Masaryk University
Faculty of Arts
Department of English and American Studies
Teaching English Language and Literature for
Secondary Schools
Petr Husseini
Nick Cave’s Lyrics in Official and Amateur
Czech Translations
Master‟s Diploma Thesis
Supervisor: Mgr. Renata Kamenická, Ph.D.
2009
Declaration
I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography.
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Author‟s signature
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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my supervisor, Mgr. Renata Kamenická, Ph.D., for her kind help, support and valuable advice.
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Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................... 5 1. Translation of Lyrics and Poetry .............................................................................. 9
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 9 1.2 General Nature of Lyrics and Poetry........................................................ 11 1.3 Tradition of Lyrics Translated into Czech ............................................... 17 1.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 20
2. Nick Cave’s Lyrics in King Ink and King Ink II ................................................... 22
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 22
2.2 Analysis of Lyrics by Luboš Snížek and Martina Sweeney .................... 26
2.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 48
3. Amateur Translations on the Internet.................................................................... 50
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 50 3.2 Analysis of Amateur Translations............................................................. 53 3.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 69
4. Comparison of Official and Amateur Translations............................................... 71 5. Translations of Selected Love Songs from 2001 to 2008 ....................................... 76
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 76 5.2 Translations................................................................................................. 76 5.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 95
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 96 Czech Résumé ............................................................................................................. 100 English Résumé........................................................................................................... 101 Bibliography................................................................................................................ 102 Appendix...................................................................................................................... 109
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Introduction
In my thesis, I would like to deal with Czech translations of lyrics by the
Australian author and songwriter Nick Cave. He is one of the musicians whose lyrics might be read without music and thus be considered as poetry not always dependent on the musical background (similarly like the work of musicians/poets such as Leonard
Cohen, Bob Dylan and Tom Waits, for instance). Nick Cave‟s work is a phenomenon
on the music scene as for his poetic talent, challenging song lyrics and independent thinking similar to such music icons as the above mentioned artists. Therefore, his lyrics and translations of them are worth exploring in a deep way. Nick Cave‟s professional career as a musician began three decades ago and during this time, he has managed to produce a considerable work with admirers all over the world. His demanding lyrics
make Cave‟s readers and hearers think about various topics such as spirituality, religion,
existentiality, sexuality, and pure expression of emotions. Moreover, Cave is a very popular musician and author whose live shows in the Czech Republic are broadly attended by a wide range of generations. For the first time, he played in this country in 1992 and returned for instance in 1997, 1999 and 2001. Cave and his band did not omit the Czech Republic on the last two tours in 2005 and 20081.
Thanks to the publishing house Maťa appeared in the Czech Republic two
publications of Nick Cave‟s translated lyrics. The first one was published in 1995 under the name King Ink which deals with the musician‟s older lyrics (translated by Luboš
Sníţek) produced with the band The Birthday Party and his first three albums with his band The Bad Seeds. There are also ten playlets by Cave in the book. The second
1 In Radek Diestler: “Čechům znovu zahrají Nick Cave a Morcheeba”.
<http://kultura.idnes.cz/hudba.asp?c=A080130_151715_hudba_rdd>
5collection was published three years after the first one under the name King Ink II
(translated by Martina Sweeney) following The Bad Seeds‟ first three records with the
next ones dating chronologically from 1988 to 1997. Lyrics from these two publications will be at the centre of my further interest. I will analyse selected lyrics from the two books.
After the 1997 album The Boatman‟s Call, which was the actual peak of the
author‟s lyrical period, Nick Cave released four studio records with The Bad Seeds and
one album with his other band Grinderman. Lyrics from these releases have not been officially translated into Czech until now. The topic of love appears on these newer records as well. Concerning the translated lyrics in King Ink and King Ink II, I will focus on a number of songs that are thematically (although loosely) connected. The
topic of love is one of the major themes in Nick Cave‟s work and that is why I would
like to select particular songs dealing with love. The concept of love is a complex
feature of Nick Cave‟s writing. Initially in the 1980s Nick Cave‟s lyrics dealt primarily
with sexuality, physical expression of love, male power and violence. Later in his career there appeared a shift in his writing where he did not leave the subject of love but modified his approach to it. Since the 1990s, Cave deals mainly with the topic of spiritual love, often addressing God. My intention is to concentrate on the lyrics with the topic of love, namely such songs where Nick Cave addresses a desired and/or beloved person. I will discuss one song from each of his albums recorded with the band The Bad Seeds. Nevertheless, I would like to make an exception with the record The Boatman‟s Call and include three songs from this collection because I regard this release as the very peak of Nick Cave‟s lyrical ballad period. I would like to compare the meaning and form of the lyrics, the use of language, the sound patterns of his lyrics
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and the corresponding features in translations by Sníţek, Sweeney and the amateur
translators. I will also look at the actual translation strategies.
