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The Conflict's Complexity in Northern Mali Calls for Tailored Solutions
Policy Note 1, 2015 By Ole Martin Gaasholt Who needs to reconcile with whom? The Conflict’s Complexity in Northern Mali Calls for Tailored Solutions PHOTO: MARC DEVILLE/GETTY IMAGES While negotiations are taking place in Algiers, some observers insist on the need for reconciliation between Northern Mali and the rest of the country and particularly between Tuareg and other Malians. But the Tuareg are a minority in Northern Mali and most of them did not support the rebels. So who needs to be reconciled with whom? And what economic solutions will counteract conflict? This Policy Note argues that not only exclusion underlies the conflict, but also a lack of economic opportunities. The important Tuareg component in most rebellions in Mali does not mean that all Tuareg participate or even support the rebellions. ll the rebellions in Northern Mali the peoples of Northern Mali, which they The Songhay opposed Tuareg and Arab have been initiated by Tuareg, typi- called Azawad, and not just of the Tuareg. rebels in the 1990s, whereas many of them cally from the Kidal region, whe- There has thus been a sequence of joined Islamists controlling Northern Mali in reA the first geographically circumscribed rebellions in Mali in which the Tuareg 2012. Very few Songhay, or even Arabs, joined rebellion broke out a few years after inde- component has been important. In the Mouvement National pour la Libération pendence in 1960. Tuareg from elsewhere addition, there have been complex de l’Azawad (MNLA), despite the claim that in Northern Mali have participated in later connections between the various conflicts, Azawad was a multiethnic territory. -
Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Mali
United Nations S/2016/1137 Security Council Distr.: General 30 December 2016 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali I. Introduction 1. By its resolution 2295 (2016), the Security Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) until 30 June 2017 and requested me to report on a quarterly basis on its implementation, focusing on progress in the implementation of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali and the efforts of MINUSMA to support it. II. Major political developments A. Implementation of the peace agreement 2. On 23 September, on the margins of the general debate of the seventy-first session of the General Assembly, I chaired, together with the President of Mali, Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, a ministerial meeting aimed at mitigating the tensions that had arisen among the parties to the peace agreement between July and September, giving fresh impetus to the peace process and soliciting enhanced international support. Following the opening session, the event was co-chaired by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and African Integration of Mali, Abdoulaye Diop, and the Minister of State, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Algeria, Ramtane Lamamra, together with the Under - Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations. In the Co-Chairs’ summary of the meeting, the parties were urged to fully and sincerely maintain their commitments under the agreement and encouraged to take specific steps to swiftly implement the agreement. Those efforts notwithstanding, progress in the implementation of the agreement remained slow. Amid renewed fighting between the Coordination des mouvements de l’Azawad (CMA) and the Platform coalition of armed groups, key provisions of the agreement, including the establishment of interim authorities and the launch of mixed patrols, were not put in place. -
Annuaire Statistique 2015 Du Secteur Développement Rural
MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE REPUBLIQUE DU MALI ----------------- Un Peuple - Un But – Une Foi SECRETARIAT GENERAL ----------------- ----------------- CELLULE DE PLANIFICATION ET DE STATISTIQUE / SECTEUR DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL Annuaire Statistique 2015 du Secteur Développement Rural Juin 2016 1 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Répartition de la population par région selon le genre en 2015 ............................................................ 10 Tableau 2 : Population agricole par région selon le genre en 2015 ........................................................................ 10 Tableau 3 : Répartition de la Population agricole selon la situation de résidence par région en 2015 .............. 10 Tableau 4 : Répartition de la population agricole par tranche d'âge et par sexe en 2015 ................................. 11 Tableau 5 : Répartition de la population agricole par tranche d'âge et par Région en 2015 ...................................... 11 Tableau 6 : Population agricole par tranche d'âge et selon la situation de résidence en 2015 ............. 12 Tableau 7 : Pluviométrie décadaire enregistrée par station et par mois en 2015 ..................................................... 15 Tableau 8 : Pluviométrie décadaire enregistrée par station et par mois en 2015 (suite) ................................... 16 Tableau 9 : Pluviométrie enregistrée par mois 2015 ........................................................................................ 17 Tableau 10 : Pluviométrie enregistrée par station en 2015 et sa comparaison à -
