PlantPlant IdentificationIdentification California Natives and Exotic Weeds

Powerpoint Presentation and Photographs by Barbara Eisenstein, June 10, 2003 To identify plants use some of your senses (and your common sense):

Look at: plant size and shape ۵ leaf size, shape, color, texture and arrangement ۵ flower types, color, arrangement ۵ Touch (with care): fuzzy or smooth leaves ۵ stiff or flexible stems ۵ Smell: Many California plants have very distinctive odors especially in their leaves ۵ Some weeds are easily distinguished from natives by their smell ۵ Taste: !!!Never taste a plant you are unsure of. Some plants are poisonous ۵

Listen:

.Rustling leaves can be hint ۵ CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE PLANTSPLANTS • California live oak • California walnut • Mexican elderberry • giant rye • coyote bush • toyon • lupine • sticky monkeyflower • bush mallow • golden yarrow CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE Botanical Name: Quercus agrifolia Common Name: coast live oak, encina •Key Identifying Traits: Broad, evergreen oak tree with dark green leaves. Leaves cupped, green above, usually lighter beneath, with spines on margin Trunk is massive with gray bark. Tree, height: up to 30’, width: 35’ •Other facts: Magnificent native tree. Resistant to many pests and diseases but susceptible to oak root fungus (Armillaria mellea). To protect from root fungus, water established trees infrequently but deeply and avoid summer water. •May be confused with: Other oaks. Cupped leaves with spiny margins distinguish this oak. Bark is often smooth gray but in mature trees can be rough and variable. CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE Botanical Name: Juglans californica Common Name: Southern California black walnut •Key Identifying Traits: Deciduous tree with compound leaves. Usually branching from ground. 11-15 leaflets 1-3”, full leaf is 6-9”. Tree, ht: to 25’, width: 20’+. •Other facts: Many of Southern California’s stands of walnuts have been lost to development. Commercial walnuts come from J. regia (English or Persian walnut). The Northern California black walnut is often used as a root stock for the commercial English walnuts. •May be confused with: Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus). Ailanthus is a very weedy tree from China. It has compound leaves like walnut, but it has smooth bark, pastel-like colors, longer leaves, disagreeable odor. Doesn’t branch as much as walnut and has a winged seed (like maples). CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE Botanical Name: Sambucus mexicana Common Name: Mexican elderberry •Key Identifying Traits: Small, deciduous tree or shrub with compound leaves. Lots of dead branches give this plant a ‘trashy’ look. Compound leaf, leaflets have serrated edges. Tree, ht: to 20’, width: 20’. •Other facts: Important habitat plant. It is a food source for birds and other animals. Birds also use dead branches for nests. Thicket provides cover for animals. •May be confused with: Has compound leaves like the walnut and Ailanthus. More shrubby than both and has very messy look with tangle of thin dead branches. CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE Botanical Name: Leymus condensatus Common Name: giant rye •Key Identifying Traits: Large perennial grass. Blades can be up to 1” in width. Grass, ht: 4-8’, width: 6’. •Other facts: Found on dry slopes and open woodland. •May be confused with: Other large bunch grasses, such as pampas grass and fountain grass, especially when not in bloom. When in bloom, the inflorescence is not feathery like pampas grass. CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE Botanical Name: Baccharis pilularis Common Name: coyote brush •Key Identifying Traits: Big green, nondescript, evergreen shrub. Leaves, somewhat variable, are simple with small petioles (leaf stems) and with 3 main veins, often toothed margins. They are about 1” long and 1/3” wide. Shrub, ht: 4-8’, width: 6-8’. •Other facts: Male and female flowers are on different plants. Neither is showy. •May be confused with: Any other nondescript green bush! CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE Botanical Name: Heteromeles arbutifolia Common Name: toyon, Christmas berry •Key Identifying Traits: Large shrub, small tree. Leathery, simple leaves, dark green with toothed margins. Flower has unpleasant odor. Shrub, ht: 15-25’, width: 15’. •Other facts: Hollywood was named for this plant. The red berries in the winter reminded Easterners of red holly berries, though this plant is not in the holly family but rather in the rose family. Important winter berry source for birds. •May be confused with: Other large green shrubs: sugar bush, laurel sumac, lemonade berry. Has dark green, shiny leaves with toothed margins. Red berries are very prominent. Very old specimens can look like coast live oaks: spreading, tree-like form. CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE Botanical Name: Lupinus succulentus Common Name: succulent lupine •Key Identifying Traits: Flowering annual. Green, palmate leaves with 7-9 oval leaflets. Purple to blue flowers. Ht: 8-24”. •Other facts: Member of the pea family. Many of the plants in the pea family are “nitrogen-fixers” adding nitrogen to the soil. •May be confused with: Other lupines. Leaves are fleshier than other lupines, hence the name succulentus. CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE Botanical Name: Mimulus aurantiacus Common Name: sticky monkeyflower •Key Identifying Traits: Flowering perennial or subshrub. Lanceolate leaves are opposite, dark green and sticky. Leaf margins curl under. Flowers vary in color from cream to bright yellow to deep orange or brick red. Ht: 2-5’, width: 4’. •Other facts: This has been an extraordinary year for sticky monkeyflower in southern California. Hillsides are covered with these brilliantly colored flowers. Often found on disturbed hillsides. •May be confused with: Penstemon. The sticky, narrow leaves and distinctive flower make this fairly easy to identify. CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE Botanical Name: Malacothamnus fasciculatus Common Name: bush mallow •Key Identifying Traits: Large shrub with gray-green hairy leaves, 3 to 5-lobes. Long, arching branches. Pink mallow-like flowers. Ht: 4-10’, width: 10’. •Other facts: Often found on dry mesas and slopes. •May be confused with: Similar leaf to flannel bush. Bush mallow is lighter gray-green in color. CALIFORNIACALIFORNIA NATIVENATIVE Botanical Name: Eriophyllum confertiflorum Common Name: golden yarrow •Key Identifying Traits: Low shrub or perennial, with deeply lobed leaves. Showy, golden flowers. Ht: 2’, width: 3’. •Other facts: The genus name: Eriophyllum means wooly leaves. Young leaves of this plant are covered with white hairs. •May be confused with: Other yellow composites (plants with “flowers” made up of small individual flowers, includes sunflowers and daisies). EXOTIC AND INVASIVE WEEDS

