Chapter -1 Intoduction to the Study

Home , Jahnu Barua, Mani Kaul, Renu Saluja, Resul Pookutty

CHAPTER -1

INTODUCTION

TO THE STUDY CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Research Topic: Critical Study of Academic Management of Post Graduate Diploma Courses conducted at Film and Television Institute of India, Pune.

1.1 Introduction : Establishing a Tradition^ in Film andlV Training

Established in the year 1960 on the erstwhile Prabhat Studio premises at Pune and thereby inheriting a rich legacy in quality Cinema , the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) has truly lived up to its avowed objective in the field of imparting training in film making and television programme production. Today the FTII Is considered as a Center of Excellence not only in India but also in Asia and Europe. Films made by the students of the Institute are entered in festivals both in India and abroad. Many of them have won National and International awards.

In spite of several problems at FTII the learning of film making is thorough. The alumni of the FTII have penetrated all corners of the Indian Film and Television industry and have excelled in all its fields. The students get full freedom for creativity. They make whatever they wish. The teachers and all the staff members put their best efforts for students' films. Recently (22 February, 2009), Resul Pookutty an audiographer, who designed the sound for the film "SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE", bagged an Oscar award for his outstanding work. Subhash Ghai, Mani Kaul, Nasiruddin Shah, Jaya Bhaduri, Raza Murad, Shatrughan Sinha, Mithun Chakraborty, Tom Alter, Kanwarjit Paintal, Adoor Gopal Krishnan, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Raj Kumar Hirani, Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Shabana Azmi, Renu Saluja, K. K. Mahajan, Shaji N. Karun, Ketan Mehta, Kumar Shahani, Jahnu Barua, Girish Kasarvalli, Saeed Mirza, Om Puri, Naseeruddin Shah are alumni of this Institute.

1.1.1 Quality and effectiveness of the courses The institute maintains the data base of its diploma holders. The alumni of the institute enjoy high reputation and status in the Mumbai film industry. A survey was carried out by the institute to know the professional positions of the pass

1. FTII Prospectus, 2008, p-1 Position of Diploma Holders as on 1/11/2000

• Gainfully eniplyed

• Well established 111 profession

• Distinguished in profession

• Foreign students

• Deceased outs of the institute. The survey has revealed that alumni from the last three batches (passouts of 2004, 05 and 06) are doing fairly well. Conducted over a period of three months, the survey has looked at factors like pay packets, current employers and the kind of breakthroughs achieved.

Recent FTII passouts (October 2008):

Courses Pay packages per annum Others 3 year course One year course Most of the In TV students work as Editing 2 - 3 lakh 1.8-4.2 lakhs freelancers with Cinematography 6 lakhs 5 lakhs reputed TV Audiography 3 -5 lakhs 1.8- 3 lakhs production houses, Direction Many of them 3- 5 lakhs coordinators for are writing commissioned scripts and it programmes like is difficult to UNDP and assess their UNESCO etc. emoluments

1.1.2 Achievements of Film Wing The films of the FTII alumni are known to bag prestigious awards in both the feature length as well as the short film category. For the last four decades several films made by the FTII alumni have won accolades in National and International Film Festivals. Five of the diploma films of 2008 batch were shown at more than 75 film festivals all over the world (29*^ March 2009, Times of India).

Since 1971 the Television Wing has been conducting in-service training to the personnel of Doordarshan. Short-Tenn courses are also conducted in specialized areas for Doordarshan staff and Indian Information Service (IIS) Probationers etc. and so far over 6000 participants including the Annual Film Appreciation course participants have been trained.

1.2 Research problem: • The FTII is a training center and not an academic institute and so the courses are not approved by AICTE. There are no guidelines and standard norms for the institute. Due to absence of guidelines, the students keep on asking for more facilities and infrastructure. There is no reference point available for comparison. • Professional indiscipline: The academic schedules and norms of the film projects and exercises are not followed; therefore the projects do not get completed in time. Because of this, next activity can not be planned in advance. • Backlog: Due to backlog, second and Third year run parallel putting severe burden on infrastructure which was already insufficient. In short, the problems are having compound effects. Three year courses get completed in four or more years. • The facilities and infrastructure: The infrastructure was created for 10 students in each specialization (total 40 students). At present, the number of students is 60. The infrastructure gets overloaded due to additional workloads of backlog. New courses (Acting, Animation, Art Direction and Screenplay Writing) have been introduced in the recent past but the infrastructure remains the same. There is a severe shortage of 93 hostel rooms which is always the burning issue of the students at the time of admission. • Culture: One very unfortunate attitudinal characteristic of students in the Film wing has been that they have generally not been prepared to take "NO" for an answer on any of their demands and have always equated creativity with license. • Finance: The funds are received from the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The funds are always delayed. The institute faces the acute shortage of funds. At times, the salaries are paid by taking loan against the employees contributory provident funds. • Syllabus: The syllabus Review committee consists of the alumni of the institute, its recommendations to delete some exercises are rejected by the students and therefore the problems remain the same. • Teaching posts have been lying Vacant for a long time. Some of them have been abolished due to government's policy. Position of vacant posts as on 30'" June 2009 is as follows -

