LITTLE STARS CIRCUS CIRCUS SCIENCE

PHYSICS GCSE AQA & EDEXCEL CIRCUS SCIENCE PAGE | 02 Quick Overview TEACHERS PACK CONTENTS Page 3 - AQA GCSE Physics specification points covered in video content

Page 4 - EDEXCEL GCSE Physics specification points covered in video content

Page 5 - EDEXCEL GCSE Physics specification points covered in video content continued

Page 6 - Video overview viewing guide

Page 7 - Student handout for video part 1 - SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES, CONTACT AND NON CONTACT FORCES

Page 8 - Student handout for video part 2 - GRAVITY CALCULATING WEIGHT, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

Page 9 - Student hand out for video part 3 - FORCE, WORK DONE, CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Page 10 - PRINTER FRIENDLY Student handout for video part 1 - SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES, CONTACT AND NON CONTACT FORCES

Page 11 - PRINTER FRIENDLY Student handout for video part 2 - GRAVITY CALCULATING WEIGHT, VELOCITY AND What we ACCELERATION

COVER Page 12 - PRINTER FRIENDLY Student handout for video part 3 - FORCE, WORK DONE, CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM CIRCUS SCIENCE PAGE | 03 Specification review AQA GCSE PHYSICS

4.5.1.1 Scalar and vector quantities – Scalar quantities have magnitude only. Vector quantities have magnitude and an associated direction. A vector quantity may be represented by an arrow. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude, and the direction of the arrow the direction of the vector quantity.

4.5.1.2 Contact and non-contact forces – A force is a push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object. All forces between objects are either: a) contact forces – the objects are physically touching b) non-contact forces – the objects are physically separated. Examples of contact forces include friction, air resistance, tension and normal contact force. Examples of non-contact forces are gravitational force, electrostatic force and magnetic force. Force is a vector quantity.

4.5.1.3 Gravity – Weight is the force acting on an object due to gravity. The force of gravity close to the Earth is due to the gravitational field around the Earth. The weight of an object depends on the gravitational field strength at the point where the object is. The weight of an object can be calculated using the equation: weight = mass × gravitational field strength (weight in newtons, mass in kilograms, gravitational field strength in newtons per kilogram). The weight of an object may be considered to act at a single point referred to as the object’s ‘centre of mass’.

4.5.6.1.3 Velocity – The velocity of an object is its speed in a given direction. Velocity is a vector quantity. Students should be able to explain the vector–scalar distinction as it applies to displacement, distance, velocity and speed. (HT only) Students should be able to explain qualitatively, with examples, that motion in a circle involves constant speed but changing velocity.

4.5.6.1.5 Acceleration – Acceleration = change in velocity/time taken (acceleration in metres per second squared, change in velocity in metres per second, time in seconds). An object that slows down is decelerating. The following equation applies to uniform acceleration: (final velocity)^2 – (initial velocity)^2 = 2 × acceleration × distance (final velocity in metres per second, initial velocity in metres per second, acceleration in metres per second squared, distance in metres). Near the Earth’s surface any object falling freely under gravity has an acceleration of about 9.8 m/s^2 .

4.5.6.2.2 Newton's Second Law – The acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on the object, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object, shown by: resultant force = mass × acceleration (force in newtons, mass in kilograms, acceleration in metres per second squared).

4.5.2 Work done and energy transfer – When a force causes an object to move through What we a distance work is done on the object. So a force does work on an object when the force causes a displacement of the object. The work done by a force on an object can be calculated using the equation: work done = force × distance (work done in joules, force COVER in newtons, distance in metres) (moved along the line of action of the force). 4.5.7.2 Conservation of momentum – In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event. This is called conservation of momentum. Students should be able to use the concept of momentum as a model to describe and explain examples of momentum in an event, such as a collision. CIRCUS SCIENCE PAGE | 04 Specification review EDEXCEL GCSE PHYSICS

2.1 Explain that a scalar quantity has magnitude (size) but no specific direction.

2.2 Explain that a vector quantity has both magnitude (size) and a specific direction.

2.3 Explain the difference between vector and scalar quantities.

2.4 Recall vector and scalar quantities, including: a) displacement/distance b) velocity/speed c) acceleration d) force e) weight/mass f) momentum g) energy.

2.5 Recall that velocity is speed in a stated direction.

2.6 Recall and use the equation: speed (metre per second, m/s) = distance (metre, m) ÷ time (s).

2.8 Recall and use the equation: acceleration (metre per second squared, m/s2) = change in velocity (metre per second, m/s) ÷ time taken (second, s)

2.9 Use the equation: (final velocity)^2 (m/s^2) – (initial velocity)^2 (m/s^2) = 2 × acceleration (m/s^2) × distance (m).

