Italian Politics

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ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Nicolas Bayne was a member of the English Diplomatic Service between 1961 and 1996. He is (since 1998) Fellow of the Interna- tional Trade Policy Unit at the London School of Economics.

Paolo Bellucci is Professor of Political Science at the University of Molise at Isernia, and is part of the ITANES research group at the Cattaneo Institute.

Nicoletta Bevilacqua is a research consultant at Formez and car- ries out research on the development of systems of regional and local government.

Anna Cento Bull is Professor of Italian Studies in the Department of European Studies at the University of Bath.

Martin Bull is Professor of Politics at the University of Salford and Visiting Fellow in the Department of Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute, Florence.

Giliberto Capano is Professor of Political Science at the Univer- sity of Bologna (Forlì branch), where he teaches Public Policy Analysis.

Maurizio Cotta is Professor of Political Science and Comparative Politics at the University of Siena. 14 303-310 10/23/02 8:04 AM Page 304

304 Editors and Contributors

Donatella della Porta is Professor of Political Science at the Uni- versity of Florence.

Ilvo Diamanti is Professor of Political Science and Political Soci- ology at the University of Urbino. He is the Director of the Fon- dazione Nord Est di Venezia, and is part of the ITANES research group at the Cattaneo Institute.

David Hine is Ofﬁcial Fellow in Politics at Christ Church College, Oxford.

Marc Lazar is Professor of History and Political Sociology at the Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po’), Paris, and Director of the Political Science Doctoral School. He is a specialist of the Euro- pean left and Italian politics.

Renata Lizzi is Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Bologna (Forlì branch), and is a member of the Centro di analisi delle politiche pubbliche (CAPP) of Forlì.

Carlo Marletti is Professor of Sociology at the University of Turin, where he is Head of the Department of Political Studies.

Herbert Reiter is a historian who has carried out research on public order and the police in Italy for the H.F. Guggenheim Foundation.

Luca Verzichelli is Associate Professor of Italian Politics at the Uni- versity of Siena. 14 303-310 10/23/02 8:04 AM Page 305

PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF ITALIAN POLITICS

1985, Volume 1, Raffaella Y. Nanetti and Robert Leonardi (eds.), London and New York, Pinter Publishers, 1986. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1985. – 1. Sidney Tarrow, Introduction. – 2. Piergiorgio Corbetta and Arturo Parisi, 1985 Local Government Elections. – 3. Peter Lange, The End of an Era: The Wage Indexation Referendum of 1985. – 4. Stephen Hellman, The Italian Communist Party between Berlinguer and the Seventeenth Congress. – 5. Judith Chubb, The Christian Democratic Party: Reviving or Surviving? – 6. Raimondo Catanzaro, The Maﬁa. – 7. David Hine, The Craxi Premiership. – 8. Gianfranco Pasquino, The Debate on Institutional Reform. – 9. Silvio Ferrari, The New Concordat between Church and State. – 10. Frank J. Piason, Italian Foreign Policy: The Achille Lauro Affair. – 11. Renato Manheimer and Giacomo Sani, Electoral Trends and Political Subcultures.

1986, Volume 2, Raffaella Y. Nanetti, Robert Leonardi and Piergiorgio Cor- betta (eds.), London and New York, Pinter Publishers, 1988. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1986. – 1. Raffaella Y. Nanetti, Robert Leonardi and Piergiorgio Corbetta, Introduction – 2. Vincent Della Sala, Gov- ernment by Decree: The Craxi Government and the Use of Decree Legislation in the Italian Parliament. – 3. Sandro Magister, Catholic Action and Internal Conﬂicts in the Catholic Church. – 4. Joan Barth Urban, The PCI’s 17th Con- gress: A Triumph of the ‘New Internationalism’. – 5. Douglas A. Wertman, DC Congress: The End of Factions? – 6. Paolo Ceri, The Nuclear Power Issue: A New Political Cleavage within Italian Society? – 7. Michelle B. Miller, Finan- cial Markets in 1986: The Paradox of Liberalization. – 8. Patrizio Bianchi, Pri- vatization of Industry: The Alfa Romeo Case. – 9. Albert Z. Guttenberg, The Condono Edilizio Debate. – 10. Lawrence Gray and Paolo Miggiano, The Lampedusa Incident and Italian Defense Policy. – 11. Pietro Barrera, Military Service and Military Reform. – 12. Carlo Marletti, Parties and Mass Commu- nication: The RAI Controversy, 14 303-310 10/23/02 8:04 AM Page 306

