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years of working 10 together

Because defence matters Part 1 Inception The road to European defence cooperation 7 The birth of an Agency 15 Ten years of EDA in 50 dates 23 Part 2 Building together Wings for the future 41 Fuelling the fight 45 This book has been specially published to celebrate the first 10 years Security in the digital age 49 of the . The result of several months of research, A cooperative approach to space 53 interviews, informal discussions and archive research, it aims to offer Stronger Together 57 an exclusive insight into European defence matters. Building trust for the battlefield 63 Divided into three main sections, the book aims to provide readers Innovation for the long run 67 with an overview of European defence cooperation, its history and Defusing the Situation 73 achievements, seen through the lens of the European Defence Agency. Bringing European navies together 77 In the first chapter, we review the road to European defence cooperation, Building for the future 81 from the first attempts of the late 1940s through to the birth of Flying safer, together 85 the European Defence Agency in 2004. Eyes turned skyward 89 A second section is dedicated to showcasing some of the Agency’s most Part 3 Opinion successful or promising projects and efforts. Because history is not only Nick Witney Senior Policy Fellow on Foreign Relations and Former EDA Chief Executive 95 a succession of dates and events, the dozen “success stories” put forward Heikki Allonen Chief Executive Officer, Patria 97 in the book attempt to shed a different light on a decade of EDA activity. High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs & Security Policy/Vice-President of the 99 From Counter-IED to remotely air piloted systems, air-to-air refuelling, Dimitris Avramopoulos Greek Minister of National Defence 101 to cyber defence, we go through some of the past achievements and future Commissaire européen en charge du marché intérieur et des services 103 milestones of the Agency. Joachim Bitterlich Ambassador (ret), Former European, Foreign and security policy advisor to Chancellor Helmut Kohl 105 Finally, we have gathered a wide selection of opinions from key government, Antoine Bouvier Chief Executive Officer, MBDA 107 industry, and academic experts sharing their analysis, advice, and concerns Brigadier General (retd) Jo Coelmont Senior Associate Fellow, Egmont Royal Institute for International Relations 109 about the way forward in European defence matters. More than fifteen Prime Pieter De Crem Belgian Minister of Defence and Deputy Prime Minister 111 Ministers, Ministers of Defence, CEOs, and leading researchers have agreed Thomas Enders Chief Executive Officer, Airbus Group 113 to contribute to this first-of-its kind publication. Sophia Kabir Deputy Director of Security and Defence (YPFP) 115 Håvard Sandvik Security and Defence Programming Officer (YPFP) We would like to extend our gratitude to everyone who contributed Jean-Yves Le Drian Ministre de la Défense 117 to the production of the book and we hope that you will enjoy reading it. Anand Menon Professor of European Politics and Foreign Affairs, King’s College 119 General Jean-Paul Palomeros NATO Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT) 123 Professor Doctor Ioan Mircea Pascu, MEP Vice-Chair AFET and S&D Coordinator for Security and Defence 125 Matteo Renzi Italian Prime Minister 127 Maj.Gen Riho Terras Commander of Estonian 129 Editorial Team Eric Platteau | Guillaume Steuer | Tim Allan Graphic Design EU-Turn President of the European Council 131 Printing Imprimerie Hendrix Ursula Von Der Leyen German Minister of Defence 135 © European Defence Agency, 2014, All rights reserved. Claude- Arnould EDA Chief Executive 137 www.eda.europa.eu - [email protected]

years of working together 10 3

Because defence matters Part 1

Inception 10 6 together of working years Inception would inspire proponents ofasimilarcooperation indefence. The establishment oftheEuropean Coal andSteel Community in 1952

they summarised their alliancethey summarised as one for “collaboration in economic, social and cultural matters, and for collective self-defence”. meant to “afford assistance to eachother[...]inmaintaining international andin ofaggression”, peaceresisting any andsecurity policy countries The following year, inMarch 1948,thesignature ofthe Treaty to three ofBrusselssaw ofthisinitialeffort additional theextension to prevent any possiblefuture aggression German inEurope. as well as with the otherpeaceUnited and Nationsresisting in preserving aggression”, in a move that aimed was primarily bywas signed France in Dunkirk and the . The two countries vowed to “cooperate closely with one another were drafted to banish any of possibility war from the continent. March In 1947, a Treaty of “Alliance and Mutual Assistance” firstpost-WW2treaties that ofsomethevery Iconoclastic asitsoundedat thetime, at theheart theideawas nevertheless cooperating ondefencea decadeofdevastating could start conflict, issuesandpromote peace together it wouldn’t takelongto see an incredible idea emerge The ideaofacollective European defenceofEuropean integration isasoldthestory itself. From theashesof World War 2,

: , , and the . The signatories made their intent even clearer. Stating that this Treaty was cooperation The road to European defence to befundedby acommon budget. to beplaced and undersupranational authority called forIt the creation of aEuropean Army to the National 1950. Assembly in October submitted by French Prime Minister RenéPleven European Defence was Community (EDC) The proposal for asthe what was known for therearmament of West . were theirEuropean alsoasking alliesto plan At thesametime, theUnited States of America that would eventually come into effectin1952. the European Coal andSteel Community (ECSC) Schuman’sminister Robert planfor establishing basis, an initiative inspired by French foreign organise European defence onasupranational National Planning Board, expressed hiswillto then General Commissioner of the French endeavour. the summer In of 1950, Jean Monnet, overshadowed by amuchmore ambitious cooperation were soonto be defence These firstsmallsteps towards European The European Defence Community failure : what if European countries, busystitching theirwounds half after

European military potential.European military asaneffectiveEDC project way to maximise Commander the (SACEUR), supported D. Eisenhower, thenNATO’s Supreme Allied Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Dwight in May 1952by Belgium, France, Germany, , . The EDC Treaty was signed unitsinto the introduction ofGerman thefuture made to the initial proposal, especiallyregarding modifications andtheUSAafter were Kingdom the initiativefrom theUnited alsodrew support countriesand theBenelux into theEDC,but for integration ofFrance, , Italy, Western countries. The initialPleven plancalled The ambitious by idea was most supported a European Defence Council. Minister, would whointurn operate under ofaEuropeanunder theauthority Defence gramme would bedrawn out upandcarried A European armamentandequipment pro- ? 10

7 together of working years Part 1 | Inception 1949 1950 1950 1951 1951 1963 The signature of the North The European Coal and Steel René Pleven submits Following the example The ECSC treaty is signed The Elysée treaty signed by Atlantic Treaty would shape Community (ECSC) the European Defence Community of the ECSC, some called for the France and West Germany marked defence in Europe for decades was proposed in 1950 proposal to the French Parliament organisation of European defence a tangible will for cooperation by French foreign minister on a supranational basis in the armament domain Robert Schuman Inception | Although sceptical at first, the United Kingdom France’s position was met with considerable eventually gave its agreement to the initiative. consternation in and the The 1 Part “Her Majesty’s Government in the United , not least because this rejection In 1954, the original 1948 Treaty of strength to kick-start an ambitious partnership Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland came from the very architects of the EDC plan. was modified in order to allow for introduction between the two countries’ defence industries. believe that the European Defence Community Over the next decades of West Germany and Italy into the original Called Euromissile, the initiative aimed to develop will be an essential factor in strengthening the in defence would take place primarily in the five-member club. This effectively led to the new anti-tank guided missiles as well as air defence defence of the free world through the North framework of NATO. In 1954, the North Atlantic creation of the Western (WEU), systems that would equip both nations’ armed Atlantic Treaty Organisation, and desire to Council formally approved the accession of an organisation which would play a small yet forces. This political effort gave birth to the Milan establish the closest partnership with it”, stated the Federal Republic of Germany to the North tangible role in shaping European Defence and Hot combat missiles, as well as the short-range an official British statement in April 1954, adding Atlantic Treaty Organisation, finally settling throughout the Cold War era. Involved in debates air defence Roland system. However, it eventually that “the United Kingdom will also join in the difficult question of Germany’s rearmament in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s regarding the failed to establish an interdependent missile developing a common policy in technical fields in the post-WW2 environment. presence of nuclear weapons on European soil, industry across both banks of the Rhine. Similar such as training, tactical doctrine, staff methods, the WEU also played the role of a liaison between projects were undertaken in other domains, such

logistics, and standardisation of equipment”. the United Kingdom and European institutions as the Anglo-French SEPECAT Jaguar tactical strike until London decided to join the European aircraft that entered service in the Royal Air Force However, a devastating blow was dealt to Community in 1973. But the major influence of and the Armée de l’Air, but this was again a purely the European Defence Community in August NATO in defence and security matters in Europe bilateral initiative. 1954 when the French National Assembly The road meant that the WEU would be eclipsed to the rejected the Treaty, refusing even to discuss However, it wouldn’t take long for some European detriment of a true European dimension of the matter. to European nations to realise that future cooperative defence defence in the first decades of the Cold War. programmes might demand a shift from strong Defence A number of bilateral efforts aimed at strengt- management by a single government to some cooperation hening the European defence industry were sort of joint project control. Founded in February 1949 also launched in that period. Signed in 1963 1976 by the European members of NATO, the by France and West Germany, the Elysée Treaty Independent European Program Group (IEPG) marked a tangible will for cooperation in the was envisioned as an international coordinating armament domain. More than a decade after the body whose main mission would be to foster 1963 failed attempt to launch the European Defence cooperation on armaments procurement. Community, and Bonn used their political

years years of working of working together together 10 8 10 9 The WEAG is established At the meeting of the WEU Council of Ministers agreement by defence ministers in November in in May 1993, participants agreed on a 1996 to establish the Western European number of organisational aspects of the transfer, Armaments Organisation (WEAO) as a WEU which were subsequently adopted formally by subsidiary body. the Council. The Western European Armaments The view that a new Europe needed a new Group (WEAG) was born. Growing to 19 Member approach to foreign and security policy was States by 2000 (, Belgium, , made clear in the series of treaties signed over , , France, Germany, , the next two decades. Firstly, in 1992 the Treaty , Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, of Maastricht created the Common Foreign , , , , , and Security Policy (CFSP), which would deal and the United Kingdom), it would live on until with all questions relating to the security 1958 1991 1997 2005. Among its objectives, the Group sought to The led The European Council in Maastricht The Amsterdam Treaty planted of the Union, “including the eventual framing strengthen the European defence technological to the founding of the European called for the creation of a European the seed of the Common Foreign of a common defence policy, which might in Economic Community Armaments Agency and Security Policy and industrial base while making more efficient time lead to a common defence”. The CFSP was use of resources, for instance through an further reinforced in 1997 when the Amsterdam increased harmonisation of requirements. Treaty incorporated the Petersberg Tasks into the Inception As early as 1993, the WEAG created an ad hoc policy, outlining the areas and ways in which EU | Using the IEPG as a forum for annual discussions, What was effectively a European crisis was only study group to “examine all matters related to Member State’s militaries could be used through the defence ministers of the 13 member resolved by NATO and, principally, US action. the possible creation of a European Armaments the policy. This effectively opened the way for 1 Part 1958 nations (all European members of NATO, except Agency”, or EAA. This stemmed from a WEU the WEU to be integrated into the European Union. The declaration agreed by Western European Maastricht declaration following the 1992 ) set out goals and targets in the field In the same year, during a meeting in Erfurt, Union Ministers in Maastricht on 10 December Treaty that spoke of a requirement to examine of military requirements, system concepts, and WEAG ministers discussed European armaments 1991 called for further examination of the further proposals for in collaboration. Their objectives were three-fold : cooperation could be enhanced through a possibilities for enhanced cooperation in the the field of armaments, with the aim of creating to strengthen the contribution of European allies dedicated agency ; they worked on a “Masterplan field of armaments, with the aim of creating a a European armaments agency. A number of 1997 to the common defence of the NATO alliance ; for the European Armaments Agency” that was European Armaments Agency. At their meeting to improve the European technological base ; missions considered potentially suitable for in Bonn in December 1992, the Defence Ministers eventually approved in Rome in November 1998 and to balance US-European defence trade. such an agency were identified, and the work of the 13 IEPG countries decided upon the transfer by Ministers as a basis for further development. The IEPG set out to conduct a number of studies, of this ad hoc study group contributed to the of the functions of the IEPG to the WEU, while such as the European Aeronautical Cooperation agreeing on a set of principles for this transfer : Study and the European Defence Industry Study. all 13 nations should be entitled to participate The Letter of Intent and the emergence of OCCAR The fall of the and the return of the fully with the same rights and responsibilities in Meanwhile, a few European countries kept outside of the European Union framework, was Warsaw Pact countries to the European fold raised any European armaments cooperation forum ; experimenting with new ways to strengthen nevertheless another example of increased new questions about the purpose and direction there should be a single European armaments their defence industry in the face of shrinking European cooperation in the armaments field. of defence in Europe. This was compounded cooperation forum ; armaments cooperation budgets and US competition in export markets. by the eruption of a crisis in Europe’s direct in Europe should be managed by the National The LoI’s declared objective was to tackle a On 6 July 1998, six nations (France, Germany, neighbourhood. In 1991, with Yugoslavia on Armaments Directors of all 13 nations, who will be number of hot topics that were deemed crucial Italy, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) the verge of imploding, Luxembourg’s Foreign accountable to the Ministers of Defence of those for the future of Europe’s defence industry : signed a Letter of Intent (LoI), concerning Minister Jacques Poos declared that “the hour of governments. They also agreed to maintain links security of supply ; export procedures ; security “Measures to Facilitate the Restructuring of Europe has struck.” However, instead of providing with the European Defence Industries Group, or of information ; research and technology ; European Defence Industry”, with a Framework a coordinated and effective response, the Balkan EDIG, set up in Brussels in 1990 as an international intellectual property rights ; harmonisation of Agreement signed in 2000 and ratified in crisis exposed both a lack of cooperation and a association drawing its membership from all the military requirements. 2001. This inter-governmental treaty, signed lack of relevant military capabilities in Europe. national defence industry associations of the WEU.

years years of working of working together together 10 10 10 11 10 12 together of working years on security anddefence.on security its responsibilities for acommon European policy to begiven themeansandcapabilitiesto assume 1999, whichdeclared that the EUneeded States at theEuropean Council inCologne, This viewwas endorsedby theotherMember forces,military to respond to international crises. for backedby autonomouscredible action, they argued that theEUmusthave thecapacity role ontheinternational stage. To achieve this, that would allowpolicy Europe to play itsfull jointly calledforMinister aEuropean foreign Saint-Malo,In theFrench President andUKPrime Pörtschach, Austria. informal ofDefence meeting ofEUMinisters in December 1998, only a few weeks the after first the joint UK-French declaration ofSaint-Malo in issues, momentum with gainedextra security on theglobalstage, includingdefence and The politicalpushfor Europe to fulfilitsrole The creation ofCSDP andbasedon theseprinciples, they Kingdom soon attracted interest andtheUnited from Italy agreements. This first framework Franco-German cooperation rules, astheBaden-Baden known forward together by puttinginplace new 1995, France andGermany decidedto move December In armament inthedomain. efficiency inorder to gather theirefforts to enhance trying At the same time, European nations were still times ayear to assesstheprogress beingmade. onanannualbasisandmeetingseveralturn established, with each LoI nation chairing it in An Executive Committee of senior officials was Technological Base, orEDTIB. andIndustrial more competitive androbust European Defence inorder restructuring toindustrial promote a to facilitateand legalframework necessary The overarching goalwas to create thepolitical

Staff (EUMS). CommitteeandEU Military (EUMC), EU Military the Political Committee and Security (PSC), with theagreement to permanentlyestablish of aneffective EU foreign policy, andsecurity progressbrought further intheestablishment HeadlineGoal. the Helsinki The following year targets to becompleted as by 2003,known States capability agreed to asetofmilitary Union in1999. While inthesameyear, Member Foreign Policy and Security of the European Council Representative and High for Common General of the who became the first This initiative was to bepushedby , managed by themultinational organisation. the Tiger helicopter would alsoendupbeing missiles, theFREMMfrigate or of surface-to-air programsOther suchastheFSAFfamily oftheorganisation’slarge majority resources. the A400Mprogram, whichwould takeupthe main missionofOCCAR would beto manage Belgium and Spain. For the following years, the The organisation would later bejoinedby that cameinto force 2001. in January then signed atreaty, the “OCCAR Convention”, The Defence ofthefounding Ministers nations future cooperative armamentprogrammes”. existingandfor themanagement ofcertain “more effective and efficient arrangements on 12 November aim was to provide1996. Its established by an administrative arrangement Coopération enmatière d’ARmement, orOCCAR, went onto setuptheOrganisation Conjointe de

10 13 together of working years Part 1 | Inception The birth of an Agency

Established by the European Council in December 2001 following the Laeken Declaration, the European Convention (also known as the Convention on the Future of Europe) was a body intended to include the main EU “stakeholders” in a major brainstorming exercise about the future direction of the European Union. Its final purpose was to produce a draft constitution for the EU to finalise and adopt. Former French President Valéry Giscard d’Estaing was appointed Chairman of the Convention, with former Italian Prime Minister Giuliano Amato and former Belgian Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene acting as Vice-Chairmen. Its members were drawn from the national parliaments of Member States and candidate countries, the , the European Commission, and representatives of Heads of State and Government. It was this period that saw a renewed impetus for the creation of a European Defence Agency.

A push from industry Running parallel to that political roadmap, some Research Projects Agency (Darpa). In fact, major aerospace and defence companies in a European Darpa was what we called for”,

Europe started lobbying for a strong armaments Troubetzkoy remembers. “Considering the fact Inception | agency that would be able to overcome the that a strong political momentum for more shortfalls of all previous initiatives in the domain. European cooperation had been in the air since Part 1 Part “One of the main eye-openers was the pullout St-Malo, we really thought the time was right for of some partner nations from the A400M a new Agency.” program”, Michel Troubetzkoy, then EADS (now Rapidly joined by French defence electronics Airbus Group) senior-vice president in charge company Thales, EADS started its lobbying effort of European affairs for the aerospace and defense towards EU representatives and especially the group, recalls. “We said to ourselves : never again ! nascent Convention to sell the idea of what was From our perspective, OCCAR didn’t have the then referred to by the industry as a ‘European right political dimension to prevent this kind Security and Defence Research Agency’. “In 2002, of issue, and this was the starting point of our we organised a dinner that gathered more than call for a stronger European body in the field 200 representatives from national parliaments of armaments.” and from the Convention”, Troubetzkoy points There were other issues at stake for the defence out. “I personally asked Valéry Giscard d’Estaing industry, as the former EADS representative to consider, after the failure of the EDC in 1954, outlines. “European defence budgets were a new political impetus for defence cooperation in declining, especially in the research & technology Europe through the creation of a dedicated Agency. area. At the same time, the US was boosting He told me he would take up the challenge.” its R&T effort through its Defense Advanced 2001

years years of working of working 2004 together together 10 14 10 15 10 16 together of working years methods would have to bestudiedindetail”. development, acquisitions) andoperating whosetasks(research, agency an arms investigating ofsettingup possibility “the 2002. The group’s official mandate included set upwithintheConvention inSeptember Affairs, chaired the“Working GroupDefence” on Affairsin chargeRegional and ofInstitutional Barnier,Michel thenEuropean Commissioner development”. of scale, andat thelevel research ofarms and level ofprocurement soasto achieve economies only at defence budgetlevel, butalsoat the capabilities,mustbemadenot efforts military that “if real progress is to be possible in terms of at Unionlevel”. The document went onto state currently in no fact cooperation on armaments in detail”, that while acknowledging “there [was] operating methods would have to bestudied tasks (research, development, acquisitions) and whose agency ofsettingupanarms possibility its officialmandate included investigating “the in additionto hisRegional Affairs portfolio, Affairs Institutional for the European Commission Barnier, thenEuropean Commissioner incharge of Convention inSeptember2002.Chaired by Michel Group onDefence”“Working withinthe contributed to thecreationpartly ofadedicated This boldmove representatives from industry Defence andtheConvention

the working groupthe working December finalisedin 2002. of which would make their way of to the report and defence company, presenting his ideas - some charge ofstrategic coordination for theaerospace a strong Agency, with one of its Vice-President in Again, EADSusedthisforum to makeitspitch for ministries of Defence, governments and industries. level representatives from States’ theMember Group went anumberofhigh- onto interview ofitsprocess,As part theDefence Working was asimpleideaandgoodone”,It shesumsup. good reasons toa reality. makethisnewAgency wanted it as well - there was a wide range of seemed willing to move forward, theindustry Group on Defence, recalls. States “Member all in the proceedings of the Convention Working European Commission andwas involved directly Barnier’swas headingMichel private office inthe French Ambassadorto thePSCwhoat thetime timewas right”,“The Roger, Christine former 10

17 together of working years Part 1 | Inception 2001 2004

The inaugural session of the European The 2003 Thessaloniki European Council pushed At the time, Javier Solana was acting Convention took place in February 2002 for the creation of the European Defence Agency as High Representative for the CFSP

THE BIRTH OF an AGENCY Inception | “The WEAG geometry was deemed too complex The Agency would incorporate, with a European

at the time, and one of the problems we label, closer forms of cooperation which already Thessaloniki and the birth of EDA 1 Part identified was that it lacked the support of real exist in the armaments field between certain The Convention officially finished its work in In its final conclusions published in June decision making structures”, Christine Roger, Member States (OCCAR, LoI). The Agency should July 2003 with the publication of a Draft Treaty 2003, the Thessaloniki Council made it clear who is currently Director for Home Affairs at the also be tasked with strengthening the industrial establishing a Constitution for Europe. Running that a new European Defence Agency was Council of the European Union, points out. “The and technological base of the defence sector. parallel to the Convention effort, Member States on the agenda and would soon become a idea of setting up a new Agency was a consensus It should also incorporate the appropriate elements representatives were also busy preparing the reality. “The European Council [...] tasks the builder in the Convention working Group on of the cooperation that most Member States European Council that would take place in appropriate bodies of the Council to undertake Defence. Greece was really supportive at the undertake within the WEAG.” Thessaloniki in June 2003. It was foreseen that the necessary actions towards creating, in the time, which is in line with the decisive initiative The working group laid out a few ideas regarding the event would also see a push towards a course of 2004, an intergovernmental agency shown thereafter by the European Council in the way this future Agency could interact with its new intergovernmental agency in the field of in the field of defence capabilities development, Thessaloniki in June 2003, during the Greek stakeholders. “All Member States which so wished defence - although, as Christine Roger points research, acquisition and armaments”, the final Presidency”. could participate in the Agency, the composition out, the Convention and the Council efforts declaration stated. The overall objective of the on the matter were largely disconnected. new body was briefly explained : “This agency, In its final report, the Convention working group of which would not be linked to other, limited Meanwhile, further momentum was added which will be subject to the Council’s authority laid out some of the foundations of what would forms of defence cooperation”, the final report by the defence industry with the publication and open to participation by all Member States, become the European Defence Agency we know explained. “Certain Member States could constitute in April 2003 in British, French, German, and will aim at developing defence capabilities today - although the final name wasn’t there yet. specific groups based on a commitment to Spanish daily newspapers of an open letter in the field of crisis management, promoting and “The setting up on an intergovernmental basis carry out specific projects”, which could also co-written by BAE Systems, EADS and Thales’ enhancing European armaments cooperation, of a European Armaments and Strategic Research “be opened up on an ad hoc basis to countries CEOs. Titled “Time to Act”, it urged greater strengthening the European defence industrial Agency was supported by many in the Group”, which are not members of the European Union”. consolidation of the European defence industry and technological base and creating a the official document stated. “The Agency’s through the creation of a new European competitive European defence equipment initial tasks would be to ensure the fulfillment of armament and strategic research defence market, as well as promoting, in liaison with operational requirements by promoting a policy agency, seen as the best platform to launch the Community’s research activities where of harmonised procurement by the Member major future defence and security programs. appropriate, research aimed at leadership in States, and to support research into defence Former French President strategic technologies for future defence and technology, including military space systems. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing security capabilities, thereby strengthening acted as chairman of the Convention Europe’s industrial potential in this domain”.

years years of working of working together together 10 18 10 19 The Agency Establishment Team Towards the Joint Action The next step would be to actually set this new a period during which I sat on a packed suitcase A number of draft paragraphs were submitted “We knew that by the autumn of 2004 we agency in motion. Nick Witney, who would in London. But meanwhile, time was running to Member States and went back to the AET would be thirty-something strong and would become the first EDA Chief Executive in 2004, out because the team was supposed to deliver between May and June. By the middle of need space for that”, Nick Witney recalls. played a central role in that process. He shares its report at the end of April, and almost half the June the text was sent to the Relex group of “But all the Council administration was able to his recollections of the period : “During the second time was consumed doing nothing”, Witney points the Committee of Permanent Representatives offer at the time were two or three offices in the half of 2003, under the Italian presidency of the out. “I am not sure how the choice was finally (COREPER), in charge of drafting the Joint Justus Lipsius building, two offices on the other EU, a working group was convened in Brussels made in my favour but at the end of January the Action that would officially create the side of rue Froissart and some other spaces in to make a reality of this and I was the British call came, and I moved immediately to Brussels. European Defence Agency. On 12 July 2004, different locations around Brussels - but I felt representative. As the deputy head of the UK There I found waiting for me in the Kortenberg the European Council formally adopted this we had to stay together”. The situation was MoD’s strategic affairs directorate, I travelled building a small office with a computer, a Joint Action, turning the Thessaloniki and the eventually settled when the Council managed to Brussels regularly in the second half of 2003 malfunctioning telephone, and a pile of CVs.” Convention promises into reality. The decisive to find accommodation for the nascent Agency. to meet with my counterparts.” final discussion was at a COREPER meeting “I later went down to see them and they told me “From the CVs I quickly selected a team of about which took place in Luxembourg in late June. they had just found 30 offices available in the a dozen people”, Witney recalls. Accommodation “We drove back to Brussels to my flat where the Justus Lipsius”, Witney says. A few months later, was another issue and the AET finally found team was waiting for us - champagne was on ice in 2005, the Agency would permanently settle in some open-plan space on the top floor of the and we had a wonderful party !”, Witney says. its current Rue des Drapiers headquarters, very Kortenberg building, home of the EU CSDP

“Looking back, I think this and my subsequent close to downtown Brussels. Inception structures. Working from there, the team had | three years as the Agency’s first Chief Executive a constant relation with an ad hoc representative Accommodation issues aside, the first months was the most rewarding period of my entire group of all EU Member States, which they met were dedicated to putting the whole legal 1 Part professional life”, he adds. “Personally rewarding, with every two weeks. “It was a useful interaction”, framework and institutional structure of too - a number of my team colleagues have The consensus around the Agency was clearly Witney explains, “because it allowed us to reassure the Agency in place. In autumn 2004, EDA’s become friends for life.” still there, notably between Paris and London. them but also to get their fingerprints on what Steering Board, made up of Defence Ministers “This may sound surprising now, considering we were doing to make sure they couldn’t A Chief Executive had to be chosen for the from each Member State, met for the first time. that relations between the two countries really repudiate it at the end”. The previous autumn’s Agency, as there was no automatic right for They approved the budget for 2005, the first became tense after the strong French opposition efforts to progress the Agency had focused on Witney to get the position. Javier Solana, then annual Work Programme, and the official to the Iraq campaign in 2003. However, there trying to draft its legal basis. The team’s approach High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs structure of the Agency. was a clear agreement between London and was to concentrate instead on substance, working and Security Policy and acting Head of EDA, Paris that an Agency would be a good thing and to develop a consensus on what exactly the had to write to Member States to propose Nick that we would make it happen, even if there was Agency would do, and how it would do it. While Witney as a Chief Executive, a nomination that no clear understanding at the time of what the the British argued the Agency should mainly focus was quickly approved. exact role of the Agency should be, or its position on capability development, the French pushed for The second half of 2004 was dedicated on the institutional grid”, Nick Witney recalls. a predominant armaments role. “Our job in a way to putting everything in place. Hilmar “The only thing we had was a half sentence from was to demonstrate that the Agency was able to Linnenkamp joined Witney as Deputy the Thessaloniki Council, which served as a blank do both, and moreover by doing both it could Chief Executive, and in October the first screen onto which different people projected succeed better in each”, Nick Witney explains. four functional directors were nominated : different aspirations. The only way out was to Reflecting this debate, the European Defence Capabilities director Pierre Hougardy, Research establish a special project team, and this was Agency name was finally adopted because “it was & Technology Director Bertrand de Cordoue, decided in November 2003.” short, accurate, and unconstraining”, Witney says, Armaments Director Carlo Magrassi, and The Agency Establishment Team (AET), was to and also because anything more specific could Industry and Market Director Ulf Hammarstrom. finalise its report by April 2004 in order to submit have been seen as trying to push the Agency it for approval by the Council during the summer. one way or another. By the end of April the team “The question then arose - who would head the was able to submit its blue-print for the new team ? London and Paris each put forward their institution, clearing the way for member state THE BIRTH OF an AGENCY candidate, initiating a standoff that lasted two and diplomats, skillfully guided by the Irish presidency, a half months from November to late January - to finalise the legal documentation.

years years of working of working together together 10 20 10 21 years in 50 dates 2004 10 12 July 2004 April 2005

The European Council formally adopts the The Steering Board agrees that the Agency Joint Action that officially creates the European should gradually take over the activities of Defence Agency. Shortly after, Nick Witney the Western European Armaments Group is appointed Chief Executive of the Agency (WEAG) and the Western European Armaments by Javier Solana, EU High Representative for Organisation (WEAO) by the first quarter the Common Foreign and Security Policy. of 2006. Inception | Part 1 Part 2005 “Absorbing the work The new Agency sets up a strategic framework of WEAG and for defence, built around three main pillars : WEAO into Research & Technology Strategy ; Armaments EDA will give R&T collaboration a Cooperation Strategy ; and European Defence much stronger political impulse”. Technological and Industrial Base Strategy, Nick Witney, EDA Chief Executive (2005) headed by a Capability Development Plan. At the same time, the European Defence Agency adopts a capability-driven approach, where capability November 2005 needs and requirements would drive the whole chain of defence cooperation. EDA Steering Board of Defence Ministers approves an “intergovernmental regime to EDA begins work on the creation of an European improve the transparency and promotion of Defence Equipment Market (EDEM). competition in the European defence equipment market” together with a “Defence Procurement Code of Conduct”.