Operation Serval. Analyzing the French Strategy Against Jihadists in Mali
ASPJ Africa & Francophonie - 3rd Quarter 2015 Operation Serval Analyzing the French Strategy against Jihadists in Mali LT COL STÉPHANE SPET, FRENCH AIR FORCE* imilar to the events that occurred two years earlier in Benghazi, the crews of the four Mirage 2000Ds that took off on the evening of 11 January 2013 from Chad inbound for Kona in central Mali knew that they were about to conduct a mis- sion that needed to stop the jihadist offensive to secure Bamako, the capital of Mali, and its population. This time, they were not alone because French special forces Swere already on the battlefield, ready to bring their firepower to bear. French military forces intended to prevent jihadist fighters from creating a caliphate in Mali. They also knew that suppressing any jihadist activity there would be another challenge—a more political one intended to remove the arrows from the jihadists’ hands. By answering the call for assistance from the Malian president to prevent jihadists from raiding Bamako and creating a radical Islamist state, French president François Hollande consented to engage his country in the Sahel to fight jihadists. Within a week, Operation Serval had put together a joint force that stopped the jihadist offensive and retook the initiative. Within two months, the French-led coalition had liberated the en- tire Malian territory after destruction of jihadist strongholds in the Adrar des Ifoghas by displaying a strategy that surprised both the coalition’s enemies and its allies. On 31 July 2014, this first chapter of the war on terror in the Sahel officially closed with a victory and the attainment of all objectives at that time. -
Insaniyat \/ إنسانيات, 14-15 | 2001
إﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎت / Insaniyat Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales 14-15 | 2001 Premières Recherches 1 Une expérience de recherche sur un terrain saharien : l'Adagh des Ifoughas Dida Badi Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/9643 DOI : 10.4000/insaniyat.9643 ISSN : 2253-0738 Éditeur Centre de recherche en anthropologie sociale et culturelle Édition imprimée Date de publication : 31 décembre 2001 Pagination : 129-147 ISSN : 1111-2050 Référence électronique Dida Badi, « Une expérience de recherche sur un terrain saharien : l'Adagh des Ifoughas », Insaniyat : En ligne], 14-15 | 2001, mis en ligne le 31 janvier 2012, consulté le 20 avril 2019. URL] / إﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎت http://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/9643 ; DOI : 10.4000/insaniyat.9643 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 20 avril 2019. © CRASC Une expérience de recherche sur un terrain saharien : l'Adagh des Ifoughas 1 Une expérience de recherche sur un terrain saharien : l'Adagh des Ifoughas Dida Badi NOTE DE L’ÉDITEUR Résumé de mémoire de Magister soutenu en l’an 2000, Département des langues et cultures amazighes, Université Mouloud Mameri, Tizi-Ouzou (sous la direction de Rachid Bellil). 1 Le texte, que nous proposons ici, est une tentative de restitution, sous forme d'un résumé succinct d'un travail de recherche, lui-même fruit de la fréquentation d'un terrain saharien, celui de l'Adagh des Ifoughas. Ce travail a été effectué dans le cadre de la préparation d'un diplôme de magister en civilisation du Maghreb, soutenu au département de langue et culture amazighes de Tizi-ouzou en 1999. 2 La région de l'Adagh a été occupée depuis longtemps. -
A Peace of Timbuktu: Democratic Governance, Development And
UNIDIR/98/2 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva A Peace of Timbuktu Democratic Governance, Development and African Peacemaking by Robin-Edward Poulton and Ibrahim ag Youssouf UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 1998 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. UNIDIR/98/2 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. GV.E.98.0.3 ISBN 92-9045-125-4 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNIDIR is an autonomous institution within the framework of the United Nations. It was established in 1980 by the General Assembly for the purpose of undertaking independent research on disarmament and related problems, particularly international security issues. The work of the Institute aims at: 1. Providing the international community with more diversified and complete data on problems relating to international security, the armaments race, and disarmament in all fields, particularly in the nuclear field, so as to facilitate progress, through negotiations, towards greater security for all States and towards the economic and social development of all peoples; 2. Promoting informed participation by all States in disarmament efforts; 3. Assisting ongoing negotiations in disarmament and continuing efforts to ensure greater international security at a progressively lower level of armaments, particularly nuclear armaments, by means of objective and factual studies and analyses; 4. -
