang, Qiang 王强 (1957-), 129, 148, 150, 184, 185, 219 Upriver Gallery 上河美术馆, 350, 479 Wang, Rong 王戎 (234-305), 379 urban literati painters 都市文人画家,14 Wang, Ruiyun 王瑞芸 (F. 1958-), 122 Wang, Shaun 王上 (1996-), 351 V Wang, Shihua 王世华 (1953-), 311, 312 Valery, Paul (1871-1945), 336 Wang, Shikuo 王式廓 (1911-1973), 34, 460 van Gogh, Vincent (1853-1890), 69, 129 Wang, Shu 王澍 (1963-), 208, 283, 361 vanitas, 80, 442 Wang, Shuo 王朔 (1958-), 283 Venturi, Lionello (1885-1961), 129 Wang, Tiande 王天德 (1960-), 360 Venturi, Robert (1925-), 263 Wang, Wei 王维 (699-761), 401, 415, 494 Verostko, Roman (1929-), 138, 471 Wang, Xiaobo 王小波 (1952-1997), 413 Video Art, 139, 301, 302, 307, 319–327, 358, 375, 377, Wang, Xiaojian 王小箭 (1953-), 83, 121, 123, 136, 137, 474, 475, 478, 479, 483–486, 490 143, 144, 149, 163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 186, 191, Viola, Bill (1951-), 321, 478 197, 203, 205, 206, 209, 214, 216, 227, 228, 263, Violet 紫罗兰 (artists group), 102 329, 490 Vision: Art Exhibition 视野美展, 123, 222, 321, 490 Wang, Ximeng 王希孟 (1096-1119), 399 Wang, Xingwei 王兴伟 (1969-), 53, 347, 348 W Wang, Xizhi 王羲之 (303-361), 296 wairou neigang 外柔内刚, 220 Wang, Xuzhu 王恤珠 (1930-2015), 29 Wanderers 巡回画派, 106, 368 Wang, Yalin 王雅琳 (F. 1959-), 140 Wang, Aihe 王爱和 (F. 1954-), 75, 91, 93 Wang, Yazhong 王亚中 (1962-), 317, 318 Wang, Baijiao 王白焦 (Wang Jin 王今 F. c.1960s-), 190, Wang, Yingchun 王迎春 (F. 1942-), 58, 60, 62, 63 191, 193, 222, 328 Wang, Youshen 王友身 (1964-), 254, 262, 291, 303, 304, Wang, Bingzhao 王丙召 (1913-1987), 34 308, 356, 357 Wang, Birong 王碧蓉 (F. 1962-), 229 Wang, Yubei 王玉北 (1964-), 315 Wang, Chengyi 汪诚仪 (1930-), 29 Wang, Yuping 王玉平 (1962-), 278 Wang, Chuan 王川 (1953-), 130 Wang, Zhaowen 王朝闻 (1909-2004), 8, 96, 461 Wang, Deren 王德仁 (1962-), 235 Wang, Zhiliang 王志亮 (1983-), 390, 392 Wang, Dewei 王德威 (1927-), 29 Wang, Zhiping 王志平 (1947-), 102 Wang, Du 王度 (1956-), 195 Wang, Ziwei 王子卫 (1963-), 274–276, 291, 292 Wang, Falin 王发林 (1957-), 254 Wang, Zuanxu 王缵绪 (1885-1960), 73 Wang, Gongxin 王功新 (1960-), 306, 307, 320, 332, 351, Warburg School, 128, 130 483 Warhol, Andy (1928-1987), 138, 192 516 Index