Sr.No Name of the post sanctioned vacant posts vacant posts posts (%) 1 Professor 10 7 70.00% 2 Assistant professor 18 13 72.22% 3 Lecturer 20 7 35.00% 4 Demonstrator 4 2 50.00% • Film industry does not ask the pass out students for completion certificate, therefore no one bothers for the certificate and its recognition. • Lack of discipline in the campus. The students were arrested for creating nuisance for the nearby residents. The Director (an IAS officer) had to go to plead for the 5 anrested students at 3 am on 7'^^ October 2009. • In film schools, the courses are inter-dependent and therefore all the four students (Direction, Cinematography, Editing and Audiography) of a team are awarded their diplomas altogether. Because of delay on one's part, others affects without their fault. • Admissions are linked to the hostel availability. The admissions for the academic year 2009-10 were delayed / postponed to December 2009 as the hostel accommodation for the newcomers was not available. • Seniors' interference: The students involve GRAFTTI (Graduates of Film and Television Institute of India, Pune), an association of the alumni of the institute in every internal matter of the institute. The GRAFTTI request and pressurize the administration to accept the students' demands. • Government' apathy : The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has never treated the FTII as an academic institute, but a subordinate office and therefore the pay scales and other service conditions (no pension and medical facility after retirement, retirement age 60 years while in central universities it is 65 years) of the teachers are poor. A professor of FTII gets half the salary of a University professor. • Students are creative, intelligent and persuasive. Their films participate in various film festivals all over the world therefore they try to put their best in their diploma projects to win prizes. This does not happen easily but ask for more time and facilifies beyond schedule and norms. The students of other courses follow suit, their courses also get delayed. They quote the precedents of three year courses. • The entrance examination for the year 2009-10 was held on 26th July 2009 and the academic year may start in the last week of December, 2009. The aspirants for the diploma courses would suffer due to late admissions and late start of academic sessions by 6 months. • The admission forms and prospectus are never available on the prescribed dates. The advertisement for the year 2009-10 came on 1®' March 2009 and the forms were supposed to be available on 9**^ March, but similar to previous years, they were made available from 16'^ March. 4 1.3 Statement of the problem

• Courses are not recognized by AICTE and no affiliation with any university • Unsatisfactory management of the academic activities • Lacl< of professional discipline (mishandling of equipments especially by the Direction departments and not returning them in time, not following the norms etc.). • Direction department is poorly managed. (Appendix- 2) • It has indeed been the reigning culture of the Institute that a hugely disproportionate amount of emphasis is laid on the diploma films in relation to the other projects. This is being stated only to emphasize the point that, if adequate thought is not given to such important projects in advance, you land up in a situation where you lose control over the time dynamics of your production. (Appendix-2) • The academic calendar is uncertain. No one knows as to when First year will go to Second year and Second year to Third year and when will Third year students complete their diploma projects. • Three Year Post Graduate diploma courses never get completed in three years but take 4 years or even more.

Sr. Academic Academic sessions Completion of the courses No. year started on course in the year completed in (years) 1 2008-09 29'' September, 2008 Not yet completed Not completed 2 2007-08 17"^ December 2007 Not yet completed Not completed 3 2006-07 24"^ October, 2006 Not yet completed Not yet completed 4 2005-06 10"^ October, 2005 Not yet completed Not yet completed 5 2004-05 12*^ July, 2004 June 2009 5 years 6 2003-04 14"^ July 2003 May 2007 More than 4 7 2002-03 If'February, 2002 April 2005 4 8 2001-02 23^''" July, 2001 September 2005 More than 4 9 2000-01 January, 2000 May 2005 5

• Admissions are linked to the availability of hostel rooms. • Lack of infrastructure (12 classrooms, 5.1 surround sound equipments for sound post production, cameras for Cinematography department, 93 single bed hostel rooms and costumes and properties are urgently required) in the Institute. 5 • A direction student (Ganesti Gaikwad, 2003 batch) has still (August 2009) not completed his final diploma film. His team members cannot be awarded diploma certificate unless the film is completed and assessed. He is staying at Boys hostel without paying hostel rent. • Sufficient time for the exercises and projects lias been given in the syllabus itself, even the projects do not get completed in the scheduled time. • Since the schedules are uncertain, the guest lectures and workshops cannot be conducted at scheduled time without which the projects are not shot. • In spite of great appreciations all over, the institute also remained in the bad news because of students' unrest and strikes, zero years, controversial syllabi, backlog of diploma films and indiscipline etc. • Economic Reforms Commission popularly known as Geetha Krishnan Committee^ appointed by the Government of India recommended that the Institute should be handed over to the Film Industry or it may be disinvested along with other media units like films Division, Song and Drama Division, Children's Film Society of India, National Film Development Corporation and Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata etc. • All the seats of three year diploma courses are never filled (17% seats remain vacant). The maximum numbers of seats remain vacant in Audiography course. An Audiography student has to work for more than one project and faces lot of problems in sound designing simultaneously for two or more projects. • Inputs on leadership qualities and time management are not there in the syllabus. The direction students should have the leadership qualities to keep their team members together to achieve the goal. The students fail to manage time. • No attendance register is maintained for the students. • The activities of students association lead to the delayed academic schedules, delayed admissions and backlog of projects. • No one takes the responsibility (neither teachers nor the students). The professional filmmakers advise the institute not to allow the students as per their wish list because in the film industry no one can afford to avail more shifts. The time sense should be inculcated in the minds of students in the institute only.

2. Krishnan Geetha : Economic Reforms Committee, 2002 formed by Government of India

6 Scope of the study and time period

The study is confined to three years Post Graduate Diploma Courses (Film and TV) with four specializations namely Direction, Cinematography, Editing and Audiography conducted at Film wing of Film and Television Institute of India, Pune. These four main courses started in the year 1961.

The period of the study has been chosen from the academic years 2002-03 to 2005-06 covering two batches of students (4years). The study does not include the activities of the Television Wing and the other courses of Film wing as they started few years back.

1.4 Rationale behind the study

Being a faculty member of the Institute since 8"^ May, 1990 in the Television wing, the researcher wished to critically analyze the Academic management of Three Year post Graduate diploma courses conducted by Film Wing of FTII, Pune. During the last 19 years at FTII, the researcher has observed many unpleasant incidents happening in the institute. The rationale behind the study is as follows:

1. Irregular Admissions The academic sessions for first year students do not start in July / August. It keeps on changing every year. As a result, many aspiring students either have to lose a year for admission in the institute or drop the idea of taking admission at FTII, Pune. 2. Back log : Back log of exercises and diploma films has been a long routine feature in the Institute. The diploma films never get completed in time. This results in delay of starting professional career of students in the Film industry. Secondly, this puts additional burden on the infrastructure. 3. Disinvestment of the Institute: Geetha Krishnan committee recommended the disinvestment of FTII, Pune along with other media units under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. It was based on the expenditure and the number of students in the campus. 4. Infrastructure: Sound post production stage is the biggest bottleneck for diploma films as there are only two Pro Tools (sound mixers) and one Harrison Mixer which are insufficient.

