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A CODE of EVIDENCE the STATE of NEW YORK Submitted to The A CODE OF EVIDENCE for THE STATE OF NEW YORK submitted to the 1991-1992 Session of the Legislature by Governor MARIO M. CUOMO prepared by THE NEW YORK STATE LAW REVISION COMMISSION Distributed as a Public Service by Lawyers Cooperative Publishing Aqueduct Building, Rochester, New York 14694 Publishers of New York Consolidated Laws Service (CLS) NEW YORK STATE LAW REVISION COMMISSION r The Commission was created by Chapter 597 of the Laws-of 1934, Article 4-A of the Legislative Law, and is the oldest continuous agency in the common-law world devoted to law reform through legislation. It consists of five members appointed by the Governor, each for a term of five years, and the chairmen of the Judiciary and Codes Committees of the Senate and Assembly, as members ex officio. MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION Carolyn Gentile, Chairperson Kalman Finkel Albert J. Rosenthal Robert M. Pitler Deborah A. Batts EX-OFFICIO Senator Dale M. Volker Chairman, Senate Codes Committee Assemblyman G. Oliver Koppell Chairman, Assembly Judiciary Committee Senator Christopher J. Mega Chairman, Senate Judiciary Committee Assemblyman Sheldon Silver Chairman, Assembly Codes Committee Kenneth F. Joyce, Executive Director II nr i n i Page TABLE OF CONTENTS Members of Law Revision Commission ................................................................. II Law Revision Commission Letter to Governor Mario M. Cuomo .......................... XVIII CODE OF EVIDENCE ARTICLE 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 101. Short title; application ............................................................................................ 3 (a) Short title ....................................................................................................... 3 (b) Application of the Code of Evidence .................................................. 3 (c) Application of privilege provisions of this chapter ............................. 3 (d) Family court proceedings .... ............................................................... 3 102. Purpose and construction ..................................................................................... 6 103. Effect of erroneous rulings on evidence ............................................................ 8 104. Preliminary questions ............................................................................................. 8 (a) Questions of relevance ................... .. .... .. ......................................... 8 (b) Other preliminary questions .......................................................................... 8 (1) Preliminary questions for the court ......... .. ................................. 8 (2) Evidence in determining preliminary questions .......................... 9 (A) General rule ................................................................................... 9 (B) Admissions .................................................................................... 9 (C) Co-conspirator’s statements .......................................................... 9 (D) Privileges ...................................................................................... 9 (3) Determining preliminary questions: burdens; order of proof... 9 (A) Burden of proof, findings of fact and conclusions of law .. 9 (B) Admission subject to connection ................................................ 10 3 Page TABLE OF CONTENTS (c) Hearing of jury ............................................................................................ 10 4 Page TABLE OF CONTENTS 104. Preliminary questions—Continued (d) Testimony by accused ..................................... .................................. 10 (e) Weight and credibility ......................................................................... 10 105. Limited admissibility ................................................................................... 17 106. Completing a writing or recording .......................... .... .............................. 18 107. Orders in the interest of justice for failure to comply with notice or production provisions .......................................................................................... 19 ARTICLE 2 JUDICIAL NOTICE AND DETERMINATION OF LAW 201. Judicial notice of adjudicative facts ............................................................. 22 (a) Scope of section .................................................................................. 22 (b) Kinds of adjudicative facts which may be judicially noticed ............. 22 (c) When judicial notice is mandatory ...................................................... 22 (d) When judicial notice is discretionary .................................................. 22 (e) Notice and opportunity to be heard ....................... ... ......................... 22 (f) Time of taking notice .......................................................................... 22 (g) Instructing jury ............................................................................................ 23 202. Determination of law ........................................................................................... 26 (a) Scope of section ........................................................................................ 26 (b) Mandatory determinations .......................................................................... 26 (c) Determinations to be made if sufficient information available ........... 26 (d) Notice and opportunity to be heard ..................................................... 26 (e) Evidence to be received ...................................................................... 27 (f) Determination included in court’s findings or charged to jury; review as matter of law ........................................... ... ......................... 27 ARTICLE 3 PRESUMPTIONS 301. Applicability of article ......................................................................................... 31 V Page TABLE OF CONTENTS 302. Presumptions ................................................................................................... 31 ARTICLE 4 RELEVANCY AND ITS LIMITS 401. Definition of relevant evidence ................................................................... 39 402. Relevant evidence generally admissible ..................................................... 40 403. Exclusion of relevant evidence on grounds of prejudice, confusion, waste of time, or unfair surprise ............................................................................ 41 404. Evidence of character and of other crimes not generally admissible to prove conduct .......................................................................................... 43 (a) Character evidence generally .............................................................. 43 (1) Character of accused in a criminal case ...................................... 43 (2) Character of a party in a civil case ......................................... .. 43 (3) Character of witness .................................................................... 43 (b) Other crimes, wrongs or acts ...................................................................... 43 (1) Notice .................................................................................................. 43 (2) Criminal cases-notice .......................................................................... 43 (3) Time of determination and burden of proof ........................... .... 43 (4) Remedy ................................................................................................ 44 405. Methods of proving character ..................................................................... 48 (a) Reputation or opinion .................................................................................. 48 (b) Specific instances of conduct ...................................................................... 48 (c) Inquiry into specific acts and proof of prior convictions ............................ 48 (1) Specific acts ....................................................................................... 48 (2) Prior convictions ............................................................................... 49 406. Habit; routine practice ................................................................................. 52 (a) Admissibility ............................................................................................. 52 (b) Method of proving ...................................................................................... 52 407. Subsequent remedial measures ................................................................... 54 408. Compromise of, and offers to compromise, disputed claims ...................... 56 VI Page TABLE OF CONTENTS 409. Payment of medical and similar expenses .......................................................... 58 410. Inadmissibility of pleas, plea discussions, and related statements ...................... 59 411. Liability insurance .............................................................................................. 60 412. Admissibility in sex offense cases of evidence of victim’s sexual conduct 61 413. Admissibility of evidence of victim’s sexual conduct in non-sex offense cases .... .................................................................................................. 62 414. Proof of age of child ......................................................................................... 63 415. Use of anatomically correct dolls ......................................................................
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