Water-Splashing Festival 泼水节, 112, 113, 135, 469 Wu, Yiming 邬一名 (1966-), 367 The Way of Ink 水墨之道, 397–443 Wu, Yunhua 吴云华 (1944-), 60 WeChat 微信 weixin, 124, 177, 357, 360, 361, 375, 381, Wu, Zongyuan 武宗元 (c.980-1050), 433, 434, 436 382, 384, 420, 425, 437, 458 Wu, Zuoren 吴作人 (1908-1997), 34, 67, 229 Weeds 野草 (artists group), 208 Wyeth, Andrew (1917-2009), 108, 109, 129, 133, 214, 224 Weeds Painting Society 野草画会, 205, 207, 208 Wei, Chuanyi 魏传义 (1928-), 29 X Wei, Hai 韦海 (1952-), 75, 78, 91 Xia, Xiaowan 夏小万 (1959-), 173, 174, 221, 225, 254, Wei, Jingshan 魏景山 (1943-), 60, 87–90 255 Wei, Jingsheng 魏京生 (1950-), 243 Xiamen Dada 厦门达达, 154, 190, 200, 201, 209–212, Weiming 未名 (F. 1959-), 294, 328, 329, 444 215, 223, 244–246, 283, 308, 309 Wei, Tianlin 卫天霖 (1898-1977), 217 Xiamen Dada–Modern Art Exhibition 厦门达达——现代 Wei, Xiaolin 魏小林 (c.1960s-), 129 艺术展, 209–211, 473 Wei, Xian 卫贤 (tenth c.), 406 Xi’an Academy of Fine Arts 西安美术学院 (XAFA), ix, weixin 微信 WeChat, 124, 177, 357, 360, 361, 375, 381, 130, 186 382, 384, 425, 437, 458 Xi’an First Modern Art Exhibition 西安第一届现代艺术 Wen, Bao 温葆 (F. 1938-), 31, 32 展, 470 Weng, Fen 翁奋 (1961-), 358, 390–392 Xiangcun Jianshe 乡村建设, 394 Wen, Lipeng 闻立鹏 (1931-), 229 See also Rural Reconstruction Wenna 文那 (F. Chen Xingxing 陈兴兴 1981-), 433, 435– Xiang, Xiaoli 向小丽 (F. c.1962-), 346 439, 453, 486 Xiang, Xiu 向秀 (227-272), 379 Wen, Pulin 温普林 (1957-), 335–340 Xiao, Chuanjiu 萧传玖 (1914-1968), 34 wenren 文人 literati, 144, 401, 413, 494 Xiao, Feng 肖峰 (1932-), 28 wenrenhua 文人画 literati painting, 144, 401, 413 Xiao, Feng 肖丰 (1962-), 130 Wen, Wu 文武 (1969-), 391, 464 Xiao, Huixiang 肖惠祥 (F. 1933-), 113 wenyan 文言 classical Chinese, 414 Xiao, Lu 肖鲁 (F. 1962-), 238–240, 242, 243, 328, 474 wen yi zai dao 文以载道, 217 xieyi 写意, 147, 175, 214, 258, 416, 427, 493, 494 Whistler, James (1834-1903), 214 Xihua Fine Arts Continuation School 熙化美术补习学校, Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889-1951), 145, 414 75, 463 Wölfflin, Heinrich (1864-1945), 128 Xi, Jianjun 奚建军 (1962-), 199 Women’s Approach to Chinese Contemporary Art 中国当 Xing, Danwen 邢丹文 (F. 1967-), 448–450 代艺术中的女性方式, 330, 332 xingwei yishu 行为艺术, 121 Wooden Stool Group 板凳小组, 306 See also Action Art World Conference for Women 世界妇女大会, 328, 478 Xing, Zhibin 邢质斌 (F. 1947-), 319, 320 WR 五人小组, 335 Xin, Haizhou 忻海洲 (1966-), 254, 278, 282 Wu, Biduan 伍必端 (1926-), 28 