The present study will try to find out the reasons of the above problems and offer possible solutions. Problems of FTII Pune

1.5 Objectives

Keeping in view the above-mentioned problems in mind, the researcher has focused the study on the key areas like the academic management of the academic activities (contents analysis, time allotted for the exercises, problems of the four departments, reasons of backlog, monitoring and control of the projects), students association activities (professional discipline, choosing own team members, not following the norms of the projects, involving GRAFTTI in the institute matters), concern of teachers, quality of teaching and the facilities and infrastructure available in the institute.

The objectives are as follows-

1. To examine the effectiveness of academic programme i.e. quality of diploma programme (courses). 2. To critically analyze the programme administration of Three year Post Graduate Diploma Courses and offering suggestions for the betterment 3. To critically examine the activities of Students Association 4. To examine the genuine concern of teachers and the quality of teaching 5. To examine the adequacy of available infrastructure in the institute 1.6 Need for the study i) The major problems of the institute are the professional indiscipline among the students, finance, backlog, delayed admissions and culture of the institute. They are the root causes of all the problems and need to be addressed. ii) Unsatisfactory management of courses. iii) On an average 17% of the seats remained vacant over the years. iv) Hostel rent is not taken for the over stay beyond three years. v)The strikes^ are too frequent i.e. in 1997 it lasted for 4 months; in 2000 it was for 21/2 months. So the courses slated for three years goes up to five years. vi) FT!! does not have any assessment* of requirement on the basis of which external faculty is hired. External faculty is hired without any guidelines in place. There is no mechanism in place to ensure / verify if the external faculty was present in FTII. The payments were made to the external faculty even if they were not present.The status of the institute is like an office of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. vii) The teachers are poorly paid. The pay structure is given below-

Sr. Post / facility Basic Pay (at FTII) Basic Pay (in the Universities) No. 1 Lecturer Rs. 15,900/- + Rs. Rs. 15,900/- + Rs. 6000/- 5400/- Grade Pay Grade Pay 2 Assistant Rs. 15,900/- + Rs. Associate Professor Rs. Professor 6600/- Grade Pay 37,400/- + Rs. 9000/- Grade Pay 3 Professor Rs. 15,900/- + Rs. Rs. 37,400/- + Rs. 10000/- 6600/- Grade Pay Grade Pay 4 Dean Rs. 15,900/- + Rs. - 7600/- Grade Pay 5 Pension Scheme Contributory provident Family pension fund (CPF) 6 Medical benefits In service period only Available in central and not after retirement universities 7 Age of retirement 60 years 65 years

All the above problems mentioned above made the researcher to do a critical study on the working of Film Wing. The researcher wanted to examine the causes of the prevalent problems and offer solutions.

3. standing committee on Information Technology, 2002 formed by Government of India 4. Report -Chief Accounts Officer. Principal Director of Audit, Mumbai 1.7 Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a statement about a perceived problem. In common usage, a hypothesis refers to a provisional idea whose merit requires evaluation.

In order to examine the objectives set for the study, five hypothesis statements have been stated and tested using Likert scale in chapter-IV. These statements may be proved true or false i.e. the statement may be accepted or rejected. The hypotheses cover the entire academic activities, contents, syllabus implementation, duration of the courses and the exercises, the management of all the departments, students association activities including discipline and following the norms of the projects, quality of teaching, genuine concern of teachers, service conditions of the teachers, space, manpower and the infrastructure available in the institute. The following hypotheses have been so formulated to test whether these assumptions are responsible for the problems the institute has been facing for the last 48 years.

1. The Three year post graduate diploma programme is effective. 2. The programme administration (monitoring and control of syllabus implementation) is unsatisfactory. 3. Students' association activities lead to the indiscipline and delayed academic schedules. 4. Teachers do not show genuine concern (including quality of teaching) towards the students. 5. The infrastructure (equipments and buildings) is not sufficient.

1.8 Film and Television Institute of India, Pune

The Press and representatives of the film industry urged the Government of India to set up a Film Enquiry Committee^. The necessity of holding a thorough enquiry into the state of the film industry was explained by Hon'ble Shri R.R.Diwakar, Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting during the budget debate in the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on 26th March, 1949. He said "As regards the film industry as a whole, a thorough enquiry in this country is overdue - the last enquiry was held in 1928."

5. Patil, S.K ; Report of the Film Enquiry committee ; Ministry of information and Broadcasting.Government of India, No 36/3/43-F, 29tli August 1949, New Deliii pp 1-2

10 Thus Film Enquiry Committee under tiie chairmanship of Shri S.K. Patil, IVIember Constituent Assembly, was constituted. One of the recommendations of the committee reads, "We recommend the starting of an Institute of film techniques for training all categories of technicians including directors."

It was a matter of coincidence that the studios of Prabhat Film company, Pune was available for sale and government acquired the studios for housing the Film Institute. This was a great advantage not only because the existing facilities of a full fledged film Studio became available, but because the Institute found itself in a fully professional setting which conditioned its thinking right from the beginning. Thus the Film Institute of India was set UP in 1960 at Pune as a subordinate office of the Ministrv of Information and Broadcasting- Government of India. The courses In Filmmaking started from 1961 onwards. Following the addition of Television wing in 1974, the Institute was re designated as Film and Television Institute of India.

The Institute became a society in October 1974 under the Registration of Societies Act of 1860. The Society consists of eminent personalities connected with Film, Television, Communication, Culture, Alumni of Institute and Ex- officio government members. Governing Council, headed by a Chairman, the present Chairman being eminent writer and Gnan Peeth awardee Shri U.R. Ananthamurthy, governs the Institute.

The Film and Television Institute is a training center for documentary and feature film production and film technology. It commends itself as a very well equipped institute. It would compare most favourably with any film school in Europe or America. It is housed in complete professional studios.

Since 1974, the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) and the National Film Archives of India (NFAI) have been jointly conducting the Film Appreciation course in the FTII campus during the summer vacation .

The Institute regularly enters students' Diploma Films^in various National and International Film Festivals. Every year, the films are sent for the screening at various national and international film festivals. During 49*" National Film awards, New Delhi - 6 Films bagged National awards. These films were made by the strikers (students) of 2000 batch.