December 2005

The first R&T contract is awarded by EDA to a consortium led by Patria for a study regarding remotely piloted air systems (RPAS), technologies and focusing on “Digital Line of Sight & Beyond Line of Sight Data Links”.

years years of working of working together together 10 22 10 23 10 24 together of working years Javier (Head ofEDA) Solana andNick Witney (EDA ChiefExecutive) a2006keynote during speech. Gunther Verheugen (European Commissionner for Entreprise andIndustry), From to right left financially viableinitssubcontracts. to abideby thisCode whenitistechnically and Supply Chain(CoBPSC), committing itsmembers to theCode co-sign Practice ofBest inthe Association ofEuropeIndustries (ASD) agrees Committee of the Aerospace andDefence are approved. after, Shortly the Executive of EDA’s “Defence Procurement Code ofConduct” theimplementationMeasures to support 2006 April in EDA andprogrammes. projects Norway, enabling to the country take part An administrative arrangement issigned with March 2006 Agency’s newagenda. to engage with stakeholders around the institutions, providing thefirstmajoropportunity level officialsfrom States Member andEU The first EDA Annual Conference gathers high- February 2006 2006 : Hilmar Linnenkamp (EDA ChiefExecutive), Deputy Linnenkamp : Hilmar Thomas Enders(ASD president),

The programme setoutto study18technologies Programme onResearch and (JIP) Technology. Work begins on the first Joint Investment 2006 October tosubscribed by allEDA States. Member in defence procurement islaunchedand A Code of forConduct promoting competition July 2006 including Norway. Nineteen countries join the 55 protecting Forces the Armed (see page 67). relating to capabilities five military focused on

M€ programme, more than € Protection, representing a total investment of Joint Investment Programme dedicated to Force The signs Agency first underanewR&T contracts 2007 December October. Hetakesoffice Solana. in is appointed asEDA ChiefExecutive by Javier ofDefence, Ministry Armaments oftheGerman as ChiefofStaffintheDirectorateGeneral of Alexander Weis, who was previously acting 2007 May Strategy inMay thesameyear. Defence Technological Base andIndustrial the ground work for theapproval ofEurope’s Technological Base(EDTIB). &Industrial This lays this timefocusing ontheEuropean Defence The second EDA AnnualConference takesplace, February 2007 Agency. join the European andRomania Defence 2007 January 2007 13 million. Alexander Weis, EDA ChiefExecutive (2007) This iswhere Iwanttoseechange”. projects intopractice. toturntheory We needconcrete programmes and do notdelivercapabilities. but, naturally, theythemselves direction- anddefineaims “Strategies are needed-theyprovide European Defence Technological Base andIndustrial The 2007EDA AnnualConference focuses onthe

10

25 together of working years Part 1 | Inception 10 26 together of working years measures (MMCM)capabilities. replacement minecounter- oftheirmaritime agreeNorway to work together for thefuture At thesametime, tenStates Member plus by allmeansavailable. shortfalls air transport (EATF), with the objective of reducing European to establishaEuropean Air Transport Fleet A declaration of intent is signed by 12 countries November 2008 well States’ asMember potential newpriorities. into account evolving strategic challengesas isdesigned to beconstantlyIt refreshed to take and programmes, butisnotasupranational plan. term. The CDPintends to inform national plans to longer future needsfrom capability theshort is designed to beastrategic tool andto define the work of all the Agency’s Directorates, the CDP Staff. of the EU Military the A support driver for Committee with Secretariat and the EU Military States, Member the Councilparticipating (CDP), developed inclosecooperation with version Development oftheCapability Plan The Steering Board endorses the initial July 2008 of 15.5M€. Eleven countries joininvesting theproject, a total battlefield (DisruptiveDefence Technologies). technologies that may negatively the impact Joint Investment Programme, onemerging Defence launch the Agency’s Ministers second 2008 May 2008 10 27 together of working years Part 1 | Inception 10 28 together of working years Javier HeadofEDA Representative Solana, andHigh oftheEUfor Foreign AffairsSecurity and Policy, 2009 know isacontinuousshortfall indeployedoperations”. immediately more helicoptercapabilities, whichweall result oftheEuropean DefenceAgency’s work.Itwilldeliver “The HelicopterTraining Programme isanothertangible Paris AirShow the2009 during project Launch oftheMIDCAS

March 2009 under EDA umbrella theParis during AirShow. by France, Germany, Italy, Spain,andSweden Collision Avoidance Systems isinitiated (MIDCAS) A technology focused project onMID-Air June 2009 astheEUSatcomis now known Market. this successful initiative willlater evolve into what Beginning as pilot a project, three-year services. orders ofcommercial satellite communication Procurement Cell to coordinate States’ EU Member Work islaunched on theestablishment of a (see page63). States Member onanannualbasis. by partner training eventrotary-wing that are now hosted the beginning a of successful a series marking Helicopter Exercise ishosted intheFrench Alps, November. The same month, the first EDA Training Programme afew months later, in pavesIt theway for theapproval oftheHelicopter focuses in helicopter on shortfalls capabilities. annualconferenceThe fourth oftheAgency 2009

the Council. sets community procurement It is adopted by theEuropean Parliament and The Procurement Defence andSecurity Directive July 2009 of theUnionfor Foreign (2010) AffairsSecurity and Policy Catherine Ashton, HeadofEDA Representative andHigh andleadsitsSteering Board.Agency asHeadoftheEuropean2009, sheacts Defence European 1December Commission. Starting Policy and and Security Vice-President ofthe Representative oftheUnionfor Foreign Affairs Catherine Ashton is appointed asHigh November 2009 ofinformation.and security provides specialprovisions forofsupply security with publication asthestandard procedure and example, theuseofnegotiated procedure allows,the defence sectors. It for andsecurity rules which are adapted to the specificities of interoperable capacities”. for savings,whileincreasing Pooling andsharingoffers potential while budgetsare underpressure. to improve capabilities to workcloselytogetherinorder for opportunities who are looking Defence Ministers, needs ofEuropean reacted tothe has quickly “The Agency

a common European way forward. aswell technological as impact, andindustrial of UAS for European users, theireconomic, representatives gather to discuss the potential 450 seniorgovernment officialsandindustry to UnmannedAircraft Systems (UAS). Over aconferenceCommission co-organise dedicated The European Defence and the European Agency July 2010 page 77). (see for EDA’s program oftheMarsur work aspart ofCSDP,support effectively paving the way regarding needs in Surveillance Maritime Steering Board to theMinisterial its report A Pen“Wise Team” offive admirals submits 2010 April Development”.Capability andMilitary CivilianSecurity - Connecting cooperation undertheheading “Bridging Efforts The annualconference focuses oncivil-military February 2010 2010 Pieter Crem, De ofDefense, Belgian Minister 2012 It hasbecomeamust,ratherthananoption”. It allowsustodelivermore withless. pressureto thefinancialandmilitary weface. response, ifnottheonlypossibleresponse, capabilities -doingmore together-isaneffective that the“poolingandsharing”ofmilitary “There isnowawidespread understanding actions and projects for andprojects thefollowingactions years. capabilities emerges. willguidetheAgency’s It concept of “Pooling &Sharing” national military informal meetingoftheDefence Ministers, the as the “Ghent initiative” andpresented an during German-Swedish food for thought paperknown oftheEU.presidency Following aninitial A newcooperative undertheBelgian ideaarises November 2010

10 29 together of working years Part 1 | Inception 10 30 together of working years Claude-France Arnould, EDA ChiefExecutive (2011) to ensure European defenceisstrong andsustainable”. Defence effort mustremain attherightlevelinorder efficiency intheemploymentofthesecapabilities. together whatisoutofreach individually andgetmore to investless My messageisthatPooling&Sharingnotexcuse efforts. Itisawaytoharnessand maximiseinvestment. “Pooling &Sharingshouldnotbeapretext toreduce Steering Board in2011 An EDA Ministerial ; rather, thatitoffers awaytoacquire

(CMPD), integrated intheEEAS2010. Crisis Management and Planning Directorate for where Director-General the shewas Deputy She joinsinitiallyfrom theEuropean Council, and becomes theAgency’s third ChiefExecutive. Claude-France succeeds Arnould Alexander Weis 2011January 2011 to in2011 that deployed a Counter-IED laboratory EDA helpeddevelop

Radiological andNuclearprotection. Radiological specific caseinthefieldofChemical, Biological, agree to theirresearch harmonise inthis activities letter. Through thissignature, bothinstitutions Framework Cooperation coordination (EFC) European Commission sign a European The European Defence Agencyand the recovered from incidents. to analyse Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) aimed to develop andbuildaforensic laboratory This successful EDA launchedin2010 project initial operatinginAfghanistan. capability The Theatre Exploitation reaches Laboratory September 2011 (see page81). of theEuropean Defence Equipment Market. vative ways to consolidate the demand side Procurement inorder Methods to find inno- A newEDA initiative islaunchedonEffective July 2011

10 31 together of working years Part 1 | Inception 10 32 together of working years contract was signed in2012 The firstEUSatcomMarket Satcom Market). Communications Procurement Cell (now EU oftheEuropean Satellite aspart industry The firstframework contract issigned with September 2012 European defence cooperation. boration between these two majors in actor Cooperation (OCCAR), ensuring closer colla- with theOrganisation for Joint Armament The signs Agency anadministrative arrangement July 2012 assetsfrom States. sixMember transport in Zaragoza, air Spain,bringing together tactical (EATT2012) organised by takesplace theAgency The first European Air Transport Training event June 2012 and programmes. inEDA’senabling Swiss participation projects the European Defence andSwitzerland, Agency A framework for cooperation issigned between March 2012 2012 Arrangement for aduration often years. sign theHelicopter Exercise Programme Program ofDefenceMinisters oftwelve States Member (seepage57). capability ofdeveloping State anew a Member isthinking willbeconsideredof theproduct whenever a cooperative approach for theentire life cycle for Pooling &Sharing, that thusensuring Defence endorseaCode Ministers ofConduct November 2012 Transport Training Event in2012 Spain hosted thefirst European Air and Occar closer in 2012 arrangement brought EDA An administrative

Herman Herman Van Rompuy, President oftheEuropean Council (2013) our role inthefuture cutting-edge andfullyplay It isthewaytoensure weremain it isquitetheopposite. the managementofdecline, “Defence cooperationisnotabout dedicated to long-term Pooling solutions. &Sharing European Defence Agency’s annualconference, Council, addresses the defence at community the Herman Van Rompuy, President oftheEuropean March 2013 2013 !” !”

on 1 July. on Croatia joinstheEuropean Defence Agency July 2013 requirements withafocus onairworthiness. aviationharmonisation of military safety between the two structures, specifically covering an arrangement for enhanced cooperation European Aviation (EASA) Safety Agency sign The European Defence andthe Agency June 2013 users. risks financial for military and ofidentifying potential operational and EDA is in charge of coordinating views military ATM Research (SESAR)Joint Undertaking. implementation oftheSingleEuropean Sky of adedicated programme for themilitary Member States approve the establishment pilot projects. Funds (ESF)by defence withsixdual-use actors to promote thebestuseofEuropean Structural The Steering Board approves initiative anAgency 2013 April the Agency’s annualconference in2013 High-level roundtable discussionduring 10

33 together of working years Part 1 | Inception 10 34 together of working years clearance took trial place inSeptember2013 The first collective EuropeanRefuelling Air-to-Air and standardisation. research, and improving European certification - increasing and dual-use SME participation help strengthen Europe’s defence industry The Council alsogives EDA varioustasksto governmental satellite communications. piloted aircraft systems, defence cyber and programmes tasks, includingresponsibility for four key Agency’s EDA work. is given a wide range of for theimpetus andhigh-level support Council ofDecember 2013provides anew Focused ondefence matters, the European and programmes. ’s intheAgency’s participation projects of Defence,with theMinistry Serbian enabling EDA signs anadministrative arrangement 2013 December global AARcapabilities. KC-767,the Italian in order to improve Europe’s (AAR)Air-to-Air Refuelling clearance on trial jointly organise thefirst collective European Movement Coordination Centre Europe (MCCE) The European Defence Agency, andthe Italy September 2013 : air-to-air refuelling,: air-to-air remotely Armament & Technology (2013) Peter Round, EDA Director Capability, to success”. the clearer andswifterthepath that developsandtherefore the greater theleveloftrust are involvedinworkingtogether, stories. ThelongerMemberStates real, concrete, demonstrablesuccess of collaborativeprojects andwe have “We havesignificantexperience put defence highontheagenda The 2013European Council

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35 together of working years Part 1 | Inception 2014

January 2014 May 2014

The European Defence Agency puts a new Claude-France Arnould signs a procurement structure in place as of 1 January 2014 in arrangement with General Sir Adrian Bradshaw, order to better support Member States in a Operation Commander of EUFOR Althea and rapidly evolving environment. The Agency is Deputy NATO SACEUR, in direct support of an re-organised in three operational directorates : EU operational mission. Under this arrangement Cooperation Planning & Support ; Capability, with EUFOR Althea, EDA assumes a lead role Armaments & Technology ; and European in administering the procurement procedure Synergies & Innovation. This is meant to facilitate of air-to-ground surveillance services in Bosnia- prioritisation of tasks and improve operational Herzegovina. output.

February 2014 Inception | The first EDA-supported dual-use project, called

“Turtle”, receives European Structural Funds 1 Part (see page 81). Developed by a consortium of Portuguese SMEs, research institutes and universities, its aim is to produce new robotic ascend and descent energy efficient technologies to be incorporated in robotic vehicles used by civil and military stakeholders June 2014 for underwater operations. The European Defence Agency and Saab ”Because SMEs often find it difficult to access EU funds, Dynamics AB sign a multi-annual framework agreement for the provision of different types the Agency supports industry in its attempts to access European of ammunition for the ‘Carl-Gustaf’ recoilless Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) to develop dual-use anti-tank weapon, with an estimated value of up technologies. In addition to raising awareness through dedicated to € 50 million. This framework agreement comes workshops, the Agency has provided technical support under a procurement arrangement signed in to project holders through an EDA handbook on ESIF”. 2013 between EDA and , , , the Czech Republic, and Poland. Denis Roger, EDA Director European Synergies and Innovation (2014) July 2014

The Agency celebrates its tenth birthday.

years of working 10 together years years of working of working together The Agency is established in its current together rue des Drapiers offices since 2005 10 36 10 37 Part 2

Building together Wings for the future : the Agency’s work in the field of Remotely Piloted Air Systems

WINGS FOR THE FUTURE Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) have been at the forefront of media attention since the beginning of the 2001 war in Afghanistan - although they had been around for much longer in European inventories. The use of these assets, more commonly known as “drones”, in asymmetrical operations has brought a revolution to commanders and troops on the ground by providing them with a “bird’s eye” view of the battlefield. This led a lot of European countries to invest in the procurement of such systems, and for some of them in Medium-Altitude Longue Endurance (Male) RPAS in order to fulfill their intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. In the meantime, many civil applications have been found for these vehicles, in areas as diverse as fire-fighting, infrastructure surveillance, border control, or disaster monitoring. Building together A Pioneer Project | “Taking into account the vital importance of this Through several initiatives, EDA is now capability, EDA has promoted RPAS as a “Pioneer contributing to this effort in close cooperation 2 Part Project” since 2013”, Jean-Youri Marty, EDA RPAS with Member States, the European Aviation programme manager, explains. “At the European Safety Agency (EASA), and the European Council that was held in December last year, Space Agency (ESA). There have already been Heads of State and Government acknowledged several achievements in different fields, and that work in that field should be considered a Joint Investment Programme was launched a priority and identified RPAS as one of the four in November 2013 with ten contributing Member key programmes for EDA to develop”, he stresses. States to fund future research & development work in areas critical to the emergence of new The Agency has so far divided its work in the RPAS functions and subsystems. RPAS field into five main areas. The first one aims to integrate these remotely-piloted vehicles in civilian “non-segregated” airspace. So far, the use of RPAS has mostly been done in an operational environment where the need for safe interaction with commercial aircraft was not a priority. However, this could change rapidly as the need for the military to use European airspace for training, transit, or mission purposes and civil applications for RPAS are gaining momentum and it is expected that the demand from commercial users will rise significantly over the next ten years.

years years of working of working together together 10 40 10 41 WINGS FOR THE FUTURE

Should this future drone be equipped with one Sense and Avoid or two jet engines ? Will it be stealthy enough Launched in 2009, the € 50M Mid-Air Collision at the same time supporting the standardisation to evade enemy radars ? Which payloads will it Avoidance System (MIDCAS) is conducted process of these key RPAS functions. be able to carry ? How far will it be able to detect by five EDA Member States to develop a “sense The certification of RPAS is also an important and identify a potential target ? All these questions and avoid” capability that will enable future RPAS pillar of EDA’s work in this domain. Established by will be addressed by the Member States who will to navigate safely in non-segregated airspace and the Agency in 2008, the Military Airworthiness show an interest in joining the programme, in order to autonomously avoid collision with other aircraft. Forum (MAWA) aims at exploring the best ways to to draw the portrait of a European Male RPAS It has already delivered promising results, with improve and streamline the certification process for for the 2020s. This preparation phase could deliver successful final flight tests expected in the second Working military aircraft (see page 85) and in particular RPAS solid outputs as early as 2016 and provide nations half of 2014. at European level, bringing together the Member with the right set of tools to proceed with this new with DeSIRE Meanwhile, another collaborative project called States’ national military airworthiness authorities and collaborative programme. EDA’s work on the safe insertion of RPAS Enhanced RPAS Autonomy (ERA) is under EASA. With this framework already firmly set up, the In the meantime, EDA has launched work to identify in non-segregated airspace, has already preparation ; it will address issues related to Agency expects that common military certification priority areas for future research & technology yielded concrete results : the DeSIRE certifiable automatic take-off and landing, automatic procedures and requirements should emerge in the investment on remotely piloted air systems. (Demonstration of Satellites enabling taxiing, and emergency recovery procedures while 2018-2020 timeframe. Considering that about half the cost of building the Insertion of RPAS in Europe) project, a complex ISR RPAS is related to sensing payloads funded jointly by EDA and the European and data exploitation solutions, European excellence

Space Agency (ESA), took to the air in April Building together Building a user community in these areas is deemed necessary for future | 2013. A Heron 1 medium altitude long industrial competitiveness in the global marketplace. Considering that the number of RPAS is still and facilitate cooperation, while at the same endurance drone was used to perform a Without action the risk is high that Europe will 2 Part limited in Europe, but also fragmented among time sharing operational experience and best series of test flights in order to demonstrate become dependent on other countries’ suppliers different Member States, EDA is coordinating practices for operating such systems. Moreover, the ability of an RPAS controlled through The five pillars of EDA’s work for such technologies. Investment in “high-end” a “European Male RPAS User Community” it aims to identify cooperation opportunities a satellite communication link to safely on RPAS RPAS systems should therefore be considered as an composed of seven Member States who signed in the field of training, logistics and maintenance, share the sky with other airspace users. appropriate way to sustain European skills in the military a Letter of Intent in November 2013. This enabling cost reduction and improved Air Traffic Insertion This was a real success for all parties air systems domain, while paving the way for future initiative provides European RPAS users with interoperability. involved, including the industry team RPAS Certification manned fixed-wing military aircraft developments. a dedicated forum to exchange information led by the Spanish company Indra. Cutting edge Shaping Europe’s future RPAS landscape is Early in 2014, EDA and ESA signed a A new RPAS for the 2020s technologies for a multi-faceted challenge, as these various strands new framework agreement to extend future RPAS highlight. “All these issues have to be tackled their cooperation as part of the DeSIRE II Perhaps the most crucial work strand for the future in the 2020-2025 timeframe. This would not only European at the same time in order to significantly improve program ; this will further demonstrate the of Europe’s RPAS capabilities is EDA’s involvement ensure benefits from cost-sharing and operational cooperation for Member States’ RPAS capabilities”, Jean-Youri Marty integration of RPAS systems in complex in the shaping of a common Male unmanned efficiency perspectives, but it would also allow the operational support stresses. “The Agency is working to support each environments through the use of secure aerial vehicle for 2020 and beyond. By then, a lot European industrial base to maintain and develop of these activities individually, while promoting satellite-based command and control links. of Member States will need to invest in new assets its competences in the crucial area of military air Future EU Male global consistency among the different actors.” if they want to keep their intelligence, surveillance, systems, which support thousands of high-skilled program The future of European civil and military remotely and reconnaissance capabilities credible. Working jobs throughout Europe. piloted air systems is at stake. together on this major programme might yield During an EDA Steering Board held at Ministerial considerable benefits from operational, technical, level in May 2014, France confirmed its intention to financial, and industrial points of view. “Operational, financial, take the lead on this key activity. This Common Staff technological, regulatory, A Common Staff Target was already endorsed by Requirement will aim to turn military needs into and industrial issues all have the Steering Board in November 2013. The Agency operational and technical requirements, taking into is now working on the elaboration of a Common account the technological, industrial and financial to be tackled at the same time Staff Requirement that could lay the basis of a dimensions of the potential solutions that will be in order to significantly improve future RPAS to be fielded by EU Member States identified over the course of this process. Member States’ RPAS capabilities”. Jean-Youri Marty, EDA RPAS Programme Manager

years years of working of working together together 10 42 10 43 Fuelling the fight : increasing European air-to-air Fuelling the fight refuelling capabilities

Developed in the early days of the Cold War to provide global reach to strategic bombers, air-to-air refuelling (AAR) aircraft, or “tankers” as they’re more commonly known, have proven absolutely essential for air operations over the past few decades. Many European air forces chose to equip themselves with such a capability during the Cold War in order to provide their fleet of fighter-bombers with the persistence needed over enemy territory, and these ageing tankers are for the most part still in service today. “No gas, no go” has been a common motto amongst tanker crews for decades. This leitmotiv has proven true in every major operation since the Gulf War in 1991 : the number of fighter/bomber sorties that a country or a coalition is able to generate on a daily basis is directly dependent on the number of AAR aircraft that will be put in the air to provide the former with the fuel they need to conduct their missions. Building together |

Major shortfalls 2 Part However from recent operations a bleak picture has emerged of European capabilities in the AAR domain. “Today Europe is able to field around 40 tanker aircraft of 10 different types, which, when compared with the US resources of over 550 tankers of four types, is a clear indication of the European shortfall in this field”, explains Laurent Donnet, Programme Manager at EDA. Moreover, in times of crisis and war there is still an absolute dependence on American assets in the domain : during operations over Libya in 2011, 80% of all AAR missions were flown by US aircraft, no change from the Balkans in 1999. During the European Council meeting of December 2013, the work on AAR was To address this shortfall, AAR was endorsed recognised as one of the four key capability in 2011 by the European Defence Agency projects for EDA to focus on. “The Agency has Steering Board as one of the initial eleven Pooling developed a global approach to that problem & Sharing projects. A subsequent board meeting with three main objectives : to increase the held in March 2012 saw Ministers declare their overall AAR capacity ; to reduce fragmentation willingness to support further development of the European fleet ; and to optimise the use of air-to-air refuelling capabilities through of existing assets and organisations” stresses better coordination between Member States. Philippe Rutz, Project Manager Pooling & Sharing These capabilities, like all those developed in an at EDA. EDA framework, will be available for potential use during EU, NATO or other operations.

years years of working of working together together 10 44 10 45 Fuelling the fight

Tomorrow’s multirole tankers Perhaps the most ambitious strand identified of these latest-generation tanker-transport as a long-term solution aims to increase the aircraft means they will be capable not only of European strategic tanker capability in 2020 conducting AAR missions, but also be equipped and beyond. Taking advantage of the planned for strategic transport, medical evacuation, cargo retirement of ageing aircraft, some Member deployment, or humanitarian relief. States have agreed to consider acquiring new In early 2014, EDA sent out a Request for multi-role tanker aircraft together. Led by the Information to tanker aircraft manufacturers Netherlands, this initiative could lead to the in order to provide Member States with a acquisition and operation of a multinational better understanding of the market and of tanker fleet that will help to streamline European the technical solutions available. A contract inventories, while reducing the existing shortfall. award could happen as soon as the end of 2015 The tankers of the 21st century represent a real and would mark a major step forward for technological leap compared with their 1950s cooperative capability development in Europe. ancestors, which are for the most part still in The Agency has already drafted important Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert service today. These “new-generation” aircraft documents such as technical specifications, is the Dutch Minister of Defence. The Netherlands are leading significantly enhance the AAR experience by concept of operations, and concept of support a European acquisition project

for new tanker aircraft Building together providing increased availability, enhanced for this future capability, paving the way for the | mission systems, and greater offload rates. signing of a Memorandum of Understanding

and a contract expected for the end of 2015. 2 Part By acquiring a modern tanker, the Member This work is undertaken in close cooperation with This first edition saw the participation of three As the last two decades have clearly demons- States’ capabilities would also be vastly Occar and the NATO Support Agency (NSPA). Member States : Germany, the Netherlands, and trated the third dimension plays a crucial role expanded. Indeed, the inherent modularity Italy. It was organised on the back of exercise in winning tomorrow’s conflicts : strategic and “Frisian Flag”, a large-scale tactical exercise tactical transport, reconnaissance, air defence, gathering dozens of combat aircraft every year and precision bombing all require the kind of Improve the existing and offering a realistic operational environment. global reach and persistence that can only be In the meantime, other concrete steps have was attended by the French and Swedish Air provided with support from air-to-air refuelling About Short-term air-to-air refuelling solutions are also been taken in order to improve Europe’s AAR Forces who took advantage of the campaign capabilities. But today, most of Europe’s tanker 40 tankers of being explored by the Agency to address the landscape. This is especially true for technical to get their operational AAR clearances against fleet is ageing and obsolete, thus gravely 10 different types European AAR shortfall. Solutions could be found and operational AAR clearances, which are the new Italian tanker. Organising collective impacting these aircraft’s availability. If Member are in service with through the leasing of existing platforms or the necessary for a fighter aircraft to refuel from campaigns facilitates the certification procedures States want to be able to play a substantial role European air forces today contracting of commercial AAR aircraft which a specific tanker. Lack of AAR clearances not for Member States, increases interoperability, in future air operations while reducing their are available today. Although no Member State only makes refuelling operations impossible and saves time as well as human and financial dependence to the United States in the AAR has so far showed an interest in these proposals, but also creates massive problems for planning resources. domain, there is only one way forward : doing Since 2011, EDA strongly believes that such solutions provide and tasking air operations, as was the case for more and better together. Starting today. This first collective clearance campaign was air-to-air refuelling is handled an excellent dormant capability, and should be the operations over Libya in 2011. followed in April 2014 by the first edition of the as a Pooling & Sharing further investigated. Establishing synergies with At the initiative of the Agency, a first collective European Air-to-Air Refueling Training (EART) priority by EDA existing national capacity, such as the UK fleet European AAR clearance trial was held exercise, organised jointly by EDA, the European of Voyager aircraft, is also under consideration. in Italy in September 2013 and drew significant Air Transport Command, and the Netherlands. interest from participating nations. Taking For the first time in Europe, this exercise provided place in Decimomannu, Sardinia, this initiative tanker crews as well as receiving aircraft with “We are aiming to increase the was co-organised by the , the opportunity to share and refine their flight European tanker capability by 2020 who provided a KC-767 tanker aircraft and and tactical procedures on a dedicated exercise. and beyond through a multinational multirole tanker fleet”. Laurent Donnet, EDA Programme Manager Air-to-Air Refueling

years years of working of working together together 10 46 10 47 Security in the digital age : Cyber Defence and EDA

In the beginning there were sticks and stones. Then, through the slow introduction of new techniques, these primitive weapons gave way to ever more elaborate tools of destruction until, more than 3000 years ago, mankind took to the sea to wage its first naval battles. Many more centuries would pass before warfare entered a new era with the advent of the first flying machines, which ultimately extended the theater of operations far into the third dimension, and ultimately to outer space.

The fifth element What revolutions shall we expect for the future As early as 2011, the European Union Member of warfare ? Way before it became part of our States participating in the Agency had Security in the digital age everyday lives, when it was only known to a already raised awareness by making it one handful of military engineers as an experimental of the top ten priorities for military capability

network called Arpanet, the internet was development. This had an immediate Building together | envisioned as a way to disseminate strategic consequence : at the end of 2011, an EDA Project information rapidly over considerable distances. Team was established to work on this issue. Part 2 Part Cyberspace was born. Today, it is widely It gathered contributors from the Ministries of recognised as the fifth domain of warfare, Defence and relevant actors from the civilian equally critical as the four other physical domains world around a single table. to the success of military operations. “We have Released in February 2013 and endorsed by the to recognize that cyber is a real operational Council in June 2013, the Cyber Security Strategy domain, just like land, sea, air, and space”, stresses for the European Union then emphasised that Wolfgang Röhrig, Cyber Project Officer at the “cyber security efforts in the EU also involve European Defence Agency. the cyber defence dimension”. Later that year, How is this new revolution affecting the ways the Council marked cyber cefence as one of the wars are fought ? Might the safety of European four key capability development priorities for citizens be at risk because of invisible, speed-of- the European Defence Agency. The message light attacks launched from a computer located was clear : Member States agreed that this new in a far away location ? Even today, almost half a field of defence has to be treated as a capability century after the first packet-switching network development priority through cooperation - went online, some of these questions remain a statement confirmed by Heads of State and unanswered. However, a great deal of effort Government in December that same year, is ongoing to try and assess potential threats during the European Council. They based their in the cyberspace, on which armed forces have decision partly on a study commissioned by EDA now become largely dependent to conduct their in 2012, in which the Agency aimed to establish missions. an in-depth understanding of cyber defence capabilities across European member states.

years years of working of working together together 10 48 10 49 Security in the digital age

Humans after all Detecting the threat The results of this study painted a complex and difference between the cyber domain and the The Agency is also at work in the field of what diverse picture of cyber defence capabilities physical ones.” is known as Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) at EU level and within the Member States, but Detection. Governments and their institutions Through a number of concrete initiatives, the clearly helped EDA to enhance its understanding are among the most prominent targets for Agency is already involved in several cyber of the topic. “Following the findings of EDA APT malware, often linked to cyber espionage. defence projects. This is particularly true for landscaping study, the EU placed emphasis The problem is that these intrusions are either training, an important topic on which EDA on human factors in cyber defence”, Wolfgang discovered too late, or sometimes not at all. has conducted a Cyber Defence Training Need Röhrig, Programme Manager for Cyber Defence Recognising the fact that early detection Analysis in order to build a proper curriculum at EDA, explains. “Behind every cyber-attack is is crucial for a concept of APT risk-managing, EDA that would address the needs of armed forces an astute mind. For the time being, humans has launched in 2013 a call of proposals for first across Europe. Increasing the availability are our first (users) and our last (Cyber Defence analysis and possible solutions. of virtual training center and exercise ranges Specialists) lines of defence. For both attackers is also considered as a good way of enhancing All these initiatives converge towards a similar and defenders, the technology is the means cyber defence specialists training through objective : enhancing the Member States’ with which they try to fulfill their objectives a collaborative approach. abilities to defend and protect themselves and achieve their aims. In that sense, there is no against potential threats emanating from the cyberspace. As our societies become Building together Force generation increasingly more reliant on the digital world, | this new challenge has to be taken seriously.

“Like in other fields of defence, when it comes an R&T roadmap for the upcoming 10 years. The success of tomorrow’s military operations 2 Part to cyber, Member States are still the key to force These efforts shall be coordinated with other EU will undoubtedly depend on it. generation”, Wolfgang Röhrig stresses. “They will stakeholders such as the European Commission be the ones asked to provide cyber defence or the , through the “We have to recognise that cyber capabilities for an EU-led operation”. With that European Framework Cooperation (EFC). is a real operational domain, in mind, EDA is also working on cyber defence Other activities are also undertaken by EDA just like land, sea, air and space”. situational awareness kits that could be deployed to try and stimulate European cooperation on Wolfgang Röhrig, EDA Cyber Project Officer to headquarters in order to provide a common cyber defence. These include the organisation set of cyber defence planning and management of a technical forum envisioned as a platform tools. for collaborative discussion and planning on In order to ensure a coherent capability develop- future R&T projects regarding cyber. This forum ment path, it will be crucial to precisely target is dedicated to information and communication research and technology efforts on specific technology has already proven that there is military aspects. EDA is therefore working on a a strong requirement for a common approach on Cyber Defence Research Agenda (CDRA) that cyber defence modeling and simulation (M&S). will take a detailed look at this issue and craft

Admiral Juan Francisco Martínez Nuñez chairs the Agency’s Steering Board of Capability Directors. He is also Director General of the Dirección General de Política de Defensa (DIGENPOL).

years years of working of working together together 10 50 10 51 A cooperative approach to space : satellite communications

a cooperative approach to space Modern warfare, humanitarian relief, strategic communications, automated navigation, precision strikes, emergency response, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance... The contributions of satellites to European defence and security are so numerous that it would probably take more than a page of this book to list them all. But while space has become a key enabler for civil and military missions over the past decades, it remains a domain where European Member States are facing a number of capability gaps. This is especially true in the field of satellite communications (Satcom), which have proven absolutely essential to the success of modern operations.

