Operation Serval. Analyzing the French Strategy Against Jihadists in Mali
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From Operation Serval to Barkhane
same year, Hollande sent French troops to From Operation Serval the Central African Republic (CAR) to curb ethno-religious warfare. During a visit to to Barkhane three African nations in the summer of 2014, the French president announced Understanding France’s Operation Barkhane, a reorganization of Increased Involvement in troops in the region into a counter-terrorism Africa in the Context of force of 3,000 soldiers. In light of this, what is one to make Françafrique and Post- of Hollande’s promise to break with colonialism tradition concerning France’s African policy? To what extent has he actively Carmen Cuesta Roca pursued the fulfillment of this promise, and does continued French involvement in Africa constitute success or failure in this rançois Hollande did not enter office regard? France has a complex relationship amid expectations that he would with Africa, and these ties cannot be easily become a foreign policy president. F cut. This paper does not seek to provide a His 2012 presidential campaign carefully critique of President Hollande’s policy focused on domestic issues. Much like toward France’s former African colonies. Nicolas Sarkozy and many of his Rather, it uses the current president’s predecessors, Hollande had declared, “I will decisions and behavior to explain why break away from Françafrique by proposing a France will not be able to distance itself relationship based on equality, trust, and 1 from its former colonies anytime soon. solidarity.” After his election on May 6, It is first necessary to outline a brief 2012, Hollande took steps to fulfill this history of France’s involvement in Africa, promise. -
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Saharan Dust Outbreaks in the Mediterranean Basin
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the Academy's Library 1 Spatiotemporal patterns of Saharan dust outbreaks in the Mediterranean Basin 2 3 György Vargaa*, Gábor Újvárib & János Kovácsc,d 4 5 aGeographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian 6 Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary (E-mail: 7 [email protected]) 8 bGeodetic and Geophysical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, 9 Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Csatkai E. u. 6-8, H-9400 Sopron, Hungary (E-mail: 10 [email protected]) 11 cDepartment of Geology & Meteorology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, H-7624 Pécs, 12 Hungary (E-mail: [email protected]) 13 dEnvironmental Analytical & Geoanalytical Research Group, Szentágothai Research 14 Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20, H-7624 Pécs, , Hungary 15 16 *Corresponding author – E-mail: [email protected] 17 18 Abstract 19 20 Saharan dust outbreaks transport appreciable amounts of mineral particles into the atmosphere 21 of the Mediterranean Basin. Atmospheric particulates have significant impacts on numerous 22 atmospheric, climatic and biogeochemical processes. The recognition of background drivers, 23 spatial and temporal variations of the amount of Saharan dust particles in the Mediterranean 24 can lead to a better understanding of possible past and future environmental effects of 25 atmospheric dust in the region. 26 For this study the daily NASA Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer's and Ozone Monitoring 27 Instrument’s aerosol data (1979– 2012) were employed to estimate atmospheric dust amount. -
Annuaire Statistique 2015 Du Secteur Développement Rural
MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE REPUBLIQUE DU MALI ----------------- Un Peuple - Un But – Une Foi SECRETARIAT GENERAL ----------------- ----------------- CELLULE DE PLANIFICATION ET DE STATISTIQUE / SECTEUR DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL Annuaire Statistique 2015 du Secteur Développement Rural Juin 2016 1 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Répartition de la population par région selon le genre en 2015 ............................................................ 10 Tableau 2 : Population agricole par région selon le genre en 2015 ........................................................................ 10 Tableau 3 : Répartition de la Population agricole selon la situation de résidence par région en 2015 .............. 10 Tableau 4 : Répartition de la population agricole par tranche d'âge et par sexe en 2015 ................................. 11 Tableau 5 : Répartition de la population agricole par tranche d'âge et par Région en 2015 ...................................... 11 Tableau 6 : Population agricole par tranche d'âge et selon la situation de résidence en 2015 ............. 12 Tableau 7 : Pluviométrie décadaire enregistrée par station et par mois en 2015 ..................................................... 15 Tableau 8 : Pluviométrie décadaire enregistrée par station et par mois en 2015 (suite) ................................... 16 Tableau 9 : Pluviométrie enregistrée par mois 2015 ........................................................................................ 17 Tableau 10 : Pluviométrie enregistrée par station en 2015 et sa comparaison à -