Tuareg Nationalism and Cyclical Pattern of Rebellions
Tuareg Nationalism and Cyclical Pattern of Rebellions: How the past and present explain each other Oumar Ba Working Paper No. 007 Sahel Research Group Working Paper No. 007 Tuareg Nationalism and Cyclical Pattern of Rebellions: How the past and present explain each other Oumar Ba March 2014 The Sahel Research Group, of the University of Florida’s Center for African Studies, is a collaborative effort to understand the political, social, economic, and cultural dynamics of the countries which comprise the West African Sahel. It focuses primarily on the six Francophone countries of the region—Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad—but also on in developments in neighboring countries, to the north and south, whose dy- namics frequently intersect with those of the Sahel. The Sahel Research Group brings together faculty and gradu- ate students from various disciplines at the University of Florida, in collaboration with colleagues from the region. Abstract: This article stresses the importance of history in understanding the cyclical pattern of Tuareg rebellions in Mali. I argue that history and narratives of bravery, resistance, and struggle are important in the discursive practice of Tuareg nationalism. This discourse materializes in the episodic rebellions against the Malian state. The cyclical pattern of the Tuareg rebellions is caused by institutional shortcomings such as the failure of the Malian state to follow through with the clauses that ended the previous rebellions. But, more importantly, the previous rebellions serve as historical and cultural markers for subsequent rebellions, which creates a cycle of mutually retrospective reinforcement mechanisms. About the Author: Oumar Ba is a Ph. -
Informations Et Réflexions Ciblés Autour Du DÉVELOPPEMENT Et Des
1 Association TAMOUDRE- PRESIDENT REPORT November 2012 The association “Tamoudré” was born somewhere in Northern Mal, between Tessalit, Aguelhoc and Borj, where Tuaregs and “toubabs” met. It is a tale of friendship and trust. We have been crisscrossing the Sahel since 1987 but reached our cruising speed in 2005, when we established relationships so close that we now are part of the “Family”: Ifoghas, Kel Ghela, Iraganatene or Kel Ansar, as well as the Nigerien Tuaregs of Aïr. 1-EXCHANGES & ISSUES 1-1 THE TERRAIN AND THE PEOPLE From 2005, after one or two yearly visits in Aguelhoc, in a family encampment in Tataramat or in the bush in the communes of Kidal and Timbuktu regions where we engaged in an inventory of wells, health centers and schools, undertaking a joint study designed to create digitized maps of the area by the Agence de Développement du Nord-Mali and the University of Saint-Étienne, in France. acquiring knowledge of the terrain, the communes and the remote encampments . sharing with the local populations . reinforcing links with key resource-persons and friends . establishing networks based on trust 1-2 IENTIFYNG THE NEEDS From 2009 onwards, several visits allowed us first to establish special contacts with the people in Tessalit so that during the following years we were able to identify what was needed and to finalize some of our projects. March 2009: the Tuareg rebellion gave up their weapons in the Timetrin area, in Enabag, in the Tessalit cercle. We are met by a strong delegation from Tessalit and we are the only Europeans there. -
The Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali (CSA)
PA-X, Peace Agreement Access Tool (Translation © University of Edinburgh) www.peaceagreements.org AGREEMENT FOR PEACE AND RECONCILIATION IN MALI RESULTING FROM THE ALGIERS PROCESS 1 PA-X, Peace Agreement Access Tool (Translation © University of Edinburgh) www.peaceagreements.org Preamble We, the Government of the Republic of Mali and the signatory movements of the road map at Algiers on July 24, 2014, hereinafter known as the Parties; Meeting at Algiers within the framework of the negotiations defined by the roadmap to reach an Agreement for a global and durable peace, in order to guarantee a definitive solution to the crisis in Northern Mali, known by some as Azawad; Expressing our deep gratitude to Algeria, as leader of the Mediation Team, as well as the Economic Community of West African States (la Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de Ouest, CEDEAO), the African Union (l’Union Africaine, UA), the United Nations, the European Union (EU), and the Organisation for Islamic Cooperation (l’Organisation pour la Coopération Islamique, OCI), Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria and Chad, members of the Mediation Team; Having carried out an in-depth analysis of the situation in Mali, in general, and in particular of the nature of the crises which periodically affect the regions of Northern Mali; Determined to deal definitively with the basic causes of the present situation, and to bring about genuine national reconciliation by reappropriating history through national unity, while respecting the human diversity which characterises -