The increasing dependence on those satellite The third segment refers to the non-guaranteed links, which can be crucial to control a remotely access to satellite communications, generally piloted air system flying several thousand procured on the commercial market on a pay- kilometers from its base or to access highly per-use basis. Building together

sensitive information at the speed of light, has | The European Defence Agency’s first concrete task created a boom in demand from governmental was to put in place a “pay-per-use” cell in order to

users. While some of this demand can be 2 Part improve Member States’ access to ComSatcom addressed by state-owned satellites, whose capabilities. “The original idea was to offer a “one- acquisition and exploitation comes at a stop shop” for Satcom procurement”, Jure Bauer, significant national public investment, other EDA EU Satcom Market Project Officer, recalls. “The ways exist to provide troops on the ground or added value was to allow countries without such other customers with this crucial capability. capabilities to benefit from a pooled procurement of commercial satellite communications services”, Signals from space he adds. This is precisely what the European Defence The European Satellite Communication Agency has been doing for a number years as Procurement Cell (ESCPC), was born. Declared fully part of its core mission, which is to help Member operational in May 2013 and renamed “EU Satcom States to improve their defence capabilities Market” in 2014 to better reflect its mission, it has through increased cooperation. In November since been joined by 10 Member States and is still 2011, an Agency Steering Board held at growing. Through this cell, participating countries ministerial level identified Satcom as a Pooling & are able to lease bandwidth from commercial Sharing priority, thus paving the way for concrete operators. A key aspect is that by pooling their achievements in that work strand. demand, participating Member States, through The world of Satcom is usually split into three EDA, are able to obtain better market conditions categories. The term MilSatcom is used to and thus save on significant operational costs. define satellite communications providing As of late 2014, almost € 2 million worth of orders guaranteed access to armed forces through have passed through this procurement cell, highly protected systems. A second segment, and many countries have shown their interest known as GovSatcom, aims to offer a high level to join the club. This shows that contributing of guaranteed access with resilient, robust, and Member States can benefit from easier access partly secured links to a variety of users, both to ComSatcom capabilities in order to fulfill their civil and military. national needs or to enhance their contribution to CSDP missions.

years years of working of working together together 10 52 10 53 a cooperative approach to space

Maximising synergies € 2 million Beyond this successful pooling and sharing Member States : gather the key operational of orders have been passed initiative, EDA is also working on ways to defence needs from Member States in order through EDA’s European significantly improve Member States’ capabilities to craft a Common Staff Target (CST) summing- Satellite Communication in the field of GovSatcom. This work is conducted up the satellite communications demand Procurement Cell since its in close cooperation with other European actors, for European actors involved in CSDP operations. creation particularly the European Commission, in order This work, completed in the middle of 2014, to maximize synergies with the civil domain but will pave the way for a more comprehensive set “We are working today also the European Space Agency (ESA) whose of a requirements - and the associated business The space industry to address the Member States’ active role over the past 50 years has been crucial case - to best answer European countries’ needs represents about in making Europe the world-class space player in the field of GovSatcom. needs of the next decade”. 35 000 direct jobs it is today. Gérard Lapierre, EDA Satcom Programme Manager With over 35 000 direct jobs, the competitiveness in Europe What is this really about? “We are helping of Europe’s space industry is a key enabler for to prepare the next generation of GovSatcom future developments in the space domain. satellites that could become operational in the A collaborative approach to current and 2020 -2025 timeframe”, explains Gérard Lapierre, future space and defence programmes Satcom Programme Manager at EDA. “At the is therefore paramount in order to secure these Building together same time, we want to optimise the use of assets high-skilled jobs through innovation, research & | available between now and the middle of the development (R&D) projects, applications, and

next decade”, he stresses. The European Defence services. 2 Part Agency was tasked with a clear roadmap by Bridges to space Bridges exist with other work strands within in an airspace where the general air traffic More than just satellites the Agency. This is especially true for Remotely is present. This project has already delivered The Agency’s work in the space domain extends beyond the area of satellite communications. Piloted Air Systems (RPAS) (see page 41), which tangible results and a second phase has been have become increasingly significant consumers launched to further prove the concept. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are also a key enabler of civil and military missions, allowing of Satcom bandwidth in today’s operations. real-time accurate positioning. These systems have effectively replaced the map and compass used a few The commanders’ needs for a 24/7 “bird’s eye” decades ago : Europe is on the verge of having its own operational solution in the form of the Galileo view of the battlefield has put great stress on the constellation. A civilian system under civilian control, Galileo with nevertheless be equipped with a satellites links tasked to relay the images captured “Publicly-Regulated Service” whose encryption and robustness is of interest to governmental users. by the remotely piloted systems to headquarters “Space is embedded in virtually In this context, the Agency is encouraging joint discussions with Member States and the Commission on potential future military requirements. located on the other side of the planet. all military capabilities, On a similar note, control of these RPAS “beyond in our very ability to decide Satellite imagery is also a topic of interest within the Agency : EDA is actively cooperating with the EU radio line-of-sight” also implies the use of a Satcom and conduct operations”. Satellite Center to support the operational capability of CSDP by investigating solutions to increase link to relay information from the ground control European decision-makers’ access to imagery and geospatial capabilities. Florent Mazurelle, EDA Space Policy Officer station to the vehicle itself. As part of a joint project The Agency is involved in Space Situational Awareness (SSA), a domain whose civil-military potential with ESA, the European Defence Agency is working has been illustrated with the adoption of Joint Common Staff Targets in cooperation with ESA and on the DeSIRE demonstration in order to prove that the Commission. EDA is de facto the only EU actor who can support Member States in joining forces such a satellite link can be certified to allow for RPAS for developing much-needed capabilities in Europe. Following the identification of both military and flights in non-segregated airspace - that is, civil needs, EDA activities are currently focusing on the development of a cooperative Recognised Space Picture, developing the military aspects of SSA in more detail.

years years of working of working together together 10 54 10 55 Stronger Together : a Code of Conduct on Pooling & Sharing

Stronger Together It all started in 2010. At an informal ministerial meeting organised under the Belgian presidency of the EU in November, Germany and Sweden came up with a bold proposition : what if European Member States, instead of diluting their efforts in the face of declining defence budgets, started considering a systematic approach to cooperation in the defence domain ? “There are great profits to be made by finding ways of sharing expenses and burdens”, went the German-Swedish “food for thought” paper prepared for the meeting.

With this document emerged a new approach that At EDA Steering Board meeting in November would soon be summed up in two words : “pooling” 2011 EU Defence Ministers formally endorsed and “sharing”. These, according to the writers a list of 11 Pooling & Sharing opportunities in Building together of what would later be known as the Ghent areas as diverse as air-to-air refuelling, medical | initiative, could become the main instruments for field hospitals, maritime surveillance, and increasing defence cooperation at the European satellite communications. 2 Part level. “Pooling of capabilities is one way to increase With these Pooling & Sharing opportunities clearly efficiency and cost-effectiveness”, went the paper. identified, it then became necessary to think of “Another instrument is role- and task-sharing, the best way forward in order to turn words into where national capabilities are made available projects and deliverables. In April 2012, after to other partners”, the document added. a shared understanding that the initiative would In many ways, some of the objectives outlined in not be successful if it were done simply on an this bilateral declaration had already been pursued “ad hoc” basis, four Member States - Belgium, by EDA for a number of years. This was, for example, Finland, Greece, and Luxembourg - suggested true of research & technology (R&T), a domain a more structured approach to these efforts. The in which the Agency had been very active as a way idea of a “Code of Conduct” on Pooling & Sharing to foster cooperation early in the development of was born. To be implemented on a national and new capabilities, or in the field of multinational voluntary basis, this code was intended to provide training and exercises. The creation of an European Member States with a set of guidelines to enhance Air Transport Fleet (EATF) framework in 2008 also their defence capabilities through increased clearly indicated that Pooling & Sharing had been cooperation at the European level. in the air for some time already, even if the term In September 2012, during an informal hadn’t been coined by then. Ministerial meeting in Cyprus, the Agency However, other initiatives had yet to get off the prepared a paper outlining suggestions for this ground. Immediately after the November 2010 code. Two months later, on 19 November 2012, meeting, the Agency started identifying key the Code of Conduct was approved by Defence areas where progress could be made quickly. Ministers (see full text on page 57). “The Code This process was conducted in close cooperation of Conduct facilitates cooperation and makes with the European Union Military Committee Pooling & Sharing sustainable now and in (EUMC) and other EU actors, with the aim of the future”, Claude-France Arnould EDA Chief identifying common operational requirements. Executive, stressed at the time.

years years of working of working together together 10 56 10 57 Stronger Together

Defence Ministers approved the Code of Conduct on Pooling & Sharing in 2012

The next step was for this Code to be training or education. The non-alignment of implemented by EU Member States. national budget cycles, coupled with ongoing

A number of them quickly developed specific budget constraints, also hampered systematic Building together | arrangements to implement some or all of cooperation between Member States. the actions contained in the Code of Conduct. The European Council of December brought a 2 Part Some Member States, such as Sweden or France, new dimension to the Agency’s Code of Conduct went as far as to integrate some of the Code’s on Pooling & Sharing. During the meeting, recommendations in their own national defence the High Representative as well as EDA were planning ; in 2013, a French Defence White invited to put forward a new policy framework Paper stated that future capabilities would only for systematic long-term defence cooperation. be developed nationally if it was cheaper and Building on the Code of Conduct, this framework more effective than doing so via multinational is expected to consolidate its recommendations cooperation. and guidelines while providing an overarching However, taking into account its inherent “work strategy for their successful implementation. in progress” status, the Code of Conduct needs Addressing aspects such as streamlined to be reviewed regularly in order to make sure programme management, early coordination its guidelines are in accordance with Member in new programmes or increased cooperation States’ defence planning processes, and also throughout the service life of an existing to keep them informed about the status of equipment, this framework should take Pooling ongoing Pooling & Sharing projects within EDA. & Sharing to the next level, securing even more The first such review took place in late 2013, only support from Member States, and allowing them weeks before the European Council addressed to be stronger, together, for tomorrow’s conflicts. defence issues in December of that year. There was evidence of progress, but obstacles remained. Significant differences in concepts of operations, training or maintenance, hampered Lena Erixon chairs the Agency’s Steering development of cooperation in areas that Board of National are promising for Pooling & Sharing, such as Armament Directors. She is also Director General of the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV)

years years of working of working together together 10 58 10 59 Stronger Together

The Code of Conduct on Pooling & Sharing As approved by Member States on November 19, 2012 EATC, an example Introduction of Pooling & Sharing The objective of this Code of Conduct is to support cooperative efforts of EU Member States to develop defence capabilities. Inaugurated in Eindhoven, Netherlands, The actions herein are aimed at mainstreaming Pooling & Sharing in Member States’ planning and decision-making processes. in September 2010, the European Air Transport They are to be implemented on a national and voluntary basis, in line with defence policies of Member States. Command (EATC) is one of the best examples of successful Pooling & Sharing. The original idea was simple : facing a drastic reduction Pooling & Sharing Coherence of their fleet of military fixed-wing transport aircraft, European air forces could greatly benefit Systematically consider cooperation from the outset in national Pursue coherence between regional clusters of cooperation, by pooling their resources in order to meet their defence planning of Member States. including bilateral and ongoing multinational initiatives, to avoid operational needs. major gaps or possible duplication and to share best practice, Declared fully operational in November 2013, Consider Pooling & Sharing for the whole life-cycle of using EDA as a platform for information exchange. a capability, including cooperation in R&T, minimising the EATC now manages about 50 missions every day. It has shown its value not only for peacetime number of variants of the same equipment, to optimise potential Increase transparency, share expertise and best practice on Building together missions but also during major operations such | savings, improve interoperability, and rationalise demand. cooperative capability development and capability priorities as the French campaign in in 2013, which among Member States to enhance the opportunities saw the involvement of many European tactical 2 Part Promote where possible the expansion of national programmes for cooperation and greater interoperability. Mapping of to other Member States to encourage the cooperative airlifters whose missions were tasked through projects open to cooperation would be supported by EDA tools, development of increased capabilities. and facilitate operational EATC. Six Member States have so far chosen such as the Capability Development Plan and the database deployment. to pool some or all of their transport aircraft of collaborative opportunities (CoDaBa). through EATC : Belgium, France, Germany, Share opportunities that could be open to Pooling & Sharing. Benefit from information through EDA when conducting Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Spain. Consider the joint use of existing capabilities by Member national defence reviews, for example on Pooling & Sharing EATC was cited by Heads of States and Government States to optimise available resources and improve overall opportunities and the impact of budget cuts (an assessment of in the Council conclusions of December 2013 effectiveness. possible consequences on the European capability landscape). as a model for cooperation. Since 2010, EDA has worked in close cooperation with EATC Investment Assessment in various domains such as the organisation of multinational exercises (European Air In accordance with national decision-making processes : EDA to submit to Defence Ministers an annual state of play Transport Training and European Air-to- “The European Defence Agency of Pooling & Sharing, on the basis inter alia of inputs/reports Air Refuelling Training) or through working is an output and capability-driven When a Pooling & Sharing project is agreed, endeavour to accord from Member States and the EUMC, focusing on new Pooling groups dedicated for instance to the concept organization. We focus it a higher degree of protection from potential cuts. & Sharing opportunities and also comprising : an analysis of the of employment of future multirole air-to-air on supporting our Member States capability situation in Europe ; progress achieved ; obstacles ; refuelling aircraft. Harness efficiencies generated through Pooling & Sharing in with concrete programs and the impact of defence cuts and possible solutions. order to support further capability development. projects.Today’s operations are multinational ones, and it is Endeavour to allocate the necessary investment to support the development of future capabilities, including R&T, taking thus imperative that our trainings advantage of synergies with wider European policies, including are as well”. regulatory frameworks, standards and certification. Rini Goos, EDA Deputy Chief Executive

years years of working of working together together 10 60 10 61 Building trust for the battlefield : exercises and training

“Train like you operate, operate like you train” is a popular saying among air forces worldwide. Indeed, they have long recognised the need to train their personnel in an environment as realistic as possible, in order to replicate the conditions that they might encounter one day on the battlefield. This need is even more acute today since the cost of operating military aircraft, for instance, has become too high to allow “wasted” flight hours and thus have pushed countries to try and set up the most representative exercises in order to get the best value for their money. The European Defence Agency has been working for a number of years in that domain, which was recognised very early as an excellent Pooling & Sharing opportunity. Common training might not only bring substantial cost savings : it also is an effective way to develop interoperability between Member States, which has always been a core mission of the Agency. By training together, they will be better prepared to operate together on the battlefield and to solve capability shortfalls, especially in the field of missing common procedures. Over the years, the exercises coordinated by EDA in close collaboration with a number of key partners and host nations have Building together become go-to events in a number of fields including helicopter training, military air transport, and most recently air-to-air refuelling. | The importance of these initiatives is such that the Agency recently set up a dedicated “Education, Training & Exercise” Unit within

its new Cooperation, Planning & Support Directorate. 2 Part

Perhaps the most visible output of EDA’s efforts European rotors in the field of rotary-wing training comes in The Agency’s Helicopter Training Programme the form of the “Hot Blade” and “Green Blade” (HTP) has been a major success in that regard. series of exercises that have now been organised In fact, exercises are one of the three main for a number of years, following the success of pillars of the Helicopter Exercise Programme an initial “Azor 2010” event that took place in Spain (HEP) arrangement signed by 13 participating and which, at the time, was probably the biggest Member States in November 2012. Together, European helicopter training exercise since the Member States agreed to work for the next the end of the Cold War. In total, more than ten years on the improvement of deployable a thousand crews and a hundred helicopters helicopter capabilities for overseas operations. have taken part in EDA-supported exercises since As of late 2014, seven exercises supported by they were initiated by the Agency. EDA have been organised in order to provide relevant tactical training to hundreds of helicopter pilots from across Europe. These capability-focused exercises seek to provide crews with an environment as realistic as possible and to prepare them for the conditions they might encounter in a future theatre of operations. But they do not only focus on flying operations : training personnel make the most of the crucial phases of planning, briefing then building trust for the battlefield de-briefing complex missions that is crucial to the success of future operations. Portugal has hosted three successive editions of the “Hot Blade” helicopter exercise years years of working of working together together 10 62 10 63 building trust for the battlefield

For three years in a row, Portugal has been These events were joined by an increasing the host nation of the “Hot Blade” exercise, number of participants, thus proving the success which has provided the participants with a of the “à la carte” approach promoted by the “high, hot, and dusty” environment not unlike Agency for projects that can be joined by any the one they were expected to encounter Member State based on its operational needs. when deployed to Afghanistan or Africa, The latest edition of Hot Blade, held in Ovar for example - in fact, some participating airbase in July 2014, gathered more than 20 Member States integrated the event into rotary-wing aircraft from six different countries, their own pre-Afghan deployment buildup. for a total of 3 000 military personnel involved.

a KDC-10 ; and Italy, which brought one of its new Tactical airlift Fuel for thought Boeing KC-767s. In order to provide tanker crews For decades, Western fighter pilots have been a variety of scenarios and training disciplines : A similar path was followed by the Agency with an environment as realistic as possible, able to improve their skills by joining large-scale airdrops, low-level flying, night operations... As in the field of air-to-air refueling (AAR), a EART14 was organized in the framework of tactical exercises, such as the famous “Red Flag” with previous editions of EATT, the main objective capability in which major shortfalls have been a large-scale fighter aircraft exercise called organised several times a year by the United was to achieve national training objectives while identified among European Member States since “Frisian Flag”. the 1990’s (see page 45). Only a few months after States Air Force, or the Tactical Leadership improving interoperability between crews from EART14 focused on several training points, the European Council’s December 2013 decision Programme held in Spain in a NATO framework. different nations. including rendezvous procedures, tactical to make air-to-air refuelling one of the four

But the same cannot be said for airlift : today Building together After the successful EATT events of 2012 and 7 helicopter exercises formation flying, as well as planning processes | in Europe, airlift training remains a largely top capability development priorities for EDA, 2013, it became more and more obvious conducted as part for larger scale refueling operations. It gradually national issue. But since joint operations have an exercise was launched from Eindhoven airbase,

that dedicated courses and training events of the Helicopter evolved with sorties becoming increasingly 2 Part now become the rule rather than the exception, in the Netherlands : European Air Refueling Training were needed among European air forces. Training Programme complex day after day, starting from single-ship the need to train together gets bigger every day. 2014, or EART14, organised in close cooperation In September 2014, the 1st EAATTC (European missions to evolve into large-scale Composite with the European Air Transport Command and EDA’s European Air Transport Fleet (EATF) Air transport Tactics Training Course) took place Air Operations (COMAOs). Ultimately, it went to the host nation, the Netherlands. initiative - signed by 20 nations in 2011 - was in Zaragoza (Spain), providing an advanced First edition of the show that air-to-air refuelling was another area created to alleviate existing shortfalls in airlift training capability to the European air transport European Air Refueling The primary goal of this exercise was to get where multinational training could yield huge and to develop solutions to better use existing community. Three similar courses and a training Training (EART) in 2014 participants proficient in their AAR qualifications benefits for Member States, allowing them to assets. One of the working groups developed event will take place in 2015, allowing more than with their own assets, but more importantly to pool resources and share knowledge in order to a project aimed at increasing opportunities to 40 crews from 15 countries to train together, improve multinational tanker planning, tasking, be more efficient in future operations. train together and to exchange best practices. sharing common procedures and qualifications. 10 Member States and operation among European Member States. This ambitious roadmap paved the way to the involved in the latest European Three countries joined this first edition of the first European Air Transport Training (EATT) Air Transport Training event with their tanker aircraft : Germany, with exercise in 2012. This first edition took place “We’re trying (EATT14) exercise an Airbus A310 MRTT ; the Netherlands, with in June 2012 at Zaragoza airbase, in Spain. to improve Organised in close coordination with the EATC interoperability - which, as a centre of excellence, provided A total of the vast majority of the air transport experts - between our 62 flying crews it gathered six nations (Belgium, Czech Republic, Member States’ have benefitted from “Training events are important : they allow us to pool France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain) helicopter crews, EATT exercises since 2012 resources and share knowledge, meaning ultimately which brought 8 aircraft and 14 crews to the event. because there is that we can work better. Several countries attending as observers for this a very good chance that they will 7 Member States We have to train together because one day, first event then decided to join, a testimony we will probably have to fight together. to the exercise’s relevance for their air forces. have to work together on the same and 27 crews battlefield in the years to come - and took part in the 1st European Air We’re building trust today for tomorrow’s conflicts”. The latest edition of EATT was held in June 2014 we truly mean working together, transport Tactics Training Course Massimo Guasoni, EDA Head of Education, Training and Exercises Unit at Plovdiv airbase, in Bulgaria. It brought together (EAATTC) in 2014 more than 460 participants, 19 crews, and 10 integrating national capabilities into transport aircraft from 10 different countries. a multinational coalition”. About a hundred missions were conducted in Andy Gray - EDA Helicopters Programme Manager years years of working of working together together 10 64 10 65 Innovation for the long run : Research & Technology

To all things there is a beginning, and military capabilities are no exception. Every single piece of equipment, be it from a combat aircraft, an infantry fighting vehicle or a patrol ship, started its life somewhere in a laboratory, with scientists and engineers running countless tests and studies before reaching a breakthrough : a material more resistant to heat and pressure, a new semiconductor technology with advanced properties, or an innovative networking architecture. In the field of defence like in any other sector, research & technology (R&T) is the cradle of innovation, the essential phase where future capabilities are being shaped. Defence R&T has been under significant financial pressure in recent times, with European defence data suggesting a 20 % reduction over the last five years. An easy target when it comes to budget reductions, investment in research & technology is nevertheless crucial for the long-term health of the European defence industry, as well as for the capabilities that will come into service in the next decades. It is worth keeping in mind that big military programs often extend over a considerable period of time : for instance, almost 30 years passed between the first studies on what was then called the Future International Military Airlifter and the first flight of the A400M, in 2009. Building together |

An extensive toolbox 2 Part The European Defence Agency has a crucial role a TRL rating based on the projects progress. to play in stimulating R&T cooperation among There are nine technology readiness levels, its Member States. And since its creation in TRL 1 being the lowest (the very beginning 2004, EDA has developed a comprehensive of scientific research) and TRL9 describing set of tools to do so. “The Agency’s toolbox a quasi-operational system. is flexible enough to provide solutions for So far, the Agency mostly focused on assisting maturing technologies up to various levels of Member States to develop and enhance critical readiness”, Denis Roger, European Synergies and technologies at TRLs ranging from 3 to 6. Innovation director, explains. To ensure that the most important projects Technology Readiness Level (TRL) is a type of are prioritised, EDA has broken down its R&T measurement system used to assess the maturity initiatives into Joint Investment Programmes (JIP) of a particular technology. Each technology and other specific, ad hoc projects. While JIPs project is evaluated against the parameters typically involve a large number of participating for each technology level and is then assigned Member States with a common budget of more than € 10 million, smaller projects can be built around only two nations. Launched in 2007, the first EDA Joint Investment Programme focused on Force Protection (JIP-FP). With a budget of 55 M€ and the cooperation of 20 Member States, it was broken down in several calls Research & Technology for proposals in order to address different capability goals related to the global Force Protection issue : collective survivability, individual protection, secured wireless communication, data analysis & fusion, and mission planning.

years years of working of working together together 10 66 10 67 Research & Technology

These resulted in 18 projects which, thanks Rather than focusing on a specific application to industrial co-funding, brought the total like JIP-FP, JIP-ICET addressed an array of Dual-use programme value to € 74M. Although the lower TRL technologies (TRL 2-4) that have Another JIP was launched in 2013 to address in the area of critical technologies. Discussions programme formally ended in 2013 with results good potential for future defence capabilities. protection against Chemical, Biological, are on-going to further exploit the Commission’s being presented at a research conference Signed by 15 Member States for a total value of Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) threats. This ‘Horizon 2020’ Framework Programme, for in Athens in December, follow-on activities are € 15,5M (€ 19M including industrial participation), investment programme is monitored by a example, of which the key enabling technologies now carried out by a number of Member States JIP-ICET consisted of twelve projects aimed Management Committee chaired by EDA and and its ensuing reindustrialisation projects may who incorporated some of those results into at identifying and pursuing disruptive ideas comprising Member State representatives. have promising effects for defence. The same their national R&T roadmaps. associated to technology areas such as nano- Representatives from the European Commission goes for the European Structural and Investment materials and structures, remote detection and are also involved, as the JIP CBRN is fully Funds (ESIF) where the Agency’s work so far Another major JIP was for Innovative Concepts health monitoring. coordinated with the civilian research under the demonstrated the potential of this important EU and Emerging Technologies (JIP-ICET). so-called European Framework Cooperation. tool to fund dual-use R&T projects (see page 81). Fourteen different projects were identified within As an example, an area where there is potential to the areas of CBRN detection and identification, access resources outside the military community CBRN sample handling, Modelling and Simulation for developing dual-use technologies is Remotely of CBRN protection architectures, protection, and Piloted Aircraft Systems, or RPAS (see page decontamination. 40). Although armed forces are currently the main users of such a capability, the civil and Building together governmental market for use of RPAS is likely | to show exponential growth once the problems

of air traffic insertion regulatory environment are 2 Part resolved. This is a clear example where the greater maturity on the defence side can be beneficial to the civil sector, providing a real dual-use approach that benefits everyone involved is undertaken.

Networking is key As this example illustrates, research & technology in the defence realm calls for cooperation with Completed in 2013, the ICET programme Building on the success of these projects, eight non-military actors. The question of dual use was also considered a success in terms of Member States decided to launch a follow- technologies - areas in which new technology technological achievements. “Another equally on ICET2 JIP in January 2013 with a new set defence spin-off benefits can be applied to a important benefit was the major role it played of research goals for a total budget of over € 5 wide range of industrial and user needs - is one in promoting networking between different R&T million. These include various areas such as that dominates current thinking. To that end, entities at European level - another key objective artificial intelligence driven systems for data & the European Defence Agency is constantly for the European Defence Agency”, Denis Roger information fusion, energy storage technologies seeking greater collaboration with the European points out. These JIPs indeed provided a great or active controls for flow and mixture of gases - Commission and agencies such as the European Jan-Olof Lind chairs opportunity for a large group of countries to technologies that are all inherently dual-use and the Agency’s Research Space Agency, particularly regarding synergies & Technology Steering engage in multinational European defence could also benefit the civil community in the Board. He is also Director General research projects, to strengthen personal future, as is often the case with low-TRL defence R&T. of the Swedish Defence contacts between research teams, to establish Research Agency (FOI) cooperation with military end users from other countries and to build platforms for future cooperation, inside or outside of EDA.

years years of working of working together together 10 68 10 69 Research & Technology

A la carte Critical technologies Work on Unmanned Maritime Systems (UMS) or CapTech, areas (See opposite page), each In order to map the technologies most critical is another testimony to the Agency’s successful benefitting from a roadmap and a strategic to the European defence sector, the European work in the field of defence R&T. Ten EDA research agenda with the objective to have Defence Agency has drawn a list of Critical participating Member States as well as Norway technologies mature when needed by the Defence Technologies (CDT) that was endorsed in decided to commit to this four-year program in military as identified in the Agency’s Capability June 2014 during an EDA Steering Board. Meant 2010, investing € 53 million in the programme Development Plan providing agreed priorities. as a reference for future prioritisation of R&T which aimed to bring “plug and play” technology activities, this list will be continuously updated A lot of different R&T topics are addressed into a wide range of applications - ranging from over time, both internally within EDA and by CapTechs. Take components, for instance : propulsion and sensor management to command externally with Member States. The list focuses the work undertaken in the field of Gallium & control and mine detection - to existing and on several “clusters”, covering R&T areas such as Nitride (GaN) semiconductors technology is future UMS. The overall programme include 15 materials, components, sensor subsystems or crucial to provide Europe with the strategic separate projects supported by a varying number CBRN technologies, among others. design, development and production autonomy of contributing Member States. The overall UMS it needs in that domain. While GaN technology is There is a need now to invest in industrial effort is also expected to feed the Maritime Mine key to improve the performance and functionality qualification of parts of the value chain and Counter Measures (MMCM) programme, targeting The Agency’s of radars, communication antennas and other bring the technology to applications. Together an initial capacity by the end of this decade. electromagnetic systems, it is highly unlikely that with the industry and Member States, EDA twelve Capability Building together The fact that only small number of contributing access to this critical technology outside of Europe has already invested close to € 100 million in | nations can support a project, which in turn can can be guaranteed. this field to make sure it will be available to Technology areas, be joined at any time by other countries under an European armed forces in the years to come. or CapTechs 2 Part “opt in” scheme, is also a key piece of the puzzle for The same goes for other areas, such as Mixed the Agency’s efforts in R&T. These have been Signal Circuits and System on Chip integration. divided in a number of Capability Technology, Technologies like advanced Field Programmable Communication Information Systems & Networks Gate Arrays integrated circuits specifically designed for defence and space-constrained System of systems, Battlelab and Modelling & Simulation Since the creation applications are a crucial enabling technology of the Agency in 2004 : that needs to be matured in Europe in order Aerial Systems to bring dividends in terms of unrestricted Around € 600 million supply, efficiency and cost for future equipment. Ground Systems have been invested by Because just as current operational weapon the Agency and Member systems have been developed on the basis Naval Systems States through more than of R&T investments made 15, 20 or 30 years Energetics, Missiles and Munitions 80 project ago, the decisions taken today will undoubtedly and programme shape the armed forces of 2040 and beyond. arrangements Materials & Structures Technologies for Components & Modules

In addition, Radio-Frequency Sensors Technologies 5 Joint Investment Programmes Electro-Optical Sensors Technologies have benefited from an investment of CBRN Protection and Human Factors over € 100 million Guidance & Control

years years of working of working together together 10 70 10 71 Defusing the Situation : EDA’s Work to Counter Improvised Explosive Devices

They have proven to be one of the most lethal weapons during the war in Afghanistan, which often brought them at the forefront of public debate : improvised explosive devices, or IEDs, have killed thousands of coalition soldiers fighting on Afghan ground since 2001, the single biggest cause of fatalities for allied forces involved in this campaign. These “roadside bombs”, as they are sometimes referred to, have become the iconic weapon of asymmetrical warfare, providing hostile forces with a relatively easy and cheap way to wage destruction in theaters of operations abroad or even on the homeland. Even if they gained a lot of public attention because of the war in Afghanistan, IEDs are nothing new : they have been used for decades in a variety of conflicts, ranging from World War I to the Troubles in Northern Ireland, or the Vietnam War, the latter seeing the emergence of the expression “booby traps” to define this category of weapons. It is therefore only logical that armed forces worldwide have long been trying to counter this proliferating threat, and Europe Building together is no exception. Over the years, the European Defence Agency has developed several activities that focus on enhancing European | Member States’ capabilities to fight the IED war - an objective that has repeatedly been earmarked as a capability development priority by the Agency’s stakeholders. “These efforts in the field of Counter-IED, or C-IED, have led to a number of tangible results, 2 Part some of which have become a testimony to the relevance of the Pooling & Sharing approach actively promoted by the Agency”, Joerg Hillmann, Land & Maritime Domain Head of Unit, explains.

Success in the lab This is especially true of exploitation, a term that (MNTEL). This deployable laboratory, built encompasses the recording and analysing of by Spanish company Indra and delivered Defusing the Situation information related to events, scenes, technical to EDA in mid-2010, specifically aimed to components, and materials used in an IED enhance “Level 2” exploitation capabilities, which attack. The objective of C-IED exploitation is to focus on the intermediate processing of IEDs gather technical and tactical information about in theatres through forensics investigation. the attack whilst at the same time identifying the Led by France and supported by Austria, Italy, IED “supply chain” in order to gather intelligence Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, , about those involved in the IED network. These- Spain, and Sweden, the MNTEL project was exploitation related activities are designed to funded through EDA’s operational budget support all the other key operational activities and thus managed to gather support from all in the C-IED effort : predicting the activity, EDA participating nations. “From a technical preventing further incidents, detecting IEDs, point of view, the solution designed by and having the means to safely neutralise them. Indra consisted of several transportable ISO In order to provide Member States with better containers housing the exploitation equipment. C-IED exploitation capabilities, the European This configuration enabled the laboratory to be Defence Agency has worked in close cooperation deployed in less than a week and to withstand with several national Ministries of Defence extreme weather conditions”, Hillmann points to launch an ambitious project known as the out. The MNTEL consists of four main modules : Multi National Theatre Exploitation Laboratory biometric analysis (latent finger print recovery) ;

years years of working of working together together 10 72 10 73 Defusing the Situation

electrical circuitry (primarily radio parts) ; media centre for the multinational International Security Noting the fragmentation of training as an “emergency response” capability if a recovery (focused on the mobile phones often Assistance Force (ISAF), the MNTEL successfully The six key operational areas programmes previously conducted at a national real situation had to be dealt with, in which used as IED triggering devices) ; and chemical proved its worth in a NATO environment. It was of Counter-IED level, participating Member States welcomed case, these kits would be made available to all analysis. then redeployed at Kabul International Airport Austria’s initiative to establish the project which European Member States. in March 2013, before leaving the country in the Detect is based on a series of courses and exercises to In July 2011, the laboratory was deployed in first half of 2014. During that time, more than 6.000 improve European skills in this critical domain. Afghanistan by a French contingent. Initially located Mitigate different IEDs were forensically examined. at Camp Warehouse in Kabul, at the operations Neutralise For that purpose, special kits have been purchased to allow the training to be as Exploit realistic as possible ; this sophisticated explosive From Kabul to Soesterberg Predict ordnance disposal equipment can not only be used to train personnel, but will also function But this wasn’t the end of the success story. Eleven EDA Member States as well as Norway Prevent While the MNTEL was saving lives in Afghanistan, gave their support to the project and set it the Agency’s C-IED experts already started into motion. In July 2014, the original MNTEL discussing with a number of interested Member lab which had been deployed for three years States about a potential extension of this one-of- in Afghanistan was shipped back to the city its-kind initiative. In May 2013, a new program of Soesterberg, in the Netherlands, where the the Joint Deployable Exploitation and Analysis new training facility was officially launched in Laboratory (JDEAL) was initiated. Under Dutch the autumn. The two additional deployable labs, Building together | lead, its aim was to establish a permanent IED which will benefit from even more advanced “The fight against IEDs is an overarching exploitation training facility in the Netherlands, capabilities than the original MNTEL laboratory, staffed by a permanent multinational team, should become operational in 2015. issue for EU Armed Forces operating 2 Part whilst at the same time procuring two additional abroad as well as civilian actors involved deployable labs for use in contingency operations. in security operations. The European Defence Agency is the best place for close Train & prepare cooperation on this crucial topic”. The fight against IEDs is not just about the From 2014, these training events also focused Joerg Hillmann, EDA Head of Land & Maritime Domain Unit exploitation phase. For this long-term battle to on raising the awareness of police and armed be successful, one has to take into account all forces teams regarding homemade explosives - three phases of the counter-IED cycle : detection, an activity undertaken jointly with . exploitation, and attack of the network. Another interesting EDA venture in the field of As early as 2009, the Agency initiated a number C-IED is the Manual Neutralisation Techniques, of training events and projects in order Courses & Exercise project (MNT C&E). to increase Member States’ skills and awareness This project involves five nations : lead nation in the field of IED detection. Several “train Austria, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Sweden. the trainer” courses were organised in order The main idea behind this initiative is simple : to disseminate the competences required for in situations where there is no time to deploy battlefield operations. These focused on basic the sophisticated remote-controlled tools that search, but also on a skill known as Ground Sign are otherwise used to defuse the explosive Awareness, in which the slightest of details (a (for instance because it is attached to a weapon broken twig, a variation in grass colour) can of mass destruction or located in a dense allow a trained operator to go back to the urban area where evacuation of civilians is original source of the IED and to track its maker not possible), highly-trained operators need back to his lair. Several such courses have been to handle the threat with their own hands - conducted since 2012 in the Ireland. a situation where the room for error is nonexistent.

years years of working of working together together 10 74 10 75 Bringing European navies together : Maritime surveillance

European seas know of no borders, and their control has always been of strategic interest for EU Member States - 23 of which are coastal countries. In that perspective, surveillance of maritime areas has long been a core mission of the European Union. For a number of years, the European Defence Agency has been working on a solution to bring together maritime surveillance information gathered by different European navies, whose systems had not been designed from the outset to communicate with bringing European each other. As early as November 2005, a ministerial Steering Board requested EDA to “establish the situation concerning current Defence assets and propose options for future collaborations, focusing in particular on the interface with European security and border control”. The Agency initiated the Marsur (Maritime Surveillance) project in September 2006 with a simple yet ambitious navies together plan : to create an integrated network using existing naval and maritime information exchange systems.

