And the Ass Saw the Angel
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DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Genre and Language in Nick Cave’s And the Ass Saw the Angel Verfasserin Joanna Babicka angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, August 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 343 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt Anglistik und Amerikanistik Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Werner Huber Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3 2. The Horror, the Horror! .......................................................................................... 5 2.1 The Gothic Tradition ............................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Victorian Society and Gender Roles ....................................................................................... 9 2.3 Kill Beth Boom: The Unaesthetic Aesthetic ......................................................................... 14 2.3.1 The Luring of the Unaesthetic ....................................................................................... 14 2.3.2 The Unaesthetic in Horror Novels and Movies ............................................................. 18 2.3.3 Peeping Euchrid ............................................................................................................. 20 2.3.4 The Uncanny .................................................................................................................. 22 2.3.5 The Sublime ................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.6 The Abject ...................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.7 Doppelgänger Motif ....................................................................................................... 27 2.3.8 Nature ............................................................................................................................. 30 2.3.9 Taboo ............................................................................................................................. 33 3. Postmodernism ................................................................................................... 35 3.1 An Attempt at a Definition .................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Postmodernism and Historical Discourse .............................................................................. 38 3.3 Baudrillard, Hyperreality and the Simulacrum ..................................................................... 39 3.4 Intertextualiy ......................................................................................................................... 40 3.4.1 Transtextuality ............................................................................................................... 44 3.4.2 Collage ........................................................................................................................... 49 3.4.3 And Balaam’s Ass Saw the Angel - The Biblical Intertext ........................................... 50 3.4.4 Parallels with Cave’s Musical Work .............................................................................. 55 4. From Mutiny to Mutilation – Euchrid’s Use of Language ...................................... 64 4.1 Language and the Problem of Representation ....................................................................... 64 4.1.1 A Structuralist Perspective on Referentiality ................................................................. 64 4.1.2 Poststructural Theory ..................................................................................................... 66 4.2 Language and Identity ........................................................................................................... 68 4.4 Language and Power ............................................................................................................. 73 4.5 Language and Mental Illness ................................................................................................. 78 4.5.1 The Psychotic Individual ............................................................................................... 78 4.5.2 The Madman and His Relation to Society ..................................................................... 83 4.6 Presence and Absence ........................................................................................................... 84 2 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 87 6. Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 88 7. List of Illustrations ............................................................................................... 94 8. Index ................................................................................................................... 95 9. Abstract ............................................................................................................... 99 9.1 English ................................................................................................................................... 99 9.2 German ................................................................................................................................ 100 10. Curriculum Vitae ............................................................................................. 101 3 1. Introduction In 1988 Nick Cave published his first book, King Ink, which is a collection of lyrics and plays. One year later Cave’s first novel, And the Ass Saw the Angel, was published, followed by another collection of poems, essays and lyrics, King Ink II, in 1997 and his second novel, The Death of Bunny Munro in 2009. Whereas Nick Cave’s musical work is widely acknowledged, his literary oeuvre is mostly ignored by critics and the scholarly community. Nevertheless, being an important part of contemporary popular culture and having a wide interest in non-mainstream cultural phenomena, Nick Cave reflects both the zeitgeist, cultural and literal movements, and introduces his audience to his own reading of the Bible. Cultural Seeds, edited by Karen Welberry and Tanya Dalziell, as the lengthiest study of Cave’s work to date, focuses mainly on his lyrics, while his other literary work continues to be ignored. This thesis seeks to present the first study of Nick Cave’s novel And the Ass Saw the Angel. And the Ass Saw the Angel tells the story of Euchrid, a mute outcast boy in the American South. His village is inhabited by a religious sect, the Ukulites, whose mission it is to purge their hometown of evil and annihilate everything that diverts from the norms they set up. Euchrid is not able to find help or support his family and thus the story develops into a dark narrative, haunted by Gothic themes and features which are emphasised by postmodernist fragmentation and scepticism towards representation. Euchrid’s mental illness becomes more and more apparent, leading to hallucinations, frequent blackouts and the conviction that he is God’s missionary. The foundling Beth is regarded by the Ukulites as a saintly figure, as after her appearance in Ukulore Valley the rain stops for the first time after five years. Euchrid has visions of an angel, who conveys God’s task for Euchrid, which supposedly is killing Beth. Thus, he sets up a plan to take revenge on the Ukulites and tries to kill Beth. After failing to do so, he commits suicide. The focus of this thesis is on two major issues: generic hybridity and a poststructural reading with an emphasis on language and culture. It is hardly possible to draw clear-cut lines between genres or modes, especially in the case of the Gothic and postmodernism. The Gothic, which has its origin in the eighteenth century, underwent many stylistic and topical changes, incorporating trends or events from the times in which the respective texts were actually written. Despite the diversity of Gothic literature, there are certain 4 features which define the reader’s affiliation to this genre. Similarly, postmodernism is excessively presenting plurality and intertextuality, and turning them into dogmas. Therefore, due to their versatility, the Gothic and postmodernism appear to be ideal modes for the formation of a hybrid. In And the Ass Saw the Angel the mood and the main topics are unquestionably Gothic, as are certain themes and motifs, while the style is both Gothic and postmodernist. The generic analysis is divided into two chapters, however, the features presented are frequently found in both modes. The most obvious parallel is the presence of absence, i.e. the absence of an apparent source of fear, which is presented by Gothic features such as the Uncanny or the doppelgänger, the absence of closure, the absence of certainty and reliability, which are evoked by narrative techniques, and the absence of individual identity, which is again reflected in the form of the doppelgänger motif and the poststructuralist notion that both human perception and expression are framed and shaped by the closed linguistic system. Regarding the Gothic a historical overview is presented, discussing some tendencies of Gothic literature from its first appearance until today and features which are traditionally attributed to the Gothic are analysed in detail. In