Histoire De La Musique

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Histoire De La Musique 7 ra- lt HISTOIRE DE LA MUSIQUE INTRODUCTION QUELQUES DEFINITIONS EN FORME DE PRÉFACE La musique. — Le son. — Le rythme. L'accent. — L'harmo- nie. -- Les timbres. — Les instruments. — Plan sommaire de cette histoire de la musique. a La musique est l'art de combiner les sons d'une manière agrdable a Poreille. Cette ddfinition, qui est 'Ile de J.-J. Rousseau, est la plus rdpandue; mais faut avouer qu'elle est aussi la plus incomplete et la plus fausse. Si la musique ne consistait que dans la sensation plus ou moins agréable qu'elle procure, elle serait un art bien inférieur a tous les autres. Gene sen- sation diffdre suivant les dpoques, les Ages, les indi- vidus. Les dilettantes du moyen Age trouvaient fort agrdables des combinaisons sonores qui, aujourd'hui, rdvoltent les oreilles les moins sensibles, et cependant ces combinaisons, si barbares qu'elles nous paraissent, sont de la musique les amateurs exclusifs des anciens 111STOIRL DI LA MUSIQUI„ !mitres trollVent intolerables Irti hardie!..ses t les nouveautes due nous admirous dans les teuvres des compositeurs cependant ces (euvres sont de la musique. Bien plus, nous conuaissons des pages qui, non seulement Wont pas ete ecrites dans le but iNtre agreables, mais dans l'intention bien formelle d'evcillcr des sens:iti011s douloureuses et penibles, et cependant ces pages, dont quelques-unes sont sublimes, ,ont encore et toujours de la musique. — Croyez- vous donc que ron &mite la In usique pour son plai- sir? disait Berlioz a Adolphe Adam, un musicien qui, lui, n'avait cherche qu'a plaire. Sous cette boutade exageree, Berlioz cachait une verite. La musique, telle que nous la comprenons aujourd'hui, est souvent un art de plaisir et d'agreables sensations, c'est vrai; mais elle est surtout un puissant moyen d'expression. Elle a pour but ideal et noble, non seulement de dis- traire agrdablenzent nos oreilles, mais d'eveiller en nous les emotions les plus diverses. Les gotats se sont modifies bien des fois, les procedes materiels ont change; mais les seules ceuvres vraiment durables sont celles qui n'ont pas eté congues et ecrites pour le plaisir d'un moment. Aussi bien laissons de cote toute definition, heureux si le lecteur, en fermant ce livre, peut se faire une idee a la fois nette et grandiose de cet art sublime et singulier de la musique, dont le propre est de produire suivant les temps et les in- dividus des effets differents, tout en ayant une esthe- tique a lui bien definie. Il est dans la musique deux elements premiers et constitutifs sans lesquels elle n'existe pas, le son et le INTRODUCTION.. 7 rythme. Sous le rapport acoustique, le son est la vibra- tion des molecules des corps frappant regulièrement notre oreille. Selon que ces vibrations sont plus ou moins rapides, le son est plus aigu ou plus grave, ou bien, comme on dit vulgairement par erreur, plus haut ou plus bas. On appelle intervalle la difference des yibrations par rapport les unes aux autres. Nous n'avons a parler ici ni d'acoustique ni meme de théorie musicale; cependant il est nécessaire de sa- voir que les sons, diversement disposes, constituent 4 ce que l'on appelle des gamines et que c'est le système combine de ces gamines qui est la tonalité. Les chan- gements de tonalité, aux différentes époques et chez les différents peuples, ont donne naissance aux grandes evolutions de l'histoire musicale. Le rythme consiste a disposer les sons de telle fawn que, de distance en distance, reguliere ou irrégulière, un son apporte a l'oreille la sensation d'un repos ou d'un arret i. Si nous comparons la musique A la langue parlée, nous pouvons dire que les sons représentent les mots, et que c'est au moyen du rythme que ces mots sont relies entre eux sous forme de phrases. De cette union du rythme et du son nait l'accent, par lequel ces mots et ces phrases prennent un sens précis et expressif : la musique est de toutes les langues celle dont l'accent est le plus souple et le plus delicat. Ce sont les combinaisons des rythmes et des sons multipliCes a l'infini, et dont la varieu3 est aujourd'hui encore bien loin d'6tre epuisee, qui out, de tout temps, r. Lussy (Mattiris), Ryilime musical. INTRODUCTION. 