France's War in Mali: Lessons for an Expeditionary Army
CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and EDUCATION AND THE ARTS decisionmaking through research and analysis. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service INFRASTRUCTURE AND of the RAND Corporation. TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY Support RAND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Browse Reports & Bookstore TERRORISM AND Make a charitable contribution HOMELAND SECURITY For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Corporation View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This report is part of the RAND Corporation research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. C O R P O R A T I O N France’s War in Mali Lessons for an Expeditionary Army Michael Shurkin Prepared for the United States Army Approved for public release; distribution unlimited For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr770 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. -
MINUSMA's 2021 in Uncertain Times
MINUSMA’s 2021 Mandate Renewal in uncertain times Arthur Boutellis Publisher: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Copyright: © Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 2021 ISBN: 978-82-7002-350-9 Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. The text may not be re-published in part or in full without the permission of NUPI and the authors. Visiting address: C.J. Hambros plass 2d Address: P.O. Box 8159 Dep. NO-0033 Oslo, Norway Internet: effectivepeaceops.net | www.nupi.no E-mail: [email protected] Fax: [+ 47] 22 99 40 50 Tel: [+ 47] 22 99 40 00 Cover photo: UNPhoto / MINUSMA Investigates Human Rights Violations in Bankass Area MINUSMA’s 2021 mandate renewal in uncertain times Author Arthur Boutellis Data Visuals Jose Luengo-Cabrera EPON series editor Cedric DeConing Contents Acknowledgements 5 List of figures 7 Executive summary 9 Introduction 11 1. Brief history of MINUSMA 13 2. Assessing the effectiveness of MINUSMA since 2019 17 2.1. Supporting the Peace Process 17 2.2. Supporting PoC and the re-establishment of state authority in Central Mali 20 2.3. Supporting the 18-month Malian political transition 25 2.4. The relationship between MINUSMA and other forces 27 3. Implications for MINUSMA’s mandate renewal 33 3.1. The first strategic priority: The Peace Process 34 3.2. The second strategic priority: Central Mali 35 3.3. Supporting the Malian Transition within the framework of existing two strategic priorities 36 3.4. -
Monthly Bulletin
Highlights #16 | May 2016 Meeting of the Groupe Technique Suivi et Monthly Bulletin Evaluation (GTS&E) on 2015-2019 UNDAF+ Trust Fund: Netherlands’ 4.1 million USD contribution for ASIFU replacement Role of the S&R Section Peacebuilding Fund: field mission of the Steering Committee and UN agencies In support to the Deputy Special Representative Through this monthly bulletin, we provide regular Kidal: social cohesion initiative and Women of the Secretary-General (DSRSG), Resident updates on stabilization & recovery developments House projects initiation (QIPs) Coordinator (RC) and Humanitarian Coordinator (HC) and activities in the north of Mali. The intended Timbuktu: support to schools reopening and in her responsibilities to lead the United Nations’ audience is the section’s main partners including to 4 security institutions (QIPs) contribution to Mali’s reconstruction efforts, the MINUSMA military and civilian components, UNCT Mopti: city’s riverbanks clean-up underway (QIP) Stabilization & Recovery section (S&R) promotes and international partners. More QIPs launched in northern regions synergies between MINUSMA, the UN Country Team and other international partners. For more information: Gabriel Gelin, Information Specialist (S&R Main Figures section) - [email protected] QIPs 2015-2016: 59 projects out of which 20 completed and 39 under implementation over a total Donor Coordination and Partnerships budget of 4 million USD (168 projects since 2013) Peacebuilding Fund (PBF): 5 projects started On 5th of May, a technical committee MINUSMA, through the S&R Monitoring in 2015 over 18 months for a total budget of 1. of the CRZPC took place, extended 2. & Evaluation unit, is the co-president 10,932,168 USD to international NGOs represented by the of the Groupe Technique Suivi et Evaluation Trust Fund (TF): 12 projects completed/nearing FONGIM.