XVI. Andrea Pisano a Orvieto, P

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

XVI. Andrea Pisano a Orvieto, P XVI. Andrea Pisano a Orvieto La lezione di Longhi e di Previtali mente, parteggiamento per “la logica specifica del- Sarebbero rimasti a lungo inediti, ma gli studi prepo- l’oggetto specifico”3.E all’interno della ricerca erano tentemente innovatori di Roberto Longhi sull’Um- convogliati, con provocazione, prelievi da esperienze bria trecentesca, fin dalle prime filtrazioni, non man- di limitrofe scienze umane, quali strumenti euristici carono di minare in profondità un modo convenzio- ausiliari. nale di guardare a un secolo di pittura nell’Italia me- Col Secondo studio sulla scultura umbra veniva, alla fi- diana1.Fuori dei centri “egemoni” di Firenze e Siena, ne degli anni sessanta, la scoperta del formalismo rus- con questi studi emergevano la consistenza e la “di- so e dello strutturalismo del Circolo di Praga4, paral- versità” di una pittura propriamente umbra. La map- lela alle penetrazioni in Italia, nel segno di Contini pa tradizionale del Trecento pittorico nell’Italia cen- “critico degli scartafacci” già dalla fine degli anni qua- trale era scardinata. ranta, negli studi linguistici e letterari. Dei fenomeni Nell’urgenza di rivendicare polemicamente l’autono- su cui Previtali prese a informarsi, soprattutto, attra- mia espressiva (la “passione”) degli umbri, Longhi verso la divulgazione che Ignazio Ambrogio, marxista non poteva non insistere sul denominatore comune. editore di Galvano Della Volpe, ne dava in Italia per i Ma nella concreta indagine di modi, tempi e luoghi, tipi degli Editori Riuniti5.Così come, nelle Lezioni da Assisi a Montefalco a Orvieto, da Perugia a Gubbio pubblicate tra 1982 e 1986, le certezze ormai acquisite a Spoleto, si adoperava a far risaltare la pluralità di si- sulla geografia culturale dell’Italia centrale trecentesca tuazioni, il policentrismo, di questa recuperata area sarebbero state riprovate sul metro della linguistica espressiva. storica6.In una prospettiva come intravista da tempo Quando un suo giovane allievo, Giovanni Previtali, e fattasi ora matura, che nell’ammirazione del Dioni- iniziò a provarsi con passione in un’estensione di sotti di Geografia e storia della letteratura italiana po- campo delle ricerche longhiane, portando l’attenzio- teva assumere un volto deciso7. ne sul terreno della scultura, quest’ultimo punto do- In pagine in cui Longhi, prima, poteva tender la ma- vette apparirgli nodale, un dato di fatto su cui biso- no a Boris Ejchenbaum a Jurij Tynjanov8, in cui carte gnava riflettere. Prima si trattò di provare l’esistenza segnanti confini dialettali facevano corredo a conside- stessa di una scultura trecentesca umbra; via via emer- razioni sul peso della presenza di Nicola Pisano in se una realtà molto più complessa. I risultati delle sue Umbria, sulla centralità del “Maestro sottile” di Or- ricerche sono di fronte a tutti. E ci hanno obbligati ad vieto o sulla “diversità” del “Maestro della santa Cate- ammettere come, osservando le trame della scultura rina Gualino”,si cercava di ridisegnare una nuova, vi- in quest’area durante la prima metà del Trecento, si sia vida carta del nostro Trecento centro-italiano. costretti a constatare l’esistenza, per così dire, di due Abbiamo imparato soprattutto da Previtali che solo diverse Umbrie2. attraversato il Tevere, spingendosi a sud di Assisi,“ci si Fu per Previtali, quello volto all’indagine sull’Umbria, inoltra nel cuore dell’Umbria ‘propria’,quella che alla alla destra e alla sinistra del Tevere, un impegno che precoce ed entusiastica adozione della nuova norma percorre, come un filo rosso, tutta una vita di studi, toscana da parte di Perugia e Orvieto, contrappone un dal 1965 al 1986. E che forse potrebbe assumersi, sen- tenace attaccamento a più antiche ed autonome tradi- za forzature, come rappresentativo di un intero itine- zioni artistiche (assisiati, eugubine, spoletine), ed una rario di riflessione storiografica. vigorosa capacità di elaborare valori alternativi, alla Sono state, viste complessivamente, pagine eterodos- cui espressione anche il linguaggio moderno viene 410. Andrea Pisano, 9 se, che ambivano a muovere cielo e terra. La fedeltà al- piegato; alterato, costretto, deformato; reinventato” . Madonna del latte, l’insegnamento longhiano, che è stata di una vita (nel- Un’area