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1987, Volume 3, Robert Leonardi and Piergiorgio Corbetta (eds.), London and New York, Pinter Publishers, 1989. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1987. – 1. Robert Leonardi and Pier- giorgio Corbetta, Introduction – 2. Enzo Balboni, Who Governs? The Crisis of the Craxi Government and the Role of the President of the Republic. – 3. Giuseppe Di Federico, The Crisis of the Justice System and the Referendum on the Judiciary. – 4. Lorenzo Bordogna, The Cobas: Fragmentation of Trade Union Representation and Conﬂict. – 5. Raimondo Cagiano de Azevedo and Leonardo Musumeci, The New Immigration in Italy. – 6. John L. Harper, The Venice Summit. – 7. Genevière Bibes and Jean Besson, The Resurgence of Christian Democracy and the Search for New ‘Rules of the Game’. – 8. Mar- tin Rhodes, Craxi and the Lay-Socialist Area: Third Force or Three Forces? – 9. Donald Sassoon, The 1987 Elections and the PCI. – 10. Michael M. Harri- son, The Italian Navy in the Gulf. – 11. Pier Vincenzo Uleri, The 1987 Refer- endum. – 12. Luigi Accatoli, The Popular Movement: The Strengths and Limits of Political Messianism.

1988, Volume 4, Raffaella Y. Nanetti and Raimondo Catanzaro (eds.), Lon- don and New York, Pinter Publishers, 1990. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1988. – 1. Raffaella Y. Nanetti and Rai- mondo Catanzaro, The 1988 Events in Perspective: the Apex of the Conserv- ative Trend. – 2. Pietro Barrera, The First Institutional Reform: New Discipline in Government Activity. – 3. Filippo Cavazzuti, Public Finance and Public Administration: Characteristics and Limitations of the New Finance Bill. – 4. Patrizio Bianchi, The Political Limits of European Economic Integration. – 5. Angelo Pichierri, Crisis and Restructuring in the Steel Industry. – 6. Anthony C. Masi, The Bagnoli Steel Complex: Too Little Too Late or Too Much Too Soon? – 7. Luca Lanzalaco, Pininfarina, President of the Confederation of Industry, and the Problems of Business Interest Associations. – 8. Giovanni Tassani, The Italian Social Movement: from Almirante to Fini. – 9. Grant G. Amyot, The PCI and Occhetto’s New Course: the Italian Road to Reform. – 10. Tamar Pitch, Rape Reform in Italy: the Endless Story. – 11. Filippo Sabetti, The Maﬁa and the Antimaﬁa: Moments in the Struggle for Justice and Self-Gov- ernance in Sicily. – 12. Eugene D. Price, Jr., The Decision to Provide a Base for Us F-16s and Italy’s Role in Nato.

1989, Volume 5, Filippo Sabetti and Raimondo Catanzaro (eds.), London and New York, Pinter Publishers, 1991. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1989. – 1. Filippo Sabetti and Raimondo Catanzaro, The 1989 Events in Perspective: the End of an Era or the Past as the Future? – 2. Mario Caciagli, The 18th DC Congress: From De Mita to For- lani and the Victory of ‘Neodoroteism’. – 3. Martin J. Bull, The Unremarkable Death of the Italian Communist Party. – 4. Gianfranco Pasquino, The De Mita Government Crisis and the Powers of the President of the Republic: Which Form of Government? – 5. Gherardo Colombo, The New Code of Criminal Pro- cedure. – 6. David Moss, Combating Drug Use in the Aids Decade: The 1989 Campaign in Context. – 7. David Alexander, Pollution, Policies and Politics: 14 303-310 10/23/02 8:04 AM Page 307

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The Italian Environment. – 8. Pier Paolo Giglioli and Giampiero Mazzoleni, Concentration Trends in the Media. – 9. Joan Barth Urban, Gorbachev’s State Visit to Italy and the Vatican. – 10. Luciano Bardi, The Third Elections to the European Parliament: A Vote for Italy or a Vote for Europe?

1990, Volume 6, Robert Leonardi and Fausto Anderlini (eds.), London and New York, Pinter Publishers, 1992. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1990. – 1. Robert Leonardi and Fausto Anderlini, Introduction. – 2. Gianfranco Pasquino, The Electoral Reform Ref- erendums. – 3. Luciano Vandelli, The New Local Government Law. – 4. Carlo Cardia, The Financing of Church Activities in Italy. – 5. David Hine, Italy and Europe: The Italian Presidency and the Domestic Management of European Community Affairs. – 6. David I. Kertzer, The 19th Congress of the PCI: The Role of Symbolism in the Communist Crisis. – 7. Frank Belloni, The Italian Communist Party: Towards Dissolution and the Unknown. – 8. Dwayne Woods, Regional ‘Leagues’ in Italy: The Emergence of Regional Identiﬁcation and Representation Outside of the Traditional Parties. – 9. Alﬁo Mastropaolo, Machine Politics and Mass Mobilization in Palermo: Epitaph for a Failed Revolt. – 10. Paolo Segatti, The 1990 Student Protest. – 11. Pierre Lanfranchi, Italy and the World Cup. – Documentary Appendix Compiled by Sara Romano.

