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From Lion to Leaf: the Evacuation of British Children to Canada During the Second World War

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From Lion to Leaf: the Evacuation of British Children to Canada During the Second World War Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 10-19-2015 12:00 AM From Lion to Leaf: The Evacuation of British Children to Canada During the Second World War Claire L. Halstead The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Jonathan F. Vance The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Claire L. Halstead 2015 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Cultural History Commons, European History Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Halstead, Claire L., "From Lion to Leaf: The Evacuation of British Children to Canada During the Second World War" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3329. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3329 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM LION TO LEAF: THE EVACUATION OF BRITISH CHILDREN TO CANADA DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR (Thesis format: Monograph) by Claire L. Halstead Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Claire Halstead, 2016 i Abstract From Lion to Leaf is a study of the evacuation of British children to Canada in the Second World War. While European refugee children were excluded purposely from Canada, Canadians anxiously called for Britain to send her children as a display of philanthropic, patriotic, imperial, and wartime sentiment. Yet overseas evacuation is often overshadowed, in both the historiography and social memory of the war, by Britain’s domestic evacuation. From Lion to Leaf contributes to the study of evacuation, the British home front, wartime Canada, Canadian childcare and immigration policy, and the changing British Empire.Reflecting the transnationalism of the movement, this study marries governmental sources, newspapers, and personal collections, from both Britain and Canada. To ensure that the child’s perspective of evacuation is revealed, this study utilises extensive collections of evacuees’ wartime letters. Correspondence between British families and Canadian foster families provides a unique window into the familial experience of evacuation. The author’s creation of an evacuee database underpins the study, providing innovative statistics. This study explores governmental negotiations and childcare plans for evacuation, Canadians’ motivations in becoming foster parents, the evacuees’ experiences in Canada, and the lasting implication of evacuation on evacuees’ later lives. This was not a migration whereby Britain asserted its imperial standing and passed unwanted children onto Canada. Rather Canada imposed a special “War Guest” identity onto evacuees. This status in turn shaped evacuees’ experiences within both the public and private spaces. Although separated from family, they gained a cultural education through exposure to Canadian physical, social, and cultural landscapes. Their time spent in Canada became a fundamental part of their childhood, leading some to struggle to reintegrate into British life. Ultimately, Canadian evacuation differed drastically in organisation and facilitation from domestic evacuation. While trauma and abuse form the legacy of domestic evacuation, From Lion to Leaf shows that Canada attempted to provide the best care for its “War Guests”. ii Keywords Evacuation, Evacuees, War Guests, Second World War, Children, Childhood, Britain, Canada, Empire, Transnational Migration, Parenthood, Motherhood, Fatherhood, Family, Fostering, Foster Family, Siblings, Childcare, Philanthropy, Letters, Database, Separation, World War 1939-1945. iii Acknowledgments I feel a deep sense of gratitude to all of those who have played a part in this study. Over the years, I have had the fortune of enduring friendships that, like many evacuees’ relationships, have survived and crisscrossed Canada and Britain. For their comments on this project, support, and an endless supply of laughter, I thank: Shannon Hooper, Lisa Hunt, Rachael Griffin, Dorotea Gucciardo, Danielle Demiantschuk, Alex Souchen, Lillian Rogers, Emma Mastin, Jan Barker, James Sloan, Emma Lautman, Rebecca Carley, Marloes Van Hooijdonk, and, of course, Alice White. Thanks are due to the History Department at Western that I have been privileged to belong. Special thanks are owed to the administration as well as Elizabeth Mantz, Francine McKenzie, Shelley McKellar, Margaret Kellow, Monda Halpern, Geoffrey Stewart, Stephanie Bangarth, and Shauna Devine for their continued support. Beyond Western, I thank Simon Sleight, Cynthia Comacchio, Tarah Brookfield, M. Louise Hull, and Steven Schwinghammer. I thank Doug Leighton and Nina Reid-Maroney at Huron University College, and Stefan Goebel and Mark Connelly at the University of Kent, under which I received the best foundation for this project. Each and everyone have been an important mentor and intellectual advisor over the past nine years. Since my first year of university, through undergraduate and graduate courses, comprehensive exams, and as the second reader of this study, I have greatly benefited from the tutelage of Amy Helen Bell. Her influence is evident in my work and without her, this project may never have come to be. I have been honoured to have Dr. Jonathan Vance as my supervisor. I was fortunate to witness his excellence in academia and teaching. It is a marvel that he can always make time for his students, never making them feel that their “time is up”. His patience, encouragement, and cheeriness shone a bright light at times when it was needed most. Not only did he strengthen my fascination with Canada, but he is a constant reminder that one really can do what they love and love what they do. All that has been achieved is attributed to him. iv The recent loss of Clarence Stuart (a Lancaster Pilot in the RAF’s Bomber Command) and Cal, one who never said a word but always knew what to say, cannot go unmentioned as their influences too are encapsulated in the following pages. I am thankful to all of my family in England who provided much needed hospitality, hugs, and humour during my lengthy conference and research trips. Each one of them has revealed aspects of life that are reflected in the following pages. I thank my sister Jo-Ann Halstead first, for teaching me to read and second, for always reminding me of the necessity of exercising not only my brain but also my body. Her support has shown ‘Si, podemos!’ I owe thanks to my mother who always encouraged me to ask questions and took me to a small church in Headcorn, England at the age of four; the moment in which I fell in love with history. My father fostered this love of history. Although it is something we so closely share, I will forever be unable to match his knowledge and pub quiz abilities. I have been so fortunate to have them all in my life. I am also deeply thankful to have Kyle Hartlen by my side. Over the past seven years, he has been the greatest ally, confidant, and an over-worked and underpaid editor and title- maker. His supreme role has been as the Minister of Morale, a job he took immensely seriously. He has had his own achievements and it has been wonderful to share them with him. Finally, for sharing their stories with me, I sincerely thank the former evacuees and their families, and Canadians who remember evacuees. I have been constantly humbled and in awe of their resilience. It is they who had to live with the experience and legacy of evacuation. I have tried to capture those struggles and successes in this study. Although there are so many that I will not have the pleasure of meeting, I have been honoured to act as the carrier of their message. From Lion to Leaf is for them. v Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One ...................................................................................................................... 34 “Send us your Children!”: For the Sake of the Children and the Empire ................ 34 Chapter Two...................................................................................................................... 97 “Fit” for Evacuation: From Planning to Arrivals ....................................................... 97 Chapter Three.................................................................................................................. 165 Falling in With the Family: The Private Lives of Evacuees ..................................... 165 Chapter Four ..................................................................................................................
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