culturale che, spingendosi oltre i confini particolare. Pisa, la convinzione della “specificità e irriducibilità” del dell’Umbria moderna, coinvolge gli attuali Abruzzi Museo Nazionale di San Matteo, fatto figurativo), nell’urgenza dell’impegno militante settentrionali (L’Aquila, Teramo) e la Marca inferiore dalla chiesa di Santa della fine degli anni sessanta diventava, marxiana- (Ascoli). Maria della Spina a Pisa 349 © 2005 Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, vietata la riproduzione e qualsiasi utilizzo a scopo commerciale 411. Orvieto, cattedrale A nord del Tevere la situazione fu in effetti tutt’altra. Benedetto XI († 1304) in San Domenico a Perugia, i L’operosità a Perugia, negli anni attorno al 1278, di più antichi rilievi della facciata del duomo orvietano, 412. Sepolcro di Giovanni Nicola Pisano e del figlio Giovanni, così come la pre- la Madonna col Bambino lignea del Museo dell’Opera Orsini († ante 1294). senza e l’attività per Orvieto dei suoi “creati” fra’ Gu- di Orvieto, oppure le sculture della chiesa di San Fran- Assisi, basilica inferiore di San Francesco, glielmo e Arnolfo di Cambio, gettarono le fondamen- cesco a Todi, provano come in questi centri dell’Um- cappella Orsini ta per uno sviluppo della scultura, in tali centri, che bria nord-occidentale prendesse corpo, al passaggio corre parallelo ai fatti toscani nati nel solco del gran- tra Due e Trecento, una diramazione “regionale”di ta- 413. “Maestro sottile”, Creazione di Adamo. de rinnovamento nicoliano di metà Duecento. Oggi le nuovo linguaggio, in serrata omologia ma non in Orvieto, cattedrale lo si può riconoscere: episodi come la tomba di papa dipendenza dalla situazione senese10. 350 351 © 2005 Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, vietata la riproduzione e qualsiasi utilizzo a scopo commerciale 414. Andrea Pisano, 415. Andrea Pisano, Madonna del latte. Madonna col Bambino. Pisa, Museo Nazionale Orvieto, Museo di San Matteo, dell’Opera del Duomo dalla chiesa di Santa Maria della Spina a Pisa 352 353 © 2005 Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, vietata la riproduzione e qualsiasi utilizzo a scopo commerciale 416. Orvieto, cattedrale, frutto della prima attività del figlio Nino16,e la sua ciasse non soltanto a predisporre, in marmo rosso di rosone della facciata coerenza, al contrario, con le opere fiorentine di An- Sosselvole, il pavimento della cattedrale26, ma si po- drea (sulle quali al momento sembrava chiudersi la nesse mano anche a una parte fondamentale della fac- parabola dello scultore), egli recuperava non soltan- ciata. Credo infatti dovremo ammettere che proprio to un testimone importante dell’ultima attività di negli anni 1347-1348 si sia iniziato a costruire il gran- Andrea Pisano. Le fisionomie artistiche di Andrea e de rosone di facciata (fig. 416) e che la testa del Re- Nino, così come erano state tratteggiate da una tra- dentore al centro della raggiera (fig. 417), assieme alla dizione di radicamento vasariano, venivano som- Madonna e agli Angeli del Museo dell’Opera, sia ap- mosse nel profondo. punto uno dei risultati della chiamata di Andrea Pisa- Il seme gettato trovò il terreno che meritava. E così, su no a Orvieto27. quella spinta, ricondotto nei giusti limiti il ruolo di Nino, poteva recuperarsi la consistenza e il significato delle ultime esperienze di Andrea, tra Pisa e Orvieto (a I lavori alla zona del rosone Pisa, le sculture di Santa Maria della Spina – figg. 410, Fuorviati da quanto la letteratura storica sul duomo 414 –, il rilievo con l’Elemosina del santo nel portale di Orvieto indicava, ma senza nessun appiglio docu- della chiesa di San Martino e la Madonna col Bambi- mentario28, la convinzione che più si è radicata fissa no,scolpita probabilmente nel 1345, per il frontone l’inizio dei lavori alla grande finestra di facciata sol- della facciata occidentale del duomo)17. tanto nel 135429.Si può provare, però, che non fu co- La Madonna di Orvieto (fig. 415) era arrivata nella sì. Sappiamo che nel 1337, con la costruzione della città umbra, sul principio del 1348, da Pisa. E qui fu- loggetta ad arcate al di sopra della zona dei portali (fig. rono scolpiti i due Angeli che dovevano affiancarla, 411), la sezione inferiore della facciata era compiuta30. realizzati uno da Andrea e l’altro forse da Nino18,che Negli anni seguenti si proseguiva l’alzato nella zona il