1991, Volume 7, Gianfranco Pasquino and Stephen Hellman (eds.), London and New York, Pinter Publishers, 1992. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1991. – 1. Gianfranco Pasquino and Stephen Hellman, Introduction – 2. Patrick McCarthy, The Referendum of 9 June. – 3. Franco Ferraresi, A Secret Structure Codenamed Gladio. – 4. Enzo Balboni, The President of the Republic, Judges, and Superior Council of the Judiciary: Chronicle of a Bitter Constitutional Battle. – 5. Stephen Hellman, The Difficult Birth of the Democratic Party of the Left. – 6. Carol A. Mershon, The Crisis of the CGIL: Open Division in the 12th National Congress. – 7. Ada Becchi, The Difficult Reconstruction in Irpinia. – 8. Filippo Sabetti, Whose Law? Whose Order? Of Crime and Punishment in Modern Times. – 9. Filippo Cavazzuti, Privatization: False Starts and Frustrated Takeoffs. – 10. Mark Donovan, Catholic ‘Pacifism’ and the Gulf War: Pluralism, Cohesion and Pol- itics. – 11. John Zucchi, The Papal Encyclical Centesimus Annus. – 12. Dwayne Woods, The Immigration Question in Italy. – Documentary Appen- dix Compiled by Sara Romano.

1992, Volume 8, Gianfranco Pasquino and Stephen Hellman (eds.), London and New York, Pinter Publishers, 1993. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1992. – 1. Gianfranco Pasquino and Stephen Hellman, Introduction. – 2. Jean Besson and Geneviève Bibes, The General Elections of April 1992. – 3. Vincent Della Sala, The Cossiga Legacy and Scalfaro’s Election: in the Shadow of Presidentialism? – 4. Robert Leonardi and Monique Kovacs, The Lega Nord: the Rise of a New Italian Catch-All Party. – 5. Martin Rhodes, The ‘Long Wave’ Subsides: the PSI and the Demise of ‘Craxismo’. – 6. Marco Follini, Christian Democracy: Extreme Remedies for 14 303-310 10/23/02 8:04 AM Page 308

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Extreme Problems? – 7. Donatella della Porta, Milan: Immoral Capital. – 8. Gianluca Salvatori, Ustica: The Unending Investigation. – 9. Raimondo Catan- zaro, A Watershed Year for Both the Maﬁa and the State. – 10. Liborio Mat- tina, Abete’s Conﬁndustria: From Alliance with the DC to Multiparty Appeal. – 11. John W. Holmes, Italian Foreign Policy in a Changing Europe. – 12. Philip Daniels, Italy and the Maastricht Treaty. – Documentary Appendix Compiled by Sara Romano.

1993, Volume 9, Ending the First Republic, Carol Mershon and Gianfranco Pasquino (eds.), Boulder, Westview Press, 1995. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1993. – 1. Carol Mershon and Gian- franco Pasquino, Introduction. – 2. Gianfranco Pasquino and Salvatore Vas- sallo, The Government of Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. – 3. Piergiorgio Corbetta and Arturo M.L. Parisi, The Referendum on the Electoral Law for the Senate: Another Momentous April. – 4. Richard S. Katz, The 1993 Parliamentary Elec- toral Reform. – 5. Martin Rhodes, Reinventing the Left: the Origins of Italy’s Progressive Alliance. – 6. Douglas Wertman, The Last Year of the Christian Democratic Party. – 7. Giampietro Mazzoleni, The RAI: Restructuring and Reform. – 8. Donatella della Porta and Alberto Vannucci, Politics, the Maﬁa, and the Market for Corrupt Exchange. – 9. Richard Locke, Eppure Si Tocca: The Abolition of the Scala Mobile. – 10. Osvaldo Croci, The Italian Interven- tion in Somalia: A New Italian Foreign Policy After the Cold War? – Docu- mentary appendix compiled by Rosalba Salvato.