Increasing global maritime security

From the outset, the Agency focused its efforts Fifteen Member States supported the Marsur Building together | on bringing together the information most project when it was launched in 2006 : Belgium, relevant to the civil-military framework that Cyprus, Germany, Spain, Finland (leading the Part 2 Part would help increase the EU’s global maritime initiative), Greece, France, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, safety and security : tracking of commercial the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, and vessels by military-operated systems such as the United Kingdom. The actual expert’s work coastal radars, sensors or radio-equipment. started with the drafting of a Common Staff Target, The overall aim was to improve the common which identified what the participating Member “Recognised Maritime Picture” by linking up States wanted to achieve. The expressed aim was existing military maritime network and systems, “to develop a solution that fulfills the need for a fostering the exchange of data, information, and coherent common Recognized Maritime Picture knowledge. The network aimed to allow the (RMP) for CSDP maritime missions and tasks, exchange of operational maritime data : vessel while maximising interoperability through the tracks, ship position reports, identification data... use of best practice”. From the very beginning, Although, in theory, any kind of data could be the focus of Marsur was on a “smart” solution, not passed over the network. on the large-scale deployment of new networks. The intent was to pool and share existing resources within European navies, rather than design and procure new ones.

Commander Pasi Staff is chairman of the Marsur initiative

years years of working of working together together 10 76 10 77 bringing European navies together

Partnerships While refining Marsur’s design and architecture, and European levels to ensure coherent the European Defence Agency and its partners development of their specific policies and a continued to work in close cooperation with European response to maritime threats and other EU maritime surveillance stakeholders : risks ; second, to protect EU’s strategic maritime EEAS, DG MARE, FRONTEX, DG ENTR... interests and identify options to do so. The overarching idea being to promote Meanwhile, the European Commission keeps Marsur as the Defence “layer” of the Common working on the CISE project, a long-term Information Sharing Environment (CISE) roadmap aiming to fuse data coming from the initiative, and to make it work in conjunction Member States’ national maritime surveillance with other “systems of systems” such as EuroSur networks in order to enhance the global “picture” (border control), SafeSeaNet (traffic control), at European level, while avoiding duplication of or VMS (fishery control). efforts. According to the Commission, about 40 % Bridge between two worlds In 2014, the European Council further acknow- of maritime surveillance information in Europe ledged the need for a more structured approach is collected several times by different nations, From the very beginning, a link between the to put together the data coming from different to these topics by endorsing a full-fledged and 40 % to 80 % of this information is not shared The case for integrated European civil and military worlds was required, with countries. The concept was demonstrated maritime surveillance : “European Maritime Security Strategy” whose amongst the interested users. By eliminating

the objective to simultaneously support CSDP to more than 150 attendees, including various Building together objective is two-fold : first, to provide a common that duplication of work, savings of up to € 400 | EU Member States operations and homeland security issues. From stakeholders from the European Union as well 23 out of 28 framework for relevant authorities at national million per year could be made. are coastal states the outset, one of the major tasks of the Marsur as NATO. Part 2 Part team was to ensure the creation of a viable link EU Member States are responsible Following this first tangible result, the launch between the work of the Defence community for the control of a coastline of a more extensive “live phase” was decided Way ahead and what was already being developed by the over 90 000 kilometres by seventeen Member States in October 2011 Following a thorough process of development Increased cooperation and sharing of data will European Commission. In the summer of 2009, in length, bordering - Malta and Spain joining the original 2006 and testing by participating Member States, the help cope more efficiently with real time events the Agency contracted a “Wise Pen Team” of two oceans and four seas. pool of supporting Marsur nations, as well as Marsur architecture reached its Final Operational at sea such as accidents, pollution incidents, admirals who looked at the overall problem Norway. This technical arrangement aimed to Capability in the autumn of 2014, marking the crime, or security threats. A brilliant example 90 % of the EU’s external of maritime surveillance from an external further develop a capability fulfilling the need full implementation of the system by its users of the Pooling & Sharing strategy actively trade is transported by sea perspective, applying their experience to the of maritime surveillance information sharing and who have been properly trained. promoted by the European Defence Agency, Marsur initiative and playing the role of a key 40 % of its internal trade networking whilst maximising interoperability Marsur makes sure that all relevant and willing Potential extensions of the system are already being is transported by sea enabler in fostering cooperation between the and standardisation. The overall aim was to build military actors can come together and share different EU maritime surveillance stakeholders. on the success of the initial 2011 demonstration considered. In 2014, the European Defence Agency More than 400 million data, starting today. to set up a comprehensive and operational assessed the growth potential of the Marsur based passengers pass through EU After an extensive phase of refining requirements network between all the participating Member on a global “landscaping” exercise of the different ports each year and identifying the best technical solutions existing maritime security authorities systems of to effectively fuse data coming from a variety States. Around 300 public operation in order to conduct an interoperability of national maritime surveillance centers, Running parallel to the live phase effort, authorities are involved in assessment on connectivity with Marsur, to identify participating Member States agreed to launch a programme was set up in October 2012 by 12 maritime surveillance activities the associated technical requirements and to a first live demonstration of a basic Marsur Member States (plus Norway) in order to address in the EU identify areas where synergies between systems network. Several industrial partners were the technical dimension of the Marsur initiative, can be exploited. (Source : European Commission) identified and contracted to conduct technical such as automatic exchange of information, studies on the project. This successful proof-of- improved user interface, secure connections, With Marsur, the European defence community concept demonstration took place in Brussels or the development of transportable stations has developed an ideal tool to maximise on 30 June 2011. It showed connections allowing for more flexibility of use. In return, its future contribution to the protection between systems from Finland, France, Italy, this programme would benefit from the of maritime borders, taking a further step Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, thus operational experience and the lessons learned towards more effective and cost-efficient validating the architecture that had been defined from the Marsur live phase. surveillance of Europe’s seas.

years years of working of working together together 10 78 10 79 Building for the future : Europe’s Defence Technological and Industrial Base

Europe has a world-class defence industrial base supporting the majority of its current capability requirements. A major enabler for the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), this industrial base also generates more than 400 000 direct and 960 000 indirect jobs across Europe - many of them high skilled - and has a turnover of € 170 billion. But shrinking military budgets, a lack of large new equipment programmes and declining research & development (R&D) expenditure all have a detrimental effect on this European Defence Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB). The EU-wide 2009 defence and security procurement directive as well as the directive on intra-EU transfers of defence products acted as real game-changers to orient the Agency’s support to the EDTIB. Both decisions significantly changed the overall market environment and brought the bulk of defence procurements under the rules of the internal market. Building together | Cooperation work Part 2 Part The necessity of increasing support to the industrial In line with the conclusions of the European Council base was acknowledged during the European of December 2013, the Agency will contribute to the Council of December 2013. In its conclusions, establishment of a comprehensive EU-wide Security the Council stressed that “the EDTIB should be of Supply regime. strengthened to ensure operational effectiveness In the run-up to the December 2013 European and security of supply, while remaining globally Council, Defence Ministers agreed on a number competitive and stimulating jobs, innovation and of actions to further consolidate and stimulate growth across the EU.” It also encouraged EDA to the defence industrial base. Increased support to work in close cooperation with the Commission on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) was one a roadmap to implement a new course of action in of them. Following the adoption of an action this domain. plan in March 2013, EDA is working to strengthen One strand of work focuses on improving the defence SMEs and enhance opportunities for security of supply within the European defence small businesses along the whole supply chain. and technological industrial base. In November These small companies often lack the manpower 2013, the Agency’s Steering Board approved to screen European-wide opportunities : to help a dedicated Framework Arrangement for Security with this issue, the Agency developed a tool of Supply addressing a broad spectrum of national called the Defence Procurement Gateway. requirements, both in peacetime and times of This internet-based platform is meant to ease access crisis. Acting as a clearinghouse, the European to information related to defence procurement, Building for the future Defence Agency is meant to facilitate national including business opportunities both at EU and implementation of this framework arrangement in national level, while improving transparency in the a coherent manner, while analysing issues related European defence equipment market. to sectorial security of supply in conjunction with the defence industry.

years years of working of working together together 10 80 10 81 Building for the future

Unlocking Europe’s potential The European defence industry Similarly, because SMEs often find it difficult “It is important to recognise that we are not creating 400 000 direct and to access EU funds, EDA is supporting industry process or looking for more structural funds”, clarifies 960 000 indirect jobs in its attempts to access European Structural Vassilis Tsiamis, in charge of ESIF support within the across Europe and Investment Funds (ESIF) to develop dual- European Defence Agency. “What we are doing A turnover of use technologies. These were created in order is helping defence actors to address their projects € 170 billion to implement the policy of the EU by reducing and to develop the application folders which will “Looked at from all directions, economic disparities at a regional level. Over the ensure that the respective national or regional An R&D we are in a win/win situation here. current programming period that runs from 2014 to authorities will recognise the benefits SMEs can multiplier effect We are supporting Small 2020, more than € 185 billion have been earmarked bring”, he adds, noting that “the projects selected 12 to 20 times higher and Medium Enterprises, than in other sectors as part of the European Regional Development to move forward must also reflect the larger priorities we are supporting regional research Funds (ERDF), one of the ESIF funds under which of the European Union”. and technology development research and innovation activities can be supported. The Agency is now working on a comprehensive The European Defence while simultaneously stimulating Is there a way to access this significant budget roadmap to increase its support to the European Agency provides : dual-use research”. in order to sustain the European defence industry Defence Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB). Support to Small and Vassilis Tsiamis, EDA ESIF project officer through the development of dual-use technologies ? One of the goals is to assess the degree to which Medium Enterprises For a number of years, the European Defence Agency European Territorial Cooperation on dual-use Support to Building together

has been trying hard to come up with an answer technology projects can be part of cross-border regional research | to that strategic question until it finally achieved programmes financed by the European Regional and technology a breakthrough in February 2014 : the date marked Development Fund (ERDF), the idea being to create development Part 2 Part the first time that an EDA-supported dual-use an even larger pot of financial resources on which Support to dual-use research initiative, project “Turtle”, accessed European to draw. research Structural and Investment Funds. Supporting SMEs Today, EDA is trying to strenghten its support The European Defence Agency has demonstrated to SMEs by organising seminars, informative that European Structural and Investment Funds can Effective procurement : a case study sessions and regular working groups involving be considered as a complementary tool to boost representatives from Member States, industry research and innovation for dual-use technologies In June 2014, the European Defence Agency and Swedish This case presents useful opportunities for pooling of and the academic world. Early in 2014 the Agency and that their potential benefits for Europe’s defence company Saab Dynamics AB finalised a multi-annual demand due to the communalities of the ammunition. also published a handbook that is the go-to guide industry are considerable. framework agreement for the procurement of different types Common procurement was seen as the best option for defence stakeholders in need of practical of ammunition for the “Carl-Gustaf” multi-purpose weapon by contributing Member States to yield economies information regarding access to Structural Funds system. With an estimated value of up to € 50 million over of scale, cost reductions, and efficiency in spending. for dual-use projects. five years, and possible extension of two more years, this This solution allows contributing Member States to deal aims to provide multiple customers with that type purchase ammunition according to their national ammunition through a pooled procurement initiative. needs while coping with different budget cycles. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Poland will The agreement also allows other EDA Member States to join “Europe needs to play a role in globalisation, benefit from the project, which was kick-started in March the initiative at a later stage. and our industry is one major European asset, 2013 by a Steering Board decision. thanks to thirty years of constant effort Under this innovative arrangement, the Agency acts as and investment”. a central purchasing body, taking the leading role in the Jean-Paul Herteman, president of AeroSpace procurement procedure. EDA is also in charge of managing and Defence Industries Association of Europe (ASD) and CEO of Safran the framework contract in order to optimise the effects of pooling demand.

years years of working of working together together 10 82 10 83 Flying safer, together Flying safer, together : military airworthiness

How do you determine that an aircraft is safe for flight? How can you ensure that it will stay airworthy throughout its operational career, despite major repairs, upgrades, or overhauls? Can several nations agree on a common standard of airworthiness if they are operating the same type of military aircraft ? Questions like these have been at the centre of the debate for a number of years in air forces around the world, and Europe is no exception. The increasing complexity of new military aircraft, coupled with the need to maintain ageing fleets up to the latest standards of airworthiness, has been a real challenge to tackle for the aviation community. Recognising that this was a hot topic where more cooperation could solve part of the problem, the European Defence Agency started working on the subject very early.

A European matter Airworthiness has long been a European certification procedures for the development Building together issue. Indeed, since its creation in 2003, phase of a multinational military aircraft could | the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) yield at least 10 % savings for both industry and

has been responsible for developing and government, and up to 50% reduction over the 2 Part maintaining a regulatory framework ensuring life of the programme”, Jan Plevka, MAWA Forum that all commercial transport airplanes flying Chairman, explains. in European airspace are airworthy and safe. Harmonising procedures and regulations However, military aircraft are not covered could also facilitate a variety of collaborative by these regulatory activities. Instead, each activities. “A European approach towards military Member States addresses the issue individually. airworthiness would increase the effectiveness Established in 2008 by Defence Ministers, of in-theatre support by allowing a pool of EDA’s Military Airworthiness Authorities multinational spare parts and engineering (MAWA) Forum sought to accurately harmonise staff”, Jurgen Stegmeir, EDA Deputy Director European military airworthiness regulations. and Standardisation & Certification Head of Unit, This successful initiative has been a great vehicle stresses. It could also have a positive effect on for cooperation, in line with the Agency’s core the levels of safety of European military aircraft mission. The basic idea is really quite simple : through harmonisation of best practices. to gather representatives from each of EDA The role and functions of the MAWA forum have participating Member States’ National Military been defined in a “European Harmonised Military Airworthiness Authorities (NMAAs) around Airworthiness Basic Framework Document”, the same table in order to develop synergies approved by 22 Member States so far. This between national processes and, eventually, document aims to clarify the principles of a save costs for as many users as possible. common approach to military airworthiness Indeed, significant cost-savings can be achieved while addressing issues such as mutual through a cooperative approach to military recognition between national authorities, an airworthiness : “an EDA-supported study essential step for achieving significant benefits demonstrated that the use of harmonised from this regulatory harmonisation.

years years of working of working together together 10 84 10 85 Flying safer, together

Collaborations In June 2013, EDA and EASA signed an agree- the certification of military RPAS. EDA was also ment to enhance cooperation between the tasked with engaging the European Commission two agencies. This arrangement specifically to develop harmonised certification standards covers the harmonisation of military based, to the maximum extent possible, on those aviation requirements, with a main focus on used for civilian certification. airworthiness. This increased cooperation is Industry is also involved in the European Defence deemed important because of future challenges Agency’s work on that topic. From the outset, the related to the emergence of “dual-use” platforms MAWA Forum has made sure that the Aerospace like remotely piloted air systems, or RPAS. and Defence Industries Association of Europe The relevance of this initiative was confirmed (ASD) airworthiness committee is fully involved by the Ministerial Steering Board of EDA in in the development of EMARs, and given access November 2013 : a political declaration was to relevant documents for comment. In return, However this forum does not have the authority Meeting several times a year, the MAWA forum adopted which tasked the Agency, in close the industry is invited to share best practices and to impose regulations on individual nations ; has created a number of task forces dedicated coordination with Member States and other lessons learned from collaborative multinational participating Member States retain their to certain topics and requiring specific subject- relevant actors, to determine the European programmes such as the Tiger, NH90, Eurofighter sovereignty for military airworthiness, as well as matter expertise. Participation in these Task framework conditions necessary to support or A400M.

the responsibility to implement these regulation Forces is on a voluntary basis, and their work Building together | on a timescale of their choice. is then approved by the MAWA forum.

Europe... and beyond ? 2 Part Tangible results What if one day, the regulatory framework put in than the exception, the next step could be place by EU Member States could be exported to extend the regulatory system put in place by So far, this strategy has already led to a This is of importance because by 2020, six outside of European borders? At a time where EDA in order to influence contracts signed with number of tangible. Progress was made in European Member States will be operating multinational programs become the rule rather non-European nations. the adoption of a pan-European airworthiness this aircraft : Belgium, France, Germany, standard known as EMAR, for European Luxembourg, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Military Airworthiness Requirement. To Early cooperation on that matter is therefore “The European Military Airworthiness Requirements (EMARs) date, the MAWA forum has developed and paramount, and further collaborative produced so far smartly combine civilian expertise with military approved three different sets of EMARs, each opportunities are being explored for other particularities, whilst fully respecting of national sovereignty. covering a unique aspect of airworthiness : commonly operated military aircraft types initial aircraft certification (EMAR 21) ; aircraft such as the NH90 helicopter of the C-27J tactical These concrete and extremely valuable results will be considered maintenance (EMAR 145) ; and maintenance airlifter. as references even outside the EU and could be used training organisations (EMAR 147). Other as a model for developing similar initiatives in other military domains”. The next step will be to make sure that EMARs are in the process of being approved in Giampaolo Lillo, EDA Cooperation Planning and Support Director the approved EMARs on type certification, areas such as maintenance personnel licensing maintenance, and training are totally or continuing airworthiness management. implemented into national military airworthiness A testimony to the relevance of European regulations. This could then allow for mutual cooperation in this domain, some Member recognition of type certificates - the document Seven objectives in the MAWA roadmap States have already agreed to jump aboard the issued to signify the airworthiness of an Common regulatory framework Common approach to preservation of airworthiness EMAR train and to use the Agency’s harmonised aircraft design - which in return could unlock standards for the in-service support phase potential new aviation-based Pooling & Sharing Common certification processes Arrangements for recognition of their new A400M military transport aircraft. opportunities among Member States. The Agency is now at work with Member States to try Common approach to organisational approvals Formation of a European Military Joint Airworthiness and achieve this milestone by the end of 2015. Common certification/design codes Authorities Organisation

years years of working of working together together 10 86 10 87 eyes turned skyward Eyes turned skyward : creating a Single European Sky

“Once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return.” What was true for Leonardo da Vinci 500 years ago is true for an ever increasing number of Europeans today, with more than 9.5 million of them taking to Europe’s sky in 2010 alone. This trend does not show any sign of abating, with the total number of passengers expected to almost double by 2030. Despite this expanding demand, Europe’s air traffic management (ATM) remains stuck in the past. Until recently, despite the inherently international nature of flying, ATM remained a predominately national issue with each Member State managing its own air space in coordination with . However, this intergovernmental approach has proved ineffective in dealing with the rapidly growing number of flights, causing longer flight times, increased chances of delay, higher costs for European businesses and passengers, and raising safety concerns. The deficiencies of this system are estimated to cost as much as 4 billion EUR per year. Building together A Single European Sky | Recognising that a more cooperative approach SESAR unites around 3 000 experts in Europe is the only logical way forward, the creation and beyond in an effort to make the SES a reality 2 Part of a Single European Sky (SES) was first proposed by developing technologies and procedures for by the European Commission in 1999. After a new-generation of the ATM system capable consultation with Member States, the SES of enhancing performance. SESAR exploratory project was officially launched in 2004 to help research activities are performed in order rationalise air traffic management in Europe. to move potentially beneficial ideas from low The project aims to organise airspace into maturity levels towards industrialisation and functional blocks, based on traffic flows rather deployment. This includes various research than national borders. Such a project is only with civil-military implications, such as those possible with common rules and procedures regarding automation in ATM or integration of at a European rather than national level. remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) into SES. These changes, will help increase capacity and safety while reducing costs and carbon emissions. Overhauling the existing system is no easy task, it requires radical change and the introduction of the latest technologies into ATM operations. This necessitates active and constructive cooperation between a wide range of industrial players and stakeholders. In order to support this effort the SESAR Joint Undertaking (SJU), a unique public private partnership, was launched in 2007 by EUROCONTROL, the EU, and industry to coordinate and concentrate all relevant research and develop-ment efforts in the Union.

years years of working of working together together 10 88 10 89 eyes turned skyward

A new team within the Agency To support this work a programme was Agency has been recognised as the place launched by 22 Member States on the “Military to coordinate military inputs for SESAR. Implementation of SESAR.” This included In order to ensure that this feedback reflects the establishment of a dedicated SESAR cell, the interests of all military stakeholders a three- composed of four national experts from the step consultation mechanism with NATO and contributing Member States, to provide in- EUROCONTROL has been established, so that house expertise at EDA. They coordinate with a consolidated position can be provided to MODs to ensure that the military views and the Commission. This runs alongside the SES/ requirements are taken into account in the SESAR Military Implementation Forum (SMIF) implementation of SESAR. which includes NATO nations, the European Commission, EUROCONTROL and SESAR JU. The Single European Sky is a huge and This coordinated approach has already complex project, it is essential that the views proved useful in the first batch of SESAR to be and implication for all users and stakeholders implemented - the Pilot Common Project (PCP).” The military implications of SESAR are taken into account. The European Defence In these areas and others it is important to ensure that the viewpoints and needs of EU Building together Member States’ militaries are considered : after Looking to the future | all military pilots share the same sky as their As the Single European Sky evolves, EDA’s role EDA will also look at mitigation measures as civilian counterparts. In order to ensure that the will too. Already EDA is looking to generate alternative means of compliance or equivalence 2 Part effects on military aviation are understood and collaborative research projects based on the for its Member States’ militaries based on taken into account, Member States have set the PCP with the possibility of obtaining funding performance requirements stemming from the European Defence Agency a series of different from the European Commission. assessment of the implications of SES and SESAR. tasks relating to the project. Maria Mas Rueda, Programme Manager for the Single European Sky at the European Defence Agency assessed EDA’s role, “the Single European Sky is designed Aims for the Single European Sky : In 2010, the European Military aviation in Europe to make Europe’s skies work more effectively, ATM system controlled our role at EDA is to support this while ensuring Enable a 3-fold increase 9.5 million flights Over 8 000 military aircraft in capacity that will reduce delays that the needs of military aviation are taken into and on busy days, based in Europe both on the ground and in the air (not including USAFE) account,” she said. 33 000 flights. Improve safety by a factor of 10 different military aircraft The forecast foresees 238 The Agency was originally given responsibility types flying in general air traffic Enable a 10 % reduction this increasing to at its Steering Board in November 2010 to (GAT) in Europe in 2012 in the effects flights have nearly 17 million flights evaluate the operational risks and financial “The Single European Sky on the environment per year by 2030 and More than 118 000 military implications of SES for military aviation. 50 000 flights on busy days. flights in general air traffic (GAT) is ultimately about making Europe’s Provide ATM services to the This role was further extended in May 2013 in Europe in 2012 airspace users at a cost of at least In 2010 there were skies work better. Our role at EDA with the adoption of an implementing regulation 50 % less 19.4 million minutes delay Over 250 000 military flights is to support this while ensuring that set the ground for EDA work at the policy for en-route flights. in operational air traffic (OAT) that the needs of military aviation level of SESAR. The regulation provided EDA On average, each flight was in Europe. with the task of facilitating the coordination of Why European ATM needs 49 km longer than direct flight. are taken into account”. updating Source : EUROCONTROL Maria Mas Rueda, EDA Single European Sky Programme Manager military views from and in support of Member Estimated costs of fragmentation States and relevant military organisations The European air navigation of airspace amounts to and to inform military planning mechanisms system is worth € 4 billion a year. of the requirements stemming from SESAR € 8.6 billion a year Source : European Commission deployment.

years years of working of working together together 10 90 10 91 Part 3

Opinion 10 94 together of working years to achieve what none could manage by itself. exploited -andwhere, crucially, memberstates could cooperate be termed theinfrastructure ofdefence could beidentified and where thesynergies ofwhat might loosely between allaspects ambitions to sustain thesenewpoliticalandmilitary needed was a office’,‘back focussed on providing thewherewithal endowed institutions. with political and military What it now The new-bornEuropean defence hadalready project been seemed evident that theanswer was andmore’.‘both, capacity, oritsarmamentsindustry. Butto team theproject it institution would ‘really’ beaboutbolstering Europe’s military of tension between London andParis asto whetherthenew specification thedesign was upto us. The press ran stories research, acquisition andarmaments”, butbeyond thisminimalist of an “agency in the field of defence capabilities development, European Council in hadcalledforThessaloniki thecreation we free hadanextraordinarily back, Looking hand mightwhat become. thisAgency which Iandmy comrades team ontheoriginal project hadfor looks likeavindication of the highhopes certainly with pride. It As onewhowas “present at thecreation”, thisofcourse fillsme charged EDA to deliver it. scene,industrial Europe’s leaderssetouttheiragenda,andthen and acquisition, embracing even discussionofthedefence issues, from capabilitiesto research to equipment development more than adozen times. Across therange ofdefence support of their conclusions referenced the European Defence Agency defence -for thefirsttimeinfive years. The2,000 word summary in the European Council, their attention turned to European Last December, theEU’s HeadsofState andGovernment, meeting “Parva sedapta”

: ten years ofEuropean Defence Agency Senior PolicySenior Fellow -European Council onForeign Relations : the2003 : aplace

active, more coherent andmore capable’. to Strategy’s thenew European Security to be injunction ‘more the newBattlegroups initiative. After all, we hadalljustsigned up the logic of cooperation. member states were jostling to join bastions ofdefensive nationalism, were slowly acknowledging century seen astheparadigm for relations between states inthe21st Internationally, of success this story was widely admired, even and most ambitious enlargement to date was inprospect. insize oftheUnionbyand thenear-doubling thebiggest works ‘project’ Union was inthe asa whole. Economic andMonetary andDefenceEuropean Policy, Security butabouttheEuropean thenwas -notjustabouttheshinyoptimistic everyone new Even for those who were involved, it is hard now to recall how thanat thetimeofitsconceptionless supportive andbirth. political climate in which today’s EDA must operate is significantly defence landscape. For there canbenoconcealing that the at the central place EDA enjoys so clearly in today’s European And itisthisfinal consideration whichmitigates my pleasure represented. thenewagency to makeuseoftheopportunity would ultimately onthewillingness turn ofthosememberstates the handsofits ‘share-holders’, andtheagency’s success orfailure powerthe moneyanddecision-making remained in firmly asaconscience, could function The andasacatalyst agency and controlled by thosememberstates whochoseto joinit. For this was to be an ‘intergovernmental’ agency, funded directly ; anewConstitution for theUnionwas inpreparation ; andeven European of defence, ministries the last Former EDA ChiefExecutive Nick Witney

: but : but 10 ;

95 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 96 together of working years such conditions willagainobtain. it upandplay it.Anditisanyone’s guesswhen,indeedwhether, splendid music - but it is nothing without hands willing to pick metaphor, itisafineinstrumentto makesome withthecapacity cannot make its - the own efforts Agency weather. To change the For ultimately - and despite Claude-France Arnould’s heroic same alasistrueoftheEuropean defence ‘project’ asawhole. fulfil the great ambitions we had for it ten years ago- well, the old menlikemyself feel hasnonethelessyet that theAgency to from the Commission, were conspicuously absent. And if grumpy discussions, at a time when other sources of inspiration, apart to suchoccasions aslastDecember’s European Council to more itscorn, andprovide thanearn invaluable support aircrew training, security. ormaritime thisway In itcontinues exist) andmore on new fields for cooperation suchas helicopter collaborative procurements (for which the budgets no longer state needs. Today, EDA quite rightly focusses less on major new adaptation, to changed circumstances and different member- The ‘somehow’ hasofcourse beenaprocess ofcontinuous to maintain itsrelevance andcentrality. as my successors have at theAgency somehow contrived crisis management operation, I have watched with admiration of embarrassment,inany theirreluctance to serious participate member states have madeincreasingly clear, withdecreasing signs dozen years, asdefence budgetshave beencutacross Europe and the depressed oftheGreat aftermath thelasthalf- Recession. Over How itsdirection. differentrunning, knew andeveryone today, in Butatidewas injustthisdomainalmostadecadeearlier). action to move fromof trying ‘something mustbedone’ to concrete on unmanned aviation recalled to my mind the frustrations ofjointsummit communiqueEuropean oftheurgency action of course, altogether harder (thehighlighting inlastDecember’s member statesGetting to follow words with deeds was, in a European defence market that worked on a continental scale. both demandandsupplymustbeincreasingly consolidated to allow greater investment inresearch andequipment and useable, capabilities metal and high explosive’ must be replaced by more modern, and resourcesof efforts was essential agreed -to secure, that is, common assent that greater pooling suchaclimate,In itwas relatively easyto getthekeyprinciples ; that manpower numbersmustbecut, ; that Cold War ‘heavy ; andthat

So EDA passes its 10th anniversary with plenty of question-marks ofquestion-marks with plenty EDASo passesits10thanniversary down’ schoolofstrategy may continue to holdsway. maycrisis never fullyheal, andthecurrently-prevailing ‘heads the internal divisionswithintheUnioncausedby theeconomic Alternatively, the present declinist political mood may endure, andtoseriously doit-since there isnow noother way -together. may slowly induce European capitalsto takedefence more Europeans to takemore responsibility for theirown security, the Obamaadministration’s evident determination to very force order in what we once termed ‘our’ neighbourhood, coupled with The dailynews ofmayhem andpublic andthecollapse ofsecurity who is also of course Head of the Agency, is not yet known). too Representative, (at of the new theHigh time identity of writing The new leadership team in Brussels could make a huge difference, to hopefor thegradual restoration ofoptimismandambition. As Europe gradually recovers from recession, itisreasonable effort to achieveeffort unmanned aviation decade doesnotgoby withoutaneffective, common European And as for - what that about ensuring a placeanother to start if onlyitsmemberstates decidethat that iswhat theywant. really transformative developments in Europe’s defence - capacity programmes andpractices to shepherd Europe’s defence establishments towards more effective the entrance to theBagatelle chateau inParis reads) to continue of thissmallinstitution(“parva sedapta”, over astheinscription and determination oftheChiefExecutive andherstaff over itsfuture. What are notindoubt,however, are theenergy ; andtheAgency’s potential to deliver ? ; the fitness ; thefitness

Also alliances play a particularly important role here. important Also alliances play aparticularly ofsupplydifferssecurity from nation to nation and region to region. Purely from a geographic point ofview, thenature andcontext of more regional than we think ofsupplyneeds may be Security represents often market amoving target for theindustry. national strategic aims and political ambitions, the European home diverse group.has alsobeenavery and With ofdoctrines avariety customers’ behavior. launch-customer base is and Our so-called fragmented to bereally efficient. This iscloselylinkedto our isnotanewrevelationIt that ourbasehasfor longbeen too the case. thatthe otherindustries have goneglobal isdifferentand stakeholdersto believe that thisindustry from all coming earlier. Hasitbeenamiscalculation ofthemanagements rigid pan-European structure. industrial We shouldhave seenthis emerges. Many believe that this can be largely contributed to the international scene andwillcontinue to dosoasnewcompetition ofitscompetitivein Europe edgeinthe haslostat leastapart There isgoodreason to believe that thedefence base industrial andtheuseofresourcesof theindustry Fragmentation takesatoll ontheefficiency and newprograms for theenterprises. responsibility to stay competitive butat the sametimeitisthememberstates that shouldprovide good, transparent level playing field of therather slimglobalsuccesses technologies. ofsomeourspearhead Oneshallhowever always keepinmindthat itistheindustry’s processes, systems, to match. andservices products We Europeans don’t presently seemto bedoingsowell especiallyinlight inthisrespect Proper levels ofnational, regional andEuropean ofsupplycanonlybemaintained through security competitive defence companies with StatesMember to maintain ahealthy defence base industrial by European ofsupplybetackled How shouldthesecurity

? Most probably? Most that is

appreciated innations withanarrower technological base. in one formparticipation or another. This criticism is not always of demandingtechnology transfers andissues related to industrial and heard astheopinionleaderswhenitcomes to criticism These nations andtheir representatives are alsoseen often accesswith direct technologies. of modern to a wide spectrums on national level isless relevant for nations the leading industrial isgenerally assumedthat theover-allIt ofsupply security welcomed by theindustry. the present international levels. Unification ofpractices would be andareof harm therefore that stillapplying practices don’t meet have enoughto sofarbeenfortunate have stayed outoftheway programs andhave developed theirprocesses to anewlevel, some interpretation difficultiesemerge nowadaysoften in procurement requirements. membernations have Some learntthehard way that Procurement processes reflect often national of supply security IT-important capabilities. andcyber developed industry. evident Particularly thisisever increasingly differenta needsofsupplythanthoseequippedwith for security havecapabilities in industries industrial non-existing or practically more sayOne couldthat thenations further withoutdated, limited Chief Executive Officer, Patria Heikki Allonen ? 10

97 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 98 together of working years - - - - Toconclude : their joint strategies. could alsoopennewavenues for thememberstates to evaluate andwillseenewplayersrespect inthegame. This development of Supply. We are facinganera ofslight “demilitarization” inthis may for stillbecritical theirnational Security parts these non-core of the operations.of non-core parts This despite that the fact will continue to concentrate andoutsource ontheircore more skills There isareason to believe that governments anddefence forces ofsupplyforof security thenations. inroads deeper into thedefence and form industries anintegral part use systems, willinthefuture maketheir andservices products civilian sources. This also translates into asimplenotionthat dual- development useoriginates that from istakeninto military They are. As anexample ofsupplyneedschangingAre thesecurity and resources. case beamove to interms ofoptimizingfunds theright direction supply challenges simultaneously. regional Going would in any emerges, allthenations in agiven region willbefaced withsimilar to one another. And at the same one could argue that when acrisis that regional requirements forofsupplygenerally are security closer underoneumbrella everything tofor collect regional ofsupplysolutionsinstead oftrying security dilemma onEuropean level. Shouldonetherefore to strive first try is obvious that thereIt ofis supplyno quick fix to the security The nature of Supply differs and context from of Security nation resources. to nation and is dependent on geography, doctrine, alliances and It is a higher priority issueinnations withmodesttechnological isahigherpriority It emerge withinthenearfuture toolikely onebridge farbutregional solutionsmay andshould ways indifferent memberstates and financial resources andwilltherefore beinterpreted indifferent acorporateprimarily liability Security of supply is a national priority andresponsibility, ofsupplyisanational priority Security not Common Security ofSupplyonEuropeanCommon level Security ispresently most : More andmore ofthenewtechnological ? Perhaps so, isalsonatural asitoften ?

of common understanding of the key drivers behind the security of common understandingofthekeydrivers behindthesecurity that thisdevelopmentOne shouldsuspect highlights theimportance if notimpossible. ofsupplybecomes difficult inthenameofnational security and skills a landscapewhere compromising theuseoftheirassets, capacity butat industries thesametimeitpushescompanies deeperinto ofthe No doubtthisimproves andproductivity theefficiency ofsupplypatternsHow in doesthat onthesecurity Europe reflect defence allowing forces industries market to takemore control. distance totheir exposure both national andtaking international wherebyin defence thegovernments industry are gradually diluting There appearsto beatrend to inrespect governmental ownership Supply ? of thatindustries form akeycomponent ofSecurity Are thegovernmentsdistance to defence taking - - - - planning andexecuting themoves necessary. without saying that thememberstates play aleadingrole when some cleverly executed moves to gettheballrolling. Anditgoes other hand-andasseeninsomany before industries -itonlytakes to believe that we would beableto fastenough.Butonthe react farthereSo isonlylittleevidence that would encourage one beit.OurmainchallengeisinoverallSo competitiveness. ofSupplydemands. theneeds oftheupcoming Security better serve solutionsto that industrial can find sensible structural industry of Supply decisions are made but itis in the best interests of the mayThe not be sitting industry in the driver’s seat when Security beableto changefastenough Will theindustry of fundsandresources inthebudgets. representsAnd itfurthermore anotherchallengefor theallocation of supplyneedsamongthepoliticaldecisionmakersinfuture. The member states are positioned to enable more efficientof use act asenablersofamore competitiveact European defence industry resources allocated ofsupply-ontop ofwhichtheycan to security Governments beina lesser ofarole willperhaps infuture defence to national purposes. transparently of Supply-related Security products and services successfully on international while at markets the same providing ofSupply perimeters for Security but willplayindustries acrucialrole insettingthenational Our industry’s target prime to needsto compete betheability ?