9 percussion. Les instruments dits a cordes se subdivisent eux-mdmes en deux espêces : tantôt les cordes sont mises en vibration au moyen d'un archet, corn me dans le violon ; tantôt on arrive au meme rdsultat en les pit-Kant avec lc doigt, comme dans la guitare. I1 existe aussi des instru- ments dont les cordes sont frappes avec des marteaux. Dans les instruments dits a vent, on distingue trois types principaux ceux a bec, comme la flute, dans la- quelle Pair vibre en se brisant contre un biseau; ceux anche simple ou double, comme le hautbois ou la clari- nette, dans lesquels une ou deuxfineslanguettes de roseau sont mises en vibration au moyen des lèvres et font réson- ner, par consequent, l'air contenu dans le corps de Pins- trument. Dans les instruments a embouchure, Pair, poussé avec force dans une sorte de bocal, résonne en se precipitant a travers une étroite ouverture dans un ou plusieurs tuyaux. Ces tuyaux sont le plus souvent en metal, ce qui fait que les instruments a embouchure, comme la trompette, le cor, le trombone, etc., ont pour designation gdndrale le nom d'instruments de cuivre. Enfin les instruments de percussion sont ceux qui reten- tissent quand on les frappe, soit avec la main, comme le tambour de basque; soit avec des baguettes, comme le tambour ou les timbales; soit au moyen de marteaux. comme les cloches et clochettes; soit quand on les haute les uns contre les autres, comme les castagnettes et les cymbales. Quelques transformations qu'aicnt subies tous ces instruments, depuis la plus haute antiquité jusqu'a nos jours, c'est toujours a u moyen des cordes, du bec, de Panche, de l'embouchure ou de la percus- sion qu'ils ont rdsonnd. to HISTOIRE DE LA MUSIQUE. Ces definitions sont, il faut ravouer, assez fasti- dieuses, mais indispensables. Le son, le rythme, le timbre seront, en etfet, les personnages principaux, pour ainsi dire, de cette histoire, sous forme de me- lodic, de mesure, d'harmonie, d'instrumentation. Nous laisserons de cote les origines primitives de la mu- sique. Outre que lt1 le champ est ouvert a tomes les hypotheses et que de tout temps on a fort abuse de la permission, le sujet regarde plus la philosophic et meme ranthropologie que l'histoire artistique, et nous commencerons avec les anciens peuples de l'Orient, c'est-d-dire les tgyptiens et les Ass yriens, au moment ou un art musical nous apparait veritablement constitue. Passant travers la Grce et Rome, nous tenterons de trouver les liens qui unissent la musique antique a l'art moderne, car, il ne fan', pas s'v tromper, il n'v a pas de lacune dans rhistoire n'y a que des igno- rances. Si les auneaux de 1.t ,:haine nous paraissent bri- ses, c'est que n-ont pas su les rattacher. n im en a origines de la mu- sique modcrnc, n t!,: hit-monk. de la tonalite qui 1.m,a de 71 . .11.-‘: Lingue musicale. De ,; primitil. du moven .ige aux grands maitres ,h1 c\-v° ,L x\ Hi' ont ete les precut.- seurs Ct le. ...1-cdt,ur, notre moderne, la transi- tion sera eutin contemporaine ser- vira eonclusi , ,n histoire: clic sera le resultat inevitable ct L. faits qui se seront rapidement &rout, 1/41,:v.Int nous, depuis rantiquite iusqu'a nos it:qtrs. NOUS ra y ons dit_ ceci est une histoire de la mu- INTRODUCTION. 1 1 sique et non des musiciens. Des noms, des dates, des titres de compositions, vaila tout ce que nous pourrons dire sur eux, a moins que quelques anecdotes, quelques dPtails de leur vie se rattachent directement a l'histo- rique de leurs ceuvres. Ce court volume ne suffirait pas s'il fallait pntreprendre, meme en abregé, la biographie de chacun des maitres qui ont successivement contri- bué aux progrès de Part musical. Ambros. Geschichte der Musik. 5 vol. in-8°, 1880-1882 (s'arrdte au xvie siècle). Brendel (Franz). Geschichte der Musik, in-8°, 1878. Burney. A general history of Music. 2 vo t. in-4°, 1788-1801. Cldment. Dictionnaire lyrique, in-8°, 1869. Fdtis. Histoire generale de la Musique. 5 vol. in-8°, 1869-1876 (s'arrete au xxv° siècle). — Résumé philosophique de l'histoire de la Musique (Ter vol. de la Biographie des Musiciens, t" ddition).— Biographie des Musiciens (2° edition), 8 vol. in-8°, 186o-1865, avec 2 vol. de supplement par A. Pougin, 1878-1880. Forkel. Algemeine geschichte der Musik. 2 vol. in-4°, 1788- 1801. Grove. A dictionary *of music and musicians, 1850-1880. In-8°, 1879. Ille vol. dernier paru. Hawkins. History of the science and practice of music. 3 vol. in-4°. 1777. Nouvelle ddition, i853. Laborde. Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne. 3 vol. in-4°7 1780. Langhans. Die Musik eschichte in ZniOlf Vorttiigen. In-8°, 1879. Marcillac. Histoire de la Musique et des Musiciens en Italie, en Allemagne et en France, depuis l'ere chretienne jusqu'a nos jours. x vol. in-8°, 1879. Mendel. Musikalisches conversation's Lea-icon. ro vol. in-8°. 187o-1878. • '''';:;),iiliqiiippOji r.011:1111i11:111110,t.11•,.• • '''!'1111111;Ii0 n 106 1, 11111111P1 .
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