I would like to discuss three main points in my thesis: firstly, I will deal with the general issue of lyrics translation, namely its similarities and differences in comparison with translation of poetry. I will look at the broader topic of translating song lyrics and its tradition in the Czech environment – work of singers Bob Dylan, Tom Waits and Leonard Cohen – and why are these musicians considered to be among the most important songwriters. The general topic of translating poetry and lyrics will be the
subject of the first chapter. Secondly, I will analyse Nick Cave‟s lyrics and their translations in the second, third and fourth chapter. The official translations by Sníţek
and Sweney will appear in the second chapter. There will be eleven Czech translated lyrics from the collections King Ink and King Ink II. The amateur translations appearing on the internet will then be discussed in the third chapter. There will be eight amateur translations selected. Also, I would like to find out whether these amateur versions seem to be inspired by their official counterparts. We can assume that the amateur translators are fans of Cave‟s work and they may be acquainted with the translations of the lyrics in King Ink and King Ink II. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the comparison of the
professional and amateur Czech translations of Cave‟s lyrics: I will focus on 1) use of
language, 2) sound patterns and 3) translation strategy. Finally in the fifth chapter, I will present translations of seven selected lyrics by Nick Cave from four albums released after 1997. There are no official Czech translations of these records.
The primary argument of the thesis is the following: translations of lyrics by
Nick Cave should remain poetry and at the same time, they should fulfil the features of the accompanying music and the rhythm of the song. In other words, written lyrics should be intended for silent reading and at the same time for reading or singing aloud.
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My main concern of the thesis is to find out 1) whether Sníţek‟s, Sweeney‟s and the
amateurs‟ translations fulfil both of the requirements, or 2) whether the Czech lyrics by the two professional and the amateur internet translators are rather songs and the features of poetry are missing, or 3) whether the translations are above all poems and the musical and rhythmical attributes of the particular songs are in background. We should bear in mind that lyrics in general are intended for listening primarily. However, I am going to demostrate the features of poetry in the work of Nick Cave and try to discover whether the poetic issues are present in the translations as well.
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1. Translation of Lyrics and Poetry
1.1 Introduction
The first chapter deals with two particular topics: 1) the first one is the theoretical and practical approach to lyrics translation. I will look at the specifics of translating lyrics in comparison with poetry to find particular similarities and differences of the two concepts. I will use a number of publications by Susan Bassnett, Peter Newmark, Anton Popovič and Geoffrey N. Leech concerning the general approach of poetry and lyrics translation. 2) The second aim of this part is to discover
such features that poetry and lyrics have in common. Vladimír Merta‟s criteria in his
work Zpívaná poezie will be the crucial source for this part of the first chapter. The
findings will then be discussed in the next chapters dealing with Nick Cave‟s lyrics
primarily. In this chapter, I will also introduce the Czech tradition of translated English lyrics of musicians of the similar genre, that means songs by Bob Dylan, Leonard Cohen and Tom Waits. The aim of this chapter is not to cover the issue of poetry translation theory thoroughly but rather to formulate the significant specifics within the differences of translating poetry and lyrics.