6. Annual Report 2002-2003 Film and Television Institute of India, Pune 11 After getting the status of an autonomous Institute in 1974 a memorandum of association was issued in wliich tiie following members were given tlie responsibility to manage and run tlie Institute.

The following members were given the membership of the Institute^

1. Secretary Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 2. One representative of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 3. One representative of the Directorate General of All India Radio and Doordarshan. 4. One representative of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. 5. The experts nominated in their individual capacity by the central government to represent the activities of the Central Government in the field of Education, Culture, External Affairs, Health and Family Planning. 6. Six persons of eminence connected with Film, Television, Education, Journalism, Literature, Fine Arts, Dramatics, Perfonning Arts etc. and two persons from among the alumni of the Institute or the former Institute, to be nominated by the Central Government.

1.8.1 Aims and Objectives of Film and Television Institute of India^

The Film wing of Film and Television Institute of India is intended to provide technical training in the production of films and to undertake research in different fields connected with films. The main functions of the institute are to:

i) Impart training in aspects of film production and other allied subjects; ii) Grant diplomas and certificates to successful trainees who have completed the prescribed course, iii) Co-ordinate the activities for training of film technicians in India, iv) To conduct short-term training courses on various aspects of Film and TV production and screen studies v) Develop suitable patterns of teaching in all branches of levels so as to establish high standards of film and television education in India.

7. Memorandum of Association. Bye laws of the Society, Film and TV Institute of India, place: Poona, dated the 1** October, 1974 , P - 1

8. Prospectus 1995 Film and Television Institute of India, Pune Pp -2,3

12 vi) Constantly endeavour at raising the technical standards of Indian films and television programmes so as to make them aesthetically more Satisfying and acceptable. vii) Facilitate regular inflow of fresh ideas and new techniques in the field of Cinema and Television and a corresponding outflow of trained personnel imbuing these ideas and techniques.

1.8.2 Administrative Structure

The Chairman, a distinguished personality heads the Society, comprising of well- known personalities from film, television, arts and other academic spheres. The Governing Council (GC) is constituted by election from among the members of the Society. The GC as the apex body is responsible for making all policy decisions concerning the policies for the FTII to steer its destiny towards the aims and objectives of the Institute. The GC in turn appoints the Academic Council (AC) and the Standing Finance Committee (SFC), who in turn are responsible for advising the GC in policy matters related to the Academic affairs and Finance respectively. The Chairman of the Society also heads the GC, the AC and the SFC. The Director of the Institute serves as the Executive head and implements the policies and the programs of the policy making bodies.

Among the stalwarts who served as the Chairman of the Governing Council in the past are, Mr. Shyam Senegal, Mr. Mrinal Sen, Mr. Adoor Gopalkrishnan, Mr. Mahesh Bhatt, Mr. Girish Karnad, Mr. Vinod Khanna and many others.

Among those who served, as the Directors of the FTII in the past are S/shri Jagat Murari, Gajanan Jagirdar, Girish Karnad, K.G.verma, Dr. Mohan Agashe, Prem Matiyani and Tripurari Sharan, IAS. Mr Pankaj Rag also an IAS is currently (1^' February 2008-till date) the Director of the Institute.

1.8.3 Academic Worlcing of the Institute The Institute has two wings : Film and Television wing . Film wing conducts diploma courses in filmmaking. The TV wing conducts training for Doordarshan staff. The working of both the wings is as follows ~

13 TV Wing

The TV wing offers One year Post Graduate Certificate courses in Television with specializations in Direction, Electronic Cinematography, Video Editing and Audiography and TV Engineering. TV wing also offers in-service training to the employees of Doordarshan in TV Production and Technical Operations. Employees of Doordarshan are trained as Producers. Production Assistants, Floor Managers, Floor Assistants, Camera Persons, Video Editors, Graphic Artists and Engineers. In addition, TV wing also conducts orientation course for Indian Information Officers and Film Students of Film Wing.

TV wing also conducts courses for Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Calcutta. It also conducts specialized courses and workshops in collaboration with Asia Pacific Institute of Broadcasting Development (AIBD), Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia and Commonwealth Educational Media centre of Asia (CEMCA). TV wing has also conducted television-training courses for TV Maldives. From 1971 onwards more than 4500 participants have been trained in various disciplines of Television production and technical operations. A large number of requests have been received from various organizations in and outside country for television training in FTII.

FILM WING : Diploma courses conducted in the in the Film Wing (academic year 1964-65)

Sr. Name of the Seats ! Minimum Duration No Courses 1 Qualification Years 1) Screenplay Writing 20 Degree in Arts or science 2 & Elements of or equivalent Direction 2) Advanced Direction 12 After passing the course at (1) 1 3) Motion Picture 10 Intermediate with Physics and 3 Photography Chemistry as subjects, or equivalent 4 Sound Recording 10 -do- 3 and Sound Engineering 5 Film Editing 10 - do- 2 6. Film Acting 10 Male Matriculation with English as one of 2 10 the subjects. Working knowledge of Female Hindi is essential.

Since its inception (1961), the Film wing started diploma courses in the Screenplay Writing cum - elements of Direction, Film Editing, Motion Picture Photography, Sound Recording and Sound Engineering and Film Acting was introduced in 1963

14 1.8.4 Organizational Chart (Academic hierarchy)

Chairman Governing Council

i i r Academic Council ^r Standing Finance Commit Director

J Jr Dean ( =ilms) Dean (Television)

Prof(3SSor s Registrar Professors (Head of Departments) (Head of Departments) i y' i Assistant Professors Security Assistant Professors i i 1 r Lecturers Hostels Lee turers i i Demor strators Administration

1.9 Management Defined^

The present study involves educational management of Film and Television institute. The definition of management, educational management and the history of world and Indian Cinema will be described in brief.Different people with varying meanings use the word "management". For example, the noun "management" is used as a collective noun to refer to all those who manage within a particular organization e.g. "management of a company or organization". It is also used to connote a particular activity e.g. "scientific management" or to distinguish a special class of people as "management" and labour. It is often used to include all those who manage as well as those who help managers thus perfomning a staff function. Lawrence Appley simplifies the meaning by saying that it is "the art of getting things done through the people".