padre potrebbe aver condotto a Orvieto fin da que- superiore, quella su cui si apre l’occhio. Esistono delle sti anni e che poi gli succederà quale capomaestro del note di pagamento che rendono certi in tal senso: alle duomo tra il luglio e il novembre del 134919.Il gruppo date 26 luglio e 28 novembre 1339, due maestri assi- statuario dovette essere uno degli impegni portati siati ricevevano il compenso, infatti, per la loro pre- avanti per la cattedrale in qualità di protomaestro del- stazione “ad murandum ad altum in anteriore pariete la fabbrica, anche se non siamo ancora in grado di dicte Ecclesie”31.Dunque, quando nel 1347 Andrea identificarne la destinazione. Ma in merito all’interfe- Pisano arrivava a Orvieto ed era nominato capomae- renza di Andrea Pisano, tra il 1347 e il 1348, nel can- stro, il grande impegno del momento doveva essere il tiere della cattedrale di Orvieto, si deve dire probabil- corredo scultoreo di questa sezione della facciata, da mente molto di più. Cominciamo fin d’ora, tuttavia, condurre avanti secondo un progetto che già esisteva, con l’accantonare il tentativo di addebitargli la pro- quello detto “tricuspidale” e da più parti attribuito a gettazione della porta di Canonica e quel fregio che Lorenzo Maitani. corre alla sommità del muro esterno della navata e Che le cose siano andate così e che proprio negli an- lungo il transetto20.
Recommended publications
  • The Master of the Unruly Children and His Artistic and Creative Identities
    The Master of the Unruly Children and his Artistic and Creative Identities Hannah R. Higham A Thesis Submitted to The University of Birmingham For The Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Art History, Film and Visual Studies School of Languages, Art History and Music College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham May 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines a group of terracotta sculptures attributed to an artist known as the Master of the Unruly Children. The name of this artist was coined by Wilhelm von Bode, on the occasion of his first grouping seven works featuring animated infants in Berlin and London in 1890. Due to the distinctive characteristics of his work, this personality has become a mainstay of scholarship in Renaissance sculpture which has focused on identifying the anonymous artist, despite the physical evidence which suggests the involvement of several hands. Chapter One will examine the historiography in connoisseurship from the late nineteenth century to the present and will explore the idea of the scholarly “construction” of artistic identity and issues of value and innovation that are bound up with the attribution of these works.
    [Show full text]
  • Street Culture Italia
    1 Students and Faculty in Pompeii inside cover 2 3 Rome PHOTO // Tanesha Hobson image image 4 5 Venice PHOTO // Marco Sarno CONTENTSPreface 8 Flight Map 12 Art 14 Architecture 32 Religion 50 Culture 68 Program Faculty 86 Tour Guides 88 Itinerary 92 Acknowledgements 94 6 The Fourm, Rome 7 PHOTO // Jessica Demaio The Arts of Italy’s greatest success was in introducing William PREFACE Paterson’s art students to not By Professor Claudia Goldstein only the art and culture of Italy, but to the possibility and joy of international travel. THE ARTS OF ITALY, A TWO WEEK WINTER SESSION COURSE encounters with the towering Palazzo Vecchio and the view — at the top of We then traveled to Rome, the Eternal City, where we immersed WHICH TOOK TWELVE STUDENTS TO SIX CITIES IN ITALY OVER many, many steps — from the medieval church of San Miniato al Monte. ourselves in more than two thousand years of history. We got a fascinating WINTER BREAK 2016-17, WAS CONCEIVED AS AN IDEA — AND TO After we caught our breath, we also caught a beautiful Florentine sunset tour of the Roman Forum from an American architectural historian and SOME EXTENT A PIPE DREAM — ALMOST A DECADE AGO. which illuminated the Cathedral complex, the Palazzo Vecchio, and the architect who has lived in Rome for 25 years, and an expert on Jesuit The dream was to take a group of students on a journey across Italy to show surrounding city and countryside. architecture led us through the Baroque churches of Sant’Ignazio and Il them some of that country’s vast amount of art and architectural history, We spent three beautiful days in Florence — arguably the students’ Gesu’.
