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The Sustainability of Crayfish Harvesting in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar

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The Sustainability of Crayfish Harvesting in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar The sustainability of crayfish harvesting in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar Julia Patricia Gordon Jones A dissertation submitted to the University of Cambridge in application for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy St John’s College June 2004 Author’s declaration This dissertation is my own work and contains nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration with others, except as specified in the text and acknowledgements. The text does not exceed 300 pages and no part has been submitted for another degree or diploma. Julia Patricia Gordon Jones St John’s College i Abstract Madagascar’s freshwater crayfish, belonging to the endemic genus Astacoides, are harvested throughout their range in the eastern highlands of the country. They provide an important source of protein and revenue to local communities but there is concern that the harvest may be unsustainable. In this thesis I assess the sustainability of crayfish harvesting in and around Ranomafana National Park, an area well known for its reliance on crayfish harvesting. Six taxa (belonging to four described species) are found in the Ranomafana area. Most families in villages with access to forest carry out some harvesting for subsistence use. Due to variation in local taboos (fady) and in access to forest, commercial crayfish harvesting is very important in only three of the 27 villages I visited. However, in these villages crayfish revenue is very important, particularly to poorer households. One species, Astacoides granulimanus, dominates the harvest: more than 95% of crayfish caught in the harvesting village of Vohiparara are of this species. I used a mark-and-recapture study involving more than 26,000 A. granulimanus across 79 sites under a range of harvesting intensities to estimate demographic parameters (growth, fecundity and survival) and investigate density-dependent control of growth and fecundity. No evidence for density-dependent control of growth was found, but the density of large crayfish negatively influenced the proportion of females of a given size which reproduced. I investigated the sustainability of the harvest of A. granulimanus using two approaches: I) comparing population structure and density under varying harvesting intensity and II) using population models to investigate the forest area necessary to provide the observed annual harvest from one harvesting village and comparing that with the area available. The conclusions are encouraging as they suggest that the A. granulimanus harvest in the Ranomafana area may be sustainable under current conditions. Preliminary work suggests habitat loss may be a more immediate threat, so scarce conservation resources should perhaps be concentrated on reducing habitat loss rather than enforcing a ban on harvesting. ii Acknowledgements This work has been carried out with the permission and support of ANGAP and the Départment des Eaux et Forêts in Madagascar. I sincerely hope the results are of interest and will be helpful in the difficult task of managing Madagascar’s biological resources. The research was done in collaboration with Départment de Biologie Animal, l’Université d’Antananarivo where particular thanks are due to Olga Ramilijaona and also to Daniel Rakotondravony and Jeanne Rasamy. Throughout this thesis I use ‘we’ when referring to data collection. This is to acknowledge explicitly the help I had from so many people. I specially want to acknowledge Neal Hockley, who designed and implemented much of the social research jointly with me, Emma Ranambitsoa who carried out the daily interviews and Fortunat Andriahajaina who ran the work in Vohiparara (Fortunat, I hope you soon find a job that involves less measuring rivers in the rain!). The whole team have been so fantastic and great to work with. Emma Ranambitsoa: the perfect counter-balance to my disorder. Oraly Herimamy: we argued and you hated my cooking but I miss you. Rosa Raslonjatovo: you were instrumental from the very beginning. Chantal Raharisoa: one of the nicest people to live and work with I have ever met. The ‘dream team’ (Angelo Ratsimbazafy, Fanomezantsoa E. Rakoto, Fortunat Andriahajaina, Jean Randriamboahary and Mijasoa Andriamarovololona), for songs and ‘English hour’, thank you! To Jean RaBiby, Jean-Pierre, Manana, Mazava, Mobola Jean-Claude, Mobola Kely, Mora, Noelly, Noline, RaClaire, RaFeline, RaGuy, Roger Rakotomalala, RaPauline, Ratovonirina, René, Sabo, Zafy, and everyone else who got cold and wet collecting crayfish data—thanks! To the ray aman-dreny and all our friends in Bevoahazo—thanks beyond thanks for welcoming a stray vazaha girl who turned up out of the blue. The