? ?

would otherwise beoutofreach of individualcountries.would otherwise cooperation istheonly way to acquire andsustaincapabilities that cooperation States. amongMember Icannotstress thisenough Agency’s firstand foremost missionis to foster systematic defence and effectively inour defence.collective The EuropeanDefence and theinstitutionalframework to spendmuchmore wisely we have doneinthepast. We now have thetools, theexpertise This doesn’t meanwe needto invest inourdefence thesameway We needto do more withmore to increase indefence ourcommon effort spending. - that is, ifwe want to takeour fullresponsibilities -we have sustain. Butifwe want to beableto face tomorrow’s challenges systems areComplex expensive military to acquire, operate and to face aharshreality How are dowe filled make sure thegapsinourmilitary in theEU, needsto be preserved. that representsa sector jobs almosthalfa million highly skilled because ourEuropean Defence and Industrial Technological Base, because ourstrategic interests canbeat stake. Anditalso matters in December 2013. Why doesitmatter Government themselves at theEuropean acknowledged Council And itmatters more thanever today, asHeadsofState and European Defence Agency, Ihave stressed that “defence matters”. Several my timesduring mandate asHR/VPandHeadofthe This trend hasto bereversed Europe might bemuchmore fragile thanwe allseemto think. defence budgetsare squeezed, year year. after Yet recent events onourborders tend to prove that thenotionofapeaceful andstable This is no secret It’s timeto domore withmore of citizens shouldnotalways betakenfor granted. matters It : European air forces, States, among our Member capabilities. And everywhere and navies military armies critical are lacking : noneofthesecapabilitieswillcome cheap. ? Because the security thesecurity ? Because

? We have High RepresentativeHigh oftheUnionfor Foreign : :

Affairs & Security AffairsSecurity & Policy/Vice-President the Commission alsohasarole to play these efforts. insponsoring lead to promoteprojects and manage these important This isnocoincidence. ButEuropean countries needto takethe cations, Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems and Cyber Defence. in December 2013, three are dual-use major capabilitiesoutlinedby HeadsofState andGovernment afford to pay for thesame twice.technologies Amongthe four in research andtechnology irrigates bothworlds. We cannot Statesand Member needto euro ensure invested that every Many technologies critical applications, have civil andmilitary must nowlevel betakento thenext But thesepragmatic andsuccesful achievements standardisation processes. orcertification while providing enablersfor greater through cooperative efficiency in areas refuellingsuch as air-to-air or remotely piloted air systems, adopted by Defence focused Ministers 2012. It on major shortfalls an effective strategyPooling &Sharing witha “Code of Conduct” projects, hasdelivered several concrete hasalsofinalised outputs. It The European Defence Agency, through itsresearch andtechnology We have already doneagreat dealover thepast 10years. Catherine Ashton of theEuropean Commission : Satellite communi-

; and 10

99 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 100 together of working years prepare thefuture. Butifwe are to domore, we needmore. clearly to deliver concrete results inorder and to address ourshortfalls 2013 European Council provided uswith. We now have to work political will, expressed from top. the very This is what the December This consolidation ofdemandwillbeonlyachieved through clear fighting vehicles in Europe are over. Nowrisk is the to have none. programs, different fourteen types offrigates oreleven infantry the days three ofdesigning, combat aircraft buildingandsupporting of expensive national variants and derivatives. no mistake Make system. At thesametime,military thiscould avoid theemergence cost ofamodern representsthat often ofthelife-cycle two-thirds we now need to phase that- a phase intoextend the in-service been limited to the development andacquisition phases. But Defence cooperation onnewcapabilities. Until today, ithas themeantime,In we have to ofEuropean pushtheboundaries research anddual-usesynergies. projects able to holdtheirown for theyears to come, through innovative plansto guarantee onaction that isworking theywillbe Agency industry. Together with the Commission, the European Defence the independence andtheglobalcompetitiveness ofourdefence on tomorrow’s technological breakthroughs, thusensuring a majorsource ofinnovation, andthey’re today working Large companies aswell Enterprises are asSmalland Medium The defence industrial base also require our support. :

is straightforward provideras a security and play a role on the world stage, the answer But isthere analternative pressure,of extreme budgetary there are of course no easy choices. have to bemadetoday, nottomorrow ortheday after. thesetimes In its own needs. we If want to reverse this by 2020-2025, decisions the success operations of modern - Europe not able to isclearly fulfill AircraftRefueling -capabilitiesthat have proven absolutely for critical areas asRemotely PilotedIn ascritical Aircraft Systems orAir-to-Air effective way to deliver concrete solutions to ourtroops. can ensure States that Member efforts’ are channeledinthemost inajoined-upmannerto futureto developments, act capability we the European Union’s comprehensive approach anditsability defence, to deploy, ourability base. andourindustrial applying By toThis risk ourterritorial cannotgoonwithoutposingaserious National defence budgets have reached record lows in recent years. forward together. the institutionalframework to achieve it.Now it’s timeto move more with more. We have the resources, the know-how and citizens dependonit,there canbeonlyonesolution. We willdo weIf all agree that defence matters, and that of theour security them entirely. There isnomiddleground here. : eitherwe invest inthosecapabilities, or we lose ? If European ? If States Member want to act

the sustainabledevelopment oftheEuropean defence industry. is to pool resources and provide shared solutions that will guarantee most European countries face. themissionofEDA Nevertheless, The task in front of us is not easy, given the fiscal restraints that is thebeginning ofanewEuropean Defence future. of Europe, inpromoting deeper defence cooperation, andsecurity the European Council last December that therenewed interest to goalone. HeadsofStates andGovernments confirmed at, competition manifest theneedthat member-states cannot afford Decreasing defence budgetsand increasing international means. tools for theinteractive andsupporting synergy between policy development sector, ofthedefence industry whichwillprovide the but alsotheinstitutionalandlegalbasisto facilitate theparallel needed to offer, actions all necessary not only political support, The development of CSDP means that we have to foresee economic interests. the process ofEuropean integration aswell asourshared support to issues,and security is the foundation which will continue A common andconvincing European answer to defence potentially threatening international andregional environment. a “luxury”, imposedby butahistorical necessity anunstable and A renewed andDefence European isnot perspective Security andDefenceself-sustained Common Policy. Security a coherent geopoliticalperspective, empowered by asolidand today’sIn rapidly changing globalenvironment, Europe needs What isyour visionfor theEuropean Defence in2024 Agency

Dimitris

of thememberstates. oftheinstitutionalroleof fullrespect ofEDA aswell astheautonomy East, obligedusto takeinitiatives,the Middle always onthebasis and efforts, inparallel inUkraine withthegeopoliticalturmoil development through thedefence industry. The results ofour andcapabilitiesamong other issues, security on maritime Greece, itsPresidency during oftheCouncil oftheEUfocused held thePresidency oftheEuropean Council. focused ondefence issues, was ten years ago, when again Greece is not amatter of coincidenceIt that, the lasttimethat Europe field ofdefence, for thefuture asakeypoliticalpriority of Europe. oftheEuropean cooperationand thepoliticalimportance inthe Greece has always placed emphasis on the historic necessity depends onthesovereignty ofEurope. but globally aswell. The sovereignty of European nation states of stability, andsecurity, prosperity notonlyat theregional level, The European Union should strengthen its role as a provider in Europe. crucial pillarsfor democracy, integration, cohesion andgrowth hasbecomeis notjustanotherEuropean oneofthemost It project. should understand that European cooperation in the defence sector for internal, asmuchfor reasons. external European Every citizen andDefence by atrulyCommonarena, policy, supported Security aboutitsplacea clear geopolitical perspective intheinternational onthelatter. ofthefirst,hasanimpact shortcoming Europe needs ofEuropeThe andany security islinkedto globalsecurity has improved Europe’s to respond ability to crises. a crucialrole instrengthening theEuropean defence and capability theongoingwork oftheAgency.supported The hasplayed Agency The was Agency established in 2004, and hence Greece has Greek ofNational Defence Minister Avramopoulos ? 10

101 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 102 together of working years advancing andprotecting European andinternational security. a united andstrong European defence, playing akeyrole in Agency, inorder to achieve what we commonly pursue, that is state, thework andmissionofthe willalways support actively member states. Iwould liketo assure you, that Greece, as amember EDA’s brightfuture remains onthehandsofparticipating European Council ofDecember 2013,EDA received aclearmandate. The Lisbon Treaty has reinforced the Agency’s mission and at andDefence theCommon Policy Security role (CSDP). insupporting The European Defence important has been playing Agency a very andtechnologicalindustrial base. and ultimately enableEurope to maintain acompetitive defence European defence market, achieve greater cost-effectiveness synergies of scale, overcome the current fragmentation of the As we have already stated, if we work together we canachieve the future threats. synergies for development, capability in order to collectively address ofnationaltransparency defence planninganddevelop regional to harmonize future requirements,necessary capability increase development, capability ourviewisthat itis theareaIn ofmilitary offer an excellent for the European opportunity defence industry. andmechanismsintheResearch &Developmentactivities area, Defence plays Agency without a doubt a key role. EDA projects, agreed projects capability lastDecember, where theEuropean to continue work important onthecooperative isalsovery It

challenges in internal and external security.challenges ininternal andexternal responding andcohesion to ofallactions all mutual support global and regional,partners, ofcomplementarity, inthespirit towards ofamore thedirection effective cooperation withall From oftheUnionshouldmove now arm on,themilitary/defence security. Defence to Agency become Europe’s dedicated organization for and economic integration. otherwords, In itistime, for theEuropean and security. Apillarforindependent and parallel to action, political intoAgency the European Union’s pillar official policy for defence Our vision must bethe transformation of the European Defence so asto maintain themomentum gained. for implementation and it’s delivering to fast, also start important to shapetheCSDPagendafor years. theforthcoming Now, it’s time I believe that we mustcombine ambitionwithrealism inorder political future. asEuropeanwe willre-discover citizens thepath towards ourshared peace inEurope, andprosperity inourregion andworld-wide and is my belief thatIt in this way, we willbeableto guarantee security,

désormais une réalité, posent des questions évidentes de sécurité. Européens ou laLibye restent dessources d’inquiétudes majeures pourles enCentrafriquesahélo-saharienne, etenIrak del’Europe aux portes plus complexe. Les foyers d’instabilité sont clairement identifiés Dix ansplustard, lemondeestsansaucundoute devenu encore et technologique européenne compétitive. capacités crédibles et interopérables et sur une base industrielle et dedéfense commune ambitieuse, baséeàlafois surdes lourd pour répondre auxexigences politique desécurité d’une programmes ouderecherche encommun étaitunhandicaptrop la fragmentation des marchés, l’absence de coopération, de était devenuIl évident pourtout lemonde, en2002-2003,que rang Etats desquelslesprincipaux producteurs d’armement. aussi unedemandepressante desEtats membres, aupremier de défense, étaitdevenue nonseulement unimpératif, mais dont j’avais demenerlestravaux eul’honneur surlesquestions La création del’AED, recommandée parlaConvention européenne de Lisbonneen2009. européen d’action extérieure (SEAE)du Service par le Traité du Conseil européen dedécembre 2013,enpassant parlacréation à la suite de la stratégie européenne de sécurité aux décisions de lacréation del’Agence européenne dedéfense (AED) en2004, de la défense a franchi depuis 10 ans des étapes très significatives, des perceptions très différentes selonlesEtats membres,l’Europe totalement inexistante. Ce n’est siellerecouvre Même pasexact. dans laJe presse lis parfois que l’Europe de la défense serait est plusnécessaire quejamais Pour ses10ans, l’Agence européenne dedéfense ; leterrorisme,cyber-menaces, lestrafics oules quisont : desopérations sont encours dans labande ; la Syrie, l’ ; laSyrie, l’Ukraine

de développement quenouspouvons menerensemble. dans les années à venir et les programmes de recherche et dont nousaurons besoinindividuellement etcollectivement européenneune armée européenne peutfournir lasolution.Cela nesignifie pas construire contraintes budgétaires commentMais assurer ces capacités dans un climat d’austérité et des capacités réelles etlahauteur denosambitionsdéclarées. autonomie ne sera qu’incantation si elle n’est pas soutenue par et n’est doncpasdiscutable. Pour autant, reconnaissons quecette intégrante estunepartie de décisionetd’action deleursouveraineté le pouvoir dedéciderd’engager leursforces. Cette autonomie et resteront toujours des Etats. du ressort Eux seuls conserveront Ce rôle, quelest-il sommet européen consacré àladéfense. qu’ont reconnu leschefs etdeGouvernement d’Etat lorsdudernier doute plus encore qu’en 2004, aun rôle central àjouer. C’est ce entre européens, encohérence avec l’OTAN. L’Europe, en2014sans indispensables lacoopération etlamutualisation desmoyens les budgetsmilitaires etladiversité desmenaces rendent Les exigences technologiques croissantes, lescoupes dans de manière isoléeuneopération militaire danssonintégralité. sepermettredésormais d’entrer seulsurunterrain pourymener Dans ce contexte, plusaucundenosEtats européens nepeut du marché intérieur et des services du marché intérieur etdesservices Commissaire européen encharge Michel ? Enmatière dedéfense, lesprérogatives sont ? Jesuisconvaincu queseulelacoopération ; cela consiste àidentifier lescapacités BARNIER

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103 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 104 together of working years générales delaCommission. mon collègue etamiAntonio Tajani etunedouzainededirections puis àl’occasion destravaux dela Task Force quej’ai menésavec la présentation desdirectives “transferts” et “marchés publics”, investi lesquestionsdedéfense quedepuis2007,àl’occasion de Quant àlaCommission européenne, ellen’a véritablement dont les pleines capacités n’ont pas encore été totalement exploitées. Le SEAEetl’Agence restent encore desstructures “jeunes”, les moyens dont la Commission et les Etats membres disposent”. français surladéfense et laCommission européenne. Comme lesouligne leLivre blanc d’abord opérer un rapprochement plus étroit entre l’AED, le SEAE Si l’on doitseprojeter danslefutur, jepensequenous devons stratégiques pluscohérentes. quelques annéespermettent dedéfinirensembledesorientations codes de conduite et recensements capacitaires menés depuis Les débats menésauComité directeur, lesdocuments detravail, d’avoir suinstallercette danslepaysage structure militaire européen. reconnaître auxdirigeantssuccessifs del’Agence l’immense mérite européenne, ladéfense européenne etl’OTAN, ilfautnéanmoins à trouver entre lasouveraineté nationale etlamutualisation Placés au cœur degrands débats jamaistranchés surlebonéquilibre de nombreux projets. encore trop limitées etquipèsesursacapacité àmenerbien militaires différentes, mais méfiance quise traduit pardes ressources des orientations, deshistoires, desalliances etdesorganisations de27Etats membresMéfiance biennaturelle avec delapart aujourd’hui qu’il méfiancel’égard à subsiste une certaine l’AED. de européennes, latâcheararement été simple. Jepenseencore à desconceptions très éloignées durôle desinstitutions de leurs prérogativesà céder une partie en matière d’armement positionnement original. ladifficulté De desgouvernements inhérentes àlamiseenplace detoute nouvelle au structure de près tout aulongdeces années, arencontré lesdifficultés de défense unregard lucide, maisjuste Forts de ces dix années d’existence, jetons sur l’Agence européenne pourcontinuer àjouernotre rôlequestion desurvie danslemonde. la coopération etlamutualisation dansledomainecapacitaire estune etc.). cette Je porte conviction européenne depuis plus de 10 ans capacité à dans le domaine civil (télécom, sécurité, agriculture, l’autonomie stratégique européenne, del’Union c’est-à-dire sa (PSDC) des opérations depolitiquesécurité etdedéfense commune Cette questioncapacitaire déborde largement leseulcadre : conserver lescapacités nécessaires,: conserver c’est préserver : n’a“[l’UE] pasencore detous tiré parti : sonparcours, quej’ai suivi

: :

s’appuyer davantage àlafois surlaCommission etsurleSEAEpour le lancement deprojets dePooling &Sharing. Elledevra tout autant doter pouvoir d’un d’entraînement vis-à-vis desEtats membres dans disposer enveloppe d’une budgétaire pour plusse importante que,ou lesdrones. dansce estcertain cadre, Il l’Agence devra c’est le cas sur le ravitaillement actuellement en vol, la cybersécurité auprès desEtats membres, pourdesprojets decoopération, comme capacitaire, elle estunevéritable force deproposition et d’impulsion, Dans ce cadre, le rôle de l’Agence estpivot défense abesoin. et pourlancer lesnouvelles initiatives dont l’Europe fortes dela moi laclépourconcrétiser lesengagements duConseil européen nous faut maintenantchacun. Il poursuivre ce travail. C’est pour cohérente, envalorisant lesspécificités etles compétences de l’occasion dansunearchitecture demieuxpositionnerces acteurs La préparation du Conseil européen du 19 décembre 2013 a été se construit, étapeaprès étape, maisdemanière déterminée. de telles coopérations. Ce serait lapreuve quel’Europe deladéfense serait souhaitablequel’Agence puisseégalement héberger NORDEFCO, voire , LOI, etc…), jecontinue àpenserqu’il en matière dedéfense sont nombreuses (Lancaster House, présent. DansuneEurope oùlescoopérations bi-etmultilatérales dans le Traité de Lisbonne, mais jamais mise en œuvre jusqu’à la notion de coopération structurée permanente, reprise ensuite Nous avions, àl’époque des travaux de la convention, élaboré le jourdanslesannéesàvenir. utilisateurs nationaux oudes “Battlegroups” quidoivent enfin voir en organisant la maintenance etenassurant laformation des en propre pour les mettre à disposition des Etats membres, tout devraitstructure pouvoir développer etacquérir deséquipements le compte des Etats membres qui le souhaitent. Cette nouvelle pourquoi pas, d’acheter en commun des équipements pour les besoins, demenerdesprogrammes dedéveloppement et, et del’OCCAR, dansunevraie intégrée structure capabled’identifier un jouroul’autre, lafusiondel’Agence européenne dedéfense Si lavolonté politiqueexiste, jepensequenousdevrons envisager, fourni parle Traité actuel. sonrôleMais devra être également élargi, ducadre danslerespect pour lelienentre laPSDCetlesautres politiquesdel’Union. les enjeux de marché et la compétitivité ou de la base industrielle : siège de l’expertise

It isanarea inwhichweIt have noteven reached thesamestate of prevails and governs thiscrucialarea ofEuropean integration But how to overcome thenational reflexes andegoism that still way ourvitalinterests means. by military inthemostefficient able to defend, andaslastresort, ifnecessary only our own defence and security, but that of NATO too - and to be to accelerate if we have the political will to strengthen again not laststep ofadevelopmentand thevery to launchnow and of the vision of an European Army, this would be politically logical We should not dream and ask for the immediate realisation efficient ! nor of thelasttwo decadeshasto beconsidered asneithersustainable pressure andthetemptation to rely onthe “peace dividend” dangerous. Ournational defence budgetsare underfinancial the realities ofaworld whichhasbecome notonlyinsecure but However notyetinto thisisclearly sufficientaccount whentaking Statesand theMember foryears. next of concrete andtasksfor priorities theEuropean Commission, EDA, effective CSDP.” At leastasignal ofhopeaccompanied by aseries a strong development commitment ofacredible to thefurther and of theCouncil meetingand European“the Council ismaking “Defence matters” thesewere theopeningwords oftheConclusions of stagnation andfrustration. progress hasbeenmadeorlaunchedinthelastyears times after proud of Ten years of the European to Defence be - ananniversary Agency ? opportunity debate point for ondefence EU-Defence -anewstarting oramissed of the European Heads of State and Government with a thematic The European Council of 19/20 December 2013, the first meeting The future ofEU-Defence ? Aglasshalffullorstillempty

Ambassador (ret), Former European, Foreign andsecurity ? At leastsomereal : astrategic roadmap “Europe 2020” ? ?

policy advisorto Chancellor HelmutKohl policy actors of a European defence with less but more industry profitable European We shouldencourage -aswe -thecreation didinthepastwithAirbus a real European defence includinga market “European preference.” defence industry. The basis would have to be the constitution of regard to procurement, armament,and therelationship withthe Such agoalwould require inparallel asignificant changewith for concrete operations. request States, ofMember whichcould beused at theirdisposition upon goodsandservices EDA shouldbeenabledto buymilitary the specialisation ofEuropean national forces. To this support This means we should accept, at degree, least to a certain by EDA inclosecooperation States. withitsMember and needs, inthefieldofdefence planning, shouldbe coordinated This meanscommon procedures, theidentification ofpriorities should becompleted to othersectors. andextended particular,In theexampleofEuropean Air Transport Command in otherwords thekeyapproach shouldbe “pooling andsharing.” in order to reach a “division of labour” in essential areas of defence, The EU should concentrate real progress first on making 1. essential steps inorder to enableusto takethisfundamental decision Beyond the Conclusions of last December what should be the next in 1991oronce againin1999. leadershipontheevedid underFranco-German ofMaastricht consensus States ofEU orMember political will that themajority Joachim ; these efforts should be supported by applied research. shouldbe supported ; theseefforts Bitterlich 10 ?

105 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 106 together of working years * campaign. under specificmissionsoras thefirstunits to prepare forawider establish European specialforces whichwould beableto intervene We could begin - beyond this Corps or the German-Dutch Corps - to now thesehave notbeenusedintheiroriginally intended capacity. two decadesagotheideaofEuropean Corps. However, uptill intheirspecificareas.Thisunits beingableto act was more than common specialised command and common structures operational thesesteps inmind,Bearing theEU Defence could create inparallel 2. the firstday ofprocurement andthroughout theproduct’s life time the presence ofprivate oflife auditingcompanies shouldbeafact from of Auditors could behelpfulinthisarea, butmore importantly than ournational systems have been to date. The national Courts and accompanying control system whichismuchmore efficient This newcommon approach would have to includeaprocurement to beinmuchbetter shape means partly ready for operational use” -if we accept that less than onethird still forces, armed German diplomatically expressed, isto beonly “partly than alarming, ifnotirresponsible. That thekeymaterial ofthe the overall forces state armed ofthe German seems to be more materialBundeswehr of the German are shocking, of key military readiness forces. ofourarmed The recent aboutthestate reports systems ofmaintenance inorder to improve theoperational parallel weIn have to thoroughly reexamine our schemes and the interoperability ofoursystems.” financial situation andbudgetsas well as to thecapabilitiesand existingfragmentation“the isirresponsible, withregard to the Frankfurter AllgemeineZeitung (September1,2014)*that in a contributionwho underlined newspaperto the German this regard,In to Ifullysubscribe theanalysis of Wolfgang Ischinger inthelongrun able to survive a concentration notbe ofourindustries, whichwould otherwise change ourapproach and European”“buy even ifthismeans vehicles andGermany to stillbuyonlyGerman is awaste ofmoney, for France to stillbuyonlynational armoured most cases no future. As anexample, itisnolonger possible, and it in theforeseeable future, apurely hasin national defence industry Under the current financial circumstances, which willnot change regarding bothprocurement andindustry actions improved and and a deep change in our thinking efficiency All European needto actors beaware that doingthisrequires Frankfurter AllgemeineZeitung, September1,2014,page6. ofEurope”, andthesecurity -crisis Ukraine “The ! I am sure, objective reports will not show other armies ! Iamsure, willnotshow otherarmies reports objective ! !

! ! We have to radically !

3. 3. A realistic proposal orjustadream should takeplace till2020. The implementation of this roadmap with its three major fields Policy withspecialisedunitsinthememberstates.and Security intelligence withacoordination cell at thelevel of theHRfor Foreign At thesametimewe shouldproceed towards unifyingmilitary defence industry. an unavoidable step to accompany andcontrol thisnewEuropean of thepoliticalsensitivitiesregarding harmonisation,butitwould be our national systems and rules for armament I am aware exports. in better coordination, theninharmonising, asfarpossible, stepsThe ofourcommon roadmap next shouldconsist first will have to beconsiderably improved. of thecompetent commissions oftheBundestagandprocedures the permanent information clear that in particular is nevertheless It forcesbefore military andoftheircontrol. theuseofGerman approval internal constitutionalthe German rulesofparliamentary This way with forward isnotat allincompatible inparticular NB, especiallyfor eyes German Ihave to add ofourcommonarm foreign policy. toof ourdevelopment ensure that policy itisexecuted asapowerful to improve ourciviliancapabilities, thisshouldincludeareview The development theneed ofthelastdecadehasbeenunderlining of apermanentcoordination ofEuropean diplomatic efforts. of difficultiesabundantly clear, but atthesametimeadded value number phase oftheestablishment oftheEEAShasmadeacertain in thefieldof Common policy.ForeignSecurity and The first Running inparallel, asimilarprocess ofintegration shouldtakeplace European Army orto stickto theprogress achieved sofar. to decidewhetherto implement, by 2025,thelaststeps towards a major fields, Heads of StateGovernment and would then be able Based ontheprogress we have madeby 2020withinthesethree the opposite ishappening the world around usisnotbecoming more peaceful, quite infact We have to realise, we have notgotthepeace dividendwe expected, witnessing at theinternational level since theendofcold war. in areas of conflict and/or in the interventions that we have been tobelow forces sustainarmed thelevel necessary ableto beused in thepastfew years butsince thenineties. Today thesebudgetsare budgets,response notonly to thedeclineofournational military ! ? No, it is just the necessary first ? No, first itisjustthenecessary :

that affords for sustained and responsive levels ofprocurement ofsupply,security i.e. atechnical base ensuring andindustrial without recourse to Strategic third parties. autonomy meansalso to operate,including thecapacity maintain andupgrade them to makefull autonomouswith theability useofsuchcapabilities, owning the capabilities to effectively operations, military conduct autonomy means first and foremost assuringfreedom i.e. of action, Strategic autonomy theory. isnotjustanabstract Strategic StatesMember to isanexpression ourallies. ofsolidarity their European allies to step up. Acredible response by European is beingraised, placingincreasing withtheAmericans demands on burden inthe capability oneithersideoftheAtlanticsharing peripheral interests. thequestionfor More often amore balanced disengagement by theUSfrom theEuropean continent and its This isallthemore objective pressing inatimeofperceived relative and operationalin both capability terms by the Europeans in NATO. Policy andinadditiondemonstrate thevalid contribution made and Defence the Common contributeactively Security to further capability.appropriate mixofcivilandmilitary This approach will to andrespond intervene withcredibility, beingableto rely onan andmustbesustained.is critical This willallow European countries To achieve thislevel ofambition,strategic autonomy inEurope of Government. Communication andfullyendorsedby theHeadsofState and was by underlined theEuropean Commission initsDefence to assumeandexercise greater responsibility. This objective the Europeanof instability States UnionanditsMember have more diverse withnewcentres ofpower emerging. thiscontext In even at ourborders, are andtheinternational challengesto tackle The strategic environment geo-political isconstantly evolving, a proven means to sustainstrategic autonomy inEurope European champions industrial

: domain MBDA istheEuropean Champion. available to all European States Member for missile systems. this In turnover of the major US companies exceeds the combined budgets accounts for just over 20 players. This isthecaseinfieldofmissilesystems, where Europe two or more world-class todoes not have support the luxury backdrop ofinternational somekeyareas competition. In Europe element to deliver long-term success against an ever increasing commercial positioningorinvestment strength isanessential mass,Critical whether interms oftechnology, range, product consolidation ofdemandandmutualdependencies. required for suchastrategy to besuccessful competitiveness.industrial Three are keyfactors nonetheless the improved capabilitiesand greater affordability ofmilitary Such anapproach offers potentially widerbenefitsincluding as aneffective means to sustainstrategic autonomy in Europe. of European champions iskeyandshouldbeconsidered industrial should be focused within Europe. the this development respect In basis, scope ofourdefence the overwhelming core industrial specific capabilities are considered national to be held on a strictly alone. StatesMoreover,Member canbearthiseffort except where address broader financialdifficulties, itisunlikely that individual countries continuing to reduce theirdefence budgets to help givenNevertheless, theeconomic climate, withalmostallEuropean of strategic autonomy. Technological Baseistherefore andIndustrial acrucialelement andoperational advantageaction depend. The European Defence in delivering effectivecapabilities on which freedom military of technologies,means mastering ofkeyandcritical avitalcomponent the Armed Forces. to support necessary Finally, strategic autonomy Chief Executive Officer, MBDA A ntoine Bouvier

