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Download Thesis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Central Europe Forging a Concept in Time and Space Simkova, Otilia Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 11. Oct. 2021 Central Europe: Forging a Concept in Time and Space (PhD Thesis) Otilia Simkova Submitted to King’s College London in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) November 2013 Abstract The thesis critically re-examines classical historical conceptions of Central Europe. Its chief concern is to critique the discourses that, in the main, equated geographical imaginaries of Central Europe with a German dominated territorial entity in the crucial, formative 1880 - 1918 period. It is asked whether these could have played a vital role in the great powers’ endorsement of the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The research hypothesis suggests that ‘conceptualisations of regional identity are exercises in geopolitics, which through the definitive discourse of Self and Other exercise influence over behaviour of political actors, thereby indirectly impacting upon international structure’. The research explores a broad range of Central European conceptions originating mainly in the former Austria-Hungary and the German Empire. Their respective influence on the discourse over Central Europe and their impact on how the notion itself was interpreted are analyzed partly through the use of contemporaneous and sometimes obscure secondary resources (newspaper and journal articles, printed volumes) that were written in a range of languages. A substantial body of archival evidence was also collected in various archives in the UK, USA, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia. The latter category of materials, some of which are little-known in the English- speaking academic world, was used in an attempt to evaluate how concepts of Central Europe influenced the behaviour of political actors in the key countries for this research (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Britain and the USA). The author employed a constructivist viewpoint. The constructivist perception of actors as dynamic units, the identification of a system as a changing social concept, and the attention paid to the use of notions and their influence upon socially constructed international structures, presents a valuable platform for re-examination of classical geopolitical concepts. Constructivism has already 2 found its application in critical geopolitics. In terms of construction of non- nation state identities, the recent works of Veit Bachmann and James Sidaway (2009), Mindaugas Jurkynas (2007) or Michelle Pace (2007) provide interesting examples and applications. It is concluded that conceptualising Central Europe did possess a definite geopolitical purpose, though this varied over time and concept to concept. In many cases this also informed the attitudes of policy-makers to a significant degree, mainly in constructing a negative definition of the Other. However, the final decision to dismember the Dual (Austro-Hungarian) Monarchy was based on more pragmatic military considerations and the perceived near-collapse of the country in late stages of war, rather than any particular concept of Central Europe itself. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Richard Schofield for his guidance through out the research and for tolerating my truly awful grammar. I would like to thank my family and friends for all their support. Most of all I would like to thank my endlessly patient husband, Aditya. Our first holiday together was to the library in Kiel, our honeymoon to the German Federal Archives in Berlin. I could not have done it without him. 4 Table of contents Chapter 1: The Puzzle of Central Europe: An Introduction ................. 14 1.1 Research context: The emerging puzzle ........................................................ 15 1.1.1 Brewing trouble............................................................................. 15 1.1.2 Central Europe is back ................................................................... 17 1.1.3 Did it work its magic? .................................................................... 19 1.1.4 Ein Rückblick auf Mitteleuropa ...................................................... 21 1.1.5 Pivot of geopolitics? ....................................................................... 24 1.1.6 The rise and fall of empires ............................................................ 26 1.1.7 The Great Game ............................................................................. 29 1.1.8 The end of the Concert of Europe ................................................... 30 1.2 Central Europe in contemporary research .................................................... 31 1.3 Research aim, hypothesis and original contribution .................................. 34 1.3.1 Research aim ................................................................................. 35 1.3.2 Origins of research hypothesis and its envisaged application .......... 35 1.3.3 Research objectives ....................................................................... 38 1.3.4 Original contribution of the research .............................................. 40 1.4 Structure of the thesis ........................................................................................ 42 Chapter 2: Approaching Central Europe: A Methodology ................... 48 2.1 The puzzle of Central Europe ........................................................................... 48 2.2 Approaching Central Europe ............................................................................ 54 2.2.1 A constructivist approach in a critical geopolitics study .................. 54 2.2.2 Methodological clarifications ......................................................... 56 2.2.3 Key notions defined ....................................................................... 59 2.3 Research hypothesis and questions ..................................................................... 60 2.3.1 Research hypothesis ...................................................................... 61 2.4 Selection: What period? Which concepts? ..................................................... 65 2.5 Sources: types and locations ............................................................................ 66 5 2.5.1 Concepts ....................................................................................... 67 2.5.2 Documents in the public domain .................................................... 68 2.5.3 Archival sources ............................................................................ 69 2.6 Data collection ..................................................................................................... 72 2.7 Method of analysis .............................................................................................. 73 2.7.1 Selected method: discourse analysis ............................................... 73 2.7.2 Limitations of the elected approach ................................................ 75 Chapter 3: The German Central Europe ................................................. 78 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 78 3.2 The narrative of German Central Europe ...................................................... 79 3.3 ‘The German Question’ ...................................................................................... 81 3.3.1 Friedrich List ................................................................................. 82 3.3.2 The 1848-9 Revolution and the Frankfurt Assembly ....................... 84 3.3.3 Bruck and the shifting identity of Austria ....................................... 85 3.4 From Germany to Central Europe ................................................................... 89 3.4.1 Constantin Frantz – from Germany to Central Europe ..................... 90 3.4.2 Paul de Lagarde – the nationalist parallel ....................................... 95 3.4.3 The rise of Central Europe ............................................................. 98 3.5 From a nationalist dream to a pragmatic customs union......................... 103 3.5.1 The economic dimension ............................................................
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