Zum Zusammenhang Zwischen Nationaler Identitätsbildung Und Katholischer Kirche in Litauen

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Zum Zusammenhang Zwischen Nationaler Identitätsbildung Und Katholischer Kirche in Litauen Zum Zusammenhang zwischen nationaler Identitätsbildung und Katholischer Kirche in Litauen In der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie der Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen vorgelegt von Christina Juditha Nikolajew aus Reutlingen 2005 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Gutachter: Prof. Dr. G. Kehrer Prof. Dr. B. Gladigow Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19. Mai 2005 Prodekanin: Prof. Dr. Viktoria Eschbach-Szabo 2 Widmungen / Danksagungen .................................................................................................................... 5 Einleitung................................................................................................................................................... 6 Zur Entstehung der Arbeit ..............................................................................................6 Forschungsgegenstand............................................................................................................................... 8 Zum Stand der Forschung ..............................................................................................8 I. Litauen und die Katholische Kirche.................................................................................................... 14 1.1. Geopolitische Lage Litauens bis ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein ...................................14 1.1.1. Unter Katharina II. und Paul I.........................................................................18 1.1.2. Unter der Herrschaft Alexanders I...................................................................23 1.1.3. Unter der Herrschaft Nikolaus I. .....................................................................25 1.1.4. Unter Alexander II..........................................................................................31 1.1.5. Nach dem Aufstand von 1863, 1864-1905 ......................................................33 1.1.6. Die Užnemune, ein Gebiet, das ans Königreich Polen fiel...............................38 1.1.7. Litauen nach der Revolution von 1905............................................................40 1.1.8. Veränderungen nach 1905 ..............................................................................40 1.2. Die Katholische Kirche Litauens bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts..................47 1.2.1. Das Bistum Žemaitija .....................................................................................54 1.2.2. Bistum Vilnius...............................................................................................73 1.2.3. Bistum Seiniai ................................................................................................82 1.3. Identität der Litauer bis zum 19. Jahrhundert .........................................................92 1.4. Zur Identität der Geistlichen ................................................................................104 1.4.1. Exkurs über die litauischen Lutheraner in Klein – Litauen ............................129 1.4.2. Zwischen Nationalreligion und der Identität von Geistlichen ........................130 1.4.3. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................132 II. Die publizistische Quelle: Der „Tevynes Sargas“............................................................................. 132 2.1. Auswirkungen des Druckverbots .........................................................................132 2.2. Der Tevynes Sargas.............................................................................................137 2.2.1. Juozas Tumas (Vaižgantas), 1901 Redakteur ................................................139 III. Die Darstellung von Personen nach Volkszugehrigkeit im ėėSargas................................. 141 3.1. Litauer im ėėSargas ..................................................................................141 3.1.1. Schlechte Litauer ..........................................................................................141 3 3.1.2. Bestechliche Litauer .....................................................................................146 3.1.3. Über die (Un) - Bildung der Litauer / über Schulen.......................................147 3.1.4. Priester / Pfarrer, Kirche, Gottesdienste ........................................................152 3.1.5. Gutsbesitzer / Bojaren...................................................................................159 3.1.6. Intelligenzija / Gebildete Litauer...................................................................162 3.1.7. Beamte, Würdenträger, Warnungen ..............................................................163 3.1.8. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................171 3.2. Juden in Litauen ..................................................................................................172 3.2.1. Historischer Überblick..................................................................................172 3.2.2. Juden in Litauen ...........................................................................................173 3.2.3. Juden im Tevynes Sargas..............................................................................178 3.2.3.1. In chronologischer Abfolge....................................................................178 3.2.2.1. Zwischenergebnis ..................................................................................186 3.2.4. Juden als Ausschenker von Alkohol..............................................................186 3.2.4.1. Zusammenfassung .................................................................................196 3.2.5. Aufforderung an die Litauer sich im Handel zu betätigen..............................199 3.2.6. Zum Antijudaismus im Tevynes Sargas ........................................................205 3.2.7. Juden und die Katholische Kirche in Litauen ................................................206 3.2.8. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................208 3.3. Russen und Litauer..............................................................................................210 3.3.1. Historischer Überblick..................................................................................210 3.3.1. Russen im Tevynes Sargas............................................................................220 3.3.1.1. Schulen und Popen.................................................................................220 3.3.1.2. Russifizierung........................................................................................229 3.3.2. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................237 3.4. Polen und polonisierte Litauer im Tevynes Sargas...............................................237 3.4.1. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................244 3.5. Der „Sargas“, seine Konkurrenten und die Aufhebung des Druckverbots.............245 III. Schlussfolgerungen.......................................................................................................................... 248 Glossar................................................................................................................................................... 252 Literaturverzeichnis .............................................................................................................................. 255 4 Widmungen / Danksagungen Herzlichen Dank an Prof. Dr. Günter Kehrer für die fachliche Unterstützung während des gesamten Studiums. Gern hätte ich mich beim Direktor der litauischen Nationalbibliothek, der Martynas-Mažvydas-Bibliothek, in Vilnius bedankt. Leider verstarb Herr Dr. Bulavas, überraschend im März 2004. V. Sidaraite und Asta Miltenyte halfen mir im Auftrag von Dr. Bulavas, das von mir gewünschte Material in der Bibliothek zu finden. Ganz besonderer Dank gilt meinem Ehegefährten, der mir diese Arbeit, finanziell ermöglichte, aber auch meiner Mutter, die mich indirekt dazu veranlasste. Bedanken möchte ich mich auch bei Pfarrer Dedinas und Irina Baublyte (Kaunas), die mir beim Verstehen, alter, nicht mehr gebräuchlicher, kirchlicher, polnischer, russischer und daraus Jargon gewordener Wörter und Begriffe halfen. Außerdem bei Dr. Borián Elréd OSB fürs konstruktive Lesen. Ohne die Arbeiten all der Wissenschaftler, die ich zitiere, auf deren Ergebnissen ich aufbaue, hätte diese Arbeit nicht entstehen können. 5 Einleitung Zur Entstehung der Arbeit Die Arbeit ist eine Folge meiner Magisterarbeit über atheistische Broschüren in der Litauischen Sowjetrepublik. Sie entwickelte sich aus meiner Verwunderung darüber, wie wichtig es den jeweiligen sowjetischen Autoren zu sein schien, den in Litauen vorhandenen Katholizismus zu bekämpfen. Während meiner Besuche in den ersten Jahren der Unabhängigkeit erfuhr ich oft, wie sehr die katholische Religion im Alltag der Litauer, von diesen selbst, als die Religion der Litauer gesehen wurde. Ein Beispiel: als ich in dem Städtchen, in welcher mein Großvater nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg Kirchengemeinderat war, nach der evangelischen Kirche fragte, erhielt ich von einer Frau die Antwort: „Das ist nicht unser Glaube. Wir sind katholisch. Das ist der Glaube der
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