9. Rustom S. Davar , Principal, Davar's College of Commerce : General Management Progressive Corporation Private Limited, Bombay p-13 15 The process of managing The fundamental and basic aim of managing is to achieve certain objectives. The manager must be clear as to the objectives, which he desires to attain. In other words what is the end result sought? A clear and complete statement in this regard would make the objective precise and understood by all concerned who have to direct their activities towards its attainment. Performing certain fundamental management functions attain the desired result, objective or goal. These functions can be grouped in to four basic heads namely— 1) Planning, aims at achieving the desired results; 2) Organizing, which seeks to mesh the available factors into an optimum relationship so that the plan can be put into effect, 3) Motivating, to enthuse the people in the organization towards implementation of the plan; and 4) Controlling, to ensure that the activities are in fact executed in terms of the plan. This process is basically a mental process on the part of the manager.

1.10 Academic or Educational IVIanagement^''. Educational management is a field of study and practice concerned with the operation of educational organizations. There is no single generally accepted definition of the subject because its development has drawn heavily on several more firmly established disciplines including sociology, political science, economics and general management. Bolam (1999, P194) defines educational management as an "executive function for carrying out agreed policy". Writing from an Indian perspective, Sapre (2002, P102) states "management is a set of activities directed forwards efficient and effective utilization of organizational resources in order to achieve organizational goals. Clatter's (1979,P-16) definition remains helpful because it sense to identity the scope of the subject. He argues that management studies are concerned with "the intemal operation of educational institutions, and also with their relationships with their environment, that is, the communities in which they are set, and with the governing bodies to which they are formally responsible." Management is directed at the achievement of certain educational objectives.

10. Tony Bush : Theories of Educational Leadership and management [ 3"* Edition ] - down loaded from Internet, Google Book search.

16 1.11 History of World Cinema^^

The history of cinema did not begin with a big bang. No single event - whether Edison's patented invention of the Kinetoscope in 1891 or the Lumiere brothers first projection of films to a paying audience in 1895 can be held to separate a nebulous pre cinema from cinema proper. Rather, there is a continuum which begins with early experiments and devices aimed at presenting images in sequence.

Henry M. Reichenbach for George Eastman devised the transparent celluloid base called "Film" in 1889, on the basis of inventions variously attributed to the brothers of J.W. and I.S.Hyatt (1865) to Hannibal Goodwin (1888) and to Reichenbach himself. The film base is coated with photographic (light sensitive) material (emulsion). The emulsion generally consists of a suspension of Silver salts in gelatin and is attached to the base with an adhesive. This was all for black and white films.

As eariy as 1896, copies of films that had been hand coloured frame by frame with very delicate brushes were available. The first actual colour sensitive emulsion was invented by Eastman Kodak around 1915 and shortly afterwards marketed under the trademark Koda chrome. This was still a two-colour system. Before this, in 1906 George Albert Smith invention was widely imitated and developed into three colour systems by Gaumont in 1913 and the German Agfa Company in 1915.

In April 1895, Edison put fonA/ard a system for synchronizing his twain inventions of photography and Kinetascope. The first experiments in this direction took place at the beginning of the century and in 1906 Eugene - Auguste lauste patented a machine capable of recording images and sound on the same base.

Silent Cinema : The Period from 1895 to 1929 is known as silent cinema as there was no sound in the films.

11. Geoffrey Nowell- smith : The oxford history of world cinema (FTII Library) PP.6, 123, 131, 137,151,152, 154,157, 159.

17 1.12 History of Indian Cinema^^ Film history in India has mostly been a heard-said or guessed matter rather than an authenticated one. The general method, followed in articles and features, hastily prepared to meet the date of this or that celebration was to pick up bits and pieces from old directories, year books, annuals and mix with them a little imagination. Another was to draw on the recollections of old timers through random interviews, which were more like a test of their fading memory and patience. A rational approach was not thought necessary, perhaps because Indian cinema Is not still taken as serious enough subject and its history even less so.

The Beginnings (1896-1899 ) A medium that was to grow and remain for decades the biggest spellbinder in the Indian subcontinent was unfolded - Place and Date : Tuesday, 7^^^ July, 1896, Kala Ghoda (statue of a prince on a black horse), Watson's Hotel in Esplanade mansion Bombay.

The cinema arrived in our country like any one of those magic or necromancy shows offered as the evening's fare. The show was described as " the marvel of the century"," the wonder of the world". The touring agents of the 'Lumiere Brothers of France' brought it to Bombay. These pioneer Filmmakers had perfected their process of' Living photographic pictures' and had held the first public exhibition only a year before in Paris.

The images, which flickered in Bombay's Watson's Hotel on that Tuesday evening, became India's first film show and the hotel's clientele who saw it formed the first audience. 'Arrival of a train', 'The Sea Bath',' A Demolition' Workers Leaving the Factory' and 'Ladies and Soldiers on Wheels' were the few short films shown at that time.

From July 14,1896, the Lumiere programme began to have a simultaneous run in a regular drama theatre (Novelty). In early 1897 it sprang to life again with Stewart's "Vitugraph" coming to the Gaiety Theatre with 14 pictures at each exhibition. Even colour came to films at such an early stage, with the Tivoli Theatre announcing a film, 'Can-can Dance' in natural colours.

12. Rangoonwala, Feroze Indian Cinema Past and Present, Clarion Books, New Delhi, 1983 { Fill, Library) pp-2,3, 11,25

18 In 1897 an unknown cameraman shot two films in India namely ' Coconut Fair' and 'Our Indian Empire', the latter showing the monuments of Delhi and the famous Imambara Palace of Lucknow .

First Indian Film : In December,!899 the first step was taken by Harishchandra S. Bhatavadekar, better known as 'Save Dada'. He was a still photographer and equipment dealer, having his shop-cum residence near Bombay's Kennedy's Bridge. He had a hand-operated projector with which he showed imported short films in bungalows, schools, and colleges and also in some Bombay halls. The pioneer imported a Riley Camera from England. He then got together two well-known wrestlers and photographed a reel of their and entitled 'The Wrestlers'. Little did he know that he was creating history by Canning the first really Indian footage.