1994, Volume 10, The Year of the Tycoon, Richard S. Katz and Piero Ignazi (eds.), Boulder, Westview Press, 1996. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1994. – 1. Richard S. Katz and Piero Ignazi, Introduction. – 2. Patrick McCarthy, Forza Italia: The Overwhelming Success and the Consequent Problems of a Virtual Party. – 3. Antonio Carioti, From the Ghetto to Palazzo Chigi: The Ascent of the National Alliance. – 4. Martin J. Bull, The Failure of the Progressive Alliance. – 5. Jack Brand and Thomas Mackie, The 1994 Elections. – 6. Luca Verzichelli, The New Members of Parliament. – 7. Andrea Manzella, The First Majoritarian Parliament. – 8. Valerio Onida, Mani Pulite, Year III. – 9. Pernilla M. Neal, The New Foreign Pol- icy. – 10. Filippo Cavazzuti, The Uncertain Path of Privatization. – 11. Edmondo Berselli, Politics and Karaoke. – 12. Stephen Gundle, RAI and Fininvest in the Year of Berlusconi. – Documentary appendix compiled by Marzia Zannini.

1995, Volume 11, The Stalled Transition, Mario Caciagli and David I. Kertzer (eds.), Boulder, Westview Press, 1996. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1995. – 1. Mario Caciagli and David I. Kertzer, Introduction: The Stalled Transition? – 2. Aldo Di Virgilio, The Regional and Administrative Elections: Bipolarization with Reserve. – 3. Pier Vincenzo Uleri and Roberto Fideli, Referenda Don’t Fall from the Sky: The June Initia- tives. – 4. Mark Gilbert, The Oak Tree and the Olive Tree. – 5. Marco Marafﬁ, Forza Italia: From Government to Opposition. – 6. Gianfranco Pasquino, The Government of Lamberto Dini. – 7. Onorato Castellino, Pension Reform: Per- haps Not the Last Round. – 8. Pier Virgilio Dastoli, The Stone Guest: Italy on 14 303-310 10/23/02 8:04 AM Page 309

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the Threshold of European Monetary Union. – 9. David Nelken, Stopping the Judges. – 10. Michael Braun, The Confederated Trade Unions and the Dini Government: ‘The Grand Return of Neo-corporatism’?. – 11. Sandro Magister, The Church and the End of the Catholic Party. – Documentary appendix compiled by Marzia Zannini.

1996, Volume 12, The Center-Left in Power, Roberto D’Alimonte and David Nelken (eds.), Boulder, Westview Press, 1997. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1996. – 1. Roberto D’Alimonte and David Nelken, Introduction: A Year of Difficult Dialogue. – 2. Alessandro Chiaramonte, The General Elections of 21 April 1996. – 3. Patrick McCarthy, Forza Italia: Old Problems Linger On. – 4. Ilvo Diamanti, The Lega Nord: From Federalism to Secession. – 5. Stephen Hellmann, The Italian Left After the 1996 Elections. – 6. Orazio Lanza and Riccardo Motta, Majoritarian and Proportional Electoral Systems: The Sicilian Case. – 7. Simon Parker, The Gov- ernment of the Ulivo. – 8. Luca Verzichelli, The Majoritarian System, Act II: Parliament and Parliamentarians in 1996. – 9. David Hine and Emanuela Poli, The Scalfaro Presidency in 1996: The Difficult Return to Normality. – 10. Nicola Porro, Politics and Consumption: The Four Revolutions of Spectator Football. – 11. Paolo Bellucci, Italian Intervention in Bosnia and the (Slow) Redefinition of Defense Policy. – 12. Percy Allum, Statesman or Godfather? The Andreotti Trials. – 13. Philip Daniels, The Italian Presidency of the Euro- pean Union. – Documentary appendix compiled by Marzia Zannini.

1997, Volume 13, Mapping the Future, Luciano Bardi and Martin Rhodes (eds.), Boulder, Westview Press, 1998. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1997. – 1. Luciano Bardi and Martin Rhodes, Introduction: Mapping the Future. – 2. Gianfranco Baldini and Guido Legnante, From Party Mayors to a Mayors’ Party. – 3. Paolo Legrenzi, The October Crisis of the Prodi Government. – 4. Rinaldo Vignati, The Leader and the Party: The PDS after Its Second Party Congress. – 5. James I. Walsh, The Uncertain Path to Monetary Union. – 6. Salvatore Vassallo, The Third Bicam- erale. – 7. Mary L. Volcansek, Justice as Spettacolo: The Magistrature in 1997. – 8. James Newell, At the Start of a Journey: Steps on the Road to Decentral- ization. – 9. Mark Donovan, The 1997 Referendums: Failure Due to Abuse? – 10. Marco Mira d’Ercole and Flavia Terribile, Pension Spending: Developments in 1996 and 1997. – 11. Giuseppe Sciortino, The Albanian Crisis: Social Panic and Italian Foreign Policy. – 12. Giancarlo Gasperoni, The Uncertain Renewal of Italian Education. – Documentary appendix compiled by Marzia Zannini.