Centre Des Hautes Études Sur L'afrique Et L'asie Moderne (1929-1968)
Premier ministre ; Organismes rattachés directement ; Centre des hautes études sur l'Afrique et l'Asie moderne (1929-1968) Répertoire (20000002/1-20000002/234) Archives nationales (France) Pierrefitte-sur-Seine 2000 1 https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_022876 Cet instrument de recherche a été encodé en 2012 par l'entreprise Numen dans le cadre du chantier de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales sur la base d'une DTD conforme à la DTD EAD (encoded archival description) et créée par le service de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales 2 Archives nationales (France) INTRODUCTION Référence 20000002/1-20000002/234 Niveau de description fonds Intitulé Premier ministre ; Organismes rattachés directement ; Centre des hautes études sur l'Afrique et l'Asie moderne Date(s) extrême(s) 1929-1968 Nom du producteur • Centre des hautes études sur l'Afrique et l'Asie modernes Localisation physique Pierrefitte DESCRIPTION Présentation du contenu Sommaire Art 1-234 : Mémoires des auditeurs du Centre des Hautes Etudes sur l’Afrique et l’Asie Modernes (CHEAM), mémoires verts librement communicables, 1929-1968 TERMES D'INDEXATION scolarité; asie; afrique 3 Archives nationales (France) Répertoire (20000002/1-20000002/234) 20000002/1 1 (Ancel, Roger), Oued Marsas, terre de transition entre le pays kabyle et le pays berbero - arabe, 20 pages. 1 bis (Erard), Observations sur les populations de la région de Maillot, 12 pages. 2 bis (Bouscary, L), L'attitude et les réactions des kabyles en présence de notre action économique dans la commune mixte de Mizrana, (1939), 19 pages. 3 bis (Clément, Jean-Henri), L'ouvrier indigène et l'ouvrier européen au Maroc : la question syndicale, (1938), 23 pages. -
Stabilizing Mali Neighbouring States´Poliitical and Military Engagement
This report aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the Stabilising Mali political and security context in which the United Nations’ stabili- sation mission in Mali, MINUSMA, operates, with a particular focus on the neighbouring states. The study seeks to identify and explain the different drivers that have led to fi ve of Mali’s neighbouring states – Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Niger and Senegal – contributing troops to MINUSMA, while two of them – Algeria and Mauretania – have decided not to. Through an analysis of the main interests and incentives that explain these states’ political and military engagement in Mali, the study also highlights how the neighbouring states could infl uence confl ict resolution in Mali. Stabilising Mali Neighbouring states’ political and military engagement Gabriella Ingerstad and Magdalena Tham Lindell FOI-R--4026--SE ISSN1650-1942 www.foi.se January 2015 Gabriella Ingerstad and Magdalena Tham Lindell Stabilising Mali Neighbouring states’ political and military engagement Bild/Cover: (UN Photo/Blagoje Grujic) FOI-R--4026--SE Titel Stabiliser ing av Mali. Grannstaters politiska och militära engagemang Title Stabilising Mali. Neighbouring states’ political and military engagement Rapportnr/Report no FOI-R--4026--SE Månad/Month Januari/ January Utgivningsår/Year 2015 Antal sidor/Pages 90 ISSN 1650-1942 Kund/Customer Utrikesdepartementet/Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs Forskningsområde 8. Säkerhetspolitik Projektnr/Project no B12511 Godkänd av/Approved by Maria Lignell Jakobsson Ansvarig avdelning Försvarsanalys Detta verk är skyddat enligt lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk. All form av kopiering, översättning eller bearbetning utan medgivande är förbjuden. This work is protected under the Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works (SFS 1960:729). -
Rebel Forces in Northern Mali
REBEL FORCES IN NORTHERN MALI Documented weapons, ammunition and related materiel April 2012-March 2013 Co-published online by Conflict Armament Research and the Small Arms Survey © Conflict Armament Research/Small Arms Survey, London/Geneva, 2013 First published in April 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of Conflict Armament Research and the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the secretary, Conflict Armament Research ([email protected]) or the secretary, Small Arms Survey ([email protected]). Copy-edited by Alex Potter ([email protected]) Reviewed by Alex Diehl and Nic Jenzen-Jones Cover image: © Joseph Penny, 2013 Above image: Design and layout by Julian Knott (www.julianknott.com) © Richard Valdmanis, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS About 4 3.7 M40 106 mm recoilless gun 11 Abbreviations and acronyms 5 4. Light Weapons Ammunition 12 Introduction 6 4.1 12.7 x 108 mm ammunition 12 4.2 14.5 x 115 mm ammunition 12 1. Small Arms 7 4.3 PG-7 rockets 13 1.1 Kalashnikov-pattern 7.62 x 39 mm assault 4.4 OG-82 and PG-82 rockets 13 rifles 7 4.5 82 mm mortar bombs 14 1.2 FN FAL-pattern 7.62 x 51 mm rifle 7 4.6 120 mm mortar bombs 14 1.3 G3-pattern 7.62 x 51 mm rifle 7 4.7 Unidentified nose fuzes 14 1.4 MAT-49 9 x 19 mm sub-machine gun 7 4.8 F1-pattern fragmentation grenades 15 1.5 RPD-pattern 7.62 x 39 mm light 4.9 NR-160 106 mm HEAT projectiles 15 machine gun 7 1.6 PK-pattern 7.62 x 54R mm general-purpose 5. -