    [Show full text]
  • AP Art History Unit Sheet #13 ‐ Chapter 14: Late Medieval Italy
    AP Art History Unit Sheet #13 ‐ Chapter 14: Late Medieval Italy Works of Art ­ ITALY (c.1200­1400) Artist Medium Date Page # 14‐1: Arena Chapel (Pauda) fresco cycle (and frescos at Assisi and Giotto Painting 1310 400 Florence) 14‐2: Pisano’s panels for baptistery pulpit of Pisa Cathedral Nicola Pisano’s Sculpture 1260 402 14‐6: Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets Cimabue Painting 1280 406 14‐7: Madonna Enthroned, Florence Giotto Painting 1310 407 14‐8: Lamentation, Arena Chapel Giotto Painting 1305 408 14‐9: Virgin and Child Enthroned, (Maesta Altarpiece), Siena Duccio Painting 1310 411 14‐13: Annunciation, Florence Simone Martini Painting 1333 413 14‐14 Birth of Virgin Pietro Lorenzetti Painting 1342 415 14‐15: Palazzo Pubblico, Siena Cathedral Architecture 1330 415 14‐16, 14‐17: Allegory of Good and Bad Government, Siena Lorenzetti Painting 1339 416/417 14‐18: Florence Cathedral Arnolfo di Cambio Architecture 1334 417 14‐19: Baptistery of San Giovanni Doors Andrea Pisano Bronze Doors 1330 418 Preview: This chapter surveys art and architecture in Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries, a period that witnessed great changes in modes of representation in sculpture and painting. Artists in the 13th century such as Cimabue work in the Italo‐Byzantine style, characterized by a flattening of representational space and less naturalistic, more schematic renderings of figures. In the 14th century, Giotto is recognized for painting scenes and figures based on observations of the natural world. His naturalism is seen as a return to the classical manner, which had been nearly abandoned in the Middle Ages.
    [Show full text]
  • Florence City Guide
    www.firenzeturismo.it www.firenzeturismo.it LIBERA Florence City Guide Guida alla città di Firenze 2 0 1 1 1 2 A CITY GUIDE TO FLORENCE of Renaissance art by the likes of Botticelli, One day in Florence Filippo Lippi, Paolo Uccello, Leonardo da One day in Florence: the city deserves a little longer than that, but a one-day visit will at least give you an Vinci and Michelangelo. A visit to the gal- idea. With just one day at your disposal, you will want to see the main sites and walk around the heart of the lery requires several hours. If you do not historic city centre. have time, continue on foot towards Ponte Start from Piazza del Duomo, where the Baptistery and the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore face each Vecchio, another symbol of the city, which other. The cathedral was begun by Arnolfo di Cambio in 1296, but it was not until 1436 that it was crow- has survived wars and flooding. Since the ned by the Cupola, Filippo Brunelleschi’s Guida alla città/City Guide 16th century, the buildings on the bridge masterpiece. The dome is the symbol of have been occupied by goldsmiths. Florence, a bold and majestic piece of ar- Crossing the bridge, you find yourself di là chitecture that affords fantastic views of d’Arno, that is, ‘beyond the Arno’, an impor- the city (and of the cathedral interior). On tant notion in Florence. Of the four historic the façade side of the cathedral is the bol- neighbourhoods, three (San Giovanni, San- dly coloured campanile of Giotto, which ta Maria Novella and Santa Croce) are north also has fine views of the city.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTH206-Giorgio Vasari-Lives of the Most Emminent