Thus within four years of its birth at Watson's hotel, the cinema had indeed made spectacular progress and won over the audience's regular patronage. As many as 25 films were now being shown in a single independent performance accompanied by "piano and violin music played by European ladies".

Talkie comes and conquers: Ardeshir Irani with his pioneer zeal had imported a single system Tanar recorder and after some short experiment had started shooting ALAM ARA. India's first talkie feature, which was finally won by Alam Ara opened at Bombay's Majestic cinema on March 14,1931.

Indian Cinematograph Committee: The appointment of Indian Cinematograph Committee 1927-28 under the chairmanship of T. Rangacharian was the step taken by the Government. The aims of this enquiry committee were to examine the censorship system and consider steps to encourage films within the British Empire generally and Indian films in particular. Its composition was half Indians and half British, without any representation of the industry, though the Bombay Cinema Trade Association had demanded it. In any case, the recommendations were shelved and the industry remained where it was.

National Film Development Corporation: The same corporation previously was known as Film Finance Corporation. It was set up in March 1960 with the objective of raising the standard of films in the country. One of its aims was to

19 provide talented film producers directors with necessary finance, which they often found difficult to raise through the commercial channels.

Films Division: This is one of the Mass Media units of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govemment of India and was set up in 1949. It is the "central film producing organization" that is responsible for the production and distribution of newsreel , documentaries and other films required by the Government of India for public information, education and for instmctional and cultural purposes.

National Film Archives of India: The national film Archive of India (NFAI) was established in 1964. It has its headquarters in Pune with three regional offices at Bangalore , Calcutta and Thiruvanathapurum. The archive is a media unit of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. It is the job of the NFAI to preserve films, audio and video footages.

National Film Awards: The National awards for films, which were started as an annual incentive by the Government of India to the making of artistic, competent and meaningful films. From 1954, the very first awards for the films of 1953 were given to the Marathi film "Shyamchi Aai" and the documentary Mahabalipuram. Another commendable aspect of the National Awards is to encourage good films in all languages.

1.13 Prerequisites of film study^^ Communication: Direct or Indirect communication, mass communication. Defining Art: Art is an experience, a beauty, an expression of feeling, perfection of fonn, an Imitation and a communication.

Elements of filmmaking- Cine photography : Image composition, movement within the frame, camera angles, camera movement and lenses. Sound : Making a sound track, use of sound and music in films. Editing: Putting the scenes in a sequence to convey a story or message. Special effects : Image replacement, traveling matters , rear projection Script / screenplay writing : Converting an idea into dialogue and sequences.

13. Geston Roberge : Chitrabani (Ace. No. 4845, National Film Archive of India, Pune) P- 23

20 1.14 Admission process and courses offered at Film and Television Institute of India, Pune

The Film wing has been devoted to impart film education to the aspiring students since its inception, 1961. The Film Wing's admission process, in brief, is as follows—

Advertisement- The advertisement for admissions is published in all the leading newspapers all over the country in english and local languages in the month of February / March. The Entrance Examination is conducted in May / June. In 2009, the entrance test was conducted on 26^ July.

Entrance Examination For all the courses, the Entrance Examination is conducted at 18 centres across the country. The centres for the year 2009-10 were at Agartala, Allahabad, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Delhi, Patna, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Raipur, Ranchi, and Thiruvanthapuram.

Written test includes specific area and general knowledge test of 100 marks and the duration of test is 3 hours.

Selection : Selection of candidates is based on the perfomnance in a common written test followed by orientation programme and interviews. The orientation programme is designed to help candidates to familiarize themselves with their new surroundings and is optional. The interviews are conducted at FTII, Pune. The audition test of Acting course is conducted in Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata. Orientation and interviews are conducted at Film and TV institute of India, Pune.

1. Courses offered at the institute: academic year 2009-10 A) Three year Post Graduate Diploma (Film and Television) Course fee- Rs. 30,000/- + Rs. 24,800/- hostel rent,deposit and other charges

Serial Name of the Qualification Number of No. course seats 1. Direction Bachelor's Degree 15 2. Cinematography Bachelor's Degree 15 3. Audiography Bachelor's Degree in any discipline 15 with Physics at 10+2 level 4. Editing Bachelor's Degree 15 21 B) Two year Post Graduate Diploma Courses : Course fee : Acting - Rs. 1,50,000/- + Rs. 26,800/- . Art Direction and Production Design - Rs. 90,000/- + Rs. 26,800/- liostel rent and deposit

Serial Name of tiie Qualification Number of No. course seats 1. Acting Bachelor's Degree 25 2. Art Direction and Bachelor's Degree Or equivalent 14 Production diploma in applied arts Design

C) 11/2 year certificate course in Animation and Computer Grapiiics : Fee : Rs.1,80,000/- + Rs.26,800/- hostel rent, deposit and other charges

Serial Name of the course Qualification Number No. of seats 1. Animation and Senior Secondary (10+2). 15 Computer Graphics Preference for Fine Arts Diploma holders

D) One year Post Graduate Certificate Courses in Television Course fee : Rs. 75,000/- + Rs. 26,800/- hostel rent and deposits

Serial No. Name of the Qualification Number course of seats 1. Direction Bachelor's Degree 13 2. Electronic Bachelor's Degree 13 Cinematography 3. Video Editing Bachelor's Degree 13 4. Audiography and Bachelor's Degree in any discipline 13 Television with Physics as a subject at 10+2 Engineering level

E) One year Post -Graduate Certificate Courses in Feature Film Screenplay Writing Course fee : Rs. 75,000/-+ Rs. 26,800/- hostel rent and other charges Serial Name of the course Qualification Number of No. seats 1. Feature Film Screenplay Writing Bachelor's Degree 15

The reservation policy of the central government is strictly followed for SC/ST/OBC candidates.

22 1.15 Drastic Academic Changes

There were drastic changes in the syllabi and the courses' durations in the year 1996. There was a strong resistance from the Students Association. The newly introduced courses as mentioned below were discontinued after students' agitation and the pre 1996 Three year diploma courses were resumed again. The students Association do not accept any changes in the syllabus.