Nick Cave is considered to be a poet among musicians. Although he is primarily regarded as a musician and a songwriter, his lyrics are also published individually in a written form in particular collections. Therefore, Cave is on the one hand considered to be a singer and an interpreter of his own songs and on the other one, a poet whose lyrics can be read without the musical accompaniment. One of the primary principles of Nick Cave‟s work is the artistic one – for instance, he does not take part in various competitions of the music industry. Although Cave is in fact a representative of the music show business, his music and lyrics are unique regarding his own muse which is, according to him, in no competition with anybody. On the contrary, Cave stands as an
9individual outside the glittering prizes of the music industry. He uses an original language which has a lot of cultural references to Biblical sources (of both the Old and
New Testament) and Biblical language. The creativity in Cave‟s lyrics is grounded in
the rich vocabulary he uses and in the way he works with metaphors, similes and sound parallelisms. To fully understand the meaning and the connotations of his work, the readers and hearers usually need background knowledge of the popular western culture in general, literature (references to writers and poets such as W. H. Auden, Dylan Thomas, Vladimir Nabokov), music (he follows the legacy of Johnny Cash and his
“desperado” character in his songs – such as in “(I‟ll Love You) Till the End of the World” or “The Mercy Seat” – and Leonard Cohen as the new “chanson singer of rock and roll”). Not only lyrics with a wide variety of topics are at the centre of his creativity.
It is also the richness of styles that displays the uniqueness of his work: formerly with the band The Birthday Party and in the early years with The Bad Seeds, Cave produced a garage rock sound which converted into a blues style. In the course of the 1980s, Cave included swing and Latin American elements into his music. In the 1990s, there appeared romantic ballads, songs of longing and records which sought inspiration in
traditionals. The Boatman‟s Call album features Cave‟s music in the most inward way
and presents the Australian musician as an outstanding composer of ballads and a brilliant piano player. In general, his music corresponds with the character of his lyrics. The tender and melancholic lyrics are often accompanied by calm and slow melodies where piano and organ are often the most significant musical instruments (such as in
“The Ship Song”, “Into My Arms”, “Where Do We Go Now but Nowhere?” and “Still in Love”, for instance). On the other hand, the lyrics where Cave presents aggresive
issues, sexuality and black humour have a musical accompaniment dominated by electric guitars with faster melodies (such as in “Hard on for Love”, “Deanna” and “Lie
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Down Here (& Be My Girl)”, for instance). The musical features can be compared with the nature of the particular lyrics on two CDs which are appendices of the thesis. Altogether, there are 21 songs on the two compact discs. Cave‟s albums are always accompanied by inventive booklets, pictures, drawings and illustrations. His music and lyrics go beyond mass production.
1.2 General Nature of Lyrics and Poetry
First, I will deal with the topic of translating poetry, which is an individual field of the theory of translation. Not every translator is able to translate poetry as opposed to prose and vice versa. The prose has often a more developed and idiomatic sentence structure and poetry – such as prose – is characterized by specific imagery and sensitive
word selection (Levý 226). Peter Newmark remarks that in poetry “as a unit, the word
has greater importance than in any other type of text” (Newmark 163). According to
him, poetry‟s aim is to transmit the feeling which represents the poet‟s behaviour and view of life. The translator‟s task is to convey the effect the poem made on himself
(Newmark 164-5). One of the problems the translators have to face is the particular period of time when the piece of poetry work was written. First, the genre may be extinct, and second, the attempt to revive the form and the tone – such as of pastorals – often leads to failure. Susan Bassnett points out that not only the poet and his contemporaries are dead, but the significance of the poem in its context might be dead
too. She accepts Popovič‟s theory of the “inevitability of shifts of expression in the translation process” (Bassnett 83).
In this paragraph, I will discuss the written and spoken form of poetry and song lyrics and the importance of meaning in poems and lyrics. Poetry in its most common form is written and the same stands for its particular translations. Poems are individual
11 pieces of work. However, only a limited number of songwriters are able to write lyrics that can live their own life without music. A songwriter has to work with an original language so that his/her lyrics are able to stand alone without music (such as Cave‟s language with Biblical and cultural references and a rich vocabulary). The mass production of musical industry creates an immense quantity of music which is in fact for the audience more important than the content of the lyrics. The hearers often listen to the music only as background while doing something else and therefore, there is no special need to translate these lyrics into target languages. Popular music lyrics are often full of clichés that would also sound strange in the target language; the lyrics are predominantly meant to accompany the music, not vice versa. Apparantly, it is not surprising that Czech translations of lyrics are centered around the work of such musical
legends such as Cave, Dylan, Cohen and Waits. Nick Cave‟s ability to create original
language makes his lyrics attractive. Along with the three songwriters, Cave stands out above the world of popular music. He is able to produce lyrics that can be read in the original and target language without listening to the music. The purpose of poems and lyrics is therefore different: the readers of poetry and its translations concentrate solely on the written or spoken form and concentrate on its meaning. Most of the hearers of popular music pay more attention to the melody and they do not always observe every single word in a particular song. The richness of vocabulary and the language make Cave‟s audience return to his lyrics to completely grasp the point of his songs.