2.13 Recall that the acceleration, g, in free fall is 10 m/s2 and be able to estimate the magnitudes of everyday accelerations.

2.15 Recall and use Newton’s second law as: force (newton, N) = mass (kilogram, kg) × acceleration (metre per second squared, m/s2)

2.16 Define weight, recall and use the equation: weight (newton, N) = mass (kilogram, kg) × gravitational field strength (newton per kilogram, N/kg).

2.17 Describe how weight is measured.

2.18 Describe the relationship between the weight of a body and the What we gravitational field strength. 2.20 Explain that an object moving in a circular orbit at constant speed has a COVER changing velocity. 2.25 Describe examples of momentum in collisions. 8.6 Recall and use the equation: work done (joule, J) = force (newton, N) × distance moved in the direction of the force (metre, m) CIRCUS SCIENCE PAGE | 05 Specification review EDEXCEL GCSE PHYSICS

9.1 Describe, with examples, how objects can interact a at a distance without contact, linking these to the gravitational, electrostatic and magnetic fields involved b by contact, including normal contact force and friction c producing pairs of forces which can be represented as vectors.

9.2 Explain the difference between vector and scalar quantities using examples

9.3 Use vector diagrams to illustrate resolution of forces, a net force, and equilibrium situations (scale drawings only)

What we COVER PAGE | 06 CIRCUS SCIENCE

Viewing guide VIDEO OVERVIEW PART 1: SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES, CONTACT AND NON CONTACT FORCES

Time on video: 2.30

Scalar Measurements Vector Measurements Distance and displacement Forces Friction and air resistance

PART 2: GRAVITY, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

Time on video: 7.55

Gravity Weight and mass Calculating weight Center of mass Calculating acceleration

PART 3: FORCE, WORK DONE, CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Time on video: 14.48

Calculating force - Newtons 2nd Law Calculating work done Conservation of momentum

We recommend viewing Our Video this video in three sections to split the OVERVIEW content between lessons and topics covered in class A S T U D E N T S G U I D E T O SCALARS AND VECTORS CONTACTS AND NON-CONTACT

D I S T A N C E A D S C A L A R Q U A N T I T I E S FORCES D I S P L A C E M E N T Distance = scalar Has a magnitude (size) Displacement = vector e.g. speed, distance, mass V E C T O R Q U A N T I T I E S Someone on a treadmill Has magnitude AND could run 5km BUT their DIRECTION displacement is 0 as they have stayed on the same e.g. velocity, displacement, spot acceleration

Direction may be described or written as an arrow 11m/s downwards

F O R C E N O N C O N T A C T A push or a pull that acts F O R C E S on an object due to interaction with another Between two objects that object. C O N T A C T F O R C E S are non physically touching each other Vector quantity Between two objects that are touching each other e.g. Gravitational force All forces are contact or non contact e.g. friction and air resistance

A E R I A L E X A M P L E S

A E R I A L E X A M P L E S Friction Circular drop

Air resistance

Gravitational force Travel = 3m around pivot Displacement = 0 A S T U D E N T S G U I D E T O GRAVITY - CALCULATING WEIGHT VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

M A S S O F A N A E R I A L I S T G R A V I T Y Mass = 50kg Gravitational field around M A S S V W E I G H T Gravitational field strength on the earth. Mass = how much matter in an earth = 9.8 object. Weight of an object 50kg x 490N = 490N depends on gravitational field strength where the Remains the same everywhere object is. Weight = Force acting on an On earth gravitational field object due to gravity. strength is 9.8N Weight is less on the moon as gravitational field strength is lower

A C C E L E R A T I O N C E N T E R O F M A S S final velocity ^2 - initial The point which the weight velocity ^2 = 2 x acceleration x of an object acts around distance V E L O C I T Y Initial velocity = 0m/s Final velocity = 8m/s Distance she falls = 3m Speed in a given direction 8^2-0^2=2 x acceleration x 3 Measured in m/s 64 = 6 x acceleration acceleration = 10.6m/s^2 On earth any object falling freely under gravity has an acceleration of 9.8m/s2

A V E R A G E S P E E D

average speed = distance / A C C E L E R A T I O N time

acceleration = change in Distance fallen = 3m velocity / time Average falling time = 0.75s Initial velocity = 0m/s average speed = 3 / 0.75 Final velocity = 8m/s average speed = 4m/s Time = 0.75s 8 / 0.75 = 10.6m/s^2 A S T U D E N T S G U I D E T O CALCULATING FORCE, WORK DONE AND CONSERVATION OF