1998, Volume 14, The Return of Politics, David Hine and Salvatore Vassallo (eds.), Oxford and New York, Berghahn Books, 2000. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1998. – 1. David Hine and Salvatore Vas- sallo, Introduction: One Step Towards Europe; Two Steps Back from Institu- tional Reform. – 2. Oreste Massari and Simon Parker, The Two Lefts: between Rupture and Recomposition. – 3. Marco Tarchi and Emanuela Poli, The Parties of the Polo: United to What End? – 4. Renato Mannheimer and Giacomo Sani, Reassembling the Centre and the Electoral Spectrum. – 5. Gianfranco Pasquino, 14 303-310 10/23/02 8:04 AM Page 310

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A Postmortem of the Bicamerale. – 6. Sergio Fabbrini, From the Prodi Gov- ernment to the D’Alema Government: Continuity or Discontinuity? – 7. Mark Gilbert, The Bassanini Laws: A Half-Way House in Local Government Reform. – 8. David Felsen, Changes to the Italian Budgetary Regime: The Reforms of Law n. 94/1997. – 9. David Hine, Drafting the 1998 Legislation on Immigra- tion: A Test of Government Cohesion. – 10. Giacomo Vaciago, Finance Between Market and Politics. – 11. David Hine, Malpensa 2000. – Documen- tary appendix compiled by Marzia Zannini.

1999, Volume 15, The Faltering Transition, Mark Gilbert and Gianfranco Pasquino (eds.), Oxford and New York, Berghahn Books, 2000. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 1999. – 1. Mark Gilbert and Gianfranco Pasquino, Introduction: The Faltering Transition. – 2. Osvaldo Croci, Forced Ally? Italy and ‘Operation Allied Force’. – 3. Mark Donovan, The End of Italy’s Referendum Anomaly? – 4. Gianfranco Baldini e Guido Legnante, The Munic- ipal Elections of 1999 and the ‘Defeat’ of the Left in Bologna. – 5. Philip Daniels, The 1999 Elections to the European Parliament. – 6. Gianfranco Pasquino, The Election of Carlo Azeglio Ciampi to the Presidency of the Republic. – 7. Jean-Louis Briquet, History in the Courts: Andreotti’s Two Acquittals. – 8. Véronique Pujas, The Funding of Political Parties and Control of the Media: Another Italian Anomaly. – 9. Dwayne Woods, Transformations in Italian Capitalism: an Analysis of Olivetti’s Takeover of Telecom Italia. – 10. Michael Contarino, Italy’s December 1998 ‘Social Pact for Development and Employment’: Towards a New Political Economy for a ‘Normal Country’? – 11. Vincent Della Sala The New South in the New Europe: the Case of Sviluppo Italia. – Documentary appendix compiled by Davide Martelli.

2000, Volume 16, Emerging Themes and Institutional Responses, Mario Caciagli and Alan S. Zuckerman (eds.), Oxford and New York, Berghahn Books, 2001. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2000. – 1. Mario Caciagli and Alan S. Zuckerman, Introduction: The Year before the Elections. – 2. Gianfranco Pasquino, Premiership and Leadership from D’Alema to Amato and Beyond. – 3. Paolo Bellucci, Marco Marafﬁ and Paolo Segatti, The Congress of the Democ- rats of the Left. – 4. Carlo Bacetti, The Center of the Center-Left Coalition. – 5. Gianfranco Baldini and Salvatore Vassallo, The Regions in Search of a New Institutional Identity. – 6. Jeffrey Anderson, Italian Politics: the European Com- mission under Romano Prodi. – 7. Felia Allum and Marco Cilento, Antonio Bassolini: From Mayor of Naples to President of Campania. – 8. Franca Maino, The Restructuring of the National Health Service: The Bindi Reform and Fiscal Federalism. – 9. Gianfranco Brunelli, The Great Jubilee of Pope Wojtyla. – 10. Rodolfo Lewanski, Road Safety: An Emerging Public Policy. – 11. Harlan Koff, Immigration or Integration? Examining Political Events in the Year 2000. – 12. Vincent Della Sala, A New Conﬁndustia for a New Model of Italian Capitalism. – Documentary appendix compiled by Davide Martelli.