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Verdier-Shin, Marie-Laure (2014) Contextualised Mission: the South Korean Evangelical Response to the Humanitarian Crisis In Verdier‐Shin, Marie‐Laure (2014) Contextualised mission: the South Korean evangelical response to the humanitarian crisis in North Korea (1995‐2012). PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18435 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Contextualised mission: the South Korean evangelical response to the humanitarian crisis in North Korea (1995-2012) Marie-Laure Verdier-Shin Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Korean studies 2008-2013 Department of the Languages and Cultures of Japan and Korea Faculty of Languages and Cultures School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 1 Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: Marie-Laure Verdier-Shin Date: 13 December 2013 2 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 ABSTRACT 8 A NOTE ON ROMANISATION AND REFERENCING 9 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11 1. Introduction 11 Evangelicals and social involvement 11 Famine in North Korea and evangelical responses 15 Research questions 18 2. Glossary 20 What do I mean by evangelical? 22 3. Evangelicals and contextualisation 25 Minjung theology 28 Contextualisation, syncretism and indigenisation 30 Critical realism 33 Holism in Christian mission 38 Christians and the Cold War 43 Holistic missions and the establishment of faith-based organisations 46 4. Scope of my research and development of research questions 53 3 Overview of fieldwork period 56 Ethical concerns 57 5. Conclusion and chapters 62 CHAPTER 2: CHRISTIANITY IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE 64 1. Introduction 64 2. Resurgence of religions in the public sphere: faith in development 64 Church growth and the growing number of Christian organisations 68 3. North Korea and Christianity 72 Pyongyang: Jerusalem of the East 72 1945-1953: establishment of North Korea and the anti-capitalist and anti-feudal revolution 76 1953-1972: establishment of Juche and North Korean Cultural Revolution 80 1972- present day: Kim Il-sungism 85 Contemporary state policy and the underground church 86 Efforts of the liberal churches to promote reconciliation with North Korea 89 5. Existing literature on NGOs in North Korea 92 6. NGOs operating in North Korea: the situation as of 2009-2010 99 CHAPTER 3: CHRISTIAN NATIONALISM 102 1. Introduction 102 2. Christian Nationalism 103 3. The advent of Protestant Christianity in Korea 107 The Great Revival of 1907 111 Struggle for independence 114 4 Shinto shrine issue 118 5. Anti-communism/ anti Kim-Ilsungism 122 Cold War era 122 Present day 126 Divided church: human rights versus food aid 131 Identification with Israel and spiritual welfare 141 5. Conclusion 153 CHAPTER 4: HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AS MISSION TO NORTH KOREA 154 1. Introduction 154 2. History of South Korean aid to North Korea and the role of faith-based organisations 154 3. Scope of activities of evangelical organisations 159 4. Respect of North Korean anti-religion laws and secularisation of activity 168 5. Korean evangelicalism and social involvement 172 Prosperity Gospel 173 Influence of native religions and beliefs on Korean eschatology 178 Influence of American evangelicalism 183 Failure of the March First Movement and the emergence of socialism 187 Holism in the church 192 6. Conclusion 194 CHAPTER 5: JUCHE AND MISSION TO NORTH KOREA 195 1. Introduction 195 2. Analysis of Juche 196 5 North Korea’s civil religion 196 Religious characteristics of Juche 200 3. Juche and Christianity 204 Kim Il-sung 206 Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un 211 4. Mission strategies to North Korea 214 Broadcasting 214 Evangelisation of North Koreans in North Korea and internationally 217 Human rights activism 218 5. Assessing North Korea mission 218 6. Cross-cultural mission to North Korea 222 7. Conclusion 227 CHAPTER 6: CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE SOUTH AND NORTH KOREAN STATES 228 1. Introduction 228 2. Defining civil society 229 3.Civil Society and the South Korean state 232 The development of civil society 232 Contemporary civil society 237 The years of Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun (1998-2008) 240 Lee Myung-bak (2008-2012) 244 4. North Korea and the food crisis 247 Food security and the famine 247 Agricultural development: issues and obstacles 249 Dysfunctional Public Distribution System 250 6 Rise of a dual economy 252 Social changes in North Korea as a result of the famine 254 5. The new ethics of humanitarianism and the dilemma of food aid to North Korea 257 Lack of reliable data 260 Political considerations: bellicose behaviour, human rights violations and the spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) 261 Food diversion, monitoring and access 262 Building trust 267 Capacity building; teaching by example 268 6. Conclusion 270 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 272 1. Summary of argument 272 2. Further areas of research 276 3. Conclusion 277 APPENDIX 1 SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 279 APPENDIX 2 KOREA NGO COUNCIL FOR COOPERATION WITH NORTH KOREA: MEMBER ORGANISATIONS 280 BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 1. Written material 285 2. Interviews 317 7 Abstract The task of this research is to examine how South Korean evangelicals construct their mission strategy to North Korea. In order to respond to the humanitarian concerns in North Korea, South Korean evangelicals have established or used already existing humanitarian organisations (also known as faith-based organisations in the secular field) and carried out holistic mission in North Korea. This research seeks to demonstrate how they have responded to the perceived needs of the mission field while respecting the socio-political conditions imposed both by the South and North Korean governments. However, it is also argued that they are ready to challenge South Korean governments when necessary through advocacy and that they desire to transform North Korean society and challenge the state of division. Their aim is to work for the reconstruction and reunification of an imagined Christian nation. By comparing the Korean peninsula to biblical Israel, their goal is to restore God’s glory in Pyongyang which was once called the Jerusalem of the East. However, some evangelicals reflect on mission strategies to North Korea and seek to understand the North Korean worldview better, this research suggests that they are considering implementing cross-cultural missiological principles to pursue their mission successfully. This research argues that evangelicals have been shaped by and have engaged with their context: evangelicals have never been apolitical, as they have always been driven by a strong sense of Christian nationalism. Equally, this research argues that in spite of the rhetoric, they have also been concerned to a certain extent with issues of poverty and injustices [256 words]. 8 A note on romanisation and referencing For the Romanisation of Korean words when using Korean sources, I have used the McCune-Reischauer system as recommended by the U.S. Library of Congress and the Journal of Korean Studies. As a French speaker, I also think that the system translates more faithfully Korean sounds. However, currently, in South Korea, the Revised Romanisation of Korean system is in use. This means that Koreans will translate their names under the new system. I have therefore tried as much as possible to romanise Korean names with the new system when referencing or quoting from a Korean source. In addition, I follow the Western model of referring to the author’s first name first followed by his or her last name which is contrary to Korean convention. Sometimes, however, Korean scholars do not always follow those rules and have adopted a slightly different Romanisation system for their names. I have tried to respect their choice as much as possible but I have also included a romanised version of their names under the McCune- Reischauer system for the sake of consistency. When referring to a historical figure however or when referring to a Korean person (not a source), I use the Korean convention: family name, followed by their first name. Again there might be some exceptions to this. For example the first South Korean President is generally known as Syngman Rhee. When quoting from sources who themselves romanised Korean terms, I have left their romanised Korean words untouched because I would be altering the quote by changing it. Finally, I have italicised Korean words except for those who have become commonplace in English such as the name of cities, minjung or Juche. 9 Glossary of terms § American Far East Broadcasting:
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