As Elites Orgânicas Transnacionais Diante Da Crise: Os Primórdios Da Comissão Trilateral (1973-1979)

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As Elites Orgânicas Transnacionais Diante Da Crise: Os Primórdios Da Comissão Trilateral (1973-1979) Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) Centro de Estudos Gerais (CEG) Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas (IFCH) Programa de Pós-Graduação em História (PPGH) As elites orgânicas transnacionais diante da crise: os primórdios da Comissão Trilateral (1973-1979) Rejane Carolina Hoeveler Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre. Niterói Março de 2015 As elites orgânicas transnacionais diante da crise: os primórdios da Comissão Trilateral (1973-1979) Rejane Carolina Hoeveler Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientador(a): Virgínia Fontes Niterói Março de 2015 Folha de Aprovação As elites orgânicas transnacionais diante da crise: uma história dos primórdios da Comissão Trilateral (1973-1979) Rejane Carolina Hoeveler Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientadora: Virgínia Fontes BANCA EXAMINADORA Profª Drª Virgínia Fontes (UFF/EPSJV-Fiocruz) ________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Renato Luís do Couto Neto e Lemos (UFRJ) _____________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. João Márcio Mendes Pereira (UFRRJ) II Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá H695 Hoeveler, Rejane Carolina. As elites orgânicas transnacionais diante da crise : os primórdios da Comissão Trilateral (1973-1979) / Rejane Carolina Hoeveler. – 2015. 420 f.; il. Orientadora: Virgínia Maria Fontes. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de História, 2015. Bibliografia: f. 391-403. 1. Comissão Trilateral. 2. Relações exteriores; aspecto histórico. 3. Política internacional. I. Fontes, Virgínia Maria. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. CDD 327 III Agradecimentos Agradeço à minha orientadora, professora Virgínia Fontes, que esteve presente em todos os momentos da realização desta pesquisa com enorme atenção, ao professor Renato Lemos, que acompanha minha trajetória desde a graduação, e cujo apoio e influência foi fundamental ao longo do trabalho, e ao professor João Márcio Mendes Pereira, que gentilmente participou da banca de defesa. Um agradecimento muito especial aos professores Marcelo Carcanholo e Ana Saggioro Garcia, que participaram da banca de qualificação e contribuíram com valiosas críticas e sugestões. Correndo enorme risco de cometer injustiças, quero agradecer aos inúmeros colegas com os quais, ao longo destes dois anos de intensa pesquisa, compartilhei reflexões. São eles os colegas do Coletivo Mais Verdade, Elaine Bortone, Luiz Mário Behnken, Martina Spohr, Pedro Campos, Carlos Tautz, João Roberto Lopes Pinto, Mariana Vantine, Karina Melo, Camila Bockhorny. Os amigos e camaradas Miguel Borba de Sá, Marcos Arruda, Tiago Francisco Monteiro, Álvaro Bianchi e Rodrigo Duarte Fernandes dos Passos, além de tudo, pelos preciosos títulos bibliográficos a mim gentilmente disponibilizados. Aos amigos e professores Tatiana Poggi, Felipe Abranches Demier e Gilberto Calil pelas longas conversas e sugestões. Os colegas do Grupo de Trabalhos e Orientação (GTO), com quem aprendi e troquei enormemente nesses dois anos: André Guiot, Thiago Marques Ribeiro, João Paulo Oliveira Moreira, Hugo Belluco, Danilo Spinola Caruso, Marcio Lauria Monteiro, entre muitos outros, e também os colegas do grupo de estudos Mundos do Trabalho, do Rio de Janeiro. Os colegas do NIEP-Marx da UFF, admiráveis professores e estudiosos. Os amigos de longuíssima data Marília El- kaddoum Trajtenberg, Felipe Almeida, Miguel Rêgo, Ítalo Rocha, Anderson Tavares, Valério Paiva, Claudio Beserra de Vasconcelos. Muitos amigos cujo apoio foi absolutamente fundamental nessa difícil empreitada. Por fim, um agradecimento carinhoso à minha família e ao Demian Bezerra de Melo. IV As elites orgânicas transnacionais diante da crise: uma história dos primórdios da Comissão Trilateral (1973-1979) Rejane Carolina Hoeveler Resumo O tema desta dissertação é a história dos primeiros anos de existência da Comissão Trilateral, entidade privada fundada em 1973 que engloba representantes do mundo empresarial, político e acadêmico dos Estados Unidos, Europa e Japão, constituindo-se como parte daquilo que René Dreifuss chamou de “elites orgânicas transnacionais”. A criação da comissão foi fruto do engajamento empresarial de fins dos anos 1960 e início dos anos 1970, período convulsionado por crises de diversas ordens (econômica, política e social) nos países capitalistas centrais. O trabalho visa entender como, de sua fundação até 1979, a comissão tratou de temas candentes como a crise do sistema monetário internacional, o primeiro “choque” do petróleo, o funcionamento das instituições internacionais e aquilo que a comissão caracterizou como “crise da democracia”. Palavras-chave: Comissão Trilateral; elites orgânicas; trilateralismo V The transnational organic elites before the crisis: a history of the early years of the Trilateral Commission (1973-1979) Rejane Carolina Hoeveler Abstract The theme of this work is the story of the early years of the Trilateral Commission, a private entity founded in 1973 that includes representatives of business, political and academic in the United States, Europe and Japan, establishing itself as part of what René Dreifuss called "transnational organic elites". The creation of the commission was the result of corporate engagement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, period convulsed by crises of various orders (economic, political and social) in central capitalist countries. The study aims to understand how, since its foundation until 1979, the commission dealt with burning issues such as the international monetary crisis, the first "shock" of oil, the functioning of international institutions and what the commission characterized as "crisis of democracy ". Key words: Trilateral Comissiom; organic elites; trilateralism VI Sumário Introdução......................................................................................................................01 Começando do começo: quem é a Comissão Trilateral?................................................06 O que é a Comissão Trilateral e o trilateralismo............................................................09 O que pretende este trabalho...........................................................................................12 Periodização....................................................................................................................13 Fontes..............................................................................................................................14 Divisão dos capítulos.......................................................................................................15 Palavras iniciais..............................................................................................................17 Cap. 1 – Imperialismo, Estado e elite orgânica: um debate introdutório....................................................................................................................18 1. O sistema internacional na perspectiva liberal clássica.......................................20 2. As perspectivas marxistas em relação ao sistema internacional: o imperialismo e suas metamorfoses...............................................................................................28 2.1. O caráter internacional do capitalismo.......................................................28 2.2. O debate clássico do imperialismo e suas reverberações............................31 2.3. O imperialismo contemporâneo....................................................................42 3. Antonio Gramsci e as contribuições da escola “neogramsciana”..........................48 3.1. A escola “neogramsciana” em debate.........................................................52 3.2. “Sociedade civil transnacional”, “internacionalização do Estado” e “classe capitalista transnacional”...............................................................................................60 4. A matriz poulantziana: a transformação contemporânea do Estado- nação................................................................................................................................68 4.1. A teoria do Estado no marxismo...................................................................68 4.2. Poulantzas: internacionalização do capital e mudanças do Estado..................................................................................................................72 5. O conceito de “elite orgânica” de René Dreifuss..................................................78 5.1. A obra de René Dreifuss...............................................................................79 5.2. Elite orgânica, frente móvel e Estado-maior................................................85 5.3. Os usos do conceito de elite..........................................................................88 VII Capítulo 2 - Elites orgânicas transnacionais e suas entidades: antecedentes da Comissão Trilateral.......................................................................................................96 1. As primeiras elites orgânicas transnacionais.......................................................97
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