Xinhua Shudian 新华书店,9 Wu, Changshuo 吴昌硕 (1844-1927), 13, 14, 16, 73 Xin, Mang 辛莽 (1916-2007), 34 Wu, Cheng-en 吴承恩 (1501-1582), 41 Xin Meishu 新美术 New Arts, ix, 122, 128–130, 469 Wu, Daozi 吴道子 (active c.710-760), 433 Xin Nianhua 新年画,5–13, 42 Wu, Dayu 吴大羽 (1903-1988), 67 Xin Nüxing Yundong 新女性运动 New Female Wu, Dezu 武德祖 (1923-), 29 Movement, 328 Wu, Fan 吴凡 (1923-2015), 38, 39 xinshou heyi 心手合一 unity of mind and hand, 400 Wu, Guanzhong 吴冠中 (1919-2010), 96, 114–116, 214, xixue 西学 western learning or scholarship, 119 464, 468, 469 xiyang hua 西洋画 western painting, 13 Wu, Guoquan 吴国权 (c.1950s-), 205 xuanzhi chuantong 悬置传统 suspending tradition, 119 Wu, Hung 巫鸿 (1945-), 331, 360, 482, 484, 491 Xu, Beihong 徐悲鸿 (1895-1953), 13, 14, 17, 20, 23, 29, Wu, Junyong 吴俊勇 (1978-), 359 34, 460, 461 Wu, Mali 吴玛俐 (F. 1957-), 299 Xu, Bing 徐冰 (1955-), 130, 157, 242, 248–250, 252, 262, Wu, Meichun 吴美纯 (F. 1969-), 320, 358, 478–480 265, 291, 292, 308, 350, 360, 361, 426–428, 477, Wuming Huahui 无名画会 No Name Group, 75, 78, 90, 480, 483 94, 95 Xucun Jihua 许村计划 Xu Village Project, 395 Wu, Pingren 武平人 (1953-), 179, 216, 222 Xue, Song 薛松 (1965-), 481 Wu, Qizhong 伍启中 (1944-), 58, 60 Xu, Lei 徐累 (1963-), 144 Wu, Shanzhuan 吴山专 (1960-), 123, 154, 155, 157–159, Xu, Linlu 许麟庐 (1916-2011), 67 217, 219, 220, 235, 237, 238, 243, 249, 277, 291, Xu, Yihui 徐一晖 (1964-), 144, 223 477 Xu, Yong 徐勇 (1954-), 346 Wu, Weishan 吴为山 (1962-), 354 Xu, Zhen 徐震 (1977-), 347, 348, 359, 369, 480, 490 Wu Xing 五行, 204 Xuzhou Modern Art Exhibition 徐州现代艺术展, 123, Wu, Yiming 吴一鸣 (c. 1950s-), 245 178, 179, 222 Index 517

Y Yuan, Hao 袁浩 (1930-), 29, 59 Yaming 亚明 (Ye Jiabing 叶家炳 1924-2002), 67 Yuanmingyuan Artists Village 圆明园画家村, 280, 337, Yan, Binghui 阎秉会 (1956-), 175–177, 360, 397 342, 343, 476, 478, 485 Yangdeng Art Co-op 羊蹬艺术合作社, 392–394 Yuan, Qingyi 袁庆一 (1959-), 128, 132, 133, 171 Yang, Dongbai 杨冬白 (1959-), 197 Yuan, Yunfu 袁运甫 (1933-), 112 Yang, Fengshan 杨凤山 (c. 1960s-), 397 Yuan, Yunsheng 袁运生 (1937-), 112, 113, 135, 469 Yang, Fudong 杨福东 (1971-), 324–327, 358, 360, Yu, Changgong 于长拱 (1930-), 29 379–382, 453, 482 Yuefenpai 月份牌 calendar pictures, 40 Yang, Hong 杨洪 (c.1960s-), 392, 393 Yuelao 月老, 456 Yang, Huangli 杨黄莉 (F. 1954-), 167 Yu, Hong 余虹 (1957-2007), 