% of the global market and where the : critical mass,: critical 10

107 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 108 together of working years thereby consolidate players. theirpositionsasglobalindustrial an essential component for to industries reach mass and a critical to procure’. success is demand coupled Domestic withexport internationalin underpinning interest giving the ‘confidence markets. programmes Domestic in export many casesare crucial it will become increasingly harder to gain access and leverage be preserved. Moreover, withoutdomesticEuropean driven demand atwill risk otherwise technological skills know-how andindustrial to consolidate, rationalise andincrease efficiencies. Key European New cooperative generate programmes anincentive willfurther national endeavours. unlikely to have been delivered or funded had they been purely requirement.in line with the military Allof these programmes were Sweden], were all delivered ontime, to cost performed and critically range missile[France, air-to-air Germany, the UK, Italy, Spainand missile programme [France andtheMeteorbeyond visual andItaly] missile [Francedeep strike the Aster air defence extended and the UK], andlimitingduplication. existing skills The SCALP-EG/StormShadow that capitalizes onsynergies across baseutilising theindustrial Third, atrulycollaborative approach industrial mustbeadopted contractor mustbeempowered selected to leadtheendeavour. requirements mustbeavoided. Second, prime theindustrial the temptation to addnational specifications or over-specify requirements mustbeachievedmilitary andwherever possible First, agenuineharmonizationandcoordination ofoperational and programmes, providing are anumberofbasicprinciples followed. whilst complex are less costly and more efficient than national MBDA’sand acquisition. In experience cooperation programmes thecosts associatedminimising andsharing andrisks withresearch interoperability. They can alsoprovide economies of scalewhilst countries whileincreasing maximise thecapabilitiesofpartnering Cooperative programmes provide anumberofbenefits. They can cooperative programmes. and operational requirements and ultimately the launch of new of demandthrough theconvergence wherever possibleofmilitary What European needs today defence is greater industry consolidation demand andto efficiently exploittheexistingindustrial organization. mass.critical Equally essential are therequirements to consolidate However, whilst size it is not in is itself necessary enough to guarantee at thehighestlevel. model shows that clearly Europe iscapableofbuildingchampions which aloneaccounts for 50 systems to andthisdespite access market theinability theUSmarket presence,a strong export witha20 within the sector. MBDA has developed into a global player with company accounting for around 70 national complex weapons competitors andistoday anintegrated Since 1996MBDA hasgrown by gradually consolidating sixpurely % theentire globalmarket. The MBDA % ofEurope’s capacity industrial % share oftheworld missile

accepting ofmutualdependencies. aseries The Franco-British involvesIt removing duplications, specialising andultimately Improving organization anexistingindustrial ischallenging. organization massiftheindustrial critical isnotefficient. Finally, the size of a company is not in itself enough to guarantee tocritical thefuture oftheEuropean missilesystems industry. DefenceMissile andthefuture are Strike ofDeep two definingareas autonomy thisrespect, In andfreedom ofaction. Theatre Ballistic ofstrategic objectives theunderlying and whichultimately support technological centres andindustrial ofexcellence withintheEDITB programmes whichafford the greatest contribution inshaping shouldbegiven restrictions, to priority those Given budgetary under optimalconditions. to launchcooperationis thusavitalassetwhenlooking programmes impetusfor the generatingconsolidation further ofdemand and across several European countries becomes initselfanadditionallever mentioning that aEuropean isalsoworth playerIt widelyintegrated needed approach. thatarguably validates beenthelaboratory thismore-than-ever systems domainhasbeenat theforefront andhas ofthisactivity spending andincreasing competitiveness. industrial The missile will sustainthelevel of strategic ambition whilst optimizingpublic toThe European development champions industrial ofandsupport competencies, isakeyassetofEuropean strategic autonomy. The EDTIB, providing this concept relies on valid European consistent, ifnotincreasingly convergent inthelongerterm. countriesThe mustbe defence ambitionsandpoliciesofpartnering Behaviours andcultures aspect. havejust theindustrial to adapt. The consequences ofthe specialisation objectivegowell beyond the common definitionofthefuture needsisanimperative. capability tools covering the coordination of the national R&T policies but also is notsufficient. Theset-up ofpermanentandstructured collaboration to third countries,export IPRs, etc.). But guaranteeing a mutual access licence, ofsupplyarrangements,of thismutualaccess (security export Governmental Agreement isneededto organize theconditions environment.substantial changesintheexistingregulatory AnInter- Specialising implies to guarantee a mutual access, which necessitates significantThe implications. specialisation hasvery objective mutual dependencies. level bynext organizing oftechnological aseries andindustrial initiative agreed underthe Treaty isto move thisprocess onto the off cooperative programme, however, the aimofthe “One MBDA” to share it.Specialisations to date hadonlyresulted from aone- only way sovereign ofsustaining critical was ineffect capability to agreethe opportunity at the highest political level that the summit ofLancaster House(2010)gave two European countries

1 of theConvention focused onthemore intuitional aspects. groups 2003,working In shortfalls. identifying (stillpersisting) military Yugoslavia. At first, the focus was on gathering capabilities and management operations of the magnitude that was needed for at theEUlevel theycould regain theirsovereignty andsetupcrisis At in1998,France St.Malo andtheUKjointly concluded that only Able Being to generate more “political will”. theareaIn ofdefence aswell, pragmatism may well bekey restoring theirsovereignty by poolingit.Andthisledto solidarity. and to ensure States that Member remained relevant by, infact, to States, line up the Member to defend their values and interests, developed sofarwithintheEU, from rightafter up to now,WWII may well explainallthis. Pragmatism was crucialto allofthepolicies at ofultimately therisk destroying solidarity. Alackofpragmatism political hesitation and leadsto a degrading of European defence, provokesblock istheimbalance andmeans. between objectives It will and capabilities.there are some military The real stumbling without the will to use them. At the EU level, there is some political for withoutmeans. Difficult action to invest incapabilities, vice versa, Political willisaboutbeing “willing” aswell as “able”. Difficult tocall politicians alikeitamounts to fatalism. So, somethingmustbemissing. as well,and worrying becauseexpressed and by practitioners to explain(orjustify)thisdiscrepancy. That answer isabittoo easy, States.the Member “A lackofpoliticalwill” istheusualanswer given living of up publicopinionasvoicedto the expectations in all of of European Defence” isnot clearly andtheEuropean machinery answer is Challenging question of European defence What are themissinginstruments to reach anotherlevel JoCoelmont &Sven Biscop, BuildingEuropean Defence

: none. Yet we are, rather urgently, in need of “another level

! Looking towards! Looking the Treaty, theshort : An Architect and a Bank. Egmont Security Policy Egmont No. Brief : AnArchitect andaBank. Security 56,May 2014. Brigadier General(retd) JoCoelmont ?

Senior AssociateSenior Fellow, Egmont Royal at the same time establishing a certain level ofEuropeanat thesametime establishing acertain autonomy. isaboutintercontinental It market. cooperation industrial while force“the oftheinternal market”, butrather about theinternational field, but is not the only actor.Indeed, this is not exclusively about EU instruments exist. inthis The Commission hasalotofexpertise economic environment. To forge thelatter, allrequired institutional of anindustry, isinneedofanadequate whichinturn and industrial the dual-useassetsneededby theCommission, you are inneed To capabilitiesneededby States Member and buildthemilitary The Entrepreneur a financingagent too. The architecttogether. is to linkeverything occasion, the EU Commission can be a customer as well and of EDA, through the steering board. Interesting to note that, on States,indeed theEUMember all, butafter theyare at thehelm is to coordinate. Those whohave to reach consensus andinvest are istheEuropean Defencesupport) (EDA). Agency The architect to negotiate andto withconstructors ensure follow up(live cycle and meetingtheneedsofallinvolved, bestplaced subsequently architect, ableofdrawing upanoverall planthat isbothaffordable When buildingupcapabilitiesfor European defence, theindicated The Architect visions for more to joinover timeandfor othersto optoutandbackin). to accommodate some 27 (or more) different customers (with pro- when you architect, have anentrepreneur inparticular andabank, intocan onlybeturned arobust ifyou construction, have an another level of European Defence. However, a heap of blocks unprecedentedly, alltheinstitutionalbuildingblocksto reach With the Lisbon treaty MemberStates gave themselves, Institute forInstitute International Relations

10 1

109 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 110 together of working years starts initsneighbourhood, broadly defined(andnotlimited starts to it). convinced Europe hasto gainalevel of strategic autonomy, which has beenagreed States Members are upon.Most even profoundly as proven by . AEuropean Strategy Maritime Economic interests are alsocommonly henceforth considered, ranging fromto orEastern borders ourSouthern upto theArctic. events have forged amore common understandingofthethreats, common strategy Moreover, isinthemaking. ofongoing aseries operations asrecently witnessed, itis signalling that abroader goes well beyond asingleoperation, leadingto ofEU aseries understanding on the desired political outcome. such a consensus If when, where, withwhichmeansand, above all, onacommon a consensus not only on the “how”, but also on who is to do what, operation canonlystem frommilitary acommon interest, from However, for States, Member together inaparticular thewillto act on “how” suchoperations to conduct Strategy,Security thefocus management, isoncrisis inparticular on collective defence. At theEUlevel, withthe2003European and defence issues. NATO In we have aconcept, mainlyfocusing toan organising security principle, andofutmostimportance an institutionalinstrument perse. However, itisinthefirstplace like “We agreed to disagree on strategy”. A strategy may not be answer to thequestion would we“What dotogether ifthe project, to invest inany military together withpartners israther difficult toIt convince HeadsofState and Government Becoming Willing The instruments are there, thepoliciesremain to bedeveloped. could from onnational notbelifted budgetdeficits. EUrestrictions States’examine whetherMember expensesrelated to suchprogrammes equipment.a given Moreover, item ofmilitary to itisworthwhile schedules that could be stretched even over the entire live of cycle EDA, down-payments upfrontpayment anddevelop particular To fitnational budget requirements theEIB could receive, through blocks. The European Investment Bank (EIB) can provide solutions. Statesstumbling Member are important schedules ofparticipating arrangements for R&Dand, later on,streamlining payment to isfarfrom launchaproject, for easy. industry Funding States’ Members Harmonising demands, a prerequisite often The Bank is neededaswell. R&D andprovisions for government to government contracts. Abank Sales system. This debate ranges beyond theclassicissues, suchas Time hascome ofEuropean to develop akind Foreign Military Commission. Difficult tounderestimate thechallengesahead. by States approaches Member andthestructural pursuedby the aspects, being aware both of the practical outcomes pursued - supranational lines. EDA isbestplaced to someofthese bridge All thisgoesacross andabove thetraditional intergovernmental : “comprehensively”. ?” sounds

and Structured Cooperationand Structured Towards aPragmatic, Permanent, to become ableand willingare now fulfilledwithintheEU. as many States Member as possible. is thatThe all preconditions fact solutioninordermay beajustifiable to keeponboard temporary States)Member notto discussthisissuetoo explicitly. The latter at the same agreeing (for well-known domestic reasons in some fromturning “disagreeing on strategy” to a “de facto” strategy, while consensus States, withintheEUandMember we are swiftly isfairto atthe crisis hand.say that It at present, baseduponabroad be itthecontext oftheEU, NATO, oreven theUN,dependingon more missions, andmore calleduponto takethe leadinmilitary current geopolitical environment, Europeans will in the future be is required. Andfinally, there isthe common conviction that inour relations partner, withourprincipal theUS,asenseofurgency There isalsoagrowing consensus that, inorder to maintain solid and solidarity theyhaveand solidarity themselves created at theEUlevel. StatesMember to theinstruments useto ofcooperation thefullextend due to fragmentation anda(nolongerpersistent because toof its relative lose its Allies and partners, weakness, anddefence,is justified.security In themainthreat to Europe is as inclusive aspossible, isto beestablished. Asenseofurgency States notallMember areIf (yet) ready to jointhis endeavour, agroup, also require solid “top down” steering andinstruments. hasbeenprovenIt that overall coherence, and affordability efficiency hailed adagio of the “bottom-up approach” has shown its limitations. uniquelywell placed within theEUinstitutions.an agency The long EDA, a key instrument States of the Members and at the same time mobilising the Council, the Commission, the EIB, and in particular cooperationof permanentstructured States, between Member of European Defence. Time hascome to forge awholenewkind Pragmatism is probably the missing catalyst to reach another level Conclusion EDA isto streamline suchacooperation. together.willingness to act Pragmatism andinclusiveness willbe key. higher quantitative criteria. The now maincriterion isaboutthe groupis nolongeraboutaselect (“directoire”) fulfillingsome identified thework backin2003during oftheConvention. It ofsucha the criteria “PESCO” are quite different from theones in EDA programmes, isclearthat basis. bothonavoluntary It centred national on harmonising requirements part and taking requires ofpermanentandwell cooperation, structured akind by doing this effort away with redundancies. Suchanendeavour the identified strategicand to finance capability shortfalls military level useofexistingEUinstruments. by making The keyisto address The to European timeisripe bring Defence cooperation to another

?) reluctance of ?) reluctance of

of theNH-90helicopter fleetofboth countries. cooperation, onewhich willeven beenhanced withtheintegration the Belgian and Dutch navies remains a pioneer in the Benelux The examplesare numerous aswithourlargerboth inthecontext oftheBenelux, neighbours. countries, tieswithitsneighbouring to strengthen themilitary a smaller scale. Therefore, it gets Belgium opportunity seizes every been fullyaware ofdefence oftheimportance cooperation on of Defence ofamedium-sized European country, have always scale andmainlyaimingthelarger European nations, I,asMinister any further. cooperation Combined onabigger withthenecessary especially ifwe donotwant to seeourdefence capabilitiesto erode However, today’s reality requires makers to policy be more creative, theGhentduring Summitin2010,underBelgian Presidency oftheEU. by giving newmomentum to theconcept ofPooling &Sharing Nations andtheEuropean Union.Regarding thelatter, mainly on theinternational level, withinNATO, asaloyal partner theUnited striven to lettheBelgian Defence andvalued role play animportant years ofDefence. asBelgian Minister my In policy, Ihave always was ableto contribute to thisongoingprocess my during seven defence cooperation withinEurope. that Iamproud I ofthefact As allofyou know, Ihave always beenastrong believer inclose as well astheresults that have beenachieved sofar. on themany that projects have beeninitiated by the Agency Defence andmore withitstenth inparticular Agency anniversary to congratulateI would liketo takethisopportunity theEuropean Ladies andGentlemen, European defence cooperation What role doesregional cooperation play inwider

: the very closecooperation: thevery between Belgian Minister ofDefence PrimeBelgian Minister Minister andDeputy ? Andhow farcanitgo

-  - - cooperation : defence this context, I wouldIn like to focus on some key issues of regional with France. within ISAFinAfghanistan andthefar-reaching joint pilottraining neighbours. Examplesincludetheclosecooperation withGermany Furthermore, we also maintain a close relationship with our larger orthetraining offuture officers. support cooperationinclude theever-closer inthedomainofmedical Para Training Centre became operational this year. examples Other ControlA combined Arms Benelux aswell Agency asaBenelux Regional cooperation iseasierandfaster. The mainresults that must continue to identify, coordinate, andguideboth supervise withintheconcept ofPoolingperfectly &Sharing. Therefore, EDA triggering effect onmakers the minds of other of policy countries. Moreover, we shouldnotunderestimate and their importance cooperation, andthoseaimingsomeMediterranean countries. a specialmentioning, the beingtheBenelux, Visegrad andNordic cooperation initiatives have proven their usefulness and merit case with cooperation in an EU- or NATO-context. Many regional of achievingquick-wins. capabilities clusters, provide whichclearly the bestguarantee can befound onthelevel ofcooperation withinregional are currently beingattained inthedomainofdefence cooperation No competition, butcomplementarity . Regional cooperation fits . Just as this is the . Justasthisisthe The wholeismore thanthesumofitsparts Pieter de Crem ? 10

111 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 112 together of working years -  need aclosercooperation between thelarger European states. in forging a strong andDefence European policy, Security we also smaller states to work together. To takegreat forward strides change inourbehaviour, itwillnotbeenough for thelike-minded to achieve a fundamental breakthrough that will generate a major European defence at capabilities therequired level. order In model inotherareas”. encourages States Member to explore ways to replicate the EATC welcomes theexistingcooperative models, suchastheEATC, and of theDecember 2013Summitthat European“the Council them. Iwas therefore pleasedto read intheCouncil conclusions effectivevery catalysers for quick-wins and can incite others to join airspace oftheBenelux by 2016are often Alert & QuickReaction or alsotheBelgian-Dutch intent to combine theAirDefence Control approach. and top-down The European Air Transport Command them to a higher level,lift using the best ofacombined bottom-up cooperationintra-cluster andinter-cluster interaction, inorder to However, regional cooperation isnotenoughto bring

Ladies and Gentlemen, Ladies andGentlemen, in the quickly developing globalcontext oftoday.in thequickly to speakwithonevoice inorder to maintain itspoliticalweight in itsown area of responsibility, andthat it urgently needsto learn that the European Union needs to be able to role play an important Policy, that itneedsthestrong capabilitiesto makeitcredible, once again shows that Europe and Defence needsastrong Security themand alsodeploy themtogether.jointly certify crisis The Ukraine We needto share more resources, procure capabilitiestogether, are becoming increasingly and utterly irrelevant in the years ahead. the national level anddispensenational sovereignty concerns which capabilitiesabove military to alleviate thenecessary political support of theircountries’ size, to muster thepoliticalcourage andsustained States, makersintheMember isnow alsoupto regardless thepolicy It to foster more andsystematic longterm defence cooperation. why Ifully endorsethe work framework ofEDA and itspolicy looming defence expenditure cuts of the future. This is exactly this wouldextent, cover of the implemented but a fraction and all the current Pooling & Sharing projects to the fullest of their in developing defence capabilities. Even if we manage to realize adequate to compensate for the ongoing lack of progress This is why the steps that we have taken so far are simply not

have other, better options to restore Europe’s strategic autonomy. isnota support ‘right’ noragiven. We are notthe51ststate. We especially Germany, cannolongerignore theirresponsibilities. US and security. That’s why Europe’s economic andfinancialpowers, our resources do we stand a chance peace, of preserving freedom Europe can’t resolve themasindividual nations. Onlyby combining Whether thethreats are digital ornatural, terrorist ortraditional, in theirown defence.” resourcesdevote thenecessary to andcapablepartners be serious precious fundsonbehalfofnations that are apparently unwilling to appetite and patience intheU.S. Congress to expendincreasingly ofDefenceas former Gates putit, Secretary “there will bedwindling UncleSamto imploring maintain NATO’sleft 5provision but, article or from Korea. Russia,ChinaorSouth EU-defence ministers will be from willbereduced aUSmonopoly to buyingoff-the-shelf industry 2024,ifthatBy continues, European theonce powerful defence egos anddwindlingexpertise. moving issuffering from adecadeoffinancialguillotines, national to drive it. What’s more, the defence vehicle it’s supposed to get defence, butarather smalloneandthat stilllacksenoughfuel Today, thankfully, EDA provides ofEuropean anengine at theheart of EDA andincreased investment indefence capabilities. together withBAESystems and Thales pleadedfor thecreation That was notwhat we had in mind when, back in 2004, my company willingness,on American investment. capabilities andindustrial multifaceted andpersuasive threats, European stilldepends stability “peace dividend” islargely behindus. Yet faced withlingering, of the growing ( reminders ofhow muchwe Europeans and stilldependonAmerica The situations in Libya, Syria, are and Iraq Ukraine equally stark Time to rebound

!) gap in our defence industrial capabilities. Europe’s

Chief Executive Officer, Airbus Group commitment isthebestplace to start. inNATO,as acredible partner thendelivering onthat 2 So, ifEurope wants to rebuild itseconomy anditsreputation in defence addsanother€ €100millioninvested every fact, In farms, orsemi-conductors. a whole, filtering into everyday life with technology likeGPS,wind contractors andSMEsisakeysource for innovation as insociety levelThis isbecause and the theclose highties skill between prime R&D multiplierisbetween 12and20timesthat ofothersectors. On theotherhand, asillustrated by arecent EDAthedefence report, does nothave to shopinaUSmonopoly.military Europeanmillion highly skilled defence jobs and ensure that our On theonehand, suchrenewed two would protect effort almost the contribution ofPoland. 22 a further behind Asia. Shouldthistrend notbereversed, estimates show has wipedsome15 US investment, butwould show willingness adecadethat after achieve settingtheaverage at 1.50 that theyhave committed to of investment indefence invest andactually the2 First, States Member could reverse the decreasing trend onsomeofthoseoptions. perspective industrial withtheUSandwhy I’dcredible partnership liketo offer an for change. That’s why I am confident Europe can build a more for andDefence astronger Policy. Security It’s storm theperfect on ourborders andthelatest Eurobarometer showing 72 a new leadership team emerge in Brussels, growing threats and promised follow-up summer. by next Since then, we’ve seen December,In European leadersshowed renewed interest % decrease by 2020 Thomas Enders % off European defence budgets, placingus 70 millionto GDPyear year. after ! That’s likethrowing away three times ; somethingthat only4currently %. It would still be half of the would stillbehalfofthe %. It % ofGDP % support % GDP % GDP 10

113 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 114 together of working years thirds ofdefence revenues programmes. come from co-operation programmes, crucialfor companies Group likeAirbus where two- a forwell coordinated all co-operation policy armament export by almost athird. This could bereinforced through tax breaks and standards and processes, certification which could slash costs to take decisions on behalf of Memberstates ofdefinition,to genuinelyempowerat asinglelead thestart So, thedefaultapproach shouldbeto involve suppliers industrial and feasibility ofany newoptionsdecidedupon. interlocutor. This allows real-time exchanges to assessthecost States, Member andMBDAparticipating asthesoleindustrial as theleadnation onbehalfoftheother acting between theUK, programmes. is a great METEOR example. There is constant dialogue Better, canbedelivered cheaperproducts withsimplerandleaner whentheUShasjust2 artillery linesforproduction tanks, armoured vehicles andself-propelled customers whoare meant to beallies need 23 different versions and 6 assembly lines for 14 helicopter the lessons of past endeavours. or the taxpayer the Do military really investment shouldbethedefaultoptionwithoutforgetting for anunwillingness to spend. Still, collaboration indefence Various ‘smart defence’ initiatives are sometimes usedascamouflage already cost Europe over €26billionayear ten points off target. Such inability and duplication to co-operate of equipment budgets and 20 States 2007, Member agreedIn to jointly spend at least 35 more, better andmore together”, to quote Javier Solana. in defence. Europe can get a better bang for its buck by “Spending The second optionisto stop wasting any moneythat isinvested

% on R&T, yet we are still more than ? ? Does Europe? Does really need17 ! !

; and to define common %

on theirpromise to spend2 the commercial that sector increasingly leads in innovation. onanythingcareer withoutworking new 20 years to launch. What engineer wants to pass their entire For example, liketheAlliance projects Ground take Surveillance defence withafaster, more efficient response totheimmediate risks. That’s why we needto combine alongerterm visionfor European up withthedigital battlefield ithascreated. without defence investment 60 years ago, yet today we can’t keep It’s ironic that thedigital revolution would nothave happened now representing 1 onlyaridiculous those R&Dbudgetshave halved since 2006withanR&Tspending the amount ofR&Dbudgetbeingwasted. Ishouldalsomention that I mentioned thewiderbenefitsofdefence technology and to thefuture, politicalcycle. instead ofjustthenext This meto brings thefinaloptionIwilloffer anniversary ofEDA. anniversary haveactually a robust European for defence thetwentieth industry by launchingprogrammes now. This istheonlyway to ensure that we instead ofwasting resources, and create aclearvisionfor thefuture strategic autonomy, together they must act andstability.our ourleadersreally If want European so focused onnational sovereignty thatgiving theyrisk away Ten years thecreation after ofEDA, memberstates remain likes ofAmazon orGoogle. that Europe sodesperately needs, now seebetter withthe prospects Even engineers interested of Unmanned Aerial Systems in the kind % ofGDPondefence, co-operate % oftotal defence expenditure ? That’s why they prefer : that we could look

: they must deliver ! !

and what Europe’s shouldbeasaglobalplayer. objectives broaden anddeepenthepublicdebate means onwhat security and future leaders have a joint responsibility toto make efforts threats.of asymmetric They argue that now more thanever, current budgets affected by austerity, andwithanever more complex set ofanewmultipolarreality,to theintricacy withEuropean defence describing the current climate,In security our members pointed Optimism for reform up thetorch. changes theywould theyliketo seewhentheirgeneration picks message would befor today’s defence leaders, andwhat concrete We askedahandfulof ourhighest-flying memberswhat theirmain of European defence for theirgeneration andthechallengesahead. and are thereforepolicy highly concerned with therelevance Our membersshare apersonalandprofessional interest inforeign oftoday’sYPFP to hastheobjective beat theheart defence debate. With membersin Washington DC,New York, London andBrussels, and access to current foreign leaders. policy by providing knowledge, across-sector network themwithskills, which strives to foster generation offoreign thenext leaders policy Young Professionals inForeign isanorganisation Policy (YPFP) preoccupy themindsofEurope’s young defence professionals. Concerns aboutourvalues andtherole ofEuropean defence also speaks withonevoice ondefence. events continue in Ukraine to prove it is that how Europe important events, publications, andthinktankdebates. reports Unfolding defence“Does matter Defence, especially inEurope, hasgoneoutoffashion Security andDefence ProgrammingSecurity Officer ?” This question dominates defence-related Deputy Director of Security andDefence Director ofSecurity Deputy Young Professionals inForeign Policy H åvard Sandvik S ophia Kabir

to stimulate, Europe’s enhance andre-assess outlook. security for thedevelopment ofnewdefenceopportunity strategies ofcurrent conflicts.and unpredictability Jansfelt there was a Board Memberof the Atlantic Youth, stressed the boundlessness (TNO) and OrganizationNetherlands forResearch AppliedScientific Jans,On asimilarnote, Policy Adviser Karlijn ofthe at theEUOffice equipment inter-exchangeability.”of alackmilitary reformby military in responding to international crisis. This needsto bebackedup European Commission andtheEuropean Service Action External advocated astrengthenedcrises. Heparticularly role for the plans toset up contingency avoid institutional paralysis on future to maintainexpect its role power asasoft alone. The EU should policies”, Camilli said. Camilli thought that Europe can no longer need to findanewapproach to foreign, anddefence security increasingly multipolar, European defence leaders andsecurity defence landscape Observer,Security for reform alsosaw opportunities inEurope’s common frameworks. Edoardo Camilli, Director ofInternational levels of trust and cross-border cooperation and define stronger gamechangers. Shesuggested thesewould force theEUto improve as Middle-East inthe violent andtheconflicts warfare, extremism at the Kosovar Studies identifies forcyber- Institute Security Lefèvre, co-founder ofGlobalPublic Policy Watch andresearcher and Syria brought hopefor newinstitutional reform. Catherine However, many were optimisticthat recent inUkraine,Iraq crisis

: “European leaders stillneedto solve theproblem : the international“With system becoming 10

115 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 116 together of working years in the defence industry inEuropein thedefence needto bereversed industry urgently, economic decline. The resulting andjobcuts budgetreductions ofthedefence hascoincidedpolitical importance with sector Turning to theeffectsofausterity, many regretted that theincreased Coping withausterity the appealing and repelling aspects ofdefencethe appealingandrepelling aspects defence leadersinfuture. itasabalance Hecharacterised between dilemmafacing theunderlying Relations Internationalsummarised Vivien Pertusot, Head of the Institute Brussels of the Office de Francis defence public Selling to awary experience. a diverse portfolio, includingindustry increasinglythe defence sector looksfor andsecurity peoplewith Delleur’sconfirm predictions. Justlikeinthediplomatic service, with cross-sectoral experience”, suggested. Delleur Recent trends applicants for defence positions, we need to prioritise candidates is thekeyto growth andemployment. considering future “When and markets,new activities beyond purposes, the scope of military She argued hasto thedefencereform industry itself. Openingto terms contracts have multiplied.”not beingfilledandflexibleshort for young are peopleinthesector dwindling. Keypositionsare to its full potential new talentin attracting According to Delleur, the European defence is not living up sector research &development isalso key to young professionals. for youngAs entry-point aspiring a defenceprofessionals, industry and research. to the defence industry, involving both the government, industry She emphasized the need for smarter, approaches demand-driven three for fighter planes, six for rocket installations Why do we need 20 different programs for armed vehicles, EU accounts for“The around personnel. 1.5 million (armed) military threats. inefficiencies Industrial compound procurement problems. the exchange oftechnology andintelligence onemerging security Lefèvre andJansagreed that notenoughhasbeendoneto improve oftheproblem. Both ispart National between sectors boundaries of thesector.” competences negative ontheattractiveness impact andinavery trend could result and inthelossofcrucialEuropean expertise representativeindustry Pauline warned. Delleur alarming “This out offashion.” But itisalsorepelling. Defence, especiallyinEurope, hasgone - butfor how long equipment to achieve that goal…The defence stillbears sector your and your territory interests, to planning for the best spanning from guaranteeing of your the security population, isappealing, becauseitcovers“It awiderange ofissues, ? -thetradition ofcontinuous innovation. : “Career perspectives : : ?”, Jansasked.

and to explain why defence matters in plain words, to hold debates current defence leadershipbutalsoto usto takethebullby thehorn of future leaders to issues. simplify complex security is up to the “It War, and reminds us that peace is a luxury. Pertusot saw the task of relative peaceEurope and stability has enjoyed since the Cold in the media andonthepoliticalarena. He points to the long period Likewise, Pertusot regretted thelackofattention forissues security table brought to of discussions at the the citizendinner and become part is convinced that even atopic canbe suchaspoolingandsharing citizen communication in policy HåvardOfficer Sandvik urged theEU issues tomainstream security issues.. Think-tanker and & DefenceYPFP ProgrammingSecurity identify theneedfor broader anddeepercommunication ofdefence At thecruxofissuesfacingEuropean defence, ourmembers and defence. with adeeper, more nuanced discussionaround European security share a dedication andcommitment to reach abroader audience Together with today’s leaders, young these aspiring professionals background, from industry,andresearch. politics, themilitary the leadersoftomorrow theylookfor thosewithadiverse with today’s young professionals”, theyhopethat, whenidentifying Keen to have today’s leaders “…share theirwisdomandexperience these young theircareers professionals intumultuoustimes. start Coupled with a tremendous economic and financial crisis Europe, a muchhigherlevel ofcross-border andcross-sector cooperation. threatsasymmetric play anever-increasing role, whichrequires leaders.of contemporary Their world isamultipolaronewhere different findthemselvesBut theyclearly ina very tothat reality Defence matters to theyoung professionals we spoketo. insight into how young professionals candothesame.” landscape”,security he suggested. This “can provide invaluable their experiences allowed them to influence the evolution of our threats,limited experience withcyber state failure orjihaditerrorism, fromlearn oneanother the future requires bothcurrent andfuture leadersto listen and Association, a prerequisite to solve these challenges now and in For Jason Wiseman, GeneraloftheAtlantic Assistant Secretary Treaty Inter-generational solutions of the defence on sector the economy and its value for innovation.” at various levels on strategic issues, to raise the profile of the role : ifsoldproperly. ; otherwise wethem to get involved.” cannot expect ; otherwise Sandvik : “Although previous generations hadmore : relevant“We needto makesecurity to the

capacités adéquates, etàlefaire de plus encoopération. situe lerôle del’AED Sans moyens, il n’est pas de missions possibles. C’est là que se il luifautaccroître ladisponibilité desescapacités militaires. europénneque l’Union puisse effectuer missions et opérations, sécurité. lavolonté Mais deseprojeter nefaitpastout, etpour et notamment l’action extérieure, pour préserver nos intérêts de L’Europe delaDéfense seconcrétise naturellement parl’action, dix ans, joueunrôle déterminant. à l’Agence européenne dedéfense (AED) qui,depuismaintenant Dans cette perspective, laFrance sonpleinsoutien apporte de défense augmentent des menaces. enproportion stratégique, alors qu’ailleurs dans le monde, les investissements interdépendances etdeparer dedéclassement ainsiaurisque - qu’elles soient -, d’accroîtreou industrielles capactaires nos capacités, d’en développer d’autres, d’éviter les duplications par une plus grande coopération. L’enjeu est de maintenir certaines de tous lesEtats membres peuvent etdoivent être compensées En effet, les contraintes quipèsent surlesbudgetsdedéfense et enmêmetemps comme unechance unique. moins -,l’Europe deladéfense seprésente comme unenécessité où l’ensemble des Européens doivent chacun faire plus avec davantage les efforts.Dans ce double et àpartager contexte - auxquelles nos Etats sont soumisappellent àplusdesolidarité la garde. point D’un de vue économique, les tensions budgétaires nous commandent d’évoluer nous-mêmes, sans baisser connu. Ladiversité, l’intensité etl’imprévisibilité des menaces de défense sont àlacroisée des chemins. Le contexte est bien Dans tous les pays deeuropéenne, l’Union les politiques L’Europe deladéfense