    Selections from Lives of the Most Eminent Painters Sculptors & Architects Giorgio Vasari, Translated by Gaston Du C. De Vere (1912-14) Source URL: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25326/25326-h/25326-h.htm#Page_153 Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth206/ Saylor.org This work is in the public domain. Page 1 of 199 LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT PAINTERS SCULPTORS & ARCHITECTS 1912 BY GIORGIO VASARI: NEWLY TRANSLATED BY GASTON Du C. DE VERE. WITH FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS: IN TEN VOLUMES LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO. LD. & THE MEDICI SOCIETY, LD. 1912-14 CONTENTS Volume 1 3 Dedications to the Cosimo Medici 4 The Author’s Preface to the Whole Work 7 Giovanni Cimabue 19 Niccola and Giovanni of Pisa 31 Giotto 50 Ambrogio Lorenzetti 78 Volume 2 83 Duccio 84 Paolo Ucello 90 Lorenzo Ghiberti 100 Masolino Da Panicale 121 Masaccio 126 Filippo Brunelleschi 136 Donato [Donatello] 178 Volume 1 Footnotes 198 Volume 2 Footnotes 199 Source URL: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25326/25326-h/25326-h.htm#Page_153 Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth206/ Saylor.org This work is in the public domain. Page 2 of 199 VOLUME I Source URL: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25326/25326-h/25326-h.htm#Page_153 Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/courses/arth206/ Saylor.org This work is in the public domain. Page 3 of 199 DEDICATIONS TO COSIMO DE' MEDICI TO THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS AND MOST EXCELLENT SIGNOR COSIMO DE' MEDICI, DUKE OF FLORENCE AND SIENA MY MOST HONOURED LORD, Behold, seventeen years since I first presented to your most Illustrious Excellency the Lives, sketched so to speak, of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects, they come before you again, not indeed wholly finished, but so much changed from what they were and in such wise adorned and enriched with innumerable works, whereof up to that time I had been able to gain no further knowledge, that from my endeavour and in so far as in me lies nothing more can be looked for in them.
    [Show full text]
  • Italian Art of the Trecento (14T H Century) Teachers
    Universitat Permanent Universidad Permanente NAME OF THE SUBJECT: FROM ‘TENEBRAE’ TO MODERNITY: ITALIAN ART OF THE TH TRECENTO ( 14 CENTURY) TEACHERS: Rafael Navarro Mallebrera ............................................ ([email protected]) Xavier Carro Rosende...................................................... ([email protected]) ACADEMIC YEAR: 2013-14 OBJECTIVES: In Italy, the time comprised between the late years of the 13th century and the first half of the 14th century was a period of vigorous growth and incessant search for paths in art. Likewise, the development of Florence and Siena painting from 1350 to 1400 was crucial to art history: the aspects of reality and the problems related to shape were subjected to new values, attitudes and approaches that would determine the first Renaissance that the enlightened ones will know. METHODOLOGY: Despite trying to offer a reasonably wide overview, the course will especially focus on the most important artists and works of the period. And they will be simultaneously related to the social, moral and cultural context. SYSTEM OF ASSESSMENT: Continuous SUBJECT SYLLABUS: U. 1.-The expansion of Franciscan and Dominican architecture in the second half of the 13th century. The cathedrals of Siena. Orvieto, Florence and Arezzo. The civil architecture of Viterbo, Piacenza, Florence, Todi and Perugia. U. 2.-Nicola Pisano: the pulpits of Pisa and Siena, the fountain of Perugia and the descent of Luca. Arnolfo di Cambio: the Cardinal of Baye’s tomb, the sarcophagus of San Domenico, the front sculptures in the Cathedral of Florence and the baldachins of San Paolo Extramuro and Santa Cecilia. Giovanni Pisano: the façade of the Cathedral of Siena, the pulpit of Santa Andrea di Pistoia and the sculptures in the Cathedral of Pisa.