315 Yang, Hui 杨晖 (1962-), 184, 185 Yu, Hong 喻红 (F. 1966-), 291, 293 Yang, Jiecang 杨诘苍 (1956-), 258, 287–290, 475 Yu, Jianhua 俞剑华 (1895-1979), 212 Yang, Jinsong 杨劲松 (1955-), 359, 360 Yu, Leiqing 俞雷庆 (F. c.1960s-), 340 Yang, Jun 杨君 (1963-), 262, 478 Yung, Anthony 翁子健 (1985-), 356 Yang, Li 杨荔 (F. c.1960s-), 286 Yu, Ping 俞平 (c.1960s-), 184 Yang, Lian 杨炼 (1955-), 101 Yutu 玉兔, 456 Yang, Lin-gui 杨林桂 (1941-), 59 Yu, Youhan 余友涵 (1943-), 140, 163, 164, 258, 260, Yang, Lizhou 杨力舟 (1942-), 58, 60, 62, 63, 353 274, 275, 278, 291, 292, 367, 478 Yang, Shu 杨述 (1965-), 198, 253 Yu, Yunjie 俞云阶 (1917-1992), 29 Yang, Shufeng 杨树枫 (1958-), 188 Yu, Zhizhen 俞致贞 (F. 1915-1995), 67 Yang, Xiaoyan 杨小彦 (1957-), 122, 129, 286 Yang, Yingsheng 杨迎生 (1961-), 146, 147, 183, 184, Z 218, 250 Zangshu 葬书 Book of Burial, 413 Yang, Yuehua 杨跃华 (1947-), 75, 81 Zao, Wou-ki 赵无极 (1921-2013), 472 Yang, Yushu 杨雨澍 (1944-), 75–78, 81, 91, 98, 463 Zendai MOMA 证大现代美术馆 (now Himalayas Yang, Zhenzhong 杨振中 (1968-), 320, 357, 358, 480 Museum), 351 Yang, Zhichao 杨志超 (1963-), 314 Zeng, Fanzhi 曾梵志 (1964-), 278, 284 Yang, Zhiguang 杨之光 (1930-2016), 15, 16, 60–62 Zeng, Xiaojun 曾小俊 (c.1960-), 306, 477 Yang, Zhilin 杨志麟 (1956-), 143, 145, 146, 183–185, Zeng, Zhushao 曾竹韶 (1908-2012), 34, 35 218, 234, 265 Zha, Li 查立 (1957-), 128 Yanhan 彦涵 (Liu Baosen 刘宝森 1916-2011), 6, 7, 34, 67 Zhai, Wei 翟伟 (1954-), 167 Yan, Lei 颜磊 (1965-), 320, 357 Zhai, Yuefei 翟跃飞 (1962-), 188 Yan, Li 严力 (1954-), 122 Zhang, Binbin 张彬彬 (F. 1972-), 311, 312 Yan, Liben 阎立本 (601-673)49, 50, 83 Zhang, Chunqiao 张春桥 (1917-2005), 67, 68 Yan, Shanchun 严善錞 (1957-), 44, 45, 53–55, 122, 125, Zhang, Da-an 张达安 (1941-), 75 129, 286 Zhang, Ding 张仃 (1917-2010), 112 Yan, Xiaohua 严小华 (c.1960s-), 185, 186 Zhang, Ga 张尕 (c.1963-), 361, 485 Yan, Yangchu 晏阳初 (Y.C. James Yen, 1893-1990), 395 Zhang, Guoliang 张国梁 (c.1960s-), 196 Yao, Lin 姚林 (c.1960s-), 335 Zhang, Haizhou 张海舟 (1959-), 155 Yao, Wenyuan 姚文元 (1931-2005), 67, 68 Zhang, Huan 张洹 (1965-), 270, 271, 310–312, 368, 449 Ye, Qianyu 叶浅予 (1907-1995), 8, 14 Zhang, Jian 张謇 (1853-1926), 162, 349 Ye, Shuanggui 叶双贵 (1964-), 315 Zhang, Jianjun 张健君 (1955-), 128, 140, 146, 160–162, Ye, Yongfeng 叶永峰 (c.1960s-), 314 218, 259, 261, 367, 387–390, 401, 403–405 Ye, Yongqing 叶永青 (1958-), 130, 167–170, 172, 183, Zhang, Kangkang 张抗抗 (F. 1950-), 233 184, 221, 252, 360, 420 Zhang, Keduan 张克端 (1960-), 129, 131 Yi, Dan 易丹 (1960-), 286, 490 Zhang, Long 张隆 (1961-), 167 Yijing 易经 (Book of CHanges), 143 Zhang, Nian 张念 (1964-2016), 235, 237, 243, 489 Yin, Guangzhong 尹光中 (1944-), 98 Zhang, Peili 张培力 (1957-), 123, 148–150, 152, 185, Yingxiang Yishu 影像艺术 Video Art, 319 208, 217, 224, 225, 250, 284, 291, 292, 302, 319– Yin, Jinan 尹吉男 (1958-), 278 321, 358, 359, 474, 476, 482, 483 Yin, Shuangxi 殷双喜 (1954-), 286, 306 Zhang, Qiang 张蔷 (1940-), 122, 123 Yin Yang 阴阳, 204 Zhang, Qun 张群 (1962-), 134, 135, 218 yinshi nannü 饮食男女 food and sex, 432, 439, 442 Zhang, Sanxi 张三夕 (1953-), 315 Yin, Xiuzhen 尹秀珍 (F. 1963-), 306, 330–332, 340, 368, Zhang, Shaocheng 张绍诚 (1944-), 56, 57 443 Zhang, Shengquan张盛泉, see Datong Dazhang or Yi, Ying 易英 (1953-), 122, 278, 286, 307 Dazhang, 大同大张 (1955-2000) yizizhimao, gongzizhidun 以子之矛攻子之盾, 300 Zhang, Songhe 张松鹤 (1912-2005), 34 Young Artists Group of Fine Arts Publishing House 美术 Zhang, Taiyan 章太炎 (1869-1936), 413 出版社青年美术家群, 205 Zhang, Wei 张伟 (1952-), 75, 81, 82, 91, 94–96, 356 518 Index

Zhang, Wenxin 张文新 (1928-), 29 Zhongguo Meishubao 中国美术报 Fine Arts in China, Zhang, Xiaogang 张晓刚 (1958-), 130, 167, 171, 172, 122–125, 128, 143, 146, 173, 186, 188, 189, 192, 195, 220, 221, 231, 252, 254, 278, 296, 298, 347, 369, 217, 227, 229, 230, 251, 272, 301, 342, 472, 473, 475 378, 420, 478, 485 Zhongguo Qingnianbao 中国青年报 China Youth Daily, Zhang, Xiaping 张夏平 (F. 1961-), 167 238 Zhang, Xin 张新 (F. 1967-), 340 Zhou, Bo 周波 (1940-), 60 Zhang, Xu 张旭 (c.675-750), 429 Zhou, Chuanji 周传基 (1926-2017), 321 Zhang, Yonghe 张永和 (1956-), 361 Zhou, Enlai 周恩来 (1898-1976), 8–10, 17, 49, 67, 81, 85, Zhang, Yu 张羽 (1959-), 402, 403 86, 466, 467 Zhang, Zeduan 张择端 (1085-1145), 399 Zhou, Guoping 周国平 (1945-), 119 Zhang, Zhengyu 张征宇 (c.1910s-), 19 Zhou, Lingzhao周令钊 (1919-), 460 Zhang, Zhiqiang 张志强 (c.1960-1989), 335 Zhou, Shaohua 周韶华 (1929-), 125, 203 Zhang, Zikang 张子康 (1964-), 353 Zhou, Shuqiao 周树桥 (1938-), 56 Zhan, Jianjun 詹建俊 (1931-), 29, 30, 59, 229 Zhou, Tiehai 周铁海 (1966-), 197, 198 Zhan, Wang 展望 (1962-), 360, 383 Zhou, Xiaohu 周啸虎 (1960-), 359 Zhao, Bandi 赵半狄 (1966-), 278 Zhou, Xiping 周细平 (1953-2012), 315, 316 Zhao, Gan 赵干 (tenth c.), 406 Zhou, Yan 周彦 (1954-), xi, 19, 54, 83, 121, 123, 128, Zhao, Guilan 赵桂兰 (F. 1930-), 9–11 136–138, 142–144, 149, 162, 163, 167, 172, 175, Zhao, Jianhai 赵建海 (1962-), 199 178, 186, 191, 197, 200, 203, 205, 206, 209, 214, Zhao, Liang 赵亮 (1971-), 357 216, 227, 228, 230, 242, 263, 265, 278, 282, 283, Zhao, Mengfu 赵孟頫 (1254-1322), 330, 401 294, 304, 306, 329, 342, 346, 353, 381, 382, 384, Zhao, Rugang 赵汝刚 (born c. 1940s-1950s), 75 398, 413, 420, 458, 476, 490 Zhao, Runfan 赵润凡 (c.1950s-), 185, 186 Zhou, Yang 周扬 (1908-1989), 7, 8, 15, 90 Zhao, Shou 赵兽 (1912-2003), 120, 217 Zhu, Bin 祝斌 (1951-2000), 125, 286, 481 Zhao, Shutong 赵树桐 (1935-2018), 37, 465 Zhu, Da 朱耷 (Bada Shanren八大山人), 73, 256, 268 Zhao, Songyuan 赵松元 (c.1960s-), 207, 208 Zhu, Danian 祝大年 (1916-1995), 112 Zhao, Wangyun 赵望云 (1906-1977), 67 Zhu, De 朱德 (1886-1976), 85, 86, 467 Zhao, Wenliang 赵文亮 (1937-2019), 75–77, 80, 81, 83, Zhu, Dunru 朱敦儒 (1081-1159), xv 91, 92, 97, 463 Zhu, Jia 朱加 (1963-), 320–322, 357 Zharan 扎染, 207 Zhu, Jinshi 朱金石 (1954-), 98 Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts 浙江美术学院 (ZAFA), Zhu, Ming 朱冥 (1972-), 311, 312, 481 5, 122, 128–131, 152, 155, 164, 197, 212, 220, Zhu, Naizheng 朱乃正 (1935-2013), 60 238, 278, 320, 358, 359, 431, 469, 471–473, 475, Zhu, Qingsheng 朱青生 (1957-), 123, 203, 228 477 Zhu, Qizhan 朱屺瞻 (1892-1996), 67 See also “China Academy of Art (CAA)” Zhu, Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200), 136, 366 Zheng, Guogu 郑国谷 (1970-), 429 Zhu, Xiaofeng 朱小丰 (c. 1960s-), 340 Zheng, Lin 郑林 (c.1960s-), 347 Zhu, Xiaohe 朱小禾 (1956-), 253, 364, 365 Zheng, Yuke 郑玉珂 (c.1962-), 199 Zhu, Xikun 祝锡琨 (1957-), 315 Zheng, Zigang 郑子钢 (1953-), 75, 91 Zhu, Xinjian 朱新建 (1953-2014), 127, 144, 396 Zheng, Ziyan 郑子燕 (F. 1951-), 75, 78, 82, 91, 93, 94 Zhu, Yanguang 朱雁光 (1960-), 237, 335 Zhishi qingnian 知识青年 educated youths or rusticated Zhu, Zhu 朱朱 (1969-), 369, 453 urban youth, 53 Zong, Bing 宗炳 (373-443), 164 Zhong, A-Cheng 钟阿城 (penname A-Cheng 阿城 1949- Zong, Qixiang 宗其香 (1917-1999), 67 ), 98, 101 Zou, Yuejin 邹跃进 (1958-2011), 3, 8, 487 Zhong, Dianfei 钟惦棐 (1919-1987), 8, 101 Zuo, Xiaofeng 左哓峰 (twentieth c.), 340 Zhongguo hua 中国画,13 Zuoxiao, Zuzhou 左小祖咒 (1970-), 311, 312