: aiderlesEtats-membres àsedoter des : unenécessité etunechance unique

l’Agence estungagederéactivité etdelisibilité desonaction. modestes, ce quenousdevons regretter, leformat resserré de plus coopérer. si ses ressources Même financières demeurent et d’impulsion afind’inciter lesEtats membres àtoujours de créativité. L’AED sedistingueparsaforce deproposition L’AED estaussiunoutilprécieux parsacapacité d’initiative et “à lacarte”. un outilsoupleetflexible, capabledeproposer des coopérations pour ledéveloppement deprojets auseindel’AED, quiestdonc rare dansledomainedelaPSDC Je tiens à insister également sur une de ses spécificités, qui est la seule agence inscrite dans le Traité européenne. sur l’Union Ce rôle aété confirmé dansle Traité deLisbonne.d’ailleurs Elleest et delaPSDC. Elle estenréalité unfacilitateur, desEtats membres auservice de coopération etpréparer lesprogrammes correspondants. permettre d’identifier les besoins capacitaires, lespossibilités d’échangede plate-forme entre les Etats membres, pourleur detous niveaux rapidement etservir mobiliserdesexperts (organes deeuropéenne, l’Union Etats-membres,…) soient capacitaires, techniques, industriels, ouinstitutionnels qui orientent sestravaux elle dialogue tous les six mois avec les dela Ministres défense s’estprincipaux vite révélé être sonpositionnement unique nationales, del’OCCAr etdesagences del’OTAN. Undesesatouts un paysage complexe, aumilieudesagences d’acquisition Lors desacréation en2004,l’AED adû trouver sa place dans Jean-Y Ministre delaDéfenseMinistre ves ; elleestunanimateur deréseaux, qu’ils Le Drian : l’unanimitén’est pasrequise ; elle peut 10 :

117 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 118 together of working years et technologique dedéfense. pour noscapacités futures etlesoutienàlaBaseindustrielle européen dedécembre 2013,dont lesdécisions sont structurantes l’AED a joué un rôle majeur dans la préparation du Conseil Grâce desondirecteur àl’action exécutif, Claude-France Arnould, accrus descapacités.une mutualisation etpartage harmonisationdesbesoinsopérationnelsune plusforte etvers une plus grande convergence des politiques de défense, de l’Agence puissent être utiliséesafindeprogresser vers les Etats membres, etjesouhaite quetoutes lespotentialités L’AED aété conçue et s’est développée pourbénéficierà tous ou encore lapolitiquespatiale. le Ciel unique européen, la cyber-défense, la surveillance maritime, européennes, comme parexemple surlesfréquences radio, en compte les spécificités de la défense dans les initiatives ,afindefavoriserde l’UE leurdialogueetdemieuxprendre àladispositiondesEtats, desinstitutionsetagences expertise sur l’optimisation dessynergies civilo-militaires. Ellemetson la decommunauté Commission auservice défense et travaille L’AED naturelle constitue enfinaujourd’hui uneinterface avec

prochaines années. vers davantage d’intégration de nos outils de défense dans les pleinement surlepotentiel del’AED etdonneuneimpulsion est également chef de l’Agence européenne de défense, s’appuie Je forme enfinlesouhaitquelanouvelle Haute représentante, qui pourrons collectivement bénéficier. la Commission européenne etlesincitations financières dont nous mais aussilecadre juridique, lesmécanismesdecoopération avec coopérationd’une européenne trace le parcours quipermettra deretirer tous lesbénéfices lequel laFrance jouera unrôlequel’AED actif. estimportant Il pourunfuturdrone ouverte perspective MALE européen, dans le Conseil européen la dedécembre 2013,enparticulier en œuvre desgrands programmes capacitaires identifiés par membres lecadre leplusfavorable etleplusincitatif àlamise J’invite l’AED pourproposer àpoursuivre auxEtats sesefforts : l’appui etl’expertise biensûr

into brutalcivilwar. the IslamicMaghreb asabaseofoperations. Syria has descended and weapons andincreasinglyin usedby affiliates ofAl-Qaeda an anarchic landgoverned by warlords, awash withbothmilitias inLibya intervention hashelpedproduce to thesouth. Military emergent regimes and the significant potential for instability provoked gave by theArab quickly way spring to concerns about and uncertainty’.complexity theirnearabroad, In the optimism Representative for Foreign policy, andSecurity ‘increased volatility, system, Europeans confront, inthewords oftheEU’s own High capabilities.military And in the contemporary international istheinternational environmentIt that generates aneedfor The Defence Deficit the EUrather thananexcess ofit. is a consequenceIt of the absence of effective collaboration within the reluctance ofnation states to domore at theEuropean level. power tocontrast, the Union. In the defence deficit stems from deficit’ is generally viewed as a result of the transfer of too much separate, national defence policies. The EU’s infamous ‘democratic from thefragmentation ofEuropean defence into twenty-eight required to defend theirinterests. This deficit stems innosmallpart capabilitiespossessedby itsstates andthose between themilitary Europe issuffering from a ‘defence deficit,’gap bestdefinedasthe ofEuropean theshortcomings clearly defence capabilities. Recent inLibya interventions have andMali alltoo underlined equipment andfallingdefence costthe rising budgets. ofmilitary unwillingness of the United States to contribute to addressing them the proliferation ofpotential threats to thoseinterests own interests militarily. This is so for multiple reasons, including European states are increasingly incapableofdefending their Confronting Europe’s Defence Deficit

; the increasing ; theincreasing and Foreign Affairs,King’s College London

: : ; ;

the United States spends4.6percent ofitsGDPondefence. cent in2000andhadslumped to 1.5 percent contrast, by 2007. In The average defence spending of America’s NATO allies was 2.0 per has increased from 63percent in2001to 72percent today. the share oftheNATO defence burden fallingontheUnited States them. According to ananalysis by theNATO General, Secretary the solution was to rely on theUS to take the lead in addressing if notEuropean thenat leastEuropean survival, interests. thepast, In There then, of challenges that mightis no shortage, crucially affect, any European ofthename. worthy foreign policy andsecurity implications andmustbefactored into calculations underpinning inglobaleconomic andpoliticalpowershifts willhave profound Asia -by miscalculation ordesign. What isclear, however, isthat willleadto greaterassertiveness tensions oreven within conflict it isimpossibleto thedegree predict to whichChina’s newfound institutions governing theliberal international order. Equally, of rising powers will lead to a sustained challenge to the rules and bytransported sea. Yet, no one can be sure whether the emergence priority,Open sea-lanesare as90 aparticular thus dependsonthemaintenance ofsecure trade routes. to the 25 trade is global,Its with Asia accounting for 28 Nor are European interests confined to theneighbourhood. the EU’s eastern members feel increasingly vulnerable and exposed. downing ofaMalaysian show civilianairliner few signs ofabating, as aspirations to EUmembership. Tensions following thesubsequent by force of a state the territory that, until recently, had genuine trouble inthewest itself. To theEast,meanwhile, Russiaannexed of theregionof thestability andthepotential for jihadisto cause The rapid spread ofIslamic state represents athreat bothinterms Professor ofEuropean Politics % constituted by the United States. Continued prosperity A nand Menon % ofEuropean trade is

% of it, as opposed % ofit, as opposed

10

119 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 120 together of working years 3 billioneuros peryear. between nationalthe cost defence of barriers asover markets in contrast to 27intheUS. The European Commission estimated 89differentin 2009 were weapons programmes undertaking - economies ofscalefrom whichtheUSbenefits.Member states is bought domestically).Consequently, Europe does not enjoy the (around 80 weaponry on nationalforces armed equippedwithnationally produced inefficiencies. of national defence Themajority budgetsisspent the armamentssector,In fragmentation spawns striking to hampereffective collaboration intheatre. - incompatible equipment differences and doctrinal continue European forces together when force - asisthenorm act is deployed and supplied, generating signficant inefficiencies. Even when policies. is separately Each national military trained, equipped of European defence national defence between twenty-eight istheconsequence capacity ofthefragmentation declining military Beyond the problems caused by falling defence spending, of several years. ofaroundon reductions 8 cuts ofbetween 10and15 budget by 36 reductions of over 20 have nothelped. smallermemberstates Some have initiated The policiesintroduced austerity asaresult oftheeconomic crisis and nationalcannotprovide markets sufficient orders. to launchmajornewprogrammes alone, asthecosts are too high even to them.Few ifany European governments are inaposition illustratesaircraft carriers that a similar logic is beginning to apply As for Britainand France, their recent deal jointly to build and operate EU states, thishasalready ledto theappearance gaps. ofcapability beyond militaries theirreach.put fullspectrum Amongstsmaller Their militaries increasingly lack critical capabilities, as spiraling costs Unfortunately, Europeans are currently unableto dothis. to play agreater role oftheir neighbourhood. inthe ensuring security as aconsequence ofhis ‘rebalancing’ Europeans to Asia, heexpects commit forces American to foreign adventures, military andthat, President Obamahasmadeitclearboththat hewillnotlightly become accustomed, whilstnever equitable, isnolongerviable. However, ofdependence to whichEuropean thekind have % in2010.Medium-sized memberstates announced

% in defence outlays - Lithuania cut its defence % ofall defence equipment inEurope %, whilst Germany and the UK settled %, whilstGermany andtheUKsettled % to beimplemented over aperiod

spending cuts continue, Europe’s to ability be a stabilizing force warnedthat Generalhassimilarly Secretary ‘if European defence of Europe facing ‘collective irrelevance,’ military whiletheNATO fallibilities. Gates warnedFormer of Defence Robert Secretary on the potentially disastrous consequences of Europe’s military Little wonder that seniorfigures have beenmoved to comment hadto the Americans plugthegaps. andfailedtoF-16 tried obtainadditionalmunitions-again, have hadto succeeded. bereduced asstates Airsorties operating aircraft, withoutwhichthemissionmay well warfare electronic not found themselves reliant onUS Tomahawk missiles, drones and in Libya. Despite there, fighting achronically weak military Europeans the personnelmadeavailable highestcontributor by thenext from‘leading behind,’ provided the Americans more than double too evident during recent interventions. For all the talk of the US The problems bedevilingEuropean forces armed have beenall prior coordinationprior with,orindeednotification of, theirpartners. generally madedecisionsover whichcapabilitiesto cutwithout failed to collaborate effectively over procurement, butthey have forin civiliansectors someyears. Indeed,notonlyhave governments national champions in a manner that has been largely outlawed as ameansofpropping upinefficient yet economically important Meanwhile, defence continues to be used by many governments European market. arms EU withreal competence to ensure greater liberalisation ofthe collaborative. Nor have these same member states provided the European procurement programmes valued at over € equipment abroad -onlynine reluctant tostubbornly buymilitary to joint naval training and maintenance - they remain in general equipment -theDutch andBelgians have ofmilitary sharing agreed Whilst somememberstates have engagedinlimited poolingand identifiedover- serially innumerous EUreports theyears. andsurveillance reconnaissance and satellite communications to lackthe enablers’‘key refuelling -air-to-air capacity, intelligence Yet has notresulted rhetoric Strikingly, inaction. Europe continues targets,capability and goals.’‘headline member states have produced aplethora ofstatements ofintent, creation ofthe EU’s and Defence Common Policy Security in 1999, European level. This Since isnotthrough the effort. lackofrhetorical to steps take practical to aggregate their capabilities effectively at the an obvious source ofinefficiency, memberstates have failed Whilst thefragmentation ofEuropean defence remains structures Cooperation anditsLimits even willrapidly initsneighbourhood disappear’. 1 billion are 1 billion are

in national capitals. defence whenitcomesspectator to decisionsmade theimportant have little. sofarachieved very The EUremains somethingofa the deficitviaenhanced collaboration withinthe European Union hashelpedfosterwarfare, this ‘defence deficit’. Attempts to plug forincreasingly the expeditionary needs of ill-equipped modern of European defence between 28national defence policies, each threats that might affect their interests. The fragmentation Europeans are even increasingly local security unableto tackle The Long to Road Strategic Awareness defence industries, theygenerate politicallyvaluable jobsandskills. generated by theexistence of numerous small-scalenational understandably choosethelatter. For problems allthemilitary but imperceptibly -erode crucialcapacities, governments the other, small scale, piecemeal cuts that may - gradually of long-term solutionsto problems potential or, security on term sacrifice ofin economicthe name hand, capacity the short collaboration would require. Given achoice between, ontheone lisation of domestic defence structures that effective intra-European addition, strongIn politicalpressures work againsttherationa- of thenature ofthethreats confronting them. European Union,memberstates have widelydifferent conceptions when, asin the business,others for is arisky particularly security reluctant to share control over theirdefence policies. on Relying collaboration. the first In place, governments are inherently alsostems,It however, from real pressures that militate against European Uniongainany over real authority thedefence sector. explainstheirreticence aboutseeingthe partly Such complacency member states. to European interests thepoliticalleadershipofmany characterise a reluctance to engageinstrategic thought aboutpotential threats ofEurope’sa beliefinthesustainability relative security, and deficit did not exist. A continued faith in American protection, European governments, continue asifthedefence to act inshort,

ultimately, to defend theirability undermine theirown interests. of addressing thedefence deficit. Failing this, itwillpersistand, of the current situation isthe irreplaceable first step in any process An explicit acceptance by member states of the inadequacies plans would beausefulfirststep. strategies, national procurement planningand future capabilities states onissuesincludingpotential budgetcuts, national defence supply inEurope asawhole. Greater between transparency member collectively do not need, or the cutting of that capacity is in short might help prevent the acquisition of capabilities that Europeans capabilities at theirdisposal. least,suchareview At thevery Similarly, national capitalsmusttogether consider themilitary convergence between themover thechallengestheyconfront. Better coordination between them would reveal a broad failed systematically to considerinterests. theirown security individually to address them. To date, mostgovernments have the threats theyface andtheprofound limitsontheirability their collective strategic awareness. They must acknowledge As a first step, Europe’s most senior political figures must enhance waiting until itbecomes apparent viafailure intheatre. however, Europeans needto address thedefence deficit rather than for greater defence collaboration, thisremains elusive. Ultimately, easy to understand why, regardless of the significant incentives Given the constraints upon national political leaders, it is relatively 10

121 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 122 together of working years education for the benefit of the Member Nations and partners. education forMember Nations andpartners. thebenefitof of that were project fullyintegrated withinNATO training and Centres ofExcellence within theirareas ofexpertise. The results Medicine, Cooperative Cyber Defence, andHumanIntelligence for thebenefitofallnations by giving alead Military role to the produced efficient, andeffective affordable education and training management ofmunitions. And, alast oneto thelife-cycle equipment. Anotheronehasbrought amultinational approach and by dismantling, demilitarizationanddisposalofmilitary Resistant Ambush Protected pooling Mine parts, vehicles (MRAPs), in Afghanistan by poolinghelicopter maintenance, managing spare them are logistical successes achieved theengagement during haveSix outof150SDprojects already beencompleted. Four of duplication whilealigning priorities. together to share ideas,each other’s support initiatives, and avoid Since the beginning both organizations have committed to working employment capabilities required of the military for operations. focusingspirit, on the need to optimize the development and within theEuropean Unionwas developed following thesame manner withinthe Alliance. The Pooling (P&S)Initiative andSharing much-needed capabilitiesinamore cost-effective andefficient Concept. SD has become a first consideration for delivering the Alliance’s essential core tasksagreed in NATO’s Strategic acquire, capabilitiesto operateundertake andmaintain military of cooperation, Allies are encouraged to work together to develop, that the Alliance needs for the future. this renewed In culture way about generating of thinking the modern defence capabilities promotes development.the businessofcapability It acooperative (SD) has encouraged a cultural change in how the Allies view Since Defence itsformal inception at theChicagoSummit,Smart Pooling initiatives andSharing -synergies for thefuture Multinational approaches -NATO Defence andtheEU Smart

NATO Supreme AlliedCommander Transformation General Jean-PaulP

and address newthreats. coordinated to helpourrespective membersmeetthesechallenges should beavoided andthedevelopment ofcapabilitiesshouldbe programme duplication ofeffort timelinesshouldbeshortened, They allagree that costs mustberationalized, development are clearto all, as22nations belongto boththeEUandNATO. potential synergies for complementarity. The common interests identify overlaps to duplication avoid and build upon unnecessary a common that picture captures NATO, EUand national priorities, through suchcooperation should produce, among otherthings, andevenpreserved fostered. developed The body of knowledge forward for SDand to consider how cooperation withP&S can be toPost-Summit onthe reflect way- willbeagoodopportunity multinational initiatives. The flexiblenature andenhance ofSDallows other it to support forces,multinational joint expeditionary andenhance regional ties. nations to work closely on the most needed capabilities, coordinate and Italy. These three initiatives intend to together bring interested Concept initiatives announced by Germany, theUnited Kingdom multinational cooperation, suchastheNATO Framework Nations different type ofsolutions consistent ofenhancing withtheSDspirit Moreover, nations have and also responded withcomplementary Guided Munitions(PGM) Joint Intelligence, and Reconnaissance (JISR) Surveillance key multinational approaches Defence on Ballistic Missile (BMD) Summit, several nations have come together andannounced increasingly focused NATO oncritical requirements. At the Wales Today, buildingupontheseinitialsuccesses, newproposals are alomeros ; Cyber Defence capabilities. andmaritime ; Precision 10 ; ;

123 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 124 together of working years critical capability shortfalls acknowledged by bothorganizations. acknowledged shortfalls capability critical capabilities responsivenessand to address most of their military declare theirpoliticalwillto enhance thereadiness and Additionally, a need for both organizations exists to deliberately of common interest (i.e. shared intelligence, orspace). cyber EU nations around technologies related to NATO capabilities and this path, multinational synergies could beimproved between Commander Transformation HQ). Following (SACT Headquarters establishing apermanentEULiaison Team at Supreme Allied development, dailyinteraction isparamount To increase synergy, further inthearea ofcapability particularly SD ortheP&Sframework. requirements -in amultinational cooperation mindset, within the Nations determine how theycould collectively andtimelyaddress are ofcommon interest to NATO, EU andNations. This could help facilitate theidentification ofthecapability requirements which explored. More coherent calendarsfor theseprocesses would greater ofthedifferent transparency cycles shouldbe planning potential for better synchronization andcoordination through to NATO as well as the EU. than aiming for Rather full harmonization, or contribute to inthefuture, andwhichcould beofinterest to better anticipate what capabilitiestheycould develop thereNevertheless, inproviding ismerit Nations theopportunity States) Member only Nations, isatremendous challenge. 6EU-only (36 different mechanisms that harmonizationoftheseprocesseslevel. isacknowledged It defence planningprocesses andreinforce coordination at staff organizations will have to improve thesynchronization oftheir requirements. capability on military To accomplish this, both of thefuture emerging challengesandtheirimpacts security will requireof efforts NATO andEU to have a common understanding and theNATO’s commitment in Wales Summit.Areal synergy onNATO/EUdations included in the report published in June 2014, December 2013European Council onDefence, therecommen- There isalsoaneedto move forward withthedecisionsof requirements. organizations willnotallow duplicate systems to meetunmatched enhance complementarity between NATO and EU. Nations from both defence issues andcallsupontheAllies’ andsecurity resolve to Moreover, hasincreased thefocus inUkraine thecrisis oncollective : EU, NATO, 22NATO/EU Nations, 6 NATO- ; for instance,

and theSupreme AlliedCommander Transformation, have The two Special Envoys for SD, the NATO General Secretary Deputy or NATO orany otherway.” to addressing crises, inany framework theychoose-beitEU them. And they allow those nations to make a stronger contribution owned by individualnations. They benefitthenations that have 2013 forward what NATOtaking Generalstressed inDecember Secretary to meetbothorganizationsmaximum flexibility requirements, of suchacapability. This canbedonewithinaframework ensuring thatperspective addresses development aswell assustainment requirement. This coordinated approach should includealongterm requirements to ensure synergy for steps in filling the the next with a focus on defining, in a collaborative manner, the military Early of theAirborne Warning Control (AEW&C) capability For example, emphasiscould beputonJISRorthereplacement and extending ourhorizons intoand extending thelongerterm. an idealbackdrop assessment for thisforward-looking conducting enhancement oftheNATO Defence Planning Process provide future. The outcomes from the Wales Summitandtheongoing role to maximize thebenefitsAlliance canderive from inthe based onthelessonsidentified science andtechnology following by consideringthe P&Smindsetscanbepromoted the further Finally, there isaneedto continue to examinehow theSDand activities. SD/P&S momentum gainedover thepastfew years ofinstitutionalizing from off. taking Also, both organizations could capitalize on the past initial roadblocks, prevent that often multinational solutions NATO initiatives SDcould helpingAlliesto becomplementary move and cultural challenges affecting multinational solutions. P&S and to address the complex political, military, economic, industrial efforts to nationsproviding by guidingandsupporting support identified andpresented at the Wales Summit. They plan to continue provide themostbenefitaround areas the16keycapability pressing capabilities, for which multinational cooperation can They have ofaddressing highlighted themost theimportance provided recommendations for the post-Summit way ahead for SD. : “it isnotNATO ortheEUthat possesstheseassets. They are : develop ameansto better involve from industry, partners ; evolve andadaptrespective approaches ; and re-examine the facilitation thefacilitation ; andre-examine

rather thanareal necessity. was thenmore ofaprestige indicator, demonstrating world status, against any State Member is now improbable” involved andtheassessment that inIraq) aggression “Large-scale ground (at for atimewhentheUSattracted lotsofcriticism getting prosperous, sosecure norsofree”, enjoying boththemoral high Strategy, loud and clear thatdeclaring “Europe has never been so Under thespellofopeningphrase ofthe2003European Security challenges posedby the current financial/sovereign debtcrisis. in implementing “Pooling and Sharing” asaway to respond to the MS,lately forprojects beingabsorbed thebenefitofparticipating oriented,Capability has initiated theAgency anumberofcommon approach inEuropeshortfalls. capability inaddressing military has beenestablished, inorder to eliminate thelackofacoherent institution we hereby celebrate for - itsfirst 10years ofactivity taken in in 2003, theEuropeanThessaloniki Defence -the Agency that all three stages are still active. this context, following In a decision (since 2003)andoperational (since 2003). of development CSDP -asitcameto benamed-knew, since 1999,three stages in general theEastern Mediterranean and attempted to address them. neighbourhood both global and regional the threats,ones coming from our particularly in 2003(revisitedhasidentified inthisdirection in2008),theEUaction guidedbyGeopolitically Strategy theEuropean elaborated Security capabilities”. andcivilianmilitary structures decision-making anddefencesecurity capacity, includingnewcrisis-management 1990s underscored the urgent need for the European Union (EU) endoftheCold “The War wars ofthe system andtheBalkan security from “prestige indicator” to material necessity Threshold Ukraine. European Defence : the Western Caucasus, South East, Balkans, theMiddle : institutional (beginning of 2000), capability build-up build-up : institutional(beginning of2000),capability

2 It should be mentioned shouldbementioned It 3 , European Defence Professor DoctorIoanMircea P Member ofEuropeanMember Parliament, AFET Vice-Chair 1

East and the Gulf. East andtheGulf. but alsoinrelation to NATO ingeneral a considerably improved strategic position,notonly intheBlackSea, a game changer The bare reality, whether we like itornot, is that Russia’s are actions beginning ofa “Re-Conquista” oftheformer “Soviet Empire”. aspirations were putonholdand, second, to the possibly mark in adoubleattempt, first, to makesure that Ukraine’s European initiated ofUkraine, aprocess ofdestabilisation oftheeastern part On top of allthat,Russiaillegallyannexed lastspring and Crimea reviewed and, hopefully, attention, too. willgetthenecessary security ofEurope June2015,thesituation willbe the security assuch.In to thechallenges to theEuropean andnotto defence industry took anumberofdecisionsrelatingin December 2013.It primarily addressing, amongotherurgent topics, defence, was convened To face allthesenegative developments, alongawaited EUCouncil declared a “strategic reorientation” towards Asia andthePacific. immediate attention andsignificant resources, at atimewhentheUS Moreover, in Libya, crises andCentral Mali Africandemanded Republic and theIsraelis have onlyamplifiedthechallenges to theEU. the recurrent outburstsofviolence between thePalestinians became highly unstable. The “Arab Spring”, the civil war in Syria and totried stabiliseandconsolidate through theENPandEP- Second, -namelytheoneEU neighbourhood ourdirect of European Defence, threatening itsfinancing. blow to hasdealta powerful the debt crisis entire construction and relatively rapidly. First, theprotracted financial/sovereign But things, naturally, have changed. Andtheydidsorather abruptly :

: theillegal annexation gives ofCrimea Moscow ascu 4 , Eastern Mediterranean, Middle , Eastern Mediterranean, Middle 10

125 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 126 together of working years a member who is not a member of the North-Atlantic Alliance.a memberwhoisnot oftheNorth-Atlantic needs to address how canEUmembersrespond to adefence request from is inforce andmechanismsfor itsapplication are inplace, butonestill Clause”“Solidarity incaseofhumanmadeornatural disaster) (support members, to becovered 42ofthe by Art. TEU. iscommendable that the It for anddefence thesecurity ofthoseEUmembers whoare notNATO achieved, of the EUcovering should work out the legalistic aspects from bothends. to unblockitbeingnecessary Onceefforts unblocking Then, the relationship to NATO should be really given proper attention, EU’s determination to defend itselfif needbe. anddefencethe current security challengesto becredible, signalling This document isindispensableifonewants that theEU’s response to prepare theground for Strategy. ofthe European are-visitation Security environmentsecurity decidedby theEUCouncil lastDecember, to be thecompletion by theHR/VP oftheassessment ofthecurrent on threat perception achieved. that thefirststep respect, In would situationsin crisis -needs to be mobilised and aminimumagreement security. Consequently, thepoliticalwillofMS-sofrequently absent environment ofabenign security withnomajorthreatluxury to its a material necessity. suddenly, Rather Europe doesnotenjoy the Following thesenegative developments, European Defence becomes provided theEUisdeterminedcould to equallybehurt, suffer, too. theotherface ofinterdependence, biting sanctions namelythat Russia perception. The to EU radicalised exploit through its attitude and started However, theshootingdown ofMA 17 haschangedconsiderably that adversary. partner, even ifRussiamadeclearthat itconsiders theEUageo-political to energy supply. Consequently, Russia continues to be seen as atrading 25 years, whichputRussiainapositionofstrength, inrelation primarily substantial interdependences withRussiacreated thelast during ambiguous initsretaliation. That could beexplainedthrough the Initially, theEUhasbeencomparatively slower, limited andrather for alltheseEastern MS. prepositioned facilitiesandconcrete materiel, defence military plans in Wales measures to adoptextra isexpected inthat including respect, rotational presence intheEast.Moreover, NATO thenext Summit MS, through rapid deployment forces of military and expedited to offer “strategic reassurance” to its(andEU’s for thanmatter) Eastern Western response hasbeendifferentiated is highlyimprobable, ifnotabsent altogether. Strategic Concept, conventional namely that large-scale attack in Europe Strategyassumption inboththeEuropean andNATO’s Security New But, muchmore thanthis, ofamajor itchallengesthevalidity openly condemned ininternational affairs. territories -andreconfirms thethesisthat “mightright”, make both to theoutburstof -that ofdefenceWWII ofnationals inforeign Moreover, whichsubstantially contributed adoctrine, itreasserts : NATO moved rapidly

between theEUandRussiaover would notmakemuch Ukraine for proper response. For these countries, even a “negotiated deal” a real necessity, at leastfor its Eastern members, whoare waiting operating onthenewpremises hasbecome that security should start tonecessity respond to different concrete requirements, security EDA of theMSto joinsuchcommon willbemediated projects by the regionally, isgettingacute today. topicality Aware that thewillingness projects”, into account taking the concrete threats theyare faced with can cooperate more effectively andefficiently inpooled procurement Equally, EDA’s ofexamining tasking “ways States inwhichMember reassurance”.“strategic threateneddirectly of their by the latest Russianaspart actions, revision ofNATO’s defence planningvis-à-vis theEastern members, relationship.piece ofthat working so, Particularly given thecurrent in fullcoherence withexisting NATO planning process” becomes avital HR/VP andEDA to “put forward an appropriateframework, policy Then, the request by the EU Council in December 2013 to both the 4 3 2 1 in time. onit,thelesscostly itwillprove working we realise to itandstart be I admit, it is a high tall priority, but one which is imperative. The sooner BGs for instance -shouldbemadeoperational. general,In before creating new instruments, the existing ones - see the of “permanent cooperation” structured and “framework nation”. that sense,In proper attention shouldbepaidto the concepts revised to provide for real burden-sharing ofthecost ofoperations. the Athena for Mechanism financing the EUoperations should be to finance defenceauthority related and, projects mostimportant, already decidedsoin33NATO -,theCommission shouldgetmore budgets, but commit to their gradual increase -as some countries have Finally, States EUMember shouldnotonlystop slashingtheirdefence has happened difference when it comes to judge Russia’s aggressive behaviour. What  Strategy, European Security 2003, p3 p. Ibidem, 21  Mouths, bringing large areas ofNATO withintherange ofits weapon-systems stationed inCrimea. Russia, initially, away, almost800km hascome now lessthan200nauticalmilesfrom theDanube in GlobalSecurity. The Politics ofImpact”, London, Palgrave 2012,p.xvi Macmillan, Javier Foreword, Solana, inRoy H.Ginsberg andSusanE. Penksa European Union “The ; the Genie could; theGenie notbebottledupagain

! !

organizations. organizations. availability of weapons in the hands of political movements and terrorist and the dissolution of some statesinstability have resulted in a greater new regionalcountries, powers. particularly addition,international In for deterrence. capabilitiesofother Globalization alsoincreases military countries to finance regular replacement programmes, especially technological advances inthefieldofequipment force democratic political, and military. As for the cost of defence capabilities, and security financial, industrial, commercial, scientific, technological, cultural, since it implies international interconnections at all levels Globalization compels usto provide anequallyglobalresponse, and defence the security In field, major public investment is needed. the “general”, and to thepresent rather thanto thefuture. are experiencing, whenattention ispaidto the “particular” rather than the case at times of economic and financial crisis, such as the one we time window and have narrower geographical scope. This isespecially difficult to Internal correct it. political debates, however, focus on a closer being perceived at thebeginning. Once themanoeuvre itis isstarted, to veervessel muchinadvance, that shouldstart withoutany change considerations.rather islikeabig thantactical Internationalpolicy a wide geographical scope. Choices should be based more on strategic, definition, By we are with abroad touching timehorizon subjects and and defence. around whentheyrefer foreign issues, to particularly security policy For a number of reasons, it is always difficult very to build consensus holdstrueaswell. it.Andthecontrary will support The more citizens feel that an issue is close to them, the stronger they for thedecisionstheyhave to take. the topics under discussion and, more importantly, public support consensus ofcitizens democratic countries,In any politicalchoice mustbebased on the How to for gainpublicinterest European andsupport defence : .leadersshouldmuster publicinterest around

: economic, : economic,

Japan together, but a little less than half the level of the United States. of European States hasbeenhigherthanthoseofRussia,Chinaand I would like to recall that over the past years, the defence spending States’Member defence planning. Nothwithstanding the defence cuts, multiplying common programmes andavoiding overlapping between rather beonincreasing theeffectiveness ofEuropean spending, of domestic defence budgets. For European nations, the focus should However, thisshould notmeansimplyincreasing thevolumes significant and regular financial efforts. to prevail.in fact, Andrightlyso. This insurance obviously requires to international security. andmore immediate Other socialneedstend, of foresight to maintain asuitable “insurance” andthreats againstrisks and increased unemployment, likeinpresent times, ittakesalot never have present to useit.In times, withworsened life conditions premium, thebroader thecoverage, even thoughonehopeis Investing indefence outaninsurance isliketaking is effective. orbecausedeterrence of otherinstruments ofinternational policy one succeeds option, into either not resorting because the military in defence spending, that its maximum effectiveness is achieved when resistance withoutfighting andhere istheinherent contradiction Sun Tzu said that supreme excellence consists the enemy’s in breaking safely usethenewsystems. personnelinorder toupdating effectively andtraining ofmilitary and or becoming endemic. At thesametime, globalisation requires aregular increasing frequence andare atofspreading risk to areas neighbouring to maintain or restore peace in those areas where crises break out with Democratic countries musttherefore, to contribute keeptheircapability M Italian Prime Minister Italian atteo RENZI : the higher the : thehigher ? 10