    [Show full text]
  • Lorenzo Ghiberti (Medieval/Renaissance) B: Ca
    Lorenzo Ghiberti (Medieval/Renaissance) B: ca. 1378-1381, Pelago, Tuscany, Italy D: 1 December, 1455; Florence, Tuscany, Italy Ghiberti was trained as a goldsmith by his stepfather, who was the main father figure in his life. In 1401, the city fathers of Florence decided to offer a contest to make a pair of doors for the Florence Cathedral to match the pair made seventy-four years earlier by Giotto’s friend, Andrea Pisano (ca 1290-1348) Seven artists entered the competition to make the baptistry doors, two of whom had profound impact on Ghiberti’s life and the art world: Filippo Brunelleschi, who became Ghiberti’s main rival, and Donatello the sculptor, who would work for both men from time to time. During the year Ghiberti made his panel, he would often hail judges, fellow guild members, even complete strangers down in the streets, and ask them to come and give their opinion of his entry piece. He re-made it several times based on their recommendations. Others, like Brunelleschi, worked in secret and revealed their panels only at the competition. Ghiberti wrote the first artist autobiography: in it, he claimed he won the Florence competition for the door unanimously. Other sources declare it was a tie between himself and Brunelleschi—the first time of many when this would happen. Both of their entries still exist, and people and scholars still debate whose is better! The doors were supposed to take ten years to complete (three years longer than Pisano’s.). They took twenty, and were hung in 1424. Ghiberti was promptly given the commission for another set of doors.
    [Show full text]
  • Article Full Text
    The Knowledge Bank at The Ohio State University Ohio State Engineer Title: Filippo Brunelleschi, Architect-Engineer Creators: Borchers, Perry Issue Date: Jul-1939 Publisher: Ohio State University, College of Engineering Citation: Ohio State Engineer, vol. 22, no. 7 (June, 1939), 12-18. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/35637 Appears in Collections: Ohio State Engineer: Volume 22, no. 7 (June, 1939) A HISTORIC COMPETITION The Sacrifice of Isaac An Angel stops Abraham as he is about to sacrifice Isaac, pointing instead to a sac- rificial ram. Two servants wait with a donkey. Competition Panel by Brunelleschi Competition Panel by Ghiberti Page 12 THE OHIO STATE ENGINEER FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI, Architect-Engineer By PERRY BORCHERS N THE year 1402 A. D., the city of Florence in second pair of doors for the Baptistry. The winner Italy was one of several Italian city-republics, of the commission would be decided on the quality of a I racked by plagues and disease, disturbed by riots of single panel to be done by the contestants in bronze the populace and murders in the streets, torn by clashes relief illustrating the story of Abraham's offering of between the great families, oppressed by tyranny and Isaac as a sacrifice to God. corruption of officials, and distinguished by treacherous Among the famous or aspiring goldsmiths and sculp- diplomacy and frequent wars with the neighboring cities tors of Florence and Tuscany who competed for this of Milan, Lucca, and Venice. Yet Florence was proud commission were Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunel- and prosperous and active in foreign trade, her citizens leschi.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 21 HUMANISM and the ALLURE of ANTIQUITY 15Th Century Italian Art
    Chapter 21 HUMANISM AND THE ALLURE OF ANTIQUITY 15th Century Italian Art Summary: This chapter acquaints the student with the scope of the renaissance or rebirth as this period is labeled. This chapter also develops the argument that the renaissance was born in the 14th century. Much of the artistic formulations had been developed in the fourteenth century, the focus on humanism and its expansion into education and rediscovering the works of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanism also emphasized commitment, responsibility and moral duty. This in turn became the foundation for civic leadership, which also promoted commissions to extol the virtues of the city and the individual. It was during this century that the German, Johann Guttenberg developed movable type that streamlined the printing press and made books more readily available. There was a concerted effort to acquire information in a very diversified range of topics from geology and optics to engineering and medicine. The economic fluctuations in Italy also forwarded the development of artists and schools, the condottieri became power brokers and set individual cities as centers of humanism and learning which was reflected in the art commissions. I. Lecture Model The social and iconographic methodologies can be useful in gaining an understanding of the work commissioned. These approaches can help to establish the importance of the religious commissions and the alignment of the secular patron with the religious interpretation as a tool to fix political authority. Patronage would be a very useful approach, as well, to explain the diversity of the representational work. 1) While religion had been the focus of much of medieval thought, the Italians of the fifteenth century were very much interested in humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020-08-31 - Lecture 07
    2020-08-31 - Lecture 07 10.1 Humanist Italy // Early Renaissance // Public Spaces // Private Palaces — 1350-1500 1) Early Renaissance in Italy 14th C. and 15th C. led by humanist culture • Humanist philosophy was an advancement over the narrow pedantry of medieval scholasticism - whereby a humanist culture was created/encouraged that modeled (for citizens) a more educated culture though history, poetry, philosophy, rhetoric, grammar… • Use of all’antica details from Greek and Roman culture. All’antica literally means, “of or relating to a style based on antique or classical forms,” or…. “using the methods and style of the ancients.” • Discovery of perspective - the underlying geometry of nature, that, when understood, could be replicated and used for design purposes • These two principles lead to the imagining of an Ideal City • Cities become: uniform scale / geometric order / social order / political order • Revival of a social and political order based on aesthetic order Humanist Florence • The Humanists established the intellectual culture of Florence based on the secular study of Science, Language, Art, and History • Medici Library • Vitruvius text: Ten Books of Architecture from 25 BC and dedicated to Augustus. Full name: Marcus Vitruvius Pollio. • Brought to Florence by Poggio Bracciolini in 1414 in manuscript form retrieved from a medieval monastery in Switzerland or Germany • In Book I, Chapter 3, Paragraph 2 - Vitruvius states the requirements of architecture as: Durability - Convenience - Beauty • Other texts translate as: Firmness - Commodity - Delight Today, we might think of these requirements as: Structure - Program - Beauty (of design) 2) Ponte Vecchio in Florence - early classical structure by Neri di Fioravanti • Bridge rebuilt about 1340 after a big flood.