FAO-UNESCO Carte Mondiale Des Sols, 1:5000000. Vol. 6: Africa
FAO -Unesco Carte mondiale des sols 1:5000000 Volume VI Afrique FAO - Unesco Carte mondiale des sols 1: 5 000 000 Volume VI Afrique FAO - Unesco Carte mondiale des sols Volume I Légende Volume II Amérique du Nord Volume III Mexique et Amérique centrale Volume IV Amérique du Sud Volume V Europe Volume VI Afrique Volume VII Asie du Sud Volume VIII Asie du Nord et du Centre Volume IX Asie du Sud-Est Volume X Australasie ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L'ALIMENTATION ET L'AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L'EDUCATION, LA SCIENCE ET LA CULTURE FAO-Unesco Carte mondiale des sols 1 : 5 000 000 Volume VI Afrique Préparé par l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture Unesco-Paris 1976 Les appellations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n'impliquent, de la part de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture ou de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture, aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. Imprimé par Tipolitografia F.Failli, Rome pour l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture et l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture Publié en 1975 par l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris © FAO - Unesco 1976 ISBN 92-3-299930-7 Imprimé en Italie PREFACE Le projet conjoint FAo-Unesco de la Carte mondiale chargé de compiler la documentation technique, de des sols a été entrepris à la suite d'une recomman- confronterlesétudes etd'établirlescartes et le dation de l'Association internationale de la science texte. -
AQIM's Blueprint for Securing Control of Northern Mali
APRIL 2014 . VOL 7 . ISSUE 4 Contents Guns, Money and Prayers: FEATURE ARTICLE 1 Guns, Money and Prayers: AQIM’s Blueprint for Securing AQIM’s Blueprint for Securing Control of Northern Mali By Morten Bøås Control of Northern Mali By Morten Bøås REPORTS 6 AQIM’s Threat to Western Interests in the Sahel By Samuel L. Aronson 10 The Saudi Foreign Fighter Presence in Syria By Aaron Y. Zelin 14 Mexico’s Vigilante Militias Rout the Knights Templar Drug Cartel By Ioan Grillo 18 Drug Trafficking, Terrorism, and Civilian Self-Defense in Peru By Steven T. Zech 23 Maritime Piracy on the Rise in West Africa By Stephen Starr 26 Recent Highlights in Political Violence 28 CTC Sentinel Staff & Contacts An Islamist policeman patrolling the streets of Gao in northern Mali on July 16, 2012. - Issouf Sanogo/AFP/Getty Images l-qa`ida in the islamic As a result, even if the recent French Maghreb (AQIM) is military intervention in Mali has occasionally described as pushed back the Islamist rebels and an operational branch of the secured control of the northern cities of Aglobal al-Qa`ida structure. Yet AQIM Gao, Kidal and Timbuktu, a number of should not be viewed as an external al- challenges remain.1 The Islamists have Qa`ida force operating in the Sahel and not been defeated. Apart from the loss of Sahara. For years, AQIM and its offshoots prominent figures such as AQIM senior About the CTC Sentinel have pursued strategies of integration leader Abou Zeid and the reported death The Combating Terrorism Center is an in the region based on a sophisticated of Oumar Ould Hamaha,2 the rest of the independent educational and research reading of the local context. -
2/2013 Misadventure Or Mediation in Mali: the EU’S Potential Role by Paul Pryce
cejiss 2/2013 Misadventure or Mediation in Mali: The EU’s Potential Role By Paul Pryce With a humanitarian crisis mounting in the West African state of Mali, the Council of the European Union has called on the Economic Community of West African States to deploy a stabilisation force to the northern regions of the country. But such a military intervention would have to contend with a plethora of cultural and logistical chal- lenges. A better approach might be for the Council to appoint an EU Special Representative for the Sahel Region, employing the Union’s ci- vilian power to facilitate mediation between the central government in Mali and the Tuareg rebel groups that recently proclaimed a de facto independent state in the north, the Islamic Republic of Azawad. Keywords: European Union, Mali, ECOWAS, conflict prevention, Tu- areg Introduction On 23 July 2012, the Council of the European Union convened in Brussels to discuss a number of issues relating to the EU’s external af- fairs. In a statement released at the conclusion of those proceedings, the Council expressed its concern over the deteriorating situation in Mali and called on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to deploy a stabilisation force to the country.1 This expres- sion of support for military intervention from the EU Member States comes shortly after calls were issued by some in the American press, such as the Editorial Board of the Washington Post, for NATO to act militarily to stabilize Mali.2 22 However, the Council may have been too hasty in offering its sup- port for the deployment of such an ECOWAS stabilisation force. -
Chapter 15: Africa - World’S First Busiest Drone Operational Proving Ground - Where Counter-Terrorism and Modernization Meet
