Les Celtes Et Les Héllènes

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Les Celtes Et Les Héllènes LA VOCATION DE L’ARBRE D’OR est de partager ses intérêts avec les lecteurs, son admiration pour les grands textes nourrissants du passé et celle aussi pour l’œuvre de contemporains majeurs qui seront probablement davantage appré- ciés demain qu’aujourd’hui. La belle littérature, les outils de développement personnel, d’identité et de progrès, on les trouvera donc au catalogue de l’Arbre d’Or à des prix résolument bas pour la qualité offerte. LES DROITS DES AUTEURS Cet e-book est sous la protection de la loi fédérale suisse sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins (art. 2, al. 2 tit. a, lda). Il est également protégé par les traités internationaux sur la propriété industrielle. Comme un livre papier, le présent fichier et son image de couverture sont sous copyright, vous ne devez en aucune façon les modifier, les utiliser ou les diffuser sans l’accord des ayant-droits. Obtenir ce fichier autrement que suite à un téléchargement après paiement sur le site est un délit. Transmettre ce fichier encodé sur un autre ordinateur que celui avec lequel il a été payé et téléchargé peut occasionner des dommages informatiques susceptibles d’engager votre responsabilité civile. Ne diffusez pas votre copie mais, au contraire, quand un titre vous a plu, encouragez-en l’achat : vous contribuerez à ce que les auteurs vous réservent à l’avenir le meilleur de leur production, parce qu’ils auront confiance en vous. Hubert d’Arbois de Jubainville Les Celtes et les Hellènes La civilisation des celtes et celle de l’épopée homérique © Arbre d’Or, Cortaillod (ne), Suisse, juin 2002 http://www.arbredor.com Tous droits réservés pour tous pays PRÉFACE Une étude grammaticale, entreprise il y a deux ans, m’a fait parcourir les pre- miers livres de l’Iliade ; je voulais y recueillir des exemples de tmèse analogues à ceux que nous offre le vieil irlandais : dans cette langue, la tmèse, tantôt présente, tantôt absente, et en même temps la règle qui exige l’accent sur l’initiale, pro- duisent des phénomènes qu’un celtiste très distingué a cru pouvoir expliquer par une loi du sanscrit tout à fait étrangère à la question. L’étude du grec archaïque me semblait propre à éclaircir ce sujet grammatical. Je connaissais fort mal la lit- térature homérique, dont je m’étais très peu occupé depuis ma sortie du collège, c’est-à-dire depuis plus de cinquante ans. Recommençant à lire Homère, j’ai été surpris des nombreuses ressemblances que la civilisation décrite dans l’Iliade et l’Odyssée offre avec celle que nous dépeignent les auteurs grecs et latins quand ils nous montrent ce qu’étaient les Celtes indépendants pendant les trois premiers siècles qui ont précédé l’ère chrétienne, et, plus tard, pendant toute la durée de l’empire romain d’Occident. Que dis-je ? Même après la chute de cet empire, la plus ancienne littérature de l’Irlande nous offre encore le tableau de la même civilisation dans cette île au commencement du moyen âge. De mon étude probablement trop rapide d’Homère résulte le volume que j’offre au public et qui contient le texte de leçons professées au Collège de France pendant l’année scolaire 1897-1898. Les hellénistes y trouveront sans aucun doute nombre d’erreurs à relever. Je me suis aidé de deux ouvrages d’une grande valeur : 1o les Homerische Realien, de M. Buchholz, où j’ai trouvé signalés plu- sieurs faits importants qui, malgré une lecture réitérée de l’Iliade et de l’Odyssée, étaient pour moi restés inaperçus ; 2o le Lexicon Homericum, de M. H. Ebeling. Mais ces deux grands livres sont malheureusement pour moi des connaissances bien nouvelles. Ainsi, jusqu’il y a un an, ma bibliothèque contenait en tout sur le vocabulaire homérique deux ouvrages spéciaux, le Woerterbuch zu den homeris- chen Gedichten, de Georg Autenrieth, 1887, et le soi-disant Dictionnaire complet d’Homère et des Homérides, de N. Theil, 1841. Ce dernier livre, œuvre d’un jeune homme tout à fait inexpérimenté, n’est ni complet ni exact et ne pouvait pas me servir à grand’chose ; cependant, je considère comme un devoir de consacrer ici quelques mots à la mémoire de l’auteur que j’ai eu comme professeur au collège royal de Nancy dans la classe de troisième pendant l’année scolaire 1842-1843, un an après la publication de son Dictionnaire d’Homère. C’est à N. Theil que 4 PRÉFACE je dois les premières notions que j’aie reçues de grammaire comparée ; elles ne valaient pas le cours de M. Michel Bréal au Collège de France ; elles étaient ce qui convenait à des auditeurs de quatorze