two years Neal and I spent as mponina Bevoahazo were incredibly special. Special thanks to Bebe Antitra, Dada be, and the Kotoson family. Thanks also to Filemona and Zafttsara Razanamiandry for mofo sako and dog-sitting our crazy animal for months at a time. To the ray aman-dreny and the communities of Vohiparara, Sahavondronana, Antortosy and Ambatovory: thank you so much for trusting us enough to answer our questions. To our friends at ANGAP Ranomafana: Leon Ramanampamonjy, Baolalao Rakotoarisoa, Ernestine Raholimavo, Florens Ravalo, Hubert Rakotomanasa, Josiane Rakotonirina and Tantely Razafimandimby, thanks for all your support and interest. To Claire Razafimandimby, Lilia and Cathy Dejean, Steig Johnson, Tendro Ramaharitra and Summer Arrigon-Nelson, thanks for company in the big smoke of Ranomafana. Landscape Development Interventions provided logistical help as well as invaluable support and advice; particular thanks to Mark Freudenberger and Anicet Ranaivoarison. The NGO Miray Mahefa worked closely with us on the crayfish culturing experiments, particular thanks to Aurelien Raharisedy and Samuline Ranaivoson. Thanks to Patricia Wright and the staff of MICET for help and encouragement, particularly during the initial stages of the project. Karen Schoomaker Freudenberger advised us on the social research. Thank you all so much! iii To Mark, Karen, Maia and Annika Freudenberger, thank you for opening your beautiful home with such generosity for all waifs and strays. Your passion and lack of cynicism (despite the trials of bureaucratic stupidity) have been a constant inspiration. To Sam Cameron and Patrice de la Victoire: thanks for friendship, fun, a place to stay in town and (Patrice) for keeping our laptop going well beyond its natural lifespan. Thanks to Frank Hawkins and Joanna Durbin for meals and interesting conversations whenever we passed through Tana. Meeting up by chance for a few T.H.B. and discussions of sample sizes and schistosomiasis with other PhD students was always a joy. Thank you Alex Deghan, Jon Ekstrom, Luke Dollar and Sue O’Brien. A number of students joined the project for short periods bringing ideas and enthusiasm: Caroline Hulsker, Matthew Sommerville, Nicole Rasoamana and Tony Razafindrazaka. Thanks also to our family who visited us in Madagascar, helping to pull our two worlds a bit closer: Kat and Reudi Nager, Mandy and Lyn Jones, Helen and Vernon Hockley. For those to who leeches, long drops and mud are not their idea of a perfect holiday—double thank you! Andrew Balmford has been a fantastic supervisor. Thanks for coming out to Madagascar and always seeing the bigger picture. Thanks also for creating and bringing together the Conservation Biology Group. Special thanks to Rhys Green, Jörn Scharlemann (my guide in the mysterious world of GIS) and Justin Brashares for specific help with the thesis, but no less valuable were the innumerable tea-room chats with the rest of the group. An enormous thank you to my office mates: Herbert Tushabe, Mila Plavsic, Sue O’Brien, Tessa McGarry and Tom Chambers—I am not the tidiest person to share an office with! The Department of Zoology is an amazing place to work, so many people have helped me in innumerable ways: Andy Young, Anna McIvor, Anne Turbé, Jane Reid, Jason Gilchrist, Joah Madden, Katie Carr, Kavita Isvaran, Linda Wheatley, Oystein Holden, Sarah Hodge and Suhel Quadar (who wrote the R code which produced the error bars in 7.5). Andrea Manica deserves a special mention; this last year he has offered an ear and sensible advice on an almost daily basis. A number of people read parts of this thesis, their comments were invaluable: Amanda Jones, Andrea Manica, Anna McIvor, Jane Reid, James Gilbert, Justin Brashares, Martin Fowlie, Neal Hockley, Ramy Razafindralambo, Sarah Hodge, Sue O’Brien, Suhel Quadar and Andrew Balmford (who read everything, within days of me giving it to him, and massively improved the structure). Thanks also to a number of people outside of Cambridge: Keith Crandall and Neil Cumberlidge helped with crayfish identification, Stéphane Legendre and Guillaume Chapron answered questions on ULM and Gary White on MARK. The field work would have been much smaller-scale without the help of many generous sponsors: The Rufford Grants, The Dax Copp Travelling Fellowship, James Alexander Keith Fund, St John’s College, and Northwestern Marine Technology. My dear parents have been utterly amazing and supportive throughout my seemingly never-ending education (though I know mum would have preferred if I wasn’t living in a disease-infested swamp). Neal. I can’t thank you enough for choosing to share Madagascar (and all of life) with me. Just maybe I could have done it without you but it would have turned out very differently …. and wouldn’t have been nearly so much fun! iv Table of contents Introduction 1 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Exploited species and sustainable
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