MOMENTUM W O R K D O N E F O R C E When force causes an Important for aerialist object to move work is safety done on the object F O R C E equipment must be able to withstand the force at the force = mass x acceleration bottom of a drop to protect the athlete Newtons second law Mass of aerialist = 50kg acceleration = 10.6m/s^2 force = 50kg x 10.6m/s^2 force = 530N

W O R K D O N E C O N S E R V A T I O N O F M O M E N T U M work done = force x distance moved along the Crash mats protect aerialists line of action W O R K D O N E If she were to fall and hit the Calculating the work done in a ground she would decelerate rapidly Calculating work done in a pull up pull up. work done = 490N x 0.46m weight = 490N distance traveled = 0.46m work done = 41.4 Joules

C O N S E R V A T I O N O F M O M E N T U M C O N S E R V A T I O N O F M O M E N T U M force = change in momentum An aerialist falling means a / change in time large change in momentum of a short period of time Crash mats increase the time taken for the aerialists body to change momentum so they reduce the forces involved to help avoid injuries A S T U D E N T S G U I D E T O SCALARS AND VECTORS CONTACTS AND NON-CONTACT

D I S T A N C E A D S C A L A R Q U A N T I T I E S FORCES D I S P L A C E M E N T Distance = scalar Has a magnitude (size) Displacement = vector e.g. speed, distance, mass V E C T O R Q U A N T I T I E S Someone on a treadmill Has magnitude AND could run 5km BUT their DIRECTION displacement is 0 as they have stayed on the same e.g. velocity, displacement, spot acceleration

Direction may be described or written as an arrow 11m/s downwards

F O R C E N O N C O N T A C T A push or a pull that acts F O R C E S on an object due to interaction with another Between two objects that object. C O N T A C T F O R C E S are non physically touching each other Vector quantity Between two objects that are touching each other e.g. Gravitational force All forces are contact or non contact e.g. friction and air resistance

A E R I A L E X A M P L E S

A E R I A L E X A M P L E S Friction Circular drop

Air resistance

Gravitational force Travel = 3m around pivot Displacement = 0 A S T U D E N T S G U I D E T O GRAVITY - CALCULATING WEIGHT VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

M A S S O F A N A E R I A L I S T G R A V I T Y Mass = 50kg Gravitational field around M A S S V W E I G H T Gravitational field strength on the earth. Mass = how much matter in an earth = 9.8 object. Weight of an object 50kg x 490N = 490N depends on gravitational field strength where the Remains the same everywhere object is. Weight = Force acting on an On earth gravitational field object due to gravity. strength is 9.8N Weight is less on the moon as gravitational field strength is lower

A C C E L E R A T I O N C E N T E R O F M A S S final velocity ^2 - initial The point which the weight velocity ^2 = 2 x acceleration x of an object acts around distance V E L O C I T Y Initial velocity = 0m/s Final velocity = 8m/s Distance she falls = 3m Speed in a given direction 8^2-0^2=2 x acceleration x 3 Measured in m/s 64 = 6 x acceleration acceleration = 10.6m/s^2 On earth any object falling freely under gravity has an acceleration of 9.8m/s2

A V E R A G E S P E E D

average speed = distance / A C C E L E R A T I O N time

acceleration = change in Distance fallen = 3m velocity / time Average falling time = 0.75s Initial velocity = 0m/s average speed = 3 / 0.75 Final velocity = 8m/s average speed = 4m/s Time = 0.75s 8 / 0.75 = 10.6m/s^2 A S T U D E N T S G U I D E T O CALCULATING FORCE, WORK DONE AND CONSERVATION OF

MOMENTUM W O R K D O N E F O R C E When force causes an Important for aerialist object to move work is safety done on the object F O R C E equipment must be able to withstand the force at the force = mass x acceleration bottom of a drop to protect the athlete Newtons second law Mass of aerialist = 50kg acceleration = 10.6m/s^2 force = 50kg x 10.6m/s^2 force = 530N

W O R K D O N E C O N S E R V A T I O N O F M O M E N T U M work done = force x distance moved along the Crash mats protect aerialists line of action W O R K D O N E If she were to fall and hit the Calculating the work done in a ground she would decelerate rapidly Calculating work done in a pull up pull up. work done = 490N x 0.46m weight = 490N distance traveled = 0.46m work done = 41.4 Joules

C O N S E R V A T I O N O F M O M E N T U M C O N S E R V A T I O N O F M O M E N T U M force = change in momentum An aerialist falling means a / change in time large change in momentum of a short period of time Crash mats increase the time taken for the aerialists body to change momentum so they reduce the forces involved to help avoid injuries