    [Show full text]
  • 'La Primavera Del Rinascimento' (Pdf
    INDICE 1) Comunicato stampa 2) Scheda tecnica 3) Selezione opere per la stampa 4) Vademecum per la mostra 5) Tre motivi che rendono questa mostra irrinunciabile 6) Introduzione alla mostra (dal catalogo) di Beatrice Paolozzi Strozzi e Marc Bormand 7) Approfondimenti: Prestiti eccezionali San Ludovico di Tolosa di Donatello e altri importanti restauri 8) L’ascolto visibile: attività in mostra 9) Palazzo Strozzi e la città: attività oltre la mostra 10) Cronologia fiorentina essenziale 11) Elenco delle opere 12) Paesi e musei prestatori COMUNICATO STAMPA Dal 23 marzo al 18 agosto 2013 a Palazzo Strozzi a Firenze una rassegna di opere straordinarie realizzata in collaborazione con il Louvre, dove l’esposizione si trasferirà dal 26 settembre al 6 gennaio 2014 A Palazzo Strozzi una mostra racconta la Primavera del Rinascimento attraverso 140 capolavori della scultura e della pittura: da Donatello a Masaccio, da Brunelleschi a Paolo Uccello. Dal 23 marzo al 18 agosto 2013 Palazzo Strozzi, a Firenze, sarà sede della mostra La Primavera del Rinascimento. La scultura e le arti a Firenze 1400-1460, concepita e realizzata in stretta collaborazione con il Museo del Louvre. In dieci sezioni tematiche, la rassegna illustrerà quel momento “magico” che a Firenze ha dato il via al Rinascimento all’aprirsi del Quattrocento, attraverso 140 opere, molte delle quali di scultura: l’arte che per prima si è fatta interprete di quella ‘rivoluzione’. Dopo la sede fiorentina, l’esposizione si terrà a Parigi, al Museo del Louvre, dal 26 settembre 2013 al 6 gennaio 2014. La rassegna riunisce una gran quantità di capolavori assoluti, provenienti da musei di tutto il mondo: opere di qualità straordinaria che illustrano come il Rinascimento in scultura preceda e influenzi, a Firenze, tutte le altre arti, compresa la pittura.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Western Reserve University
    CARVING FOR A FUTURE: BACCIO BANDINELLI SECURING MEDICI PATRONAGE THROUGH HIS MUTUALLY FULFILLING AND PROPAGANDISTIC “HERCULES AND CACUS” by MICHAEL DAVID MORFORD Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Dr. Edward J. Olszewski Department of Art History CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May 2009 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of ______________________________________________________ candidate for the ________________________________degree *. (signed)_______________________________________________ (chair of the committee) ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ (date) _______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………i PREFACE……………………………………………………………………………...….v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………....ix ABSTRACT.………………………………………………………………...…………..xii CHAPTER I. THE HISTORY OF THE COMMISSION FOR THE HERCULES AND CACUS…………………………………1 CHAPTER II. COMBATING HISTORY: CRITIQUING THE CRITICAL ANALYSES OF THE PROJECT AND RE-EVALUATING THE SCULPTURE…………………......…21 CHAPTER III. CHANGING THE MOMENT: THE PROGRESSION OF THE DESIGN…………………………………..…...............80 CHAPTER
    [Show full text]