Academic year 1996

Sr. Course seats Minimum Qualification Duration No Indian / Foreign 1 Diploma In 8 2 A Degree in any discipline 2 years * Motion Picture with Physics and Photography Chemistry at the 10+2 level 2 Diploma in 8 2 B.Sc. Degree with Physics -do- Audiography OR Electronics 3 Diploma in 8 2 A Degree in any discipline -do- Editing 4 Diploma in 8 2 A Degree in any discipline -do- Production(Film &TV) 5 Diploma in 8 2 A Degree/Diploma in -do- Scenic Design Painting, Graphics, (Film and TV) Sculpture, applied Arts 6 Post Diploma 8 2 A Degree from a Course in recognized University do Direction 7 Short Temn 20 A Degree / Diploma in 6 Certificate Theatre Arts with Acting months Course in Acting Specialization or its (Film and TV) equivalent from a University or Institute.

* : (1 semester common course + 3 semesters of specialization ) There was no age limit for the above courses .

23 Admission For International Students

One seat in each specialization of three-year diploma courses is reserved for Government sponsored, scholarship- holding candidates from Asian and African countries. The medium of instruction at the institute being English, all foreign students from Afro / Asian countries seeking admission will have to pass a written test in English Language and General Mental Ability. The Embassies or High Commissions of the Government of India administer this test in their respective countries. Short listed candidates are interviewed on telephone at the appointed hour, which will be intimated to them in advance. There is no written test for self- sponsored foreign students / NRIs (Non Resident Indians).

Academic year 1998-99 and 1999 -2000: Zero Years No admissions for all the courses during these years.

Academic year 2000 (Drastic change): In the academic year 2000 -01, an entirely new pattern for the courses was implemented. This new pattern, popularly known as 1+1+1 pattern, had a pyramid structure. There would be three self-contained independent courses of different levels, each of one academic year (40 weeks). Integration of film and television input was an important feature of these courses. The details are as follows -

I) One year Basic common Course in (Film and TV) - 80 students Eligibility : A degree in any discipline from a recognized university or its equivalent. A degree in any discipline with Physics as one of the subjects at least at 10+ 2 level for candidates who wish to specialize in Audiography after completing the Basic course in Film and Television.

II) Certificate course in (Film and TV ) : Seats - 48 (12 seats in each specialization) Direction (Film and TV), Cinematography (Film and TV), Audiography (Film and TV) and Editing (Film and TV)

Eligibility : Successful completion of the Basic Course in Film and Television ofFTII, Pune.

III) Diploma course in (Film and TV ) with four Specializations as above (8 seats in each specialization) - Total seats 32 24 Eligibility: Successful completion of the Certificate Course in the specialization applied for. There will be a greater thrust on the practical aspects of the media keeping in tune with the philosophy of 'Learning by Doing'.

As it is clear from the figures given above, 32 students were to be compulsorily eliminated from the First Year and 16 students from Second year. Also, the admission to the 2"^ year specialization was to be decided by the outside experts by assessing their projects and previous marks obtained during their practicals. Before all this could happen, the students went on indefinite strike in August 2000. This strike ended in 46 davs with students' victorv.

Academic year 2001: (back to pre 1996 syllabus) : Post Graduate Diploma (Film and TV) of three years duration Seats - 48 (12 for each specialization)

1.16 Basic activities of Three years Post Graduate Diploma courses

Integrated / Common course First year of the three-year diploma courses is common to all the four specialization students. During integrated one-year course, all the students are rotated in all the departments and all of them do the same practicals and exercises in each department. They learn the job of all the teammates and understand the difficulties of each department / section.

Second Year: The specialization begins in the second year and the students learn their specialized fields like Direction, Cinematography, Editing and Audiography in depth. Various types of coordinated exercises and projects are given to the students besides their departmental practicals. The direction students choose their own teammates in the second year and the same team remains intact till the end of final year diploma projects. The team consists of four members Director, Cinematographer, Editor and Audiographer. By the end of the second year, the individual student acquires the required skills of film making through practicals, exercises and the workshops conducted by eminent personalities of film industry like Mr. Sanjay Leela Bhansali. Mr. David Dhawan, Mr. K. K. Mahajan, Mr. A. K. Bir to name a few.

Third Year: During final year, the main emphasis remains on projects and master workshops conducted by eminent filmmakers. Various exercises / projects like song picturizafion, Documentary, Advertisement Film / Video and

25 final diploma films are produced during Final year. A student has to produce a 35 mm colour film of 20 minutes duration as his final project. This film is assessed for the award of Diploma in all the specializations.

1.17 Learning Filmmaking at FTII, Puna

The diploma films / projects to be made by students have the following stages: 1) A direction student develops an Idea. He converts it into a story, finds out characters to suit the roles, writes scripts, thinks about locations, consults his team members and brainstorms over it with the teachers. He comes with all the preparations to present his Production script in a production conference where all teachers and the students are supposed to be present. 2) The direction student himself writes script and dialogues or he may take help of any one else through his own efforts and resources. He may consult any teacher of any department. 3) Make up, costumes, properties and locations are conceived by the direction student only. 4) A crew of four students belonging to Direction, Cinematography, Editing and Sound is formed to translate the conceived idea into a film. 5) 10 days are given for shooting with available infrastructure and manpower including lighting equipments, light men, spot boys and unit manager. Transport, make-up man and staff for constmcting the set on any location are provided to the students. The institute also provides the set material. 6) An amount of Rs.50,000/- is given to each team to meet the expenditure on production and Rs. 15,000/- for post production (a total of Rs. 65000/-). 7) Editing is a process in which different scenes are put together to convey a smooth story. 10 shifts for Non-linear editing and 4 shifts for negative cutting are given to each direction student. 8) Post Production includes sound dubbing, sound effects, sound mixing and re-recording. 15 shifts altogether are given for sound work.

Roie of Service / Support Departments : Production Management, Transport, Electrical Department, Make-Up, Video and Film Library, Music Department, Costumes and Property Section, Purchase, Set Designing, Painting, Carpentry, Security, Tutorial, Budget and Accounts etc. provide all possible supports to the students for making their projects. «>

26 Team Work : Film Making is a highly creative work and each teammate has to work in close co-ordination with the direction student. The director is said to be the'Captain of the Ship'.