et quinze ans. J’entends encore N. Theil nous disant de sa voix si claire et si sympathique : en sanscrit asmi, asi, asti. Les quelques mots qu’il nous a dits sur deux étymologies du verbe français « dé- rober », expliqué soit par le français « robe, » soit par l’allemand rauben, ne sont jamais sortis de ma mémoire. Nous n’étions pas sur tous points du même avis. Cette année-là, le Père La- cordaire prêchait à la cathédrale de Nancy une station de l’Avent ou du Carême, je ne me rappelle plus lequel des deux ; c’était le dimanche qu’il parlait. Tous les lundis, Theil nous faisait son appréciation critique du sermon de la veille ; j’étais quelquefois du côté du dominicain contre le brillant professeur, mais je gardais pour moi mon opinion. Il m’est arrivé une fois sur un autre point de dire ma façon de penser. Quand Theil avait terminé ce qu’il considérait comme essentiel, il faisait lire un auteur français, or son auteur favori était Alexandre Dumas, à la grande joie de la plupart des élèves, et aujourd’hui je suis porté à croire qu’il avait raison. Tel n’était point alors mon avis. Je me hasardai un jour à demander au professeur si une explication d’auteur grec ou latin ne serait pas plus utile. À la sortie de la classe je fus, bien qu’externe, roué de coups de poing par le plus grand, le plus vigoureux des élèves internes, qui était en même temps un des plus paresseux. Mais Theil ne m’en voulut pas. À la fin de l’année scolaire, nommé professeur de troisième à Paris, au collège Henri IV, il demanda à mon père de lui permettre de m’emmener avec lui : je devais, disait-il, en redoublant la classe, avoir des nominations au concours général à Paris. Mon père refusa pour moi la gloire de ce succès incertain et médiocre, et qui alors m’aurait beaucoup flatté. Mon père a eu, je crois, raison. Je rencontrai de nouveau N. Theil à Paris en 1848. C’était à l’Odéon, dans une réunion électorale où se discutaient les titres des candidats au grade de co- lonel et de lieutenant-colonel de la garde nationale dans la onzième légion. Il y avait trois partis : 1° celui de la réaction, c’est-à-dire de l’ancien colonel Boulay de la Meurthe, plus tard vice-président de la République française ; 2° le parti de la république modérée, c’est-à-dire des doctrines du journal le National, dont le candidat est resté dans l’obscurité ; 3° un groupe plus avancé, qui proposait au choix des électeurs Edgar Quinet, professeur au collège de France, et qui devait triompher. J’étais du second parti. Les premiers-Paris de Marrast, le futur prési- dent de l’Assemblée nationale, n’avaient pas de plus grand admirateur que moi. À la tribune, qui était placée sur la scène du théâtre, je pris la parole pour défen- dre mon opinion. N. Theil, qui était du troisième parti, vint me dire à l’oreille 5 PRÉFACE qu’il n’approuvait pas ma thèse. Quelques jours après, élu chef de bataillon, il vint, un jour de revue, vêtu de son uniforme, serrer la main dans les rangs à son ancien élève d’Arbois, simple fusilier. Depuis je ne l’ai plus rencontré, mais j’ai quelquefois manié ses traductions de la Grammaire latine de Madvig et du Dictionnaire de Freund. Quand, après un long séjour en province, je suis revenu à Paris, j’ai demandé de ses nouvelles, j’ai appris qu’à la retraite, il habitait Provins, et que sans fortune, voulant suppléer à l’insuffisance de sa modeste pension, il était réduit à préparer au baccalauréat les victimes de la juste sévérité des professeurs de Faculté, les émules du robuste camarade dont il me semble encore sentir sur mes vieilles épaules les coups de poing si durs. Puis on m’a annoncé sa mort, et, comme souvenir de lui, j’ai acheté son exemplaire du dictionnaire de Forcellini. Cet exemplaire ne me sert à rien, il est placé sur un des rayons les plus élevés de ma bibliothèque ; plus bas, j’ai l’édition bien postérieure donnée par le P. De-vit. Mais toutes les fois que mes regards se portent sur les quatre volumes sortis de la bibliothèque de mon défunt maître pour entrer dans la mienne, il me semble voir paraître devant mes yeux la physionomie sympathique de cet excellent professeur, et je me rappelle avec plaisir son enseignement, un des plus intéressants qu’il m’ait été donné de suivre. Je dédie donc mon livre à la mémoire de N. Theil. Il est un des premiers qui dans l’Université aient senti la nécessité de connaître les travaux des savants allemands sur les langues grecque et latine. Au début, déjà homme fait, il ne savait guère l’allemand, il dut l’apprendre péniblement, mais avec un courage qui n’a jamais défailli.
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