Let us look at the tradition of translating poems and lyrics. There is a longer tradition of poetry translation than of lyrics. This claim is entirely logical as the history of popular music – which is inevitably connected with the history of lyrics – is limited to the period after World War II. If we translate, for instance, a piece of poetry work written many hundred years ago, the semantic shift may be more significant in
12 comparison with a more recent poetry that still keeps the contemporary meaning. Thus,
the shifts in translation can be semantic because, as Popovič claims, “the translator is
endeavouring to convey the semantic substance of the original in spite of the differences
separating the system of the original from that of the translation” (Popovič 49).
Therefore, the issue of time and meaning of poems and lyrics respectively is a crucial
one when we accept Bassnett‟s claim that the significance of an old poem might be
dead. The translator may not need to tackle the difficulty of the semantic shift in the course of lyrics translation because the meaning is a more recent one. The lyrics of the famous artists such as Bob Dylan, Leonard Cohen, Tom Waits and Nick Cave originated in the last fifty years. Because of the rich language they use and the ability to formulate their inner feelings, is their work considered to be the peak of the songwriter tradition of the second half of the twentieth century.
Now, I will discuss the suprasegmental features of poetry and lyrics. The
translator‟s task is to keep the rhythm and stress in the target language and the
suprasegmental features are crucial for the rhythmical structure of poems and song lyrics. These issues may seem more important when translating lyrics if we regard the accompanying music and the rhythm of the songs. The lyrics and their rhythm are significant for the interpreter‟s phrasing; furthermore, the particular form has to fit within the whole song. On the other hand, Newmark allows the possibility that in translations of poetry the rhyming scheme – a part of a poem‟s form – can be altered.
According to him, the priorities depend on the translator‟s decision which particular
aspect – metre, rhyme, sound or structure – is a more important one (Newmark 165). In other words, the translator of poetry decides which linguistic function or functions will be preserved in the translation but the translator of lyrics is bound by the characteristics of each particular song. However, the translated lyrics by Cave (and Dylan, Cohen and
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Waits as well) were not primarily intended for singing. However, the translator has to take the suprasegmental features into account to preserve the form and rhythm of the songs. Without them, the translations might be a mere word-for-word interpretation of the original.
According to Popovič, the translator should not reduce his work only to
translating words but he/she has to preserve the actual text and its stylistic features. The
idea lies behind the image of an internally organized coherent unit (Popovič 103). His
claim can be applied to all the genres of translation whether it is prose, poetry or song
lyrics. Popovič adds that apart from the role of language, there are also metalinguistic
issues such as paralinguistic and compositional features. These all have to be taken into consideration.
In the book Translation Studies, Susan Bassnett lists André Lefevere‟s seven
strategies of poetry translation. She discusses methodological issues from a
non-empirical position which she claims is “the most valuable and most needed”
in the field of poetry translation (Bassnett 81). These are the seven strategies by Lefevere: 1) Phonemic translation: its characteristics is based on reproducing SL sound in the TL and at the same time producing an adequate paraphrase. 2) Literal translation: the dominant criterion is the word-for-word translation. 3) Metrical translation: the emphasis lies in the reproduction of SL metre. 4) Poetry into prose: the communicative value and syntax of the SL text is significant. 5) Rhymed translation: the translation is governed by both metre and rhyme. 6) Blank verse translation: accuracy and high degree of literalness are needed. 7) Interpretation: the TL text differs from its source as the form and content are changed (Bassnett 81-2). I will work with this list of translation strategies in further chapters to find out which types prevail in the