Mass Communication Film is a medium of Mass Communication. The students involved in Film making have to communicate to the masses and hence their education and training need to be oriented towards improving the skills of mass communication.

1.18 Science of Eiectronics In present days, the electronic gadgets have come to help the film makers. Non Linear computer based editing, effects software (Maya/Smoke/Final Cut Pro), Digital animation; Paint Box, Digital Video Cameras, Sound gadgets etc. have changed the style of film making.

The film's positive print is converted to video and fed to computer for editing to produce effects. The famous film "Jurassic Park" was created on computer and later transfenred on to film later.

High Definition Television (HDTV) having 1125 or 1250 lines fomnat has come up with a big bang to replace films, as the picture quality and perception of visual quality is comparable to 35mm films. The filmmakers and Technocrats have started saying that film will be no more after 10-15 years and will be replaced by HD TV.

Eiectronic Projection : With the introduction of digital technology, there is no need to make copies of a film there by saving crores of rupees. The film can be shown on video projectors by using VCD's and DVD's or through a Video server in a city simultaneously at many Cinema Halls. Mulfiplex concept has already taken place where any kind of fomnat may be shown. The digital quality remains same and every fime original. Now there is no concept of tape or cellular film because storage is in digital format. The Cameras can record directly on hard disks and the editing has become the easiest. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) has replaced the picture tube (CRT). It can be hanged on walls.

27 1.19 Environment For Learning "I never try to teach my students anything. I only try to create an environment in which they can learn" -Albert Elnsteln^^. Environment that is conducive to learning should be a prerequisite to effective learning. Broadly, the environment" has two aspects - a) Physical Environment - A pleasant noise free place, good lighting, ventilation and comfortable chairs, frequent breaks means providing a caring, accepting and helping social atmosphere. A high value is put on a ten minute coffee / tea breal<, because valuable interaction can develop among members of different groups during these breaks. b) Psychological environment- Psychological environment is even more important. A few characteristics of psychological environment that is conductive to learning are as follows. An environment of mutual respect, collaboration, mutual trust, support, openness, pleasure and of humanness.

1.20 Extra Curricular Activities Seminars / Workshops / Symposia" Wisdom Tree Film Festival 13*^ November 2003 to 15"^ November 2003. It was organized by GRAFTII (Graduates of Film and Television Institute of India, Rune). Eminent personalities like Amitabh Bachchan, Shabana Azmi, Jaya Bachchan, Subhash Ghai, David Dhawan, Adoor Gopal Krishnan, Mahesh Bhatt, Kanwaljeet, Rameshwari, Tom Alter and many more attended the festival. This was a great opportunity for the students to meet FTII alumni in the campus. Workshop on Editing An international "Oscar award winner" Mr. Walter Murch, an editor graced the institute by conducting an editing workshop for a week in 2004.

Guest Lecturers- Eminent film professionals are the regular visiting faculty of the institute.

14.(Presentation by Mr. Krishna Ramaswami, CEO, Zensar Technologies 17.02.05 at Hotel Le Meridien, Pune). 15.Thesis of Dr. P. K. Khashu, A Critical Study of Training in TV Production and Technical Operations for Doordarshan Staff conducted at FTII, Pune, Under University of Pune, Department of Education P- 86. 16. Annual Report 2003-2004 Film and Television Institute of India, Pune 28 National Seminars Two national seminars were organized by the institute in - August and September, 2004 on the themes -(i) TV and Society (ii) Film and Society. Sarva shri Adoor Gopal Krishnan, Shyam Senegal, Shabana Azmi, Javed Akhtar, Anjum Rajaballi and many more attended the seminars.

Students' Diploma and exercise films are sent to various National and International Film Festivals throughout the year. The students go to various countries on the government expenditure. Germany, France, Russia, England and Italy are the countries, which call for participation of various Film Schools of the World.

Study Tours : Are arranged for students to visit film studios, processing labs, editing sections and exhibition of latest equipments at World Trade Centre, Mumbai.

1.21 Facilities / Amenities for Students Mess Subsidy - The salaries of the Mess workers are borne by the institute to run the mess in the Boys and Girls hostel. The students manage the mess on their own on cost sharing basis.

Sports and Games - The sports facilities like Cricket, Football, Swimming, Table Tennis, Health Club / Gymnasium are there in the Institute. Cricket matches between alumni of FTII and present students are organized . This is very useful for the present students to interact with the well-established personalities. There is a beautiful swimming pool in the campus with undenwater shooting facility. It is open for all the students and staff members.

Natural beauty : There is a jungle in the campus. The campus is full of banyan and other trees. This is very useful as locations for shooting.

Academic facilities: IVlain Theatre / Class room theatre / Preview theatre / Viewing cubicles are there for students to watch films at any time. Regular film shows are scheduled as a part of syllabus. The world class films are shown to the students so that they may learn the intemational cinema along with Indian cinema.

Canteen : There is spacious canteen were staff and students take snacks and tea.

29 Collaboration with National Films Archive of India (NFAI), is a great advantage for the students. The Auditorium of NFAI is used for screening of the films for the students. Archive has got thousands of National and International classical and award winning films which are available to the FTII students.

Collaboration with Doordarshan: Doordarshan (DD Bharati channel) telecast the students' films on National Network. Hostels - There are 3 hostels in the campus - Total capacity : 262 beds a. Boys Hostel with a capacity of 202 beds. b. Girls Hostel with a capacity of 30 beds. c. Television Hostel - 29 rooms (14 for contractual teachers and 15 rooms for students i.e. only 30 students can be accommodated at TV hostel). d. Canteen : There is a spacious canteen in the premises of FTII where the students take their breakfast.

There are two wardens and a matron for Girls hostel. The maintenance work is done by the Civil and Electrical construction Wing of All India Radio.

Health Care - A doctor has been contracted for the students. He visits the institute in the evening. The institute pays him suitably.

Professional growth / enrichment of the students - FTII is a member of International Liaison Center of Cinema and Television Schools (CILECT), Paris, an international organization of all the film schools all over the world. Through cultural exchange programmes, many well-known international filmmakers and students visit the institute for workshops / symposium / seminars throughout the year. Teachers and students participate in the national and international film festivals and Film schools for getting an exposure of world cinema.