Nichols, Ryan, Mumm, Lonstein, & Carter Chapter 15: Africa - World’s First Busiest Drone Operational Proving Ground - Where Counter-Terrorism and Modernization Meet Student Learning Objectives – Africa has become the drone investment -playground of many nations. The student will be introduced to activities of these geopolitical players (US, France, EU, Germany, Egypt and China) and the significance of their intentions. The history of drone investments / operations in Africa is directly a function of the growth of terrorist organizations and African economy. Africa – Overview Africa is a developing continent comprised of unstable states due to undeveloped economy, poor education, and unified government among the states. Africa’s leaders want to see their country develop and become a world leader. They look to their long-term allies to solve their issues. Radical Islam continues to spread and threaten the future of Africa. With the turbulence of state’s government, insurgence groups have joined forces with terrorist organizations affiliated with radical Islam. Radical Islamic extremists are a global security threat. Therefore, several countries fighting terror at home are also assisting Africa in the fight on terror. A priority goal of many African leaders is to defeat terrorism. They feel this can be achieved by stopping terrorist organizations membership growth. Conflict on land is not the only issue facing Africa, maritime security is a huge factor in Africa’s economic growth. Other countries willingly assist Africa in protecting their waterways to reap the benefits of trade and profit. There are high stakes for China, European Union, and United States to ensure Africa’s perimeter allows for safe passage of Commercial and Military vessels. -
Tuareg Nationalism and Cyclical Pattern of Rebellions
Tuareg Nationalism and Cyclical Pattern of Rebellions: How the past and present explain each other Oumar Ba Working Paper No. 007 Sahel Research Group Working Paper No. 007 Tuareg Nationalism and Cyclical Pattern of Rebellions: How the past and present explain each other Oumar Ba March 2014 The Sahel Research Group, of the University of Florida’s Center for African Studies, is a collaborative effort to understand the political, social, economic, and cultural dynamics of the countries which comprise the West African Sahel. It focuses primarily on the six Francophone countries of the region—Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad—but also on in developments in neighboring countries, to the north and south, whose dy- namics frequently intersect with those of the Sahel. The Sahel Research Group brings together faculty and gradu- ate students from various disciplines at the University of Florida, in collaboration with colleagues from the region. Abstract: This article stresses the importance of history in understanding the cyclical pattern of Tuareg rebellions in Mali. I argue that history and narratives of bravery, resistance, and struggle are important in the discursive practice of Tuareg nationalism. This discourse materializes in the episodic rebellions against the Malian state. The cyclical pattern of the Tuareg rebellions is caused by institutional shortcomings such as the failure of the Malian state to follow through with the clauses that ended the previous rebellions. But, more importantly, the previous rebellions serve as historical and cultural markers for subsequent rebellions, which creates a cycle of mutually retrospective reinforcement mechanisms. About the Author: Oumar Ba is a Ph. -
Informations Et Réflexions Ciblés Autour Du DÉVELOPPEMENT Et Des
1 Association TAMOUDRE- PRESIDENT REPORT November 2012 The association “Tamoudré” was born somewhere in Northern Mal, between Tessalit, Aguelhoc and Borj, where Tuaregs and “toubabs” met. It is a tale of friendship and trust. We have been crisscrossing the Sahel since 1987 but reached our cruising speed in 2005, when we established relationships so close that we now are part of the “Family”: Ifoghas, Kel Ghela, Iraganatene or Kel Ansar, as well as the Nigerien Tuaregs of Aïr. 1-EXCHANGES & ISSUES 1-1 THE TERRAIN AND THE PEOPLE From 2005, after one or two yearly visits in Aguelhoc, in a family encampment in Tataramat or in the bush in the communes of Kidal and Timbuktu regions where we engaged in an inventory of wells, health centers and schools, undertaking a joint study designed to create digitized maps of the area by the Agence de Développement du Nord-Mali and the University of Saint-Étienne, in France. acquiring knowledge of the terrain, the communes and the remote encampments . sharing with the local populations . reinforcing links with key resource-persons and friends . establishing networks based on trust 1-2 IENTIFYNG THE NEEDS From 2009 onwards, several visits allowed us first to establish special contacts with the people in Tessalit so that during the following years we were able to identify what was needed and to finalize some of our projects. March 2009: the Tuareg rebellion gave up their weapons in the Timetrin area, in Enabag, in the Tessalit cercle. We are met by a strong delegation from Tessalit and we are the only Europeans there.