127 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 128 together of working years some countries, hasbecome endemicinLibya, instability justlike of previous politicalorders. Despite mostrecent developments in Mediterranean shore,far as the Southern where it caused the collapse with the “Arab springs”, reaches to as theIt South. it now further extends developments inUkraine,ourEastern neighbourhood, worrying very The hasmoved arc andofcrises ofinstability closerto Europe. the Besides intotwo obstaclescanbeturned opportunities. to revitalize theintegrationopportunity process, provided that thelast At thesametime, thisprovides European countries with aunique insufficient. Anewand politicalapproacheffective isneeded. collaboration andmilitary traditional instruments ofsolidarity on theonehand, wars andasymmetrical ontheother, makethe the case in the past, butit is rather of political nature. Globalization, the Europe ofdefence. innature, The issueisnolongermilitary asitwas the consensus ofEuropean citizens around European defence, orrather, European andNational institutionsshouldaskthemselves how to build is oneofthemainchallengesfor Europe intheimmediate future. the integration between the domestic and the European dimensions of itsown territory, population andinstitutions. This isthereason why the globalized world, and thus, ensure thedevelopment and security - that only closer integration can allow Europe to remain a player in CSDP started. There is a growing awareness - though not yet sufficient the pastfew years, andto ofthe alimited hastheconstruction extent, domestic dimensionsofar, rather thanaEuropean one.Onlyover Finally, foreign anddefence andsecurity policieshave hadamostly continue to characterize theInternationalarena, notfarfrom us. public opinionto pay littleattention to andthreats therisks that do Old Continent, initshistory. thelongestperiod But thishasinduced our is having secured almostseventy years onthe ofpeace andstability of Western Oneofthemainsuccesses intervention. oftheEuropean Union felt asbeing “distant”, despite thehighhumanandfinancialcost region. On the other hand, andAfghanistan in Iraq thecrises were to the European given perspective by the EU to the countries of the to former Yugoslavia where thesituation hasnow almoststabilized thanks hemisphere.the Southern With thefallofBerlin Wall, theseextended the two blocks. Also, affected ofthecrises only inthepast,boundaries not experienced theworries andfears ofnuclearconfrontation between space. The younger generations, theCold after born War, have luckily public’s perception andthreats ofrisks have away shifted intimeand For European countries there isanadditionaldifficulty enhanced. be further role whichinmyDefence important plays viewshould Agency avery but rather “to spendbetter andtogether”, andto thisendtheEuropean as muchEUcountries). Ourmotto shouldnotbe “to spendmore’”, in Research andDevelopment (inthisarea theUSinvests seven times aimed at European strategic anddonotfocus objectives oninvestment defence budgetsare notcoordinated amongEUStates not adequate to thesespendinglevels. Oneofthereasons isthat Th e results in terms of effectiveness and intervention capabilities are : the European : theEuropean ; they are not ; theyare not

a. ofThe European difficulty and national leadersis twofold to oftheOldContinent. andisconcerned aboutthesecurity The European publicopinionistherefore paying greater attention inevitable implications interms ofterrorism andorganized crime. of thousandspeoplemoving towards theOldContinent. This has andinstability,of crisis whichexacerbates migration withhundreds of theEuropean Unionthere are dangerous andpersistent hotbeds At inGaza. theborders East,withthecrisis remains intheMiddle serious European Union/the United States and Russia. Meanwhile, the situation destabilizing and resulting Ukraine in strained relations between the in Syria. Moreover, toover theBlackSea ithasextended thepastyear, This isthebestway to gaintheirattention andsupport. can be used more effectivelydefence. to ensureand their security Only in this way will prove to our citizens that available financial resources Europe ofDefence andlaidthegroundwork steps forward. for further that by thenwe willhave made significant progress onthe road to the work ofthe European Defence andEUInstitutions, Iamconfident Agency Defence Agency, States. jointly withtheMembers Thanks to thevaluable the outcome ofthetasksassigned to theCommission andtheEuropean in the 2015 summer summit is equally important signal inthis direction. The decisionto lookagainat thesituation Summit ofHeadsState andGovernment lastDecember was amajor issueswere that suchimportant at thecentre and thefact oftheEuropean anddefenceof security isincreasingly dominating theEuropean agenda the challenges ofglobalization. is notenoughto tackle topic The very in particular, thefuture ofCSDP. financialintegration Economic andpartly to circumvent the core ofthe matter The phenomenathat have outlineddonotallow beenbriefly us b. without creatingwe alarm, should raise unnecessary awareness of of theEuropean publicopinion. White Paper the 2015summersummit,withtheinvolvement during might do something along the same lines, deciding to a draft European universities, and NGOs), Forces.and the Armed The European Union as well asexperts with stakeholders (technology, scientists, industries, and defence andinternational andplanningmeetingswithItalian process, itisinvolving publicopinioninawidedebate onsecurity and Defence toSecurity be published by the end of this year. this In Minister, ispreparing aforward looking White Paper onInternational and energy supply. Government,The through Italian theDefence the problems we are faced withconcerning ,trade theborder security we must make sure that our citizens understand that these issues affect we must make sure that our citizens understand that these issues affect in International missions in crisis areas. areas. in Internationalmissionscrisis Stateapply whenaMember oragroup States ofMember participate the awareness that we are all European citizens. And this should also StatesMember that have thegreatest exposure to risks, thusincreasing Statesof allMember to demonstrate withthe themaximumsolidarity has an effect on all others, both positively and negatively. Hence the need others. European integration, issuchthat, likeinachain,eachlink infact, everyone, even thoughsomecountries are more affected directly than

: European Union’s future and, : then we will check : then we will check : :

and the adversary isasstealthy and theadversary astheycome. outnumbers us. cyberspace,there In are noclearfronts, hardly any rules is constantly growing middle ofacrowded andmessybattlefield. cyber-attacks The numberof oftheenvironmentcomplexity that we mustoperate in. We are inthe Adapt. by justafew describing Letofthe characteristics mestart in four keywords myIn view, we are facingfour keychallengesthat canbesummarised the EUandEDA are inauniquepositionto meetthose challenges. in anurgent, focused andwell-coordinated manner. Ibelieve that tackle context that we security needto further as keyissuesinthecyber Presented below isacommander’s topics that Isee viewofcertain responses are welcome andtimely. these and various other e-solutions, so heavily dependent on e-services the responsibility ofcommanding thedefence forces that is ofacountry of coordination in the joint responses to this ever-growing threat. Having the adoptionofEUCyber Strategy, Security ahighdegree reflect (EDA), has the right “DNA” to meet this challenge. Several steps, such as The European Union(EU),includingtheEuropean Defence Agency to thecentre ofattention. the European Unionhasbeenat theforefront ofbringing thisissue discourse. pointit,and for Recognising aproblem tackling isastarting Today anddefence ofthemainstream security part itisawell-established was anareaago, security ofconcern for cyber justahandfulofexperts. as awholeare well establishedandwidelyrecognised. Merely 10years Cyber threats to ourcountries, communities andtheEuropean Union aEuropeancrafting response to theever-growing Cyber Threat Adapt, Understand,andDecide Include : adapt,understand, includeanddecide

; the adversary isrelatively; theadversary well organised and : : Major GeneralRihoTerras

Commander ofEstonian Defence Forces There are many reasons why Ithinkthis way. encountered before andthat itneedsauniqueresponse. is somethingcompletely new, somethingthat we have never threats Istrongly threat simplydonotwork. believe that cyber of them,itbecomes clearthat someofthetraditional ways ofaddressing challenges. When we lookat thecomplexities and characteristics Understand. To fullygrasp threats thenature isonethegreatest ofcyber To adapt,we firstneed to doourbest to understandthe nature ofthethreat. forces to thisthreat. How dowe achieve that of resources, andaction. from adaptingourdefence The challengestarts such recognition upon-withplanning, needsto beacted allocation Cyberspace isnow and recognised domainof warfare as thefifth that ourforces needto defend. to protect some of the most fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens perpetrators hidingbehind unbending rules that were initially designed and resource intensive addsanotherlayer ofcomplexity. we find Often that technicalThe attributionofsuchattacksdifficult fact isenormously kind ofalso become inthenew anenablingfixture “modern warfare”. trend growing andnotice withgrave concern have that cyber-attacks formulating response. ofmeaningful anyor start kind We have seenthis extremely technologically advanced, make them hard to even recognise, conventions ofwarfare. ofthreats,The newtypes someofthem doesnotrecognisein cyberspace state borders norgenerally recognised of coordination andasophisticated level ofplanning. Ouradversary established group, butwe are witnessingasignificant level The perpetrators donotform ofcyber-attacks acoherent, well- : :

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129 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 130 together of working years of themostsevere challenges, whilstbeingacost-effective solution. deployed thisunitcanbequickly to meetsome experts, of vetted cyber defence. force incyber sector poolingahighlyspecialisedvoluntary By inpersonnel, andincludetheprivate has setupto meettheshortages sector. Agreat exampleistheEstonian Cyber Defence League that Estonia exchange information,quickly andtapinto theresources oftheprivate owned. We needto find ways how to trust eachotherbetter, how to whereof networks we needto organise ourresponses are privately Another key challenge is to involve the private sector. A vast part of forensics information andanalysis. threat awareness. Moreover, our response needs to include sharing to establish aninformation mechanismfor sharing joint situational and Estonia. The EUanditsmemberstates needto takedecisive steps my toolbox asacommander is limited by thesituational of picture Let me be clear, no matter how hard or how we innovative try we are, intheEUbetween CSDP,traditional barriers justice andeconomic briefs. member states. Buttheseadvantages onlyaccrue ifwe canovercome the the EUiswell equippedfor engaging nations outsideofthecircle of28 defence ofourcyber architecture. parts Moreover,all equallyimportant andresearch chain management,policy &development industrial are levers farbeyond theconventional anddefence security area. Supply- coordination mechanismsiscritical. The EUisableto employ tools and issueandtheneedfor effective internationala military andcross-sectorial evolve threatthought through. canquickly from Acyber to acrime The coordination mechanismswithinourcountries mustbewell When buildingthiscommunity, we musttakeamulti-level approach. that isableto putforward aneffective defence. Therefore, we need a plan to reach out and build a genuine community actors, combatants andnon-combatants, private and public sector. Include. Cyber threats donotdifferentiate between state andnon-state that crosses countries, andcommand levels. sectors threats to include to isourability cyber And finally, at the centre ofunderstandingandultimately responding question. of offensive capabilities. Defence isnotpossiblewithoutanswering this thatof theoperations includesthediscussiononuse incyberspace doctrine questions. thisImeanagenuinediscussiononmilitary By Thirdly, we need to find a way to discuss and answer uncomfortable but absolutely vitalones. issuesofsupplychainsecurity.tackle These are hard anddifficult topics, that mitigate thisthreat. We to decisively needto understandandstart link. We need to address this problem by deploying tools and devices where more than anywhere elseahumanbeing indeed is the weakest Second, cannotbeignored. thehumanfactor Cyber isanarea security procedures, procurement regulations, andplanning. in nanoseconds. This putsastrain onourcommand andcontrol We fast,notinhoursorminutes needtobutoften beableto very react threat iscompletely different from anything we have encountered before. First, iscritical. thetimefactor The timefor reaction addressing any cyber : to buildacooperative coalition

The operational levels andtactical-technical mustundertake needsto beapproached fromDecision-making two different angles. this issomethingwe needto prepare for andfix. in theEUare currently slow oreven Planning ahead, non-existent. an outbreakIn crisis, of a serious cyber political processes decision-making clearly, andtheymustbewell informed. addressing the technical issues. Strategic decisions must come swiftly, at the Addressingstrategic security as levelcyber is as important decision makers, andtheoperational levels. andtactical/technical Decide. There seemsto beadangerous lagbetween strategic-level weframework, willfail. We needto beableto takedecisions. that we canthinkof, butifdonothave aneffective decision-making We canhave thebesttechnology, alltheresources thebestexperts, levels.lies inthecooperation between variousdecision-making Perhaps oneofthegreatest notsowell andoften recognised challenges including and acting decisively,including andacting we cansucceed. The road ahead is long and difficult. But by adapting, understanding, them, andalsoevent visualisation. and comparison ofevents, auniqueway ofassessingandcomparing level.the highestdecision-making Ourmethodologyenablestheflow an effective way to raise awareness at security inmatters ofcyber at theNational Defence ofPortugal. Institute Such exercises are also together with Estonia, aPilot Exercise onStrategic Decision-making European for theirinitiative Defence inparticular to Agency organise, exercises.security thiscontext, Iwould In liketo congratulate the Estonia is at theforefront increating strategic andconducting cyber than 30nations, we forward to are expandingthiscooperation. looking to develop this initiative further. Having already experience withmore exerciseRange environment isagreat exampleandwe are determined exercises. security international cyber The Cyber as one when the need toarises. act This can only be achieved through andunits that isready ofexperts Our goalshouldbeacommunity of othernations. into theevolving threat, andwe have trained ourteams andtheteams Cyber Coalition Exercises -have provided uswithinvaluable insights international level -suchastheNATO CCDCOE Locked ShieldsandNATO’s exercises. variouscyber and conducting These exercises at thehighest Estonia,In we have concentrated heavily on developing, as well as hosting capabilities. cooperation needsanddecision-making We needto test ourorganizations, ouradaptability, understanding, ajoint ofresponse crafting to study thethreat. isourability At theheart The problems andchallengesIhave are described notinsurmountable. are unaware often of. to raise their awareness strategic in certain considerations, which they this field. However, levels we mustalsoengagetheoperational/tactical issues at thestrategic level. Currently, there in are clearshortcomings a concentrated effort to explain and raise awarenesscyber security of

maintenance assets andoperation ofmilitary of European publicopinionviewtheEUwith criticism. Many States Member have beenunderstrong stress. Large parts the creation of sustainable growth and jobs remains a challenge. have reinforced the EU’s economic andfinancialset-up, While the euro has been saved, Union structures and Banking the European Union haslived through asevere financialcrisis. Yet today themood haschangedconsiderably. thelastyears In ESDP, includingtheEDA, provided newadditionaltools. A more active, effective and coherent European Union was the goal. the development of and strategicto multilateralism. partnerships wasguidelines forPriority given action. to ourneighbourhood, to Strategy”.“European Security analysed challengesandprovided It presented to EU Heads of State andGovernment a first ever Accordingly, in December Representative 2003, High Javier Solana ofthisprocess.mechanisms was part wars ofthe90s. Balkan Working anddefence onitsown security offeredIt convincing answers, notably afterthe traumatic but also intheconsolidation ofitsinstitutionsand policies. was beingdrafted. Europe was growing stronger innumbers, towards theEastwas underway. The European Constitution countries. tomembership perspective Enlargement theBalkan in the European 2003 the In project. agenda offeredThessaloniki Defence was atimeofstrength Policy andoptimism (ESDP).It andproceduresstructures and withintheEuropean Security the development of the European Union’s management crisis on the same riding wave that four years had brought earlier The European Defence Agencywas created ten years ago, StatesMember are encourag

ed to work jointly inthedevelopment,

on thelatter. the context ofthispreface, Iwillshare here some reflections to economy, aswell anddefence. asto security inmind Bearing we beableto overcome the challengesthat we face. This applies ever convinced together that only acting and joining forces will of theEU’s 28HeadsofState andGovernment, Iammore than After five the years chairing European Council, the meeting Quite the contrary. with adegree solutions. theywillnotbring ofmental comfort, new levels. Unfortunately, may whilesuchreactions provide some holing-up, are natural reactions. Euro-skepticism has reached refuge inone’s times ofturmoil, seeking In core, innermost is easy to slipIt in a mood of gloom. And some have done so. by thespreadandterrorism. ofinsurgency to Afghanistan andPakistan, other nations feel threatened These developments Asia where, alsoimpact in addition Africa, into theSahelandeven reaching down to Nigeria. Eastthrough from extending Northern theMiddle instability of its gravest in decades, crises terrorismwith extremist and country. Europe’s is undergoing neighbourhood one Southern destabilisation movementsand supporting intheEastof ofitsterritory inUkraine,annexingpart militarily intervened in Europe’s post-Cold War history. The RussianFederation has Furthermore, adangerous point turning 2014ismarking Herman Van Rompuy President oftheEuropean Council 10

131 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 132 together of working years no “free-riding”. States AllMember mustunderstandthat there canbe support. associated oninorder early to plansorefforts to facilitate their or even worse paralysed. could EUinstitutionsandstructures be At the same time required must not be slowed action down understood andtherefore by States. otherMember supported Union have inaway to that act willensure that theirgoals are well Here we face adoublechallenge. Leading nations in theEuropean to havedeserves theEuropean Union’s fullsupport. all of us. France inthe interest acted ofthe European Union and interest ofFrance, noritsexclusive responsibility. This concerns terrorismof extremist andorganised are crime notjustinthe and chaosinregions socloseto Europe, stopping the spread is evenHalting the spread moresecurity ofinstability important. France’s constituted majorcontributions actions to theEU’s overall development efforts. Understanding that in these situations building,capacity reconstruction andlongerterm humanitarian, to ensure alsoneeds broader follow-up EUsupport It through out these actions.required to assistance carry from partners to restore andprevent stability horrendous crimes. ButFrance of France’s and CAR. inMali interventions They were decisive but itbecomes ever more evident today. Let ustakethecase Strategy,This was alreadyinthe2003Security acknowledged withinorat leastinclosecoordinationAll needto act withtheEU. thechallengesweState are cantackle facingonitsown. And thisleadsto my second point: noEuropean UnionMember to events astheydevelop shouldnotbeanoption. the broad consideration interests. of our security Responding on goalsandmeans, and basedonalongerterm perspective What we needisthedevelopment ofacommon understanding will not product respond or to expectations what is called for. are fraught withdifficultiesandthere isalways riskthat a thefinal paper for public communication. These exercices, as we all know, this Idonot meanBy necessarily of anew policy the drafting guideitsactions. vision that willfurther how to achieve desired results. needsto develop It astrategic with realism onwhat itcanachieve within given timeframes and to look afresh at the challenges it is facing. The EU needs to reflect The timeseemsindeedarrived whentheEuropean Unionneeds for manyhas beeninthemaking years. or responsibilities. mostofwhat Nevertheless, ishappeningtoday We musttherefore remain blame clear-sighted whenapportioning includingtheUS,haveactor for alimited capacity action. originated intheEUandover whichtheEU, orany otherexternal respondneighbourhood mostly to dynamics that have not First, and tensions threatening someoftheconflicts Europe’s

The US wants the Europeans to do their share of the work. we are encountering in our immediate neighbourhood. of fairness, it cannot provide answers to many of the challenges As we have seen inthe last years, and leaving aside considerations was developed intimesofEast-West strategic confrontation. interests. needsto to give itssecurity It priority The US “umbrella” decisivelyintervene where it can to suppress or contain threats. what we cando, noonewillcome to ourrescue. The EUneedsto responsible for them.But unlesswe dowhat we have to doand We cannotsolve alltheproblems oftheworld, norare we have to assume more fully responsibility for their security. States,Indeed, the EU and its Member and this is my third point, to ensure fairer distribution. ofcosts for EUmissionsandoperations,of theapportionment to theircapacity.EU inproportion This may alsorequire arevision They have to outintheinterest contribute carried to ofthe actions sub-regional organisations noteworthy. and the UN, is particularly thisregard,In ongoingwork withtheAfrican Union,otherAfrican fields ofdevelopment, environment, trade butalsosecurity. regional for partners, thepromotion ofcommon interests in And Israeli conflict. inparticular we need to withpartners, work engagement East, in including the Middle in the Palestinian- games logic standsto everyone lose. We alsohave to renew our inEurope. and prosperity can leadto stability zero-sum In Russia that onlyapath ofcooperation, basedonmutualrespect, ensured. We have on how to make it toclear further reflect to Full ownership from our neighbours East and should South be to build jointly for aproject politicaland economic cooperation. forum for common dialogue at the highest level that will allow us could requireIt amore approach, country-tailored aswell asa quite relevant. We have to rethink policy. ourneighbourhood solve the Cyprus questiononce and for all may be, inthisregard, thedevelopment ofourrelations.pursue further to New efforts integration. We understand Turkey’s key strategic role and should main priorities. At thesametime, we have to advance onBalkan Africa andtheSahelconstitute restoring inNorthern stability ofinternationalrespect law to Ukraine,containing threats and concentrating onourneighbourhood. Bringing backpeace and point fourth is thatMy we need to broadly, think and act while and financial. We have to be ready to foot them. States and more needs to happen. There will be costs, political thelastyears,during thesituation variesindifferentMember While there hasbeenprogress withintheEU inthisdirection requires ofourinterdependence.It clearacknowledgement present thesituation to notalways receptive publicopinions. both collective andat national level. requires It readiness to The assumptionofresponsibilities requires strong politicalwill

defence industry. the development of a stronger and more competitive European into the and use researchof market instruments to encourage toextend planning processes. At the same time, the EU must look maintenance assets. Cooperation andoperation ofmilitary should States are encouraged to work jointly in the development, ensure greater interoperability andcost-effectiveness,Member approach. view of the highinvestments In required, butalsoto endorsedby itoneyearof action later. Cooperation iskeyto this which ledto thedevelopment ofanambitiousprogramme process launchedby theEuropean Council inDecember 2012, oftheEDA’sthe heart hasbeenthecentrepiece mission.It ofthe defencenecessary capabilities. Defence doesmatter. This isat need to ensure States that Member are capableofdeploying -the “comprehensive approach”- from should not detract the that theEUhasabroad management thefact crisis toolboxSixth, Council united andCommission andeffectively. act but also in ensuring that the EU in its entirety, States, Member to the problems that lie ahead, some of whichIhave outlined, RepresentativeHigh will face a challenging task not only due each coordinated by oneofthe Vice-Presidents. The incoming coherence through the establishment of teams of Commissioners, by President Junkerhasbeen designed withtheaimofincreasing in this direction. And the new Commission structure proposed we needto bemore coherent. The Lisbon Treaty already moved approach”. Butto bemore effective, asthe2003Strategy said, this iswhat we commonly refer to astheEU’s “comprehensive the promotion of core values. crisis management In situations, policies that we canachieve goalsand contribute and to stability multidimensional and it is through proper balancing of our andassets.of itsmarkets Ourrelations withthird States are instruments at its disposal and the sheer accumulated magnitude Fifth, oneoftheEU’s great advantages of istheplurality perceived partner. asaworthy to challengeswithinitsimmediate isallthemore neighbourhood dynamics. ButaEuropean Unionthat provides credible answers that canassistinrebalancing regionalas apartner orsubregional afield.Indeed, seen theEUisoften forfurther and capacity action Our success inpursuingthesepolicieswillincrease ourrelevance

Union. It is what our citizens expect from iswhat ourcitizens us. expect Union. It is what presentaction, circumstances require from theEuropean nor inadvancing towards Andthis, decisive decisive action. discussions have nothelpedindeveloping acommon vision, mydecision. In experience, broader andmore of opentype to ensure that concrete proposals are discussed and put to from theEuropean Council. eachcaseitwillbeimportant In require, at onemoment oranother, anddirection stock taking Many oftheissuesIhave raised inprevious points willmostlikely to theEuropean bring Uniontogether andtakedecisive steps. has shown that onlyat European Council level was itpossible to respond to suchchallenges. crisis The handlingoftheUkrainian is facingandgenerating thepoliticalwill, at thehighestlevels, awareness and international on the security challenges the EU last point, theEuropean Council hasakeyrole to play inraising Council conclusions. Furthermore, andthiswillbemy seventh and andDefence Policy outthroughSecurity was carried European managementthe crisis dimensionofthencalledEuropean review in June 2015. One could recall that thedevelopment of willensure follow-upIt ofimplementation efforts,withafirst and on fine tuning its ownmanagement crisis instruments. States inthedevelopment oftheirdefence capabilities to ensureefforts that theEU Member focuses againonassisting The European Council hasbeeninstrumental inrelaunching a keyrole inEUcontainment andprotection efforts. operations launchedwithinFRONTEX.Suchoperations play being deployed in the context of common border surveillance additionIn and increasingly so, defence assets and security are More recently NATO’s Wales Summit reiterated this endorsement. of State andGovernment. European Council, whenIinvited himto address EUHeads for thisEUinitiativeexpressed fullsupport inlastDecember’s or any of multinational type coalition. NATO’s General Secretary States Member decideupon:NATO,participating theEU, theUN The resulting assets can be used within whichever framework 10

133 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 134 together of working years at political level. Political guidance on what we want our armed mustbeprepared tomilitary takeonthemissions that are decided Policy oftheEuropeanSecurity Union.Andthismeansthat our ofacomprehensive tool aspart Foreignusing themilitary and This leadsto theconclusion that we mustbeprepared to consider Consequences the answer to theproblem at hand. be prepared for alone may situations not be in which diplomacy all sidesthanpursuingconfrontational politics. Butwe shouldalso and our firm belief that together working yields more benefits for committed to its values-based approach to international politics of modernpolitics. Quite the contrary. Europe should remain This isnocallfor changing ourbasicvalues and ourunderstanding a meansto andintentions. disguisetheirreal actions no interest inreal dialogueorwhere theyusedialogueonlyas negotiations hasto takenote ofaworld where have someactors Europe withitsemphasisonconstructive dialogueanddiplomatic and DefenceCommon Security Policy hasto take into account. This development ispitifulbutsomethingacomprehensive of countries andregions beingcrushedby undemocratic forces. the past weIn have seen hopes for peaceful change in a number a reappraisal asa values-based ofourcommoncommunity. efforts to turmoil. beinever more politicalandmilitary This callsfor European cannot ignore. policy Our strategic appears periphery We are livinginanageofconflict. This isundoubtedly afact We are livinginanageofconflict. that This isundoubtedly afact Strategic setting Is defence stillapriority What steps are for thenext European defence cooperation

?

Ursula constitutional duty of checking thegovernment. ofchecking constitutional duty highinterest all parliamentstakeavery in,andrightlysointheir isacostly businesswhich shortfalls this list.Alleviating capability this numbers ofplausiblereasons why we might have doing difficulty of thisanalysis, how to remedy ourshortfalls. There are, ofcourse, is no such thing when it comes to dealing with the consequences While we come together to analyse where we are failingthere However, itwas obvious that one element was missing. anddefencepolicy quite late initsorganizational development. whereas theEUwas aneconomic instrument that addedforeign as inanorganisation that was builtasanalliance for self-defence so, European processes in defence do not have the same rigidity this stillremains largely with theindividualnations. Even more within the European Union. Just as in NATO, responsibility for gapsthat wein closingthecapability have commonly defined have notachieved afundamental realignment ishow we deal probably notenough. Where we have made promising steps but gettingbetterclearly andbetter, more focused. However, thisis environment as well as lessons learned from operations. We are into ofadjustments,a series account taking achanging strategic The process ofdefiningourdeficiencieshasthusgonethrough to whoconcerns everyone himselfwiththismatter. capabilities. What is needed and what ismissing is absolutely clear uptheEUare for striving nations making interms ofmilitary ministerial level in the Council of the European Union what the at thelevel ofheadsstate andgovernments aswell asat as wellHeadline Goal as its later recalibrations have made clear forces to becapableofhasbeengiven inthepast. The Helsinki

: national planning high on and budget structuresrank very German Minister ofDefence Minister German Von DerLeyen ? ?

10

135 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion 10 136 together of working years far, political guidance give on how to further proceed ambitiously. revisit thistopic inmid-2015and, basedontheprogress made so that theheadsofstate andgovernmentutmost importance will to putinto what itisof practice has beendecided.thisrespect In to keepthemomentum and European isnow important Union. It point for anddefence within the anew era ofsecurity policy array ofdefence-related issuesinDecember 2013were astarting The discussions heads of state and government wide had on a very But defence hasfound itsway backhighontheEuropean agenda. EU isengaged, forces. ifnotalways withmilitary Libya, Central Mali, African Republic, justto nameafew where the continuously had to deal with new crisesdominating the headlines order to come to sustainablesolutions. recent In years we have comprehensive way. This might means in include also military need for theEuropean Unionto become involved inatruly Is itstillapriority Having defence in focus, how could the way ahead look like Way Ahead StrategyUnion astheEuropean putsit. Security member states inpursuitofacommon goal, amore capable European and Defence Policy. hasencouraged andengaged constructively with It to member states in the evolution from European to Common Security hard to very has been deliverpossible working the best support The European Defence since Agency its inauguration in 2004 - anddoesneedsupport. That is something that canbechangedbutittakestime andeffort muchgearedare towards very thenational political process. This, however, results innational andprocedures structures that ? The answer isanunequivocal yes. There isa ?

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The European Defence hasplayed Agency apivotal role inthe Foreign Policy. andSecurity inimproving anddevelopingpart anessential element ofEuropean second decade, theEuropean Defence willplay Agency anintegral Treaty onEuropean Unionindeveloping thefuture. into Going its given So by the we shouldkeepinmindthe opportunities of effort. visions for the future to encourage as boldwell actions as unity goal yet. Butstrong politicalleadershipalsorequires settingout for by theEuropean treaties. course, Of we have notreached our oftrulyEuropeanleading to thepossibility forces armed asprovided pursue strengthened cooperation forces between armed inEurope, governmentsSince 2009German have beensteppingto upefforts the European Union and its Common and Defence Security Policy. to ofwhere keepinmindalong-term perspective we want to gowith 2013 Council decisions that are now being implemented, we also need But asidefrom decisionsoftheDecember thepoliticalandpractical states andtheCouncil. increasing role member inthefuture asanorganisation supporting hasemerged strengthenedIt asanorganisation andwillhave an role now an equallyin important the implementation phase. preparations oftheDecember 2013European Council andhas

shows that NATO doesnotdeliver. the present state ofplay ofEuropean Allies’ defence capabilities Nobody would say decadesof thatNATO after Defence planning But isitalsobecause, assomeliketo say, “Europe doesnotwork”? more thanadecadeto suchprogrammes bring to maturity. of communications satellite European drone, orademonstration for the future generation come we don’t simultaneously celebrate ofthenew thedelivery But aswe today commemorate ofEDA, how the10thanniversary perspective. whetherfrom anEUornational which ispretty extraordinary from States two Member onwards. The original design isperfect, table, butoffering them “à lacarte” cooperation opportunities in nature,States Member around the withall27participating from States; Member up inputby inclusive teams ofexperts chaired Representative/Head by theHigh of EDA andabottom- approachof a top-down by the board of Defence Ministers allows for synergies with relevant EU policies. A combination which establishedwithintheEUinstitutionalframework, firmly States’Member responsibilities for defence. Butalsoastructure to of the Council the authority of Ministers, and which reflects what isrequiredexactly years as Chief Executive, I am convinced that this instrument is decision oftheEuropean Council in After almostfour Thessaloniki. The European Defence was created Agency 10years ago, the after met expectations. European cooperation ondefence issues. Noneofthesereally toright find the instrument to initiate, stimulate and develop For decades, before 2003,there were variousattempts Back words withaction

: an “intergovernmental” agency, subject ? Anobvious answer isthat ittakes

Claude-France Arnould a programme. of EDA and OCCAR offer thebestanswer to prepare andmanage StatesMember involved inaprogramme. The combined strengths cooperation EDA offers to an answer objections serious to those very for cooperation. future on the basisofagreed priorities, there is no real scope andprepare to addresswithout thepossibility the shortfalls moreover, resources. uncertain Without ofinvestment, prospects when theystruggleto fulfiltheirmissionwithinsufficient and, Second, becausetheycannot. They cannotcommit to cooperation programme, orto prepare andnegotiate possibleamendments. to stickto theagreed line, includingfor thefulllife ofthe tricky, especiallyifthere isnoarchitect, someone empowered First, becausetheyare right enthusiastic. when itcomes to implementation, seem a lotless practitioners commit themselves to cooperation astheydidlastDecember, Thus while Ministers, even Heads of State and Government, still oriented towards purely national programmes. yearstwenty ago, withmore than75%ofequipment spending today, cooperation seems to beeven lower than it was ten or their initial promise. to notice that And it worrying is extremely goes for bilateral efforts,whichinthepast rarely delivered on many accentuates autonomous actors thechallenges. The same both).Admittedlyruns (andoften amultilateral programme with programmes, even national ones, suffer delays and/or cost over- cooperation doesnotfunction argue,Is itbecause, often as practitioners international : itcanbethearchitect, empowered by thegroup of EDA ChiefExecutive : multilateral cooperation canbe ? This point. isaserious Allcomplex 10 137 together of working years Part 3 | Opinion But money must be available and incentives must be found to use Over the last decade, the Agency has proven flexible enough it efficiently. “War is a matter not so much of arms as of money, to cope with a difficult budget environment and with its Member which makes arms of use”, wrote Thucydides. States’ varying agendas and priorities. In doing so, I believe that the Agency has delivered on the promises of its first architects. Synergies with other EU policies are part of the solution : Thanks to those who firmly believed that becoming “stronger support to R&T, support to industry, efficient certification and together” was a requirement, not an option, we have drawn standardisation processes, efficient energy policy using the a path towards effective European defence cooperation. spectrum of EU instruments and funding, where we are in ever- growing domain of dual activities. EDA is the place where these The political will is there. It was again clearly expressed by Heads of synergies can best be found. State and Government during the European Council of December 2013, on the basis of Defence Ministers’ recommendations. Defence should not be on another planet. It is part of the EU’s The instrument is fit for purpose. It is owned by Member States, future as stated in the Treaty, with its specificities. It is neither a as they rightly wanted it to be. Now let us use it to the full. To take disreputable activity to be looked at with suspicion, nor a subset action. Urgently. of foreign policy. Defence Ministers and Ministries must be at home in the EU. Defence matters not only because we say so. It matters because it provides security to the European Union’s 500 million citizens, because it gives us the ability to react to existing and emerging security challenges. But in order to achieve this increasingly vital objective, Member States must have the capabilities to act when needed. To this end they have created, with EDA, the instrument to take action. EDA has delivered concrete results and added- value on many important, if not spectacular, activities, presented in this brochure, from training of helicopter crews to airworthiness, maritime surveillance, counter-IED. Significant progress is being made on the four key programmes highlighted by the European Council : Air-to-Air Refuelling, Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems, Satellite Communications, Cyber Defence. All in just a decade, a blink of an eye by defence standards.

years of working together 10 138 Project : 2014.6044 Title : 10 Years of Working Together Catalogue : QU-04-14-851-EN-C

ISBN : 978-92-95075-19-1 DOI : 10.2836/25971

Because defence matters © European Defence Agency, 2014 All rights reserved. Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged.

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