• yellow star thistle • milk thistle • spurge • poison hemlock WEED

Botanical Name: Centaurea melitensis Common Name: yellow star thistle

•Key Identifying Traits: Annual with small yellow flower head, sharp spines. Alternate long, narrow leaves. Ht: 2’, width: 1’. •Other facts: Very aggressive European weed. •May be confused with: Other thistles. WEED

Botanical Name: Silybum marianum Common Name: milk thistle •Key Identifying Traits: Purple flower with sharp spines. Green leaves have distinctive white markings. Ht: up to 5-6 ’, width: 3‘. •Other facts: Biennial or winter annual. Native of Europe. Widespread nuisance weed. •May be confused with: Other thistles. WEED

Botanical Name: Chamaesyce maculata Common Name: prostrate spurge •Key Identifying Traits: Low growing, dense mat-forming annual. Tiny flowers on stems (rt.). Spotted spurge is same species but has spots on leaves. Ht: 1/2”, width: 1’. •Other facts: Stems give off white, milky juice (latex). Seeds are about 1/25 of an inch. Maculata means spotted referring to common leaf spots. •May be confused with: Other spurges. WEED Botanical Name: Conium maculatum Common Name: poison hemlock •Key Identifying Traits: Finely divided leaves, white flat-topped compound flowers. Spotted stems Ht: 5’, width: 2‘. •Other facts: DO NOT EAT THIS PLANT!!! HIGHLY POISONOUS! This is the plant that was used to poison Socrates. It can kill an adult. It is found in wet areas. Maculatum refers to spots on stems. •May be confused with: Wild carrot, wild parsley, cow parsnip, yarrow. Can you identify this?

Notice its very light gray, almost white color.

Salvia apiana, white sage Can you identify this? Look carefully at the first true leaves (red).

Ricinus communis, castor bean Can you identify this?

Notice the leaves and stem. The small flower is likely to be overlooked.

